English Intonation of English Intonation of WhWh-type Greetings-type Greetings

研究生研究生 :: 莊舒萍莊舒萍指導教授指導教授 : : 鍾榮富鍾榮富

報告者報告者 : : 郭妙珊 學號郭妙珊 學號 :NA1C0001:NA1C0001

Background and Motivation examination-oriented backgrounds in Taiwan

adopting traditional approaches ( GT, ALA)

ignoring communicative competence

Ts and Ss disregard pragmatic and intonation

knowledge.

overemphasizing syntactic knowledge in educational

context

Background and Motivation Sparse researchers concentrated on the pragmatic

meanings behind the intonation properties. (Niche)

Most Taiwanese Ss begin learning English with

greetings. How are you and how do you do can be

further explored from the pragmatic perspective.

Purpose of the Study1. examining whether greeting expressions mean

differently in accordance with diverse settings

2. identifying intonation pattern properties of

pragmatic meanings

3. investigating the gap between EFL textbooks and

authentic-like contexts (films), and students’

outcomes so as to know the degree of familiarity of

pragmatic meanings and intonations

What? Research Questions

1. Do greeting expressions mean differently in different pragmatic contexts?

2. What intonation properties can help generalize the pragmatic distinction in each greeting expression?

3. To what extent do the college students’ perceptive knowledge and productive performance about pragmatic meanings and intonations differ from textbooks and films?

Literature ReviewLiterature Review The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Fan (2009)

Topic & Methods

Pronunciation 1) College Ss 2) Recorded a short story before

& after instruction

Findings1) Ss produced very little pitch accent difference 2) Pitch high was more difficult3) Productive knowledge is more difficult to obtain than perceptual

Inspiration1) To investigate both Ss’ perceptual and productive knowledge 2) To focus on intonation rather than pitch accent

Literature ReviewLiterature Review The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Hung (2008)

Topic & Methods

Pragmatics1) College Ss 2) Conducted listening task3) Comprehension of conversational implicature

FindingsProblem in interpreting the listening implicature:1) implicature with little relevance 2) literal interpretation3) learners’ assumption

Inspiration To investigate the degree of familiarity of meanings and intonations

Literature ReviewLiterature Review The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Huang (2009)

Topic & Methods

Pragmatics1) 20 NSs + 60 Taiwanese Ss ( aged 18-29)2) video-and- questionnaire

Findings1) EFL learners’ pragmatic knowledge was as well as NSs’. 2) Pragmatics is more important than grammar.

Inspiration To adopt more authentic data

Literature ReviewLiterature Review The Summary of Reviewed Studies Researchers Nadeu and Prieto (2011)

Topic & Methods

Pitch range pragmatics1) 20 native speakers of Catalan2) Perceptual task with increased and decreased pitch range3) Perceptual task with facial expression

Findings1) Pitch height influence the perception of politeness2) Contextual information is important

Inspiration To analyze pragmatic meanings could first

How?Research Methods

Participants:

52 five-year-system college Ss (2nd graders)

5♂+ 47♀= 52 ( aged 16-17)

Only 4 Ss passed GEPT elementary level.

First language: Mandarin or Southern Min.

Research Methods Target utterances:

how are youΔ ; how do you do □

Data collection:

Good-Go Film corpus

EFL textbooks(12)

Students’ Oral record-ing (31)

Students’Checklist

Pragmaticmeaning

31 Δ(19)11 □(7)

14 Δ(9)9 □(7)

Intonationpattern

Research Methods Procedures of this research. Browse abundant textbooks. One Extract 14 audio files from 9 textbooks (Δ) and code them. Extract 9 audio files from 7 textbooks (□) and code them. Browse film-corpus (GoodGo). Two Record 31 audios from 19 films (Δ) and code them. Record 11 audios from 7 films (□) and code them. Three Organize and generalize the data based on pragmatic meanings. Cut the target utterance into words by applying Praat. Four Run Huang’s (2005) computational analyzing software to get pitch values. (p0, p50 & p100) Draw intonation curves by EXCEL and organize them with the

Five data of Step Three. Design the checklist based on the findings. Six Conduct an oral recording and a perceptual task. Compare the results of textbooks, films, and students’ oral Seven productive intonation and perceptual outcomes

Research Methods RQ1: Do greeting expressions mean differently in

different pragmatic contexts?

Instrument / Software Purpose Analysis

Textbooks &Good-Go Film-corpus

Collect data Based on the contexts ( discourse approach)

Research Methods RQ2: What intonation properties can help

generalize the pragmatic distinction in each greeting expression?

Instrument / Software Purpose Analysis

Praat software Divide the utterancesinto segments

Huang’s software Gain pitch & slopevalues

EXCEL Draw intonation contours

Categorize the pitch movement Combine with the results of RQ1