ElectronicCircuitsICh-1 CH1 Basic circuits 基礎回路

Electronic Circuits I Ch-1 87

CH1 Basic circuits 基礎回路1.1 Electronic device(電子素子) :

R, L, C, diode, transistor, IC, VLSI, LCR meter1.2 How to use sigmaSPICE (sigmaSPICE 使用法)1.3 LTI system, MKSA units1.4 Signals (信號)

Voltage source, Current source, Oscilloscope, Spectrum analyzer, Analog and digital signals

1.5 Amplifier (增幅器)Linear small signal equivalent circuit (線形小信號等價回路 모델)Ideal OP amp circuit

1.6 Laplace 變換(transform)1.7 Circuit analysis

Thevenin & Norton equivalent circuit(等價回路)Differential eq. method, Transfer function method, Laplace transform method

1.8 Frequency response(周波數特性)Bode plot, magnitude, phase(位相)

Electronic Circuits I Ch-188

• SPICE(Simulation Program with Intergrated Circuit Emphasis)

• Developed at U.C.Berkeley in1970

• Accurate device model is required for accurate results

• MNA(Modified Nodal Analysis) method used for circuit analysis

• Hand analysis is required to get the feeling and to verify the validity

of SPICE simulation results

• Sigma-SPICE: Berkeley SPICE3 improved at POSTECH

in DC operating point computation, graphics,

analog-digital mixed mode simulation, multi-core operation

SPICE

How to use Sigma-SPICE


• http://analog.postech.ac.kr/sub.php?code=CA1267600334235

• http://analog.postech.ac.kr Books Download

• Download the newest version of SIGMA-SPICE code & manual

How to download Sigma-SPICE 89


• MNA(modified nodal analysis) method• Nodal analysis method

- Apply KCL to calculate the node voltage- Cannot solve the circuit equation including voltage source, inductor, controlled voltage source

• MNA(Modifide Nodal Analysis) method- Apply KCL to each node- Apply KVL to voltage source, inductor, controlled voltage source

Circuit equation: a combination of KCL & KVLVariables of circuit equations:

all node voltages, the current through voltage source & inductor

SPICE circuit analysis method



SPICE input file

• Diode rectifier circuitDIODE Rectifier Circuit

DX 1 2 DMOD

R1 2 0 10K

VIN 1 0 DC 0

.MODEL DMOD IS=1E-15N=0.5

*COMMENT LINE

.DC VIN -5 5 0.1

.PRINT DC V(1)V(2)I(VIN)

.END



SPICE syntax

② pulse VIN 1 2 DC 0

+ PULSE 0 5 td tr tf pw T

[1] independent voltage source

① DC voltage VIN 3 2 DC 5

How to use Sigma-SPICE 92


VIN 1 2 DC 0 PWL t0 v0 t1 v1 t2 v2

f delay damping

if t < delay offset + amplitude

2

360sin

if t ≥ delay offset + amplitude )( delaytdampinge

360

)(2sin delaytf

)10002(sin5 t SIN 0 5 1000 0 0 or SIN 0 5 1000

VIN 1 2 SIN offset amplitude

③ piecewise linear

④ sine wave



** Voltage source of Sigma SPICE

vs1 1 0 dc 0 pulse 0 1 0 0.2m 0.2m 0.8m 2mvs2 2 0 dc 0 sin 0 2 1kvs3 3 0 dc 0 pwl 0 0 0.2m 1 1m 1 1.2m 0 2m 0 vs4 4 0 dc 0 pulse 0 1 0 0 0

r1 1 0 1kr2 2 0 1kr3 3 0 1kr4 4 0 1k

.tran 1u 5m

.print tran v(1) v(2) v(3) v(4)

.end

Netlist: Sigma-SPICE


vs1 1 0 dc 0 pulse 0 1 0 0.2m 0.2m 0.8m 2mvs2 2 0 dc 0 sin 0 2 1kvs3 3 0 dc 0 pwl 0 0 0.2m 1 1m 1 1.2m 0 2m 0 vs4 4 0 dc 0 pulse 0 1 0 0 0

Simulation results: Sigma-SPICE


③ 過度解析(Transient analysis)

.TRAN 0.1n 100n * from 0 to 100ns (print out step: 0.1ns)

.TRAN tstep tfinal [ tstart tmax_step ]

[2] analysis types (解析類型)

① DC 動作點解析(operating point analysis) .OP

② DC transfer curve analysis VIN 1 0 DC 0.DC VIN 0 5 0.1

start stop step(change VIN from 0 to 5V in 0.1V steps)



97

④ AC 周波數解析(AC frequency analysis: small signal)

.AC DEC 10 100 1MEG

Change the sinusoidal signal frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz

uniformly in a logarithmic scale with 10 frequency points

in a decade of frequency)

.AC LIN 100 1 100

Change the frequency from 1Hz to 100Hz uniformly

in a linear scale. (100 points, 1Hz step)

[2] analysis types



** RC ckt for analysis typesvs 1 0 dc 0 ac 1 pulse 0 4 0 1m 1m 4m 10mr1 1 2 3kr2 2 0 1kc1 2 0 4u.op.dc vs 0 4 1m.ac dec 10 1 1meg.tran 1u 50m.print dc v(1) v(2).print ac vm(2) vp(2).print tran v(1) v(2).end

Netlist: Sigma-SPICE

Electronic Circuits I Ch-199Transient simulation results

vs 1 0 dc 0 ac 1 pulse 0 4 0 1m 1m 4m 10mr1 1 2 3kr2 2 0 1kc1 2 0 4u.tran 1u 50m

Electronic Circuits I Ch-1100AC simulation results

vs 1 0 dc 0 ac 1 pulse 0 4 0 1m 1m 4m 10mr1 1 2 3kr2 2 0 1kc1 2 0 4u.ac dec 10 1 1meg


[3] 素子(element)

③ ________ Lyyy 4 5 1U

(model name)④ ______ Dzzz 5 6 diode mod

nc nb nsne⑤ ____ Qaaa 1 2 3 4 bjtmod

nd ng ns nb⑥ ________ Mbbb 1 2 3 4 mosmod

① _____ Rxxx 2 3 10K

② _________ Cxxx 3 4 1N



102

current controlled dependent source: use i(t) through voltage source

Example: An ideal OP amp with a voltage gain of 100,000(100dB)

[4] dependent source(從屬源) : models an active device______: E1 nout+ nout- in+ in- gain

______: G1 nout+ nout- in+ in- transconductance

CCCS: F1 nout+ nout- vn1 gain

CCVS: H1 nout+ nout- vn1 transresistance

Exyz 3 0 1 2 100000


100000 x Vid


R1 1 2 1kR2 2 3 2kE1 3 0 0 2 1e6vs 1 0 dc 0 sin 0 5 1k.tran 1u 3m 0 1u

Ideal OP amp circuit


CH1 Basic circuits 基礎回路1.1 Electronic device(電子素子) :

R, L, C, diode, transistor, IC, VLSI, LCR meter1.2 How to use sigmaSPICE (sigmaSPICE 使用法)1.3 LTI system, MKSA units1.4 Signals (信號)

Voltage source, Current source, Oscilloscope, Spectrum analyzer, Analog and digital signals

1.5 Amplifier (增幅器)Linear small signal equivalent circuit (線形小信號等價回路 모델)Ideal OP amp circuit

1.6 Laplace 變換(transform)1.7 Circuit analysis

Thevenin & Norton equivalent circuit(等價回路)Differential eq. method, Transfer function method, Laplace transform method

1.8 Frequency response(周波數特性)Bode plot, magnitude, phase(位相)


LTI system consists of linear R, L, C and linear dependent sources

Linear dependent sources (線形從屬源)model active devices(增幅素子)

LTI system 105


LTI system

Single tone Input

single tone output with the same frequency

Input sin(w1 t+p1) Output A2 sin(w1 t +p2) No change in frequency

LTI system 106


Dependent source 從屬電源종속전원independent source 獨立電源독립전원

Dependent source models active devices (transistors: amplifier(增幅器)) VCVS, VCCS, CCVS, CCCS

LTI system


Linear Superposition Principle 線形重疊原理줄 線 모양 形 무거울 重 겹쳐질 疊 근원 原 다스릴 理

Y = f(a X1 + b X2) = a * f(X1) + b * f(X2)

Y: output, f( ): circuit function(operation), X: input (voltage source, current source)

Y1 = f(X1) @input X1 only, X2=0Y2 = f(X2) @input X2 only, X1=0Y = f(X1 + X2) @input X1 + X2Y = Y1 + Y2

LTI system


SI: Systeme International d'Unites (홑單 자리位)

MKSA: Meter, Kilogram, Sec, Ampere (4 basic unit)

Ampere: a current which, in a vacuum, acts on an identical current, one meter away, with a force per unit length equal to 2 x E-7 newtons per meter.

Ampere’s LawCoulomb = Amp x secVolt = Joule / CoulombOhm = Volt / Amp

Coulomb’s Law: not used in SI unit definitions

MKSA units (單位 단위)

dIIAN

LF 2127 ]/[102

221229 ]/[109

rQQCmNF


Joule: A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance of one meter.

Newton x meter = Joule

Newton: the unit of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram one meter per second per second

1Kg x 1 m/sec/sec = 1 Newton

Power : The rate at which work is done; 1 horsepower: lift 33,000 foot pounds in one minute (746 Watt)

Watt: a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second; or 1 Amp x Volt(power dissipated by a current of 1 ampere flowing across 1 ohm R)

http://www.answers.com

Definitions of units(單位의 定義)


Amp: 6,280,000,000,000,000,000 (6.28 x E18) electrons(1 Coulomb charge) passing by the point of measurement in one second .

Volt: the difference of electric potential between two points on a conducting wire carrying a constant current of one ampere when the power dissipated between the points is one watt.

1 Amp x Volt = 1 Amp x Joule / Coulomb = 1 Joule / sec = 1 Watt

1 Amp x Volt x sec = 1 Joule

1 Coulomb x Volt = 1 Joule



Ohm: resistance unit1Volt / Amp = 1 Ohm

Farad: capacitance unit named after Faraday

1 Coulomb / Volt = 1 Farad

Henry :

The unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second.

1 Volt / ( Amp/sec) = 1 Henry

http://www.answers.com


Electronic Circuits I Ch-1113Notation of units (單位의 記號)

http://en.wikipedia.org/

ElectronicCircuitsICh-1 CH1 Basic circuits 基礎回路

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