ekonomikuri azrovneba...doebis sxva jgufebis msgavsad, xom imave individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic...

ekonomikuriazrovneba

pol heine

tomi I

Tavisufali universitetis

gamomcemloba

2009

pol heine

ekonomikuri azrovneba

tomi I

Paul HeyneThe Economic Way of ThinkingPart I

saredaqcio jgufi:

Teimuraz kuprava

zaza gelaSvili

badri gelitaSvili

Tavisufali universitetis sagamomcemlo centri madlobas uxdis

fonds „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo“ da Jiuli Sartavas saxelobis

universitetis administracias, am wignis gamocemis uflebis miRebaSi

gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

© Tavisufali universitetis gamomcemloba

yvela ufleba daculia

meore qarTuli gamocema 2009

ISBN 978 – 9941 – 0 - 1883 – 1ISBN 978 – 9941 – 0 - 1884 – 8

www.freeuni.edu.ge

sarCevi

Tavi 1

ekonomikuri azrovneba ....................................................................................................... 7

wesrigis amocnoba ............................................................................................................................................7

sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis mniSvneloba .......................................................................................8

rogor xdeba es? ................................................................................................................................................8

inteleqtualuri instrumenti ....................................................................................................................9

urTierTqmedeba erToblivi SeTanxmebis saSualebiT ........................................................................10

ekonomikuri Teoriis mikerZoebuloba ...................................................................................................11

TamaSis wesebi ...................................................................................................................................................12

daskvnebi Tu mikerZoeba? .............................................................................................................................13

araviTari Teoria niSnavs cud Teorias ..................................................................................................14

Tavi 2

efeqtianoba, gacvla da SedarebiTi upiratesoba ................................................... 19

miTi materialuri simdidris Sesaxeb .......................................................................................................19

vaWroba qmnis simdidres ..............................................................................................................................20

efeqtianoba da faseulobebi .....................................................................................................................20

rogor gacvales gasma da harim mZime samuSao .......................................................................................21

gacvlis arsi, warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sedareba ..................................................22

ratom specializacia? .................................................................................................................................23

individualuri vaWrobidan saerTaSoriso vaWrobamde da piriqiT ..............................................23

transaqciuli danaxarjebi .........................................................................................................................23

sabazro aRmoCenebi .......................................................................................................................................24

dava faseulobaTa Sesaxeb ...........................................................................................................................24

Tavi 3

Semcvlelebi Cvens garSemo: moTxovnis cneba .......................................................... 29

danaxarjebi da Semcvlelebi .......................................................................................................................30

moTxovnis koncefcia ....................................................................................................................................31

zRvruli mniSvnelobebi ...............................................................................................................................32

zRvrul mniSvnelobebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi ................................................................33

gamovsaxoT grafikze .....................................................................................................................................33

moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide ...................................................................................................................34

aris gansxvaveba? .............................................................................................................................................35

fuladi da sxva xarjebi ................................................................................................................................37

inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli araswori warmodgenebi .......................................................................38

Tavisufleba da mwarmoebluroba .............................................................................................................38

dro Cvenze muSaobs ........................................................................................................................................40

moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba ................................................................................................................40

fiqrebi elastiurobaze ...............................................................................................................................41

elastiuroba da erToblivi Semosavlebi ...............................................................................................44

miTi vertikaluri moTxovnis Sesaxeb .......................................................................................................45

Tavi 4

alternatiuli Rirebuleba da saqonlis miwodeba ................................................ 55

danaxarjebi Sefasebebia ...............................................................................................................................55

mewarmis danaxarjebi, rogorc alternativis Rirebuleba ..............................................................56

alternatiuli Rirebulebis magaliTebi ...............................................................................................58

danaxarjebi da qmedeba .................................................................................................................................59

danaxarjebi daqiravebul jarze ...............................................................................................................60

`aunazRaurebeli danaxarjebis~ gamoricxva .........................................................................................62

zRvruli damatebiTi danaxarjebi ............................................................................................................63

zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi ............................................................................................................64

danaxarjebi, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba ...............................................................................65

danaxarjebi da miwodeba...............................................................................................................................66

miwodebis safaso elastiuroba .................................................................................................................67

Tavi 5

moTxovna da miwodeba: kooperaciis procesi ........................................................... 77

sabazro sistemebi ...........................................................................................................................................77

transaqciuli danaxarjebi ..........................................................................................................................78

sakuTrebis ufleba da institutebi .........................................................................................................79

fuladi fasebis maregulirebeli roli ..................................................................................................79

ZiriTadi procesi ...........................................................................................................................................80

damatebiTi praqtika ......................................................................................................................................82

fasebis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba ................................................................................................................84

iSviaTobidan konkurenciisken ...................................................................................................................84

konkurencia fiqsirebuli fasebis dros ................................................................................................86

mimwodeblis roli ganawilebaSi ................................................................................................................87

swori da araswori gzebi ...............................................................................................................................87

arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi sistema ...............................................................................................................88

inflacia da binis qiris kontroli ...........................................................................................................89

iSviaToba da siWarbe ......................................................................................................................................90

momwodeblebi, romlebic gulgrilni arian fasis mimarT .................................................................90

Tqveni sakuTari aeroporti ........................................................................................................................91

fasebi, komitetebi da diqtatorebi .........................................................................................................92

Tavi 6

miwodeba da moTxovna: Teoriidan praqtikisaken .................................................... 99

gansazRvravs Tu ara fass xarjebi? ..........................................................................................................99

sakvebis fasi da fermebis danaxarjebi ..................................................................................................101

miwodebis raodenoba Tu miwodeba ..........................................................................................................102

kidev erTxel fasebisa da danaxarjebis Sesaxeb .................................................................................103

danaxarjebi da sakuTreba ..........................................................................................................................104

danaxarjebi da gadatvirTuloba ............................................................................................................105

inebe meti, sanam ufasoa ..............................................................................................................................107

samedicino momsaxurebis mzardi danaxarjebi ....................................................................................108

danaxarjebi da dazRveva ............................................................................................................................110

samedicino momsaxurebis danaxarjebi ...................................................................................................110

elastiuroba da fasebis cvlileba .........................................................................................................111

vin ixdis gadasaxadebs? ...............................................................................................................................112

Tavi 7

informacia, Suamavlebi da spekulantebi ............................................................... 123

uZravi qonebis gayidvis agentebi, rogorc informaciis mwarmoeblebi .....................................123

Ziebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcireba ..............................................................................................124

bazrebi qmnian informacias .......................................................................................................................125

spekulaciis saxeebi .....................................................................................................................................126

spekulaciis Sedegebi .................................................................................................................................126

winaswarmetyvelni da danakargebi ..........................................................................................................127

Sida informaciiT movaWreTa sakiTxi ....................................................................................................128

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ..........................................................................................................................130

eqimebi da araswori mkurnalobis sakiTxi ............................................................................................131

damateba: sabirJo saqonliT spekulantebi da „fiuCersebis“ bazrebi .........................................132

Tavi 8

fasebis dadgena da monopoliebis sakiTxi .............................................................. 143

vis SeiZleba vuwodoT monopolisti? ....................................................................................................143

alternativebi, elastiuroba da sabazro Zalaufleba ...................................................................144

privilegiebi da SezRudvebi .....................................................................................................................145

fasis mimRebi da fasis maZiebeli .............................................................................................................146

fasis mimRebTa bazrebi da resursebis optimaluri ganTavseba ....................................................148

Tavi 9

fasis ZiebaSi ....................................................................................................................... 157

fasdadebis gavrcelebuli Teoria ........................................................................................................157

gaicaniT _ ed saiki ......................................................................................................................................158

mogebis maqsimizaciis ZiriTadi wesi ......................................................................................................159

zRvruli Semosavali ...................................................................................................................................160

ratomaa zRvruli Semosavali fasze naklebi? ....................................................................................160

zRvruli danaxarjis toli zRvruli Semosavlis dadgena .............................................................162

fasismieri diskriminaciis dilema ..........................................................................................................163

koleji _ fasebis damdgeni ......................................................................................................................163

fasismieri diskriminaciis zogierTi strategia ...............................................................................165

ed saiki gamosavals poulobs ....................................................................................................................167

aRSfoTeba da logikuri dasabuTeba ......................................................................................................168

sadilisa da vaxSmis fasi .............................................................................................................................169

davubrundeT Teorias _ `danaxarjebs plus danamati~ ...................................................................169

Tavi 10

konkurencia da mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika ............................................. 181

konkurentuli zewola ................................................................................................................................181

saxelmwifo politikis ambivalenturoba .............................................................................................184

gayidva danaxarjebze nakleb fasad .......................................................................................................185

ras niSnavs `saTanado danaxarjebi~? ......................................................................................................185

`mtaceblebi~ da konkurencia ...................................................................................................................186

fasebis regulireba .....................................................................................................................................187

`antimonopolisturi~ politika .............................................................................................................188

Sermanis aqtis interpretacia da gamoyeneba .......................................................................................189

vertikaluri SezRudvebi _ konkurentuli Tu antikonkurentuli? .........................................190

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ....................................................................................................................................191

Sejameba ............................................................................................................................................................192

Tavi 11

mogeba ..................................................................................................................................... 203

ra unda Sediodes danaxarjebSi? .............................................................................................................203

ratom ixdian sargebels? ...........................................................................................................................204

droiTi upiratesobebi ...............................................................................................................................205

sargeblis ganakveTTan dakavSirebuli riski ......................................................................................206

sargeblis realuri da nominaluri ganakveTebi .................................................................................207

ganuzRvreloba _ mogebis aucilebeli piroba ..................................................................................208

mogebisadmi swrafva ....................................................................................................................................208

mewarme ..............................................................................................................................................................209

sad mTavrdeba winaaRmdegoba? .................................................................................................................210

aramomgebiani institutebi .......................................................................................................................211

socializmidan kapitalizmSi gardamavali periodi .........................................................................212

amas yvela akeTebs .........................................................................................................................................213

konkurenciis SezRudva ..............................................................................................................................214

konkurencia sxva frontebze ....................................................................................................................214

rodesac ganuzRvreloba qreba, konkurentuli vaWrobis Sedegad

miRebuli mogeba warmoebis danaxarjebad gadaiqceva .....................................................................215

konkurencia ZiriTad resursebze ...........................................................................................................215

konkurencia da sakuTrebis ufleba .......................................................................................................216

damateba: diskontireba da mimdinare Rirebulebebi ........................................................................216

sadamde izrdeba dRevandeli Tanxa? ......................................................................................................217

momavali Tanxebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba ........................................................................................217

wliuri Semosavlebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba ..................................................................................217

7

1ekonomikuri azrovneba

karg meqanikoss advilad SeuZlia Tqveni avtomobilis gaumarTaobis aRmoCena, radgan icis,

rogor muSaobs igi gamarTul reJimSi. mraval adamians, vinc ar icis, rogor muSaobs norm-

alurad funqcionirebadi ekonomika, ekonomikuri problemebis gageba eZneleba. isini im meqan-

ikosebs mogvagoneben, romlTa praqtika mxolod uwesrigo Zravebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba.

xSirad imis gagebac ki gviWirs, rasac SeCveulebi varT. swored am mizeziT, yuradRebas iSviaTad

vaqcevT sazogadoebaSi arsebul wesrigs da ar ZalgviZs koordinaciis im meqanizmebis gageba, romle-

bzedac yoveldRiurad varT damokidebulni. amitom, urigo ar iqneboda ekonomikuri Teoriis Ses-

wavla im moqnilobis gaazrebiT dagvewyo, romliTac viRebT yoveldRiur monawileobas sazogadoe-

briv TanamSromlobaSi. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens sagzao moZraoba pikis saaTebSi.

wesrigis amocnoba

ukanasknelma debulebam SeiZleba dagabnioT `rogor? nuTu pikis saaTebSi sagzao moZrao-

ba sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis magaliTia? gana is junglebis kanonis anu TanamSromlo-

bis uaryofis magaliTs ar warmoadgens?~ sruliadac ara. Tu sityvaTa SeTanxmeba: `sagzao

moZraoba pikis saaTebSi~, TqvenTvis `sagzao sacobTan~ asocirdeba, amiT kidev erTxel xdeba

zemoT gamoTqmuli Tezisis damtkiceba: `Cven mxolod uwesrigobebs vamCnevT, xolo saqmeTa

normalur mdgomareobas imdenad veCveviT, rom is TavisTavad arsebulad migvaCnia~. arada pi-

kis saaTebSi transportis mTavar Tvisebas warmoadgens ara sagzao sacobebi, aramed moZrao-

ba. Tuki adamianebi yoveldRiurad endobian transports, albaT mxolod imitom, rom TiTqmis

yovelTvis aRweven daniSnulebis adgils. ra Tqma unda, satransporto sistema unaklod ar

moqmedebs, magram sad ar xdeba es? sakvirveli faqti isaa, rom sistema saerTod muSaobs.

aTasobiT adamiani yoveldRiurad dilis rva saaTisaTvis gamodis saxlidan, miujdeba saWes

da midis samsaxurSi. isini marSrutebs winaswar SeTanxmebis gareSe irCeven, manqanis marTvis xe-

lovnebac sxvadasxvanairi aqvT, aseve erTnairi rodia maTi damokidebuleba riskisadmi da Sexed-

uleba Tavazianobis wesebze. roca sxvadasxva formisa da zomis msubuqi avtomobilebis es sim-

ravle Seerwymeba qalaqis magistralebs, maT uerTdeba avtobusebis, motociklebis, taqsebis

mravalferovani nakadi. yvela mZRoli sxvadasxva mizans eswrafvis, fiqrobs mxolod sakuTar in-

teresebze, magram ara egoizmis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom, rom araferi icis sxvebis miznebis

Sesaxeb. sxvis Sesaxeb TiToeulma maTganma mxolod is icis, rasac xedavs: satransporto saSuale-

baTa mcire da ganuwyvetliv cvalebadi jgufis mdebareoba, mimarTuleba da siswrafe. am infor-

macias emateba mxolod is mniSvnelovani varaudi, rom sxva mZRolebs iseve gulwrfelad ar surT

avaria, rogorc TviTon maT. garda amisa, arsebobs erTiani wesebi, romelTac yvela mZRoli emor-

Cileba: gaCereba SuqniSnis wiTel sinaTleze da siCqaris SezRudva. es aris da es. yovelive es Za-

lian waagavs qaosis Seqmnis instruqcias, rasac sabolood jarTis mTebTan unda miveyvaneT.

8

amis sanacvlod ki warmoiqmneba kargad koordinirebuli nakadi, imdenad mdore, rom masze

maRlobidan dakvirvebisas SesaZlebelia esTetikuri siamovnebis miReba. marTlac rom, pikis saa-

TebSi saqalaqo transportis moZraoba gvaZlevs saocrad warmatebuli sazogadoebrivi TanamS-

romlobis magaliTs.

sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis mniSvneloba

sagzao moZraobis magaliTi imis karg demonstracias warmoadgens, Tu raoden xSirad vamCnevT

sazogadoebriv TanamSromlobas. TiToeuli Cvengani icnobs sagzao moZraobas, magram TiTqmis

aravin ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc garkveul erTobliv moqmedebas. igive magaliTi sxva mxrivac sain-

teresoa. is gviCvenebs, rom Cveni damokidebuleba koordinaciis meqanizmebze gacilebiT Zlieria,

vidre Cveulebriv igulisxmeba. rom ar arsebuliyo efeqtiani procedurebi, romlebic adamian-

ebs TanamSromlobisken ubiZgebs, Cven ver SevZlebdiT civilizaciis nayofiT datkbobas. tomas

hobsi `leviaTanSi~ aRniSnavda (1588-1679):

`aseT mdgomareobaSi ar rCeba adgili SromismoyvareobisaTvis, vinaidan aravisTvis ar aris

uzrunvelyofili misi Sromis nayofi; amitom ar aris miwaTmoqmedeba, ar aris sazRvao vaWroba,

ar aris zRvaosnoba, ar aris moxerxebuli nagebobebi, ar arsebobs nivTebis gadaadgilebisa da

moZraobis saSualebebi, rac did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ar arsebobs codna miwis zedapiris Ses-

axeb, ar aris drois gazomva, ar aris xeloba, ar aris literatura, ar aris sazogadoeba, da rac

yvelaze uaresia, esaa iZulebiTTi sikvdilis mudmivi SiSi, xolo adamianis sicocxle xanmokle,

uimedo, Raribi da ganmartoebulia1~.

hobss miaCnda, rom adamianebi imdenad arian garTuli TavdacviTa da sakuTari moTxovnebis dak-

mayofilebiT, rom mxolod Zalas (an misi gamoyenebis SiSs) SeuZlia aiZulos isini, Tavi Seikavon erT-

maneTze mudmivi Tavdasxmebisagan; amitom Tavis qmnilebebSi is aqcents sazogadoebrivi TanamSrom-

lobis erT-erT yvelaze fundamentur formaze akeTebs, rogoricaa Zaladobisagan da Zarcvisagan

TavSekaveba. rogorc Cans, mas miaCnda, rom, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda, adamianebs Tavi SeekavebinaT

agresiisa da sxvisi qonebis warTmevisgan, maSin pozitiuri TanamSromloba, romlis drosac SesaZle-

belia warmoebis, soflis meurneobis, mecnierebis da xelovnebis ganviTareba, TavisTavad ganvi-

Tardeboda. magram gana es marTlac ase iqneba? da an ratom unda iyos ase?

rogor xdeba es?

rogor aiZuleben erTmaneTs sazogadoebis wevrebi, Seasrulon urTierTdakavSirebuli qmede-

bebis swored iseTi erToblioba, romlis Sedegadac xdeba moxmarebisTvis aucilebeli material-

uri da aramaterialuri faseulobebis Seqmna? saWiro pozitiuri qmedebebis maiZulebeli meqaniz-

mi, wmindanebis sazogadoebaSic ki, aucileblad unda arsebobdes, Tuki maT ar surT icxovron

`Raribulad, ganmartoebiT, xanmokled da araadamianurad~. wmindanebsac sWirdebaT winaswar

gansazRvron, Tu sad, rogor da rodis daexmaron adamianebs, raTa es daxmareba efeqtiani iyos.

rogorc Cans, hobsi kargad ver xedavda am problemis gadawyvetis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifoSi

cxovrebis sworad mosawyobad. misTvis cnobili sazogadoeba bevrad martiv tradiciebsa da wes-

Cveulebebs efuZneboda da ar ganicdida iseTive swraf da damangrevel cvlilebebs, romelTa

garemoSic Cven gavizardeT. mxolod meTvramete saukunis bolosTvis daiwyes moazrovneebma

sul ufro xSirad im kiTxvis dasma, Tu mainc ratom funqcionirebs sazogadoeba normalurad?

rogor axerxeben individebi, romlebsac amoZravebT sakuTari interesebi da gaaCniaT mcire in-

formacia, Seqmnan ara qaosi, aramed saocrad organizebuli sazogadoeba.

meTvramete saukuneSi aseTi moazrovne iyo adam smiti (1723-1790), romelic erT-erTi yvelaze

SorsmWvreteli aRmoCnda. smiti im epoqaSi cxovrobda, rodesac didad ganswavlul adamianebsac ki

miaCndaT, rom siRaribesa da uwesrigobaSi dabrunebisgan sazogadoebas mxolod saxelmwifo moRvawe-

Ta dauZinebeli yuradReba icavs. smiti ar daeTanxma am mosazrebas. imisaTvis, rom uareyo sazogadod

gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, mas mouxda sazogadoebrivi koordinaciis iseTi meqanizmis aRmoCena da

aRwera, romelic, misi azriT, mTavrobisgan damoukideblad moqmedebda. amasTan, es meqanizmi imdenad

Zlieri iyo, rom mis winaaRmdeg moqmedi samTavrobo RonisZiebebi xSirad amao aRmoCndeboda xolme.

1 Hobbes, Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1651

9

Tavisi analizis Sedegebi smitma 1776 wels gamoaqveyna wignSi `gamokvlevebi xalxebis simdidris bune-

basa da mizezebze~ da amiT ekonomikuri mecnierebis damaarseblis saxelic moixveWa. smits ar aRmouCe-

nia ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi, magram igi iyo pirveli avtori, romelmac es wesi sazogadoebaSi mim-

dinare cvlilebebisa da TanamSromlobis yovelmxrivi gamokvlevisTvis gamoiyena.

inteleqtualuri instrumenti

Cveulebriv, ras vgulisxmobT àzrovnebis ekonomikur wesSi?~ upirveles yovlisa, midgomas

da ara ukve mza daskvnebis nakrebs. jon meinard keinsma kargad Camoayaliba debuleba, romelic am

wignis dasawyisSia moyvanili:

èkonomikuri Teoria ar warmoadgens sameurneo politikaSi gamoyenebul ukve mzamzareul

rekomendaciaTa nakrebs. is ufro meTodia, vidre moZRvreba, inteleqtualuri instrumentia,

azrovnebis teqnikaa, romelic mflobels exmareba swori daskvnebis gakeTebaSi~.

magram ras niSnavs àzrovnebis teqnika~? Znelia amis mokled da gasagebad axsna. amas Tqven sa-

kuTari praqtikidan gamomdinare unda mixvdeT. SesaZloa umjobesi iyos, igi ganvmartoT, ro-

gorc koncefciebis erToblioba, im ZiriTadi daSvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom socialuri indi-

videbi moqmedeben rac SeiZleba meti mogebis misaRebad.

exeba Tu ara es daSveba yvela socialur individs? simarTle rom vTqvaT, ekonomistebs pirwa-

vardnili imperialisturi ambiciebi gaaCniaT. swamT, rom maTi Teoriebi bevrad ufro farTod

moicaven imas, rasac Cveulebriv gulisxmoben adamianebi, rodesac sazogadoebis èkonomikuri

seqtoris~ Sesaxeb msjeloben. azrovnebis ekonomikuri stiliT SegviZlia SeviswavloT rogorc

sagzao moZraoba pikis saaTis dros an saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve aramomgebiani organizaciebis,

saqvelmoqmedo fondebis da samTavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmianoba. Tuki SeiZleba, rom I-sa da

amerikeli fermerebis federaciis biuros saqciels axsna movuZebnoT, ratom ar SeiZleba ase-

Tive axsna moeZebnos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis sasoflo sameurneo departamen-

tis da Sida anakrebebis samsaxuris qcevas? samTavrobo saagentoebi da maTi ganStoebebi, sazoga-

doebis sxva jgufebis msgavsad, xom imave individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic sakuTar mogebasa da

xarjebze zrunaven? ekonomikuri Teoria sulac ar amtkicebs imas, rom adamianebi egoistebi an

zedmetad materialistebi arian, viwro TvalTaxedva aqvT, ainteresebT mxolod fuli da

gulgrilebi arian sxva yvelafris mimarT. amas rodi vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom adamianebi

mieltvian maqsimalur mogebas. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra miaCniaT

adamianebs mogebad an xarjad da is fardobiTi mniSvneloba, romelsac isini maT aniWeben. eko-

nomikuri Teoria ar uaryofs xelgaSlilobas, sazogadoebrivi azris an sxva saTnoebis realo-

basa da mniSvnelobas.

ekonomikuri azrovneba iZleva ori aspeqtis axsnas _ erTi fokusirebulia qmedebebze, xolo

meore urTierTqmedebebze. fokusireba xazs usvams ekonomias. ekonomia niSnavs SesaZlo

resursebis iseT ganawilebas, rac am resursebidan maqsimaluri amoRebis saSualebas iZleva. eko-

nomias deficiti ganapirobebs, Tundac vinmes SeuzRudav resursebze miuwvdebodes xeli, mxedv-

elobaSi unda iqonios, rom mokvdavTaTvis dro iSviaTi resursia. mdidarma adamianebma unda

icodnen, rogor xarjon ekonomiurad: radgan iutaSi, samTo-saTxilamuro kurortze gatare-

bul kviras ver gaatarebT akapulkos sanapiroze, Tqven unda gaakeToT arCevani imisda miuxeda-

vad, Tu ra Semosavali gaqvT. rogorc momaval TavebSi vnaxavT, ekonomikuri azrovneba ekonomiis

procesis da arCevanis axsnas iSviaTobis koncefciidan gamomdinare iZleva.

is iZleva mravali gamoucnobi, magram mniSvnelovani urTierTqmedebis axsnas. Tu ekonomiuri

qmedebis mTavar problemas iSviaTi warmoadgens, ekonomikuri urTierTqmedebis ZiriTadi prob-

lema individualuri procesebis mravalgvarobasa da araTanazomadobaSi mdgomareobs. iSviaTo-

bas ekonomiiT vebrZviT. vebrZviT imiT, rom moviTxovT, milionobiT adamianis urTierTTanamS-

romlobas, romlebic CarTulni arian koordinirebis procesSi. sagzao moZraobis magaliTi iZleva

orive aspeqtis axsnas. rodesac mZRolebi marSruts gegmaven, fiqroben ra imaze, Tu rogor Secva-

lon rigi an siCqare, es ekonomiur qmedebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram maTi qmedebebi koor-

dinirebulia procesiT, romelic aRemateba TiToeuli mZRolis qcevaTa martiv jams. verc mZRoli

da verc moZraobis damgegmavi ver akontroleben am process, mTeli Tavisi urTierTqmedebebiT,

magram, miuxedavad amisa, individualuri gadawyvetilebebis procesi marTvadia.

10

Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebaSi adamianebis ekonomikuri qmedeba xorcieldeba spe-

cializaciis konteqstSi. specializacia, anu rogorc mas adam smiti uwodebda, Sromis danawile-

ba, aucilebelia produqtiulobis gasazrdelad, rasac warsul saukuneebSi ̀ xalxebis simdidre~

mohqonda. magram specializacia koordinaciis gareSe es aris gza qaosisken da ara simdidrisken.

rogor SeiZleba milionobiT adamianma ganaxorcielos dasaxuli gegmebi mxolod sakuTar

resursebsa da SesaZleblobebze dayrdnobiT, imaTi interesebis, resursebisa da SesaZleblo-

bebis sruli ignorirebiT, visTan TanamSromlobazec damokidebulia maTi sakuTari proeqtebis

warmateba?

ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs pasuxi gasces am kiTxvas, raTa axsnas is, rasac adam smiti uwo-

debda komerciul sazogadoebas, romlis wiaRSic `Sromis danawevreba erTxel da samudamod mka-

cradaa dakanonebuli~.

adam smitis ganmarteba komerciuli

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

`adamians sakuTari SromiT warmoebuli produqciis mxolod mcire nawili sWirdeba, igi

sazogadoebas sakuTari Sromis bevrad met nayofs miawodebs, vidre Tavad moixmars. amgvarad,

yoveli adamiani cxovrobs gacvliT anu garkveuli zomiT vaWrobs da sazogadoeba yalibdeba ro-

gorc komerciuli sazogadoeba~.

moqmedebis warmatebuli koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic yvela specializaciisa

da gacvlis xarjze cxovrobs, metad rTul amocanas warmoadgens. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT im

qmedebebze, romlebic zustad unda iqnas koordinirebuli, raTa dilis sauzmiT datkbeT. fer-

merebi, satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebi, mSeneblebi, bankirebi da supermarketis gamyidvelebi, im

adamianTa mxolod mcire nawilis warmoadgenen, romelTa Zalisxmeva gamoyenebuli unda iqnas

warmoebis, transportirebis da miwodebis saqmeSi, raTa sauzmeze torti an simindis burbuSela

miirTvaT. ram aRZra am xalxSi drosa da sivrceSi zustad SeTanxmebuli qmedebebi? ekonomikuri

Teoria gvexmareba pasuxi gavceT am kiTxvas da ekonomistebi kvlavac cdiloben axsnan komerciu-

li sazogadoebis funqcionireba im kuTxiT, rac adamianTa umravlesobas `ekonomiaze~ saubrisas

aqvs mxedvelobaSi.

urTierTqmedeba erToblivi SeTanxmebis saSualebiT

ekonomikuri Teoria amtkicebs, rom, moqmedeben ra sakuTari interesebis mixedviT, adamianebi

sxvebsac uqmnian arCevanis SesaZleblobas da rom sazogadoebrivi koordinacia aris wminda

sargeblis cvlilebaTa mimarT uwyveti Seguebis procesi, romelic urTierTqmedebis Sedegad

warmoiSveba. es, ra Tqma unda friad abstraqtuli mosazrebaa da Cven mas satransporto nakadis

adre moyvanil magaliTze davakonkretebT.

warmoidgineT oTxmwkriviani magistrali, romelzec Sesvla da gamosvla mxolod marjvena mx-

aresaa daSvebuli. ratom ar rCeba yvela mZRoli ganapira marjvena mxares? ratom cdilobs bevri

mZRoli imoZraos marcxena mwkrivSi, Tumca mSvenivrad icis, rom mouwevs marjvena mwkrivSi ga-

dasvla? visac avtomagistralze umgzavria, man icis, rom ganapira marjvena mwkrivSi moZraobis

siCqare klebulobs trasaze Semomavali da gamavali manqanebis moZraobis gamo. amitom mas, visac

eCqareba, urCevnia swrafad gaecalos marjvena mwkrivs.

darCenili mwkrivebidan romels amoirCeven isini? TiToeuli moqmedebis winaswar gansazRvra

SeuZlebelia, magram zustad viciT, rom darCenil sam gzaze isini daaxloebiT Tanabrad gadan-

awildebian. ratom xdeba es? rogor? dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi imavdroulad imis axsnasac war-

moadgens, rasac zemoT wminda sargeblis cvlilebaTa mimarT ganuwyveteli Seguebis procesi

vuwodeT. mZRolebi akvirdebian wminda sargebels, romelsac maT TiToeuli mwkrivi uqadiT da

cdiloben gadavidnen im mwkrividan, sadac moZraobis siCqare naklebia, im mwkrivSi, sadac is me-

tia. amis Sedegad siswrafe “nel” mwkrivebSi izrdeba, xolo “swraf” mwkrivebSi mcirdeba, iqamde,

sanam siCqare yvela mwkrivSi ar gaTanabrdeba. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, sanam vercerTi mZRoli

erTi mwkrividan meoreSi gadasvliT veRar naxavs wminda mogebas. mTeli es procesi mimdinareobs

11

swrafad da uwyvetad da gacilebiT ufro efeqtianad, vidre amas adgili eqneboda im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu avtomagistralze Sesvlisas romelime konkretul rigSi moZraobis bileTebi darigdeboda.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, swored ase funqcionirebs sazogadoebrivi meqaniz-

mi. individebi moqmedeben mosalodneli wminda mogebidan gamomdinare. es qmedebebi mcire droiT

mainc cvlis fardobiT xarjebsa da mogebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia im SesaZleblobebTan,

adamianebis winaSe rom gadaiSleba. rodesac proporcia romelime qmedebis mosalodnel mogeba-

sa da mosalodnel xarjebs Soris izrdeba, adamianebi mas ufro xSirad mimarTaven, xolo rode-

sac mcirdeba _ ufro iSviaTad. is faqti, rom TiTqmis yvelas meti fuli urCevnia naklebs,

sagrZnoblad amartivebs process. fuli sapox masalas waagavs, rac metad mniSvnelovania sazoga-

doebrivi urTierTTanamSromlobis meqanizmisTvis. fuladi xarjebisa da mogebis zomierma cv-

lilebebma, zogierT kerZo SemTxvevaSi, adamians SeiZleba ise Seacvlevinos qceva, rom is ukeT

Seegueba sxvaTa qmedebas. swored amaSi mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris TanamSromlo-

bis mTavari meqanizmi, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, daikmayofilon sakuTari moTxovnebis, maTT-

visve xelmisawvdomi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.

komerciuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli isaa, rom adamianebi saqciels fulad stim-

ulebze cvlian. es xdeba ara imitom, rom komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuli gadaWarbebulad

uyvarT, aramed imitom, rom fulis meti an naklebi raodenoba warmoadgens stimulebis daregu-

lirebis met-naklebad efeqtian gzas, rac koordinaciasa da TanamSromlobas uwyobs xels.

ucnobi adamianebis (Cveni socialuri qmedebebi ki ZiriTadad ucnob adamianebTanaa dakavSire-

buli) darwmunebis yvelaze saimedo saSualebas garkveuli Tanxis SeTavazeba warmoadgens. maT,

vinc sayvedurs gamoTqvams komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuladi motivebis wamyvani rolis gamo,

aviwydebaT is faqti, rom fuli sakmaod zustad gansazRvravs masStabs, vinaidan swored igi mar-

Tavs resursebs. gansazRvruli masStabis gareSe ver SevZlebdiT SedarebiT iafi gacvlebis Cat-

arebas, rac imas niSnavs, rom verasdros ganvaviTarebdiT Sromis danawilebas, rac Cveni gamdi-

drebis saSualebas warmoadgens. Cveni civilizacia damokidebulia im faqtze, rom fuladi

SeTavazebis erTi uncia, rakiRa igi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia, damokidebuli qmedebebis erT

tonas warmoSobs.

ekonomikuri Teoriis mikerZoebuloba

SesaZloa ekonomistebis globaluri ambiciebis aRiarebam ise ar SegvaSfoTos, rogorc Sexed-

ulebam imis Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi mikerZoebulia. ekonomikuri Teoria ar

gvTavazobs sazogadoebaze miukerZoebel Sexedulebas, romlis drosac yvela arsebuli faqtebi

Tanabarzomierad aris gaTvaliswinebuli. gaixseneT ekonomikuri Teoriis Sesaxeb Cveni adrin-

deli daSveba, rom yvela socialuri movlena warmoiqmneba im adamianTa qmedebebidan da urT-

ierTqmedebebidan gamomdinare, romlebic akeTeben arCevans sakuTari mogebisa da danakargebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

gana es mikerZoebuli Tvalsazrisi araa? ganvixiloT gavlena arCevanze. arCevans imdenad didi

adgili ukavia ekonomikur TeoriaSi, rom zogierTi kritikosi brals debs Teorias imaSi, rom siRa-

ribesa da umuSevrobasac ki is adamianTa Tavisufali arCevaniT xsnis. rodesac Cven am Temamde mi-

valT, Tqven TviTon SeZlebT gadawyvitoT, aqvs amas realuri safuZveli, Tu is ubralo gaugebro-

bis Sedegia. magram aSkaraa, rom ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs socialuri movlenebi axsnas im

daSvebidan gamomdinare, rom movlenebi adamianuri arCevanis sxvadasxva aqtebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

adamianebis arCevani

arCevanis problemasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli agreTve aqcenti, romelic Teorias in-

dividze gadaaqvs. realurad arCevans yovelTvis individi akeTebs, amitom ekonomistebi cdilo-

ben daanawevron koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac iReben, magaliTad, mTavroba, uni-

versiteti da korporaciebi, am koleqtivebSi Semavali calkeuli adamianebis gadawyveti lebebad.

rodesac ekonomikuri Teoria aseT aqcents individze akeTebs, mxedvelobidan xom ar gamorCeba

mas jgufuri moqmedebis da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis mniSvneloba? miuxedavad am argumentisa,

azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi individs sawyis azrobriv erTeulad aRiarebs

12

mxolod individis arCevani

zogjer ekonomikur Teorias akritikeben misTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalisturi aqcentis

gamoc. ekonomistebs miaCniaT, rom adamiani sakuTari kaprizebis mixedviT ki ar moqmedebs, ar-

amed winaswar afasebs misTvis xelmisawvdomi variantebis pliusebsa da minusebs, sakuTar Sec-

domebze swavlobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar imeorebs maT. nuTu adamianebi aseTi racionalure-

bi arian? xom ar moqmedebs Cvens saqcielze gaucnobierebeli survilebi da arakontrolirebadi

emociebi ufro metad, vidre amas varaudobs Teoria? gana nebismieri qmedeba namdvilad winas-

wardasaxuli SedegiT mTavrdeba? ra Tqma unda, ekonomistebi ar fiqroben, rom adamianebma

yvelaferi ician da arasdros uSveben Secdomebs, magram ekonomikuri midgoma gulisxmobs, rom

adamianebis qmedebebi efuZneba xarjebisa da mogebis gamoTvlebs. igi aqcents ufro metad adami-

anebis qcevis qmediT maxasiaTeblebze akeTebs, uaryofs ra, rom mravali mniSvnelovani qmedeba

ar aris dakavSirebuli garkveul SedegTan.

individebi arCevans mxolod mas Semdeg akeTeben, rac Seafaseben mogebas da xarjebs

kidev erTi braldeba, romelsac azrovnebis ekonomikur wess uyeneben, es aris sabazro midgo-

mis braldeba. aqac yuradReba eqceva ekonomikuri Teoriis Rrma da mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas,

Tumca ara iseT sayovelTaos, rogorc is Tavidan gveCveneboda. sinamdvileSi, ekonomikuri Teo-

ria ar gulisxmobs, rom bazari ukeT muSaobs, vidre alternatiuli da, gansakuTrebiT, saxelm-

wifo institutebi. aq ufro sxva ram igulisxmeba: nebismieri insititutis funqcionireba, ram-

denadac warmatebuli an warumatebeli ar unda iyos igi, umjobesia gavigoT rogorc sabazro

tipis procesebis Sedegi. Tu utrirebas movaxdenT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ekonomikuri Teoria

ar Tvlis rom sabazro gadawyvetilebebi samTavrobo gadawvetilebebze ramiT naklebia (an metia)

imitom, rom misTvis samTavrobo gadawvetilebebi igive sabazro gadawyvetilebebia. mTavrobis

moqmedeba sabazro procesebis Sedegia: individebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebidan gamomdi-

nare da ergebian sxvaTa moqmedebebs, magram amave dros icaven gansakuTrebul, am SemTxvevaSi

miRebul “TamaSis wesebs”.

TamaSis wesebi

termini – `TamaSis wesebi~ wignSi mravaljer gvxvdeba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra warmoadgens

`TamaSs~ - biznesi, mTavroba, mecniereba, ojaxi, skola, sagzao moZraoba, kalaTburTi Tu Wadra-

ki. normaluri TamaSi SeuZlebelia uimisod, rom moTamaSeebma ar icodnen wesebi da maT Soris ar

arsebobdes SeTanxmeba wesebisadmi upirobo morCilebis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebaSi urTierTqmede-

bebis umravlesoba imarTeba da koordinirdeba zogadi wesebiT, romlebic cnobilia monawile-

TaTvis da romelTac isini emorCilebian.

yvela urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs garkveul `TamaSis wesebs~

rodesac wesebi sadavo, winaaRmdegobrivi an gaurkvevelia, TamaSi SeiZleba saerTod ar Sedg-

es. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi cdilobdnen dagegm-

vis centralizebuli da biurokratiuli sistemidan decentralizebul, sabazro sistemaze ga-

dasvlas, naTeli da gansazRvruli wesebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ufro didi winaaRmdegobebis

winaSe aRmoCndebodnen. Tuki odesme gimogzauriaT ucxo qveyanaSi, romlis kultura radikalu-

rad gansxvavdeba Tqveni qveynis kulturisagan da romlis enac ar iciT, gagiadvildebaT imis war-

modgena, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi uecrad da dramatulad icvleba.

adamianebma ar ician ras moelian sxvebi maTgan da arc is, Tu Tavad ras unda moelodnen sxvebis-

gan. sazogadoebis kooperacia aseT SemTxvevaSi icvleba meryevi mcdelobebiT, gairkves, Tu ra

wesebi moqmedebs amJamad, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi iwyeba destruqciuli brZola axali wesebis

dasadgenad, romlebic erTi mxaris sasargeblod moqmedeben.

13

sakuTrebis ufleba ayalibebs wesebis did da mniSvnelovan nawils, marTavs socialur urT-

ierTqmedebebs, romlebiTac adamianebi regularulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. igi amaragebs

sazogadoebis wevrebs saimedo informaciiTa da stimulebiT, magram SeuZlebelia sakuTrebis

uflebebis sakmarisad naTeli sistemis erT RameSi Seqmna. amas sWirdeba met-naklebad xangrZli-

vi ganviTareba, romlis drosac samarTali, teqnologia, morali, moxmareba da yoveldRiuri mo-

qmedeba urTierTqmedeben saimedo sistemis Camosayalibeblad. socializmze uaris Tqmas mos-

devs sakuTrebis Zveli wesebis uaryofa, magram ara aucileblad axali wesebis Seqmna. amas

SesaZloa mohyves qaosi da ara sabazro koordinacia. ekonomikis biurokratiuli kontrolis

gzidan sabazro kontrolze gadasvla yofili sabWoTa blokis xalxebis mier SesaZloa aRiqme-

bodes Ralatad, aTasgvari CavardnebiT, kataklizmebiTa da gauTvaliswinebeli siaxleebiT.

Tu gsurT sakuTari gamocdilebis xarjze warmoidginoT is sxvaoba, rasac sakuTrebis ufleba

warmoSobs, kidev erTxel ganixileT sagzao moZraoba. magram amave dros dafiqrdiT sagzao gadat-

virTvebze. saqalaqo moZraoba arcTu iSviaTad warmoadgens cudi koordinaciis process, romelic

kargad cnobilia yvela amerikeli mZRolisaTvis, visTvisac sagzao gadatvirTuloba socialur

problemas warmoadgens. ratom xdeba es? ratom gamoTqvamen adamianebi sayvedurs drois dana-

kargebis gamo sul ufro xSirad? ratom ar zrunavs aravin am situaciis gamosasworeblad?

pasuxi, romelsac mavanni dauyovnebliv iZlevian, isaa, rom mosaxleoba izrdeba, arada rode-

sac mosaxleoba izrdeba, sasursaTo maRaziebSi rigebi ar izrdeba. amis sanacvlod, vxedavT, rom

izrdeba axali saxlebisa da maRaziebis ricxvi. ratom ar xdeba aseve sagzao moZraobis SemTx-

vevaSi? ratom aris didi sxvaoba manqanebis raodenobas da im derefnebis gamtarunarianobas So-

ris, sadac isini moZraoben? mTavari gansxvaveba, erTis mxriv maRaziebsa da saxlebs, meore mxriv

ki gzebsa da quCebs Soris, sakuTrebis uflebaSi da TamaSis im wesebSi mdgomareobs, rac quCebsa

da gzatkecilebze vrceldeba. Tu gansxvavebas axla ver xedavT, SegiZliaT damSviddeT - mas Sem-

dgom TavebSi dainaxavT.

daskvnebi Tu mikerZoeba?

davubrundeT azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesis oTx urTierTdakavSi rebul Taviseburebas, rom-

lebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mikerZoeba an crurwmena. marTlac warmoadgenen Tu ara

isini naklovanebebs? ratom ar vuwodoT maT sarwmuno hipoTeza (an daskvna) da ar vTqvaT, rom

individualuri gadawyvetilebebis (arCevanis) racionalurobis postulatidan gamomdinare,

ekonomistebi axerxeben ufro martivad axsnan sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi? gana mikerZoeba-

Si vadanaSaulebT astronomebs, romlebic fiqroben, rom maT mier dakvirvebuli obieqtebidan

sinaTle 186000 mili/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, an biologebs, romlebic varaudoben, rom orga-

nizmebis ganviTarebas dnm-is molekulebi akontroleben?

aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa2, magram Cven ar SevudgebiT maT ganxilvas,

vinaidan vSiSobT, rom es Tavi Zalian grZeli gamova. avtors miaCnia, rom (gnebavT crurwmena

uwodeT da gnebavT _ daskvna) nebismieri saxis codnis mopoveba yovelTvis iwyeba garkveuli mova-

leobebidan, romelsac mkvlevari Tavis Tavze iRebs. raki guSin ar davbadebulvarT, Cven ar gagvaC-

nia sruliad Tavisufali azrovneba samyaros Sesacnobad. amasTanave, savsebiT damoukidebeli az-

rovneba aucileblad usagno da unayofo aRmoCndeboda. yvelaferi, ris gamoc mimdinareobs

msjeloba, rac kvlevis sagania da rasac akvirdebian, garkveul safuZvelze aRmocendeba. ar Sei-

Zleba daviwyoT erTdroulad yvelgan da yvelafriT, aramed unda daviwyoT saidanme da raimeTi.

Cven vmoZraobT im sazRvrebSi, sadac vimyofebiT da gamomdinare iqidan, rac marTebulad, mniS-

vnelovnad, sasargeblod da udavod migvaCnia. ra Tqma unda, Cveni Sexedulebebi SesaZloa mcdaric

iyos. garkveuli azriT isini yovelTvis mcdaria, vinaidan yoveli ̀ WeSmariti~ mtkicebulebis para-

lelurad arsebobs uamravi aseve WeSmariti mtkicebuleba. swored ase ibadeba Secdoma.

zogierTebi miiCneven, rom aseTi riskis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia Teoriis gareSe. is

xalxi, vinc dascinis `brZnul Teoriebs~ da urCevnia yoveldRiur gamocdilebasa da saR mosaz-

rebebs daeyrdnos, sinamdvileSi xSirad aRmoCndeba saeWvo da usafuZvlo hipoTezebis tyveoba-

2 mas, visac surs Rrmad Caufiqrdes am Temas, vurCevT waikiTxos Thomas S. Kuhl. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. (1962) am brwyinvale kvlevam gasul wlebSi didi gavlena iqonia sazogadoebaTm-

codneebis Sexedulebebze.

14

Si. magaliTad, gazeTSi daibeWda werili pensilvanieli axalgazrda qalbatonisa, romelic aR-

moCnda narkotikebis mwevel mozardTa jgufSi, Semdeg daorsulda da avadmyofi bavSvi gauCnda.

saWiro gaxda operaciis gakeTeba. gazeTis mimomxilvelma, romelic axalgazrdebis siyvarulis

problemebs aSuqebda, es magaliTi imis dasturad gamoiyena, Tu ra mZime Sedegebi mohyveba mar-

ixuanas mowevas.

SesaZloa es marTlac ase iyos. magram warmovidginoT, rom werilis avtors sxvanairad dae-

wera, magaliTad: “pistburg stislersma” moigo superTasi, xolo “filadelfia flaiersma” ki

stenlis Tasi~. nebismiers SeuZlia SekamaTeba, rom amgvar movlenebs araferi saerTo ara aqvT

mozardTa jgufis mier narkotikebis gamoyenebasTan. saidan viciT es? Tuki mxolod is faqti,

rom ubedureba, romelic gogonas narkotikis moxmarebis Sedegad daemarTa, warmoadgens mizezo-

brivi kavSiris Sedegs, ratom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT raime mizezobrivi kavSiri stislersisa

da flaiersis SemTxvevaSi?

araviTari Teoria niSnavs cud Teorias

es sakiTxi martivia, magram mniSvnelovania. SeuZlebelia mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobis aR-

moCena, damtkiceba an varaudi, Tu mxedvelobaSi raime Teoria ar gvaqvs. faqtobrivad Cveni war-

modgena samyaroze mTlianad TeoriiTaa ganpirobebuli da mxolod misi daxmarebiT SegviZlia

gamovitanoT azri bgerebisa da ferebis Tavsdatexili kakafoniidan. sinamdvileSi dakvirvebebi-

dan viRebT codnis mxolod mcire nawils da isic wyvetilad - raRacas aq davakvirdebiT, raRacas

sxvagan mivxvdebiT. danarCens avsebs CvenTvis cnobili Teoriebi - didi Tu patara, bundovani Tu

mkafio, kargad Semowmebuli Tu daumtkicebeli, zogadi Tu specialuri, saguldagulod dasab-

uTebuli Tu Zlivs aRiarebuli.

cnobili britaneli ekonomisti i.m.d. liTli garkveuli drois manZilze britaneTis xazinis

mrCevlad muSaobda. mogvianebiT man gamoaqveyna naSromi, romelSic, gviziarebda ra Tavis gamoc-

dilebas, exeboda ekonomikuri Teoriebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs politikuri gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis sferoSi. ai, saintereso nawyveti am naSromidan:

`ekonomikuri Teoriebi gviCveneben, Tu rogor arian dakavSirebulebi erTmaneTTan ekonomi-

kuri sidideebi da ramdenad rTuli da gadaxlarTulia es urTierTkavSirebi. araekonomistebi

Cveulebriv zedmetad akademiurebi arian. isini Zalian abstragirdebian realuri samyarosagan.

ekonomikuri problemebis ganxilvisas, maT ar SeuZliaT damoukidebeli sistemis Camoyalibeba.

meores mxriv, gamoucdel Teoretikoss midrekileba aqvs Camoayalibos metismetad kerZo Teor-

ia, romelic saSualebas ar aZlevs, dainaxos yvela SesaZlebloba, an is mimarTavs Zvel, metad ga-

martivebul Teorias, romelic sadRac an viRacisgan aqvs gagonili. amasTan me vfiqrob, rom is am

koncefcias metad gulubryvilod uyurebs. ̀ ost hoc ergo propter hoc3~ - ekonomikaSi iSviaTia

damajerebeli axsna. me xSirad gaocebuli viyavi imiT, Tu rogori gulubryvilo TavdajerebiT

iziarebdnen uaiT-holSi ekonomikuri analizis sakmaod sadavo daskvnebs. ra Tqma unda, ekono-

mistebi SeiZleba zedmetad akademiurebi iyvnen sxva mimarTebaSi _ isini albaT jerovnad ver

afaseben administraciul siZneleebs an akliaT politikuri SesaZleblobebis SegrZneba, magram

am SemTxvevaSi arc imis saSiSroeba arsebobs, rom es faqtorebi daviwyebas miecema4~.

`araekonomistebi xSirad metad akademiurebi arian. isini zedmetad abstragirdebian realuri

samyarosgan~. dagveTanxmebiT, rom aseTi mosazrebis mosmena metad uCveuloa. magram liTli, ro-

gorc Cans, marTalia. `me araferi mesmis am brZnul ekonomikaSi~... iwyebs Tavis TavSi darwmunebu-

li diletanti, `magram me zustad vici, rom~... da is, rac amis Semdeg warmoiTqmeba, naTlad adas-

turebs, Tu ra marTalia igi, rodesac aRiarebs sakuTar Teoriul uvicobas da ramdenad cdeba,

rodesac fiqrobs, rom es garemoeba mas Secdomebisgan daicavs. is, vinc Teoriis gareSe cdilobs

imsjelos rTuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, msjelobs masze cudi

Teoriebis gamoyenebiT.

aRniSnuli sruliadac ar warmoadgens im ekonomistebis gamarTlebas, romlebsac zogjer au-

3 sityvasityviT niSnavs “amis Semdeg niSnavs amis gamo”. logikuri Secdoma, romelic gamomdinareobs im daSvebidan,

rom Tu a drois mixedviT win uswrebs b-s, maSin a unda iyos b-s mizezi. magaliTad gamodgeba pensilvanieli qalis

argumentebi

4 I.M.D. Little, “ The Economist in Whitehall”, Lloyds Bank Review (April 1957)

15

ditoriis winaSe Tavis gamoCena rTuli Teoremebis damtkicebiTa da wminda logikaSi varjiSiT

uyvarT, imis nacvlad rom yuradReba gaamaxvilon msmenelisaTvis aqtualur sakiTxebze. eko-

nomikuri mecnierebis swavlebis drosac ki Cven ise viqceviT, TiTqos Sesaval kursebze Cawerili

yvela studenti sadoqtoro xarisxis mosapoveblad emzadeba, xolo Cvens mizans am gamocdisaT-

vis maTi momzadeba warmoadgens. albaT amiTac aixsneba is, rom Sesavali kursebi Seicavs imaze

met informacias, vidre studentebs SeuZliaT aRiqvan.

winamdebare wigni nasazrdoebia Cemi mzardi eWvebiT, rom Teoriuli ekonomika studentebs

saidumlo da mosawyen disciplinad metwilad imitom miaCniaT, rom Cven, ekonomistebi vcdilobT

maT Zalian bevri vaswavloT. am wignSi Segnebulad daculia Semdegi principi - daviwyoT mci-

rediT da mivaRwioT bevrs. masala ZiriTadad dajgufebulia im ramdenime koncefciis garSemo,

romlebic warmoadgens ekonomistebis inteleqtualur iaraRs. am iaraRs kavSiri aqvs zemoT

aRniSnul fundamentalur daSvebebTan. isini saocrad cotaa, magram gamoyenebisas _ metad mo-

qnili. maTi daxmarebiT SeiZleba pasuxi gaeces iseT rTul kiTxvebs, Tu ra aris savaluto kursi,

ratomaa Tanaxma mogebis maZiebeli firma izaralos, rogoria fulis buneba, ratomaa SesaZlebe-

li gansxvavebuli fasi identur saqonelze. ai, is idumali problemebi, romlebsac tradiciulad

Seiswavlis ekonomika. magram igive iaraRi saSualebas iZleva gaSuqdes sxva mravali sakiTxi, ro-

melic ar iTvleba ekonomikur sakiTxebad, magaliTad: transportis nakadebis gadatvirTva,

garemos dabinZureba, mTavrobis fuqncionireba, skolis administratorebis qceva, razedac Sem-

dgomSi iqneba msjeloba.

mniSvnelovania imis Segneba, rom mxolod ekonomikur Teorias ar SeuZlia pasuxi gasces nebis-

mier saintereso an mniSvnelovan socialur kiTxvas. azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi dakavSirebu-

lia sxva sferoebSi (istoriis, kulturis, politikis, fsiqologiis da socialur dargebSi) dag-

rovil codnasTan, romelic ayalibebs adamianebis qcevas da faseulobebs. ekonomikuri analizis

teqnikis Seswavla bevrad ufro advilia, vidre aqtualuri socialuri problemebis usasrulo

mTlianobaSi misi praqtikuli da damajerebeli gamoyeneba.

axla imis dro rodia, rom vidardoT, TiTqos ekonomikuri Teoriis inteleqtualuri progr-

amebi yovelTvis rTuli da ganusazRvrelia. wignis mTavari azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tqven

daiwyoT azrovneba ise, rogorc ekonomistebi azrovneben. raki amas erTxel moaxerxebT, veRar

gaCerdebiT. ekonomikuri azrovneba waagavs narkotikul nivTierebas. raki erTxel miagnebT eko-

nomikuri msjelobis zogierT saSualebas, Tqven yovelTvis ipovniT maTi gamoyenebis SesaZle-

blobas. Tavad SeamCnevT, rom yvelaferi, rac ekonomikur da socialur problemebze iwereba da

gamoiTqmeba, warmoadgens gonierebis da uazrobis narevs da ekonomikuri analizis sabaziso kon-

cefciebis daxmarebiT SeZlebT erTis meoredan garCevas. egeb Tqven cinikosis saxelic ki moixve-

WoT, vinaidan isini, vinc sisuleles laparakoben, xSirad cinizmSi adanaSauleben maT, vinc maTs

amgvar Cvevaze miuTiTebs xolme.

16

mokled gavimeoroT

ekonomikuri azrovneba Seiqmna socialur mecnierebaTa Teoretikosebis mier, raTa aexsnaT,

Tu rogor xdeba individebis kerZo interesebidan gamomdinare arakoordinirebuli qmedebebis

kooperireba.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi daSveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli socialuri movle-

na im individebis qmedebebisa da urTierTqmedebebis Sedegia, romlebic arCevans sakuTari sarge-

blisa da xarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT akeTeben. iSviaTobis pirobebSi dros individebi sxvebisTvi-

sac qmnian alternatiul SesaZleblobebs da maTi urTierTqmedeba wminda sargeblis

cvlilebasTan SeTavsebis xangrZlivi procesia.

adamianebis qmedebebisa da urTierTqmedebebis ekonomikuri Teoria did mniSvnelobas aniWebs

im individebis arCevans, romlebic mosalodnel xarjebsa da sargebels mudmivad adareben erT-

maneTs.

azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi aseve xazs usvams socialuri kooperirebis TamaSis wesebTan sa-

kuTrebis uflebis SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobas, rac gansazRvravs, Tu romel pirobebSi vis ra eku-

Tvnis da marTavs qmedebebs ZiriTadi wesebis saSualebiT nebismier `komerciul~ sazogadoebaSi,

romelic maRali specializaciiTa da gacvliT xasiaTdeba.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. ramdenad bevri unda icodnen adamianebma erTmaneTis Sesaxeb, raTa SeZlon efeqtiani ur-

TierTqmedeba? SeadareT, erTis mxriv, ojaxis im ori wevris mdgomareoba, romlebic dasvene-

bas gegmaven, situacias im or avtomobilists Soris, romlebsac erTdroulad surT quCis

gadakveTa. rogor unda iqnas acilebuli Setakeba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? ra iciT im adamiane-

bis interesebis, xasiaTis an Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegad dilis

sauzmes miirTmevT?

2. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeba, Tuki los-anjelesSi miiReben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb,

rom yovel avtomagistralze gamoyon erTi mwkrivi `swrafi avtomobilebisaTvis~, anu maTT-

vis, visac eSinia, rom mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze trasis gadatvirTulobis gamo daigvianebs?

rogor fiqrobT, Seecdeboda Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi yvela mZRoli, Tavi aeridebina amgvari

mwkrivisTvis? Tu igi saboloo jamSi iseve gadatvirTuli aRmoCndeboda, rogorc sxvebi? eq-

neboda Tu ara am wamowyebas warmatebis meti Sansi im SemTxvevaSi, mZRolebi ufro delikatu-

rebi da nakleb egoisturebi rom iyvnen?

3. rodesac 1979 wlis oqtomberSi deda terezam nobelis premiis jildo, 190000 dolaris ode-

nobiT, leprozoriumebis mSeneblebs gadasca, gamodioda Tu ara igi sakuTari interesebi-

dan? SeiZleba Tu ara, mis saqciels egoisturi vuwodoT?

4. sagazeTo statiaSi werdnen, rom `momuSave dedebis ori mesamedi amas akeTebs fulisTvis da ara

sakuTari arCevanis gamo~. aris Tu ara es marTlac realuri alternativa: an fuli, an arCevani?

5. aSS-is komerciuli aviaxazebi, zrunaven ra bavSvebze, ori wlis asakis qvemoT ar Txoven mgza-

vrobis safasurs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mozrdilTa muxlebze isxdebian, magram iTxoven gadasa-

xads, Tu TviTmfrinavi savsea da mSoblebs surT bavSvebi maTTvis gankuTvnil specialur ad-

gilebze dasvan. Tuki mTavroba moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma mxolod maTTvis gankuTvnili

adgilebiT imgzavron, maSin bavSvebs aucileblad unda hqondeT bileTebi. zogierTma SeiZle-

ba amtkicos, rom àrCevani ar arsebobs, vinaidan bavSvis sicocxle bevrad ufro Rirebulia,

vidre aviabileTi~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am arguments? romelia namdvili alternativa?

6. èkonomikurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi siRaribis arseboba an ararseboba sinamdvileSi

adamianis arCevanis sakiTxia~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas? SegviZlia Tu ara siRaribis

uaryofa aSS-Si, mxolod imitom, rom sakmarisad mdidrebi varT? gansxvavdeba Tu ara sazoga-

doebrivi arCevani individis arCevanisagan?

7. ramdenad mniSvnelovania fuladi motivebi? 1995 wlis 1 maiss ùolsTriiT jornelSi~ gamo-

17

qveynebul statiaSi moyvanili iyo iuridiul skolaSi gamocdebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb, studen-

tebs Soris kaplanis centris mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. studentebs unda gae-

caT pasuxi SekiTxvaze, Tu ris gamo irCevdnen isini iuridiul karieras. maSin mxolod 8

procentma upasuxa, rom amas finansuri mosazrebiT akeTebda. 62 procentis azriT ki, iuri-

diul karieras anazRaurebis gamo sxvebi irCevdnen. riTi axsniT am gansxvavebas?

8. ratom surs adamianTa umravlesobas didi fuladi Semosavali? didi britaneTis yofilma

premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma erTxel aRniSna, rom adamianebs uyvarT fuli ara imi-

tom, rom Zunwebi arian, aramed imitom, rom cxovrebaze kontrolis gawevis meti SesaZleblo-

ba eZlevaT. rogor fiqrobT, ras akeTeben saboloo jamSi adamianebi Semosavlebis gazrdis

mizniT msxverplis gaRebis Semdeg?

9. ra moxdeba, Tu, TamaSis (dawerili Tu dauwereli) kanonebis Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovani Sexve-

dra ar SeiZleba daiwyos manamde, sanam yvela dainteresebuli mxare ar gamocxaddeba, Tumca

dagvianebulebi ar isjebian? aqvs ki azri am SemTxvevaSi punqtualurobas? gauZlebs Tu ara

TamaSis es wesebi drois gamocdas?

10. SeecadeT daasaxeloT erToblivi qmedebebis koordinaciis wesebi iseT `TamaSSi~, rogori-

caa ekonomikis am kursis Seswavla. vin ganusazRvra mocemul jgufs mecadineobebis adgili,

maswavleblebi, vin Seadgina msmenelTa sia, amoarCia saxelmZRvanelo, daniSna gamocdebis va-

debi? ucnaurad xom ar migaCniaT is faqti, rom ori studenti iSviaTad cdilobs daikavos

auditoriaSi erTi da igive adgili?

11. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac poloneTSi uxdebodaT grZel rigebSi dgoma, mTavrobam

SemoiRo wesi, romlis mixedviTac rigSi yoveli mesame adgili orsuli qalebisa da invalide-

bisaTvis iyo gamoyofili. varaudobdnen, rom maT es cxovrebas gauadvilebda. rogor fi-

qrobT, SeumcirdaT orsul qalebs rigSi dgomisTvis saWiro dro? SegiZliaT imis daSveba,

rom grZel rigSi adgilis mosapoveblad yvela qali orsuldeboda?

12. ra gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vambobT: `es ubralo damTxvevaa da is arafers ar amtki-

cebs~? rogor axerxebs Teoria erTmaneTisagan ganarCios saqmisaTvis saWiro faqtebi ubra-

lo damTxvevebisgan?

13. rodesac is eqimebi, visac ar sjera akupunqturisa, uaryofen mas ise, rom saqmeSi arc ki gamo-

cdian, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi mikerZoebaSi dadanaSauleba? vinmes rom TqvenTvis eTqva, Ti-

Tqos mocemul kursSi niSnis misaRebad swavla ki araa aucilebeli, aramed sakmarisia ̀ uxila-

vi xelis~ Selocvis warmoTqma, daujerebdiT Tu ara mas? an iqneb (miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven

maRali niSnis miRebis didi survili gaqvT) uaryofdiT am winadadebas? iqneboda Tu ara es

imis niSani, rom Tqveni mxridan adgili aqvs mikerZoebas an winaswarganzraxvas?

14. Cara qoulma paraskevs saRamos 6 saaTze maRaziaSi SeiZina oTxi bifSteqsi. mogvianebiT ma-

sTan sami amxanagi mivida. SegiZliaT Tu ara imis daSveba, rom amxanagebis misvlis mizezi Caras

mier bifSteqsebis yidva iyo? rogor unda gadawyvitoT, romeli iyo mizezi da romeli Sede-

gi? Tu Tqven waikiTxavT informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom qalaqSi kriminaluri SemTxvevebis ri-

cxvi gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda revolverebis Sesyidva, SeiZleba Tu ara am ori fa-

qtoris erTmaneTTan dakavSireba? romeli iqneba mizezi da romeli Sedegi? rogor upasuxebT

am kiTxvas, Teoriidan gamomdinare?

15. viRacam gamoTvala, rom amerikel qals, romelsac kolejis oTxwliani ganaTleba aqvs, saSua-

lod orjer meti Svili hyavs, vidre imas, romelmac kolejSi xuTi weli gaatara. ra daskvnas

gaakeTebdiT? SegiZliaT Tu ara daaskvnaT, rom kolejSi swavlis mexuTe weliwadi qalebis

Casaxvisunarianobas amcirebs? SegiZliaT Tu ara, gaafrTxiloT qali, romelmac kolejSi

oTxi weli gaatara da swavlis gagrZelebas mexuTe weliwadsac apirebs, rom amaze uari Tqvas,

Tuki meti Svilis yola surs? romel Teorias gamoiyenebT?

16. oruel raiTi aRniSnavda, rom Citisgan frenis saidumlos Seswavla kargi garigebaa, iseve,

rogorc magiis saidumlos Seswavla magisgan. mas Semdeg rac iciT, Tu ra eZeboT, Tqven amCne-

vT imas, rac ar SegimCneviaT, rodesac ar icodiT sinamdvileSi ra unda geZebnaT. rogor vi-

swavloT, Tu ra unda veZeboT?

19

2efeqtianoba, gacvla

da SedarebiTi upiratesoba

vaWroba dasavlur samyaroSi ZvelTaganve saeWvo reputaciiT sargeblobs. SesaZloa, esaa

Sedegi xalxSi fesvgadgmuli Sexedulebisa, rom, sinamdvileSi, ubralo gacvliT veravin ve-

rafers moigebs. soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba mwarmoeblur sferoebad iTvleba _ maTSi

TiTqos iqmneba raRac marTlac axali, vaWroba ki mxolod gadacvlis erT nivTs meoreze. aqedan

gamohyavT, rom vaWari TiTqosda damatebiTi gadasaxadiT begravs sazogadoebas. fermeris an xe-

losnis xelfasi Tu sxva Semosavali ukavSirdeba `maTi Zalisxmevis realur Sedegs~, amitom maT

am Semosavlis miRebis ufleba aqvT, _ eseni imas imkian, rac daTeses. amave dros, ise Cans, TiTqos

vaWrebi imkian, magram araferi dauTesavT, maTi moRvaweobiT araferi iqmneba, isini ki jildos

Rebuloben. swored amitom, zogs vaWroba sazogadoebis fuW danaxarjad, aramwarmoeblurobis

sinonimad eCveneba.

rogori Zveli da Rrmad fesvgadgmulic unda iyos Sexeduleba vaWrobis aramwarmoeblurobis

Sesaxeb, igi absoluturad mcdaria. ar arsebobs sityva `mwarmoeblurobis~ romelime ganmarte-

ba, romelic SeiZleba miesadagebodes soflis meurneobas an mrewvelobas, magram ara _ vaWrobas.

gacvla mwarmoebluria! igi aseTia, radgan adamianTa did raodenobas gzas uxsnis saWiro produq-

ciisken.

kerZo sakuTrebis uflebaTa gacvla sabazro procesebis safuZvelia. am TavSi ganxilulia

mTavari mizezebi imisa, Tu nebayoflobiT ratom vaWroben adamianebi saqonliTa da momsaxure-

biT. Cven giCvenebT, rogor zrdis vaWroba masSi CarTuli mxareebis keTildReobas da mwarmoe-

blurobas. aqve gagacnobT sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa mruds. grafikebi sasargeblo instrumen-

tia mogebisa da xarjebis Sesadareblad, agreTve, keTildReobis imgvari zrdis asaxsnelad, rac

specializaciiT da gacvliT miiRweva.

miTi materialuri simdidris Sesaxeb

Tuki gvsurs, vaCvenoT, rogor qmnis simdidres vaWroba da, maSasadame, mTlianad sabazro ga-

cvlebi, Tavidanve unda ganvsazRvroT, rogor gvesmis termini `simdidre~.

risgan Sedgeba simdidre? ra aris Cveni sakuTari simdidre? Cveulebriv, mavanni Tvlian, rom

ekonomikuri sistema awarmoebs iseT `materialur dovlaTs~, rogoricaa, magaliTad, traqtore-

bi, satvirTo avtomobilebi, gitarebi, viski da romanebi hari poteris Sesaxeb. magram TiToeuli

am nivTTagan simdidred mxolod maSin iqceva, roca am nivTebis damfasebel momxmareblamde miaR-

wevs. ekonomikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, simdidre isaa, rasac afaseben, Sefaseba ki unda ga-

nisazRvros imisi SexedulebiT, vinc irCevs.

Cven gvaxsovs, rom budas Tavdapirvelad araferi surda da amitom verc veraferi miiRo. sama-

gierod, rogorc ki mixvda, Tu ra surda, misi simdidre gaizarda - igi ganaTlda. sxvadasxva ada-

mianebs sxvadasxvagvari simdidris floba surT da floben kidec mas (Tuki amis SesaZleblobac

20

gaaCniaT). sarwyavi wyali dovlaTia mravali fermerisTvis, magram ara maTTvis, vinc misisipis

wyaldidobiT dazaralda. Tovlis naxevarmetriani safari simdidrea samTo-saTxilamuro ku-

rortis mflobelisTvis, meezovisTvis ki damatebiTi Tavsatkivaria.

simdidre isaa, rasac adamianebi afaseben

ekonomikuri zrda gamoixateba ara warmoebuli nivTebis raodenobis, aramed simdidris zr-

diT. materialur sagnebs, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT gamdidrebis procesSi da, garkveu-

li azriT, warmoebisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovannic arian. iseTi aramaterialuri substancie-

bic ki, rogoricaa janmrTeloba, siyvaruli, sulieri wonasworoba, sabolood raRac

materialurSi gansxeuldeba. miuxedavad amisa, kategoriulad unda uarvyoT nivTebTan simdi-

dris gaigivebis yvela mcdeloba. aseTi gaigiveba abrkolebs ekonomikuri cxovrebis mravali ise-

Ti mxaris aRqmas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, specializacia da gacvla _ komerciuli sazogadoebis

ori ZiriTadi safuZveli.

vaWroba qmnis simdidres

adamianebi, vinc vaWrobas undoblad ucqerdnen, jer kidev aristoteles droidan Tvlidnen,

rom nebayoflobiTi gacvla mxolod Tanabar faseulobaTa gacvlaa. arada, samarTliania swored

sapirispiro debuleba. ase rom ar iyos, araviTari gacvla ar Sedgeboda. movaWreni urTierTq-

medeben sakuTari simdidris gazrdis mizniT. informirebuli da nebayoflobiTi gacvlis dros

TiToeuli monawile cdilobs, miiRos ufro faseuli da gasces nakleb faseuli produqti. Tuki

jeki Tavis sakalaTburTo burTs jimis beisbolis xelTaTmanze cvlis, maSin igi xelTaTmans

ufro afasebs, vidre burTs, jimi ki _ piriqiT. Cven vxedavT, rom TiToeuli msxverplad gaiRebs

faseul saqonels, raTa miiRos is, rasac kidev ufro metad afasebs. gacvla orive mxarisTvis

araeqvivalenturia, radgan araTanabar faseuli produqtis mflobelebi arian. winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi, isini ar Secvlidnen sakuTrebis uflebas burTze da xelTaTmanze. gacvla efeqtiani

aRmoCnda imitom, rom man orive monawilis simdidre gazarda.

`sulac ara!~ _ ityvis dadarajebuli kritikosi, _ `simdidre ar gazrdila.~ jims da jeks

marTlac hgoniaT, rom gamdidrdnen da Tavsac ukeT grZnoben, magram miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin

flobs am nivTebs, kvlavac erTi burTi da erTi xelTaTmani arsebobs.

diax, gacvlis procesSi arasdros araferi uwarmoebiaT, magram ra aris warmoeba? Tvalwin

warmogvidgeba fabrikebi, nedleuli, muSaTa Sroma da oflisRvra, mza produqciis fuTebi... ara-

da, yovelgvari warmoebis safuZvelia ekonomikuri elementi, anu produqtis faseulobis zrda.

es rom gavigoT, Cveuli stereoti pebisgan unda gavTavisufldeT. vaWrobis procesSi iSviaTi da

faseuli saqoneli kidev ufro faseul saqonelze icvleba. TiToeul monawiles aqvs danaxarje-

bi. SeZenili produqciis Rirebuleba ganpirobebulia im faseulobiT, rac gaviReT, raTa axali

SegveZina. meti gamomsaxvelobisaTvis amas alternatiul xarjebs vuwodebT.

jekisTvis: xelTaTmanis Rirebuleba, gayofili burTis Rirebulebaze, erTze metia.

jimisTvis: burTis Rirebuleba, gayofili xelTaTmanis Rirebulebaze, aseve erTze metia.

yoveli arCevani garkveul msxverpls da alternatiul danaxarjebs gulisxmobs.

gacvlis TiToeuli monawile Tvlis, rom misma Semosavalma gadaaWarba danaxarjebs. Ti-

Toeulma moigo, TiToeulis simdidre gaizarda. mwarmoeblur procesSi (gacvlaSi) Sedegad mivi-

ReT meti Rirebuleba; xolo imisaTvis, rom aqtivoba produqtiuli aRmoCndes, sxva arc arafe-

ria saWiro. gacvlam gazarda realuri simdidre _ esaa sasurveli dovlaTis meti raodenobis

miRebis efeqtiani meTodi.

efeqtianoba da faseulobebi

leqsikonSi `efeqtianoba~ ganmartebulia, rogorc meqanizmis mier Sesrule buli namuSevrisa

da daxarjuli energiis fardoba. oRond unda gvaxsovdes, rom cneba `Sesrulebuli namuSevari~

21

damokidebulia imaze, Tu risi miReba gvsurs. aris Tu ara orTqlmavali nakleb efeqtiani, vidre

dizeli? mravali wlis winaT sarkinigzo kompaniebis umravlesobam gadawyvita, rom es asea da qva-

naxSirze momuSave orTqlmavlebi navTobze momuSave dizeluri lokomotivebiT Secvala.

efeqtianoba yovelTvis SefasebiTi kategoriaa. igi dakavSirebulia Sedegisa da danaxarjebis

faseulobaTa TanafardobasTan. efeqtianobaSi aucileblad monawileobs obieqturi komponen-

ti: Cveni simpaTia-antipaTia sulac ar gansazRvravs saTbobis erTeulis TboSemcvelobas, an man-

Zils, romelzec energiis mocemul raodenobas garkveuli wona gadaaqvs, magram, TavisTavad,

fizikuri parametrebi verasdros gansazRvraven efeqtianobas.

danaxarjebis Sedegebad gardaqmnis efeqtianoba SeiZleba gaizomos mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

dadgenili iqneba amgvari gardaqmnis obieqtTa subieqturi Rirebuleba. avtomobilis Zravis

efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba dadgenili subieqturi mizandasa xulobiT, magaliTad, avtomobilis

moZraobis siCqariT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom nebisemieri Zravis efeq-

tianoba 100 procentia, raki mTliani Semavali energia srulad daixarjeba avtomobilis gadaadg-

ilebis, detalebis xaxunis da mravali sxva formiT.

Sedegis Rirebulebis Sefardeba danaxarjebis RirebulebasTan

efeqtianobis gazomvis erTaderTi meTodia

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom nebismieri procesis efeqtianoba Sefasebebis cvlilebasTan er-

Tad icvleba. navTobis mniSvnelovanma gaZvirebam SeiZleba ise Secvalos fardobiTi efeqtiano-

ba, rom qvanaxSirze momuSave orTqlmavali dizelis lokomotivze efeqtiani aRmoCndes. Tu, mag-

aliTad, eleqtroenergiis fasi katastro fulad gaizrdeba, sabeWdi manqana efeqtianobiT IBM-is

uaxles nouTbuqs gauswrebs.

rogor gacvales gasma da harim mZime samuSao

modiT, simdidrisa da efeqtianobis Cveni gageba warmoebisa da gacvlis gamartivebuli mag-

aliTis ganxilvisTvis gamoviyenoT. warmovidginoT, rom gasi da hari Cikagoeli mezoblebi arian

da TiToeuli maTganis ezo didi molisa da yvavilnarisgan Sedgeba. SabaTobiT mezoblebi sa-

kuTar ezoebSi muSaoben _ gazons kreWen da yvavilnars uvlian. gasi yovelTvis ufro adre am-

Tavrebs samuSaos, Tumca ezoebi zusti aslebiviT hgavs erTmaneTs. igi gazons 40 wuTSi kreWs,

yvavilnaris movlas ki 80 wuTs andomebs, maSin, roca haris TiToeul am operaciaze 120 wuTi ex-

arjeba.

gasi hari

gazoni 40 wuTi 120 wuTi

yvavilnari 80 wuTi 120 wuTi

ra Tqma unda, haris surs drois dazogva da neil deimondis musikis mSvidad mosmena, gasic sia-

movnebiT uyurebda beisbolis matCs nacvlad imisa, rom ezoSi emuSava. karga xnis fiqris Semdeg,

hari mezobels mimarTavs winadadebiT, romlis mixedviTac TviTon mzadaa mouaros gasis yvavil-

naris sam meoTxeds, Tu mezobeli, Tavis mxriv, mis gazons mTlianad gakreWs. ramdenime wuTis

fiqris Semdeg gasi Tanxmobas acxadebs, radgan, aseTi gadanawilebis dros, igi sakuTar ezoSi

erT saaTs (gazoni _ 40 wT da yvavilnari _ 20wT.), xolo haris ezoSi 40 wuTs (gazoni) imuSavebs,

riTac 20 wuTs dazogavs. moigebs haric, romelic sakuTar ezoSi 120 wuTs (yvavilnari) da gasis

ezoSi (yvavilnaris sami meoTxedi) saaTnaxevars imuSavebs, riTac, sabolood, naxevar saaTs

(240wT. _ 210wT.=30wT.) dazogavs. garigebiT orivem moigo. movlili ezoebis garda, orives

gauCnda damatebiTi upiratesoba Tavisufali drois saxiT.

_ ki magram, rogor? _ ismis xma bolo merxidan _ rogor moigo gasmac, Tu hari gacilebiT

uaresad muSaobs? saidan gaCnda damatebiTi Tavisufali dro da, ese igi, damatebiTi simdidre? ga-

daikiTxeT es istoria kidev erTxel da yuradRebiT gaaanalizeT cifrebi, Tumca, iqneb sjobdes

Semdeg magaliTze gadaxvideT da, paralelurad, sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa mrudebs gavecnoT.

22

gacvlis arsi, warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sedareba

jonsi elm-stritze ori saxeobis luds xarSavs _ bacsa da muqs. yovel kvartalSi mas SeuZlia

10 galoni baci ludis, an 5 galoni muqi ludis moxarSva. dasaSvebia am SesaZleblobaTa garkveu-

li proporciiT SeTavsebac. yovelive es asaxulia 2-1 naxazze, sadac warmodgenilia jonsis

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi, anu baci da muqi ludis is maqsimaluri raodenobrivi kombinaciebi,

romelTa warmoeba SesaZlebelia jonsis xelT arsebuli resursiT.

amave dros, qalbatoni braunic ouk-stritze ori saxeobis luds xarSavs. yovel kvartalSi mas

SeuZlia 3 galoni baci, an 4 galoni muqi ludis moxarSva. dasaSvebi maqsimaluri kombinaciebi am

SemTxvevaSic 2-1 naxazzea warmodgenili sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamis mrudze.

erTis mxriv, jonsi orive saxeobis luds ufro efeqtianad amzadebs. oRond, metis damzadebis

unari TavisTavad ar niSnavs efeqtianobas. Cven unda SevadaroT, ra unda gaviRoT Sedegis misaR-

wevad, raki ufasod araferi gveZleva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, unda SevadaroT jonsis da braunis

alternatiuli danaxarjebi.

0 1 4

7

muqi ludi

q-ni brauni

ba

ci

lu

di

0 3 5

7

10

muqi ludi

b-ni jonsi

ba

ci

lu

di

rogoria jonsis danaxarjebi? Tu jonsi moindomebs mxolod baci ludis gamoSvebas, igi

moxarSavs 10 galons, magram xelidan gauSvebs 5 galoni muqi ludis warmoebis SesaZleblobas.

Ria ludis TiToeuli galonis gamosaSvebad jonsi msxverplad wiravs 0,5 galon muq luds. swo-

red aseve, muqi ludis yovel galonze igi msxverplad wiravs 2 galon Ria luds.

Tu brauni xarSavs mxolod muq luds, igi miiRebs 4 galons, magram dahkargavs 3 galoni baci

ludis warmoebis SesaZleblobas. amrigad, muqi ludis TiTo galoni mas baci ludis sami meoTxedi

galoni ujdeba da, piriqiT, 1 galoni baci ludi misTvis 1,3 galoni muqi ludis xarjis tolfasia.

axla ki SegviZlia, mTavari kiTxvac davsvaT _ vin awarmoebs bac luds ufro iafad? gaangari-

Sebebi gviCvenebs, rom esaa jonsi, romelsac am produqtis erTi galoni mxolod naxevari galoni

muqi ludi ujdeba maSin, roca braunis xarji 1,3 galonia. amrigad, jonsis alternatiuli xarji

naklebia, anu mas aqvs baci ludis warmoebis `SedarebiTi upiratesoba~. samagierod, muqi ludis

warmoebisas, es upiratesoba braunis mxares gadadis, radgan misi alternatiuli xarji ufro

naklebia, vidre jonsis xarji.

aq ufro naTlad gamoikveTa is, rac gasis da haris magaliTSi nawilobriv uTqmeli darCa. ra

moxdeba, Tu TiToeuli mewarme specializdeba ufro efeqtian saqmianobaze da amis Semdeg ivaW-

rebs? vTqvaT, maT moilaparakes da saqme ase aawyes: jonsi awarmoebs mxolod bac luds, brauni _

muqs, mere ki produqcias cvlian _ jonsi cvlis Tavisi ludis 3 galons braunis ludis 3 ga-

lonze. kvartlis bolos aRmoCndeba, rom orive mewarmes aRmoaCndeba sxvadasxva saxeobis ludis

iseTi kombinacia, romelic sWarbobs sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa zRvars. jonsma miiRo mosalod-

nelze meti, radgan mas mieca 7 galoni baci da 3 galoni muqi ludis gayidvis saSualeba. braunis

simdidrec gaizarda, radgan man miiRo 3 galoni baci da erTi galoni muqi ludi. vercerTi mewar-

me aseT maCvenebels damoukideblad ver miaRwevda.

23

ratom specializacia?

specializacia sxvagvarad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc `SedarebiTi upiratesobis gamoy-

eneba~. adamianebi imitom specializdebian, rom ase sakuTar simravles amravleben. mewarmeebs imisi

saSualeba eZlevaT, rom ganavrcon sakuTari SesaZleblobebi warmoebuli saqonlis gacvliT iseT

saqonelze, romlis warmoeba maT ufro Zviri daujdebodaT. SesaZleblobaTa aseTi gafarToebis

meTodika imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom ekonomistebi saubroben `SedarebiTi upiratesobis kanonze.

specializacia da gacvla afarToeben sawarmoo SesaZleblobebs

es kanoni adgens specializaciis stimuls da aRwers ekonomikuri zrdis process, romelic am

faqtoriTaa gamowveuli. kanoni xsnis, Tu ratom uaryofen adamianebi universalur ostatobas

da ratom irCeven ZiZis, buRaltris, stomatologis, maswavleblis da sxva profesiebs. adamianebi

cdiloben sakuTari simdidris gamravlebas im sferoSi specializaciiT, sadac maTi azriT, Se-

darebiTi upiratesoba gaaCniaT. Tuki erTxel mainc gifiqriaT imaze, Tu vin gsurT gamoxvideT,

maSin Tqven gicdiaT sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesobis gansazRvra.

specializacia sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesobis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

individualuri vaWrobidan saerTaSoriso vaWrobamde da piriqiT

vfiqrob, davrwmundiT, rom gacvliT batonma jonsmac da qalbatonma braunmac ixeires. maT,

albaT, arasodes smeniaT `SedarebiTi upiratesobis kanonis~ Sesaxeb, Tumca mis Zalas eqvemde-

barebian. SegveZlo gveTqva, rom jonsi axorcielebda baci ludis `eqsports~ da muqi ludis `im-

ports~, xolo brauni piriqiT iqceoda. mcirediT win Tu waviwevT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom orive

mxare importis safasurs eqsportiT ixdis. ganvaviTaroT es azri _ ra moxdeboda, jonsi rom

kanzasi cxovrobdes, brauni ki _ pensilvaniaSi? SegveZlo Tu ara, gveTqva, rom kanzaSi axorcie-

lebs muqi ludis imports pensilvaniidan? xom cxadia, rom jonsi vaWrobs braunTan da meti

araferi xdeba! mxolod adamianebi vaWroben, uwevT ra, am dros, qalaqis, olqis da Statis saz-

Rvrebis gadakveTa.

mxolod adamianebi akeTeben arCevans

mainc ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom aSS vaWrobs fineTTan, germaniasTan, kanadasTan an

aziasTan? es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom aSS-is moqalaqeni am qveynebis moqalaqeebTan vaWroben. ra

Tqma unda, mosaxerxebelia aSS-fineTis vaWrobaze saubari, magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom esaa

adamianTa (maT Soris garkveul organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis) didi raodenobis mier ganxor-

cielebuli gacvliTi operaciebis jami.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi

axla Cven gadavdivarT sakmaod rTul Teoriul sakiTxebze, Semdeg TavSi ki saerTaSoriso gacv-

lebis ganxilvis kargi SesaZlebloba mogvecema. am SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi debuleba ucvlelia _ ne-

bayoflobiTi gacvla urTierTxelsayrelia; kerZo sakuTrebis sistemaSi adamianebs uCndebaT spe-

cializaciis stimuli, radgan SedarebiTi upiratesoba ganapirobebs simdidris dagrovebas.

Cven ukve vimsjeleT warmoebis alternatiul danaxarjebze, Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes is

danaxarjebic, romelic savaWro partnioris ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

magaliTebSi Segnebulad CavTvaleT, rom es xarjebi mcirea, _ gasi da hari mezoblebi arian,

jonsi da brauni erT mrevls ekuTvnian. am ukanasknelT sxvadasxva qalaqebSi rom ecxovraT, gacv-

lis SesaZleblobas ase advilad ver aRmoaCendnen. manZili da informaciis uqonloba vaWrobas

aZnelebs. swored amas vuwodebT transaqciul danaxarjebs. esaa dainteresebul mxareTa kon-

taqtebze da SeTanxmebaze gaweuli danaxarji. roca mxareebi erTmaneTisgan moSorebiT cxovro-

ben, maTTvis Znelia internetis gareSe vaWrobis SesaZleblobis gamoZebna, amdenad, interneti

24

efeqtianad amcirebs transaqciul danaxarjebs. Suamavlebi _ es yvelasgan aTvalwunebuli ada-

mianebi _ erTmaneTs axvedreben gamyidvelebs da myidvelebs, riTac spoben barierebs SeTanx-

mebisken mimaval gzaze. Suamavals aqvs sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesoba _ igi informacias da-

bali danaxarjebiT awarmoebs.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi xSirad xels gviSlis urTierTxelsayrel gacvlaSi

sabazro aRmoCenebi

ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom TiTqmis yovelTvis (an absoluturad yovelTvis), SedarebiTi upi-

ratesoba mxolod gacvlis sabazro procesSi gamovlindeba. adamianebi cdiloben sakuTari Se-

darebiTi upiratesobis realizacias imiT, rom irCeven maqsimalurad mimzidvel variantebs.

amerikelebi yiduloben aziur sportul tansacmels, iaponelebi ki _ amerikul xorbals mx-

olod imitom, rom aseT qmedebas sasurveli Sedegis miRebis saukeTeso gzad miiCneven. sakuTre-

baTa gacvlis sabazro procesSi Cven aRmovaCenT SedarebiT upiratesobebs da maTgan warmoqmnil

efeqtianobas.

sabaziso informacias, umravles SemTxvevaSi, fasebi gvawvdian. magaliTad, studentebs surT

gaigon, rogori SesaZleblobebi iSleba maT winaSe karieris Tval sazrisiT, an ra SemzRudavi faq-

torebi iCens Tavs, Tuki isini politologiis, medicinis an filosofiis magistris diplomebs

miiReben. sulac ar gvinda vTqvaT, TiTqosda adamianebi mxolod fasebs aqcevdnen yuradRebas,

magram, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, fardobiTi fasebi marTlac warmarTaven maTs qcevas. roca, mag-

aliTad, iaponeli fermerebi xels iReben xorblis warmoebaze, raki sakuTar produqcias ameriki-

dan eqsportirebulze iafad ver gayidian, isini ise iqcevian, TiTqos miznis miRwevis yvelaze

iafi xerxi yvelaze efeqtianic iyos. amasTan, mudmivad xdeba TanamSromlobis da urTierTSeg-

uebis procesebis waxaliseba, razec Sendeba kidec yovelgvari ekonomika.

dava faseulobaTa Sesaxeb

ra ufro efeqtiania _ meddis diplomi Tu filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi? mobiluri telefoni

Tu telefon-avtomati? tyis mTliani gaCexva Tu SerCeviTi gamoxSirva? aseTi formulirebiT, am

kiTxvebs azri ar gaaCnia. efeqtianobis da araefeqtianobis Cveneuli xedva ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu

Tavad ras vafasebT. sakiTxavi is ki araa, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi efeqtiani, aramed is, Tu visa aqvs

ufleba, daadginos efeqtianobis kriteriumebi. saZile tomridan gamoZvroma da mwvervalze asvla

mravalTaTvis saSinlad araefeqtiani saqcielia, Tumca aseT midgomas aqtiurad gaaprotesteben

alpinizmis moyvarulebi. am winaaRmdegobas imitom ar mivyavarT sazogadoebriv konfliqtamde, rom

yvelani pativs vcemT adamianis pirad arCevans _ kargad gamoiZinos Tu mwvervalze aZvres. usagno

dava mxolod maSin iwyeba, roca uflebebis sakiTxSi SeTanxmebas ver vaRwevT. roca sakuTrebis ufle-

bebi zusti, stabiluri da ucvlelia, SezRudul resursebs edeba fuladi fasi, romelic maTs far-

dobiT iSviaTobas asaxavs. is, vinc gadawyvetilebas iRebs, am fass iyenebs, rogorc informaciis wy-

aros. imis Tqma, rom fasebi `arasworia~ da ver asaxavs garkveuli produqtis realur Rirebulebas,

am fasebis warmomqmneli sabazro principebis uaryofis tolfasia. esaa ara efeqtianobis, aramed sa-

kuTrebis uflebis da am uflebis momcveli zogadi TamaSis wesebis kritika.

25

mokled gavimeoroT

efeqtianoba Sefasebebzea damokidebuli. Tumca fizikuri da teqnologiuri parametrebi

gaTvaliswinebulia efeqtianobis gansazRvrisas, magram es faqtorebi TavisTavad ver ganapiro-

beben alternatiuli procesebis efeqtianobas. efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc Sedegis Se-

fasebisa da danaxarjTa Sefasebis fardoba.

simdidre, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT, niSnavs imas, rasac adamianebi afaseben. adamianebi

mxolod imitom cvlian sakuTrebis uflebebs, rom amgvar gacvlas piradi simdidris gamravlebis

efeqtian saSualebad miiCneven. nebayoflobiTi gacvla yovelTvis gulisxmobs naklebad fa-

seulze uaris Tqmas ufro faseulis sanacvlod. gacvla iseTive mwarmoebluri procesia, ro-

gorc mrewveloba an soflis meurneoba.

SedarebiTi upiratesoba alternatiuli RirebulebiT ganisazRvreba. adamianebi special-

debian, raTa ivaWron da gamdidrdnen. isini irCeven im specialobebs, romlebic maTi SedarebiTi

upiratesobebis gamoyenebis asparezad gamodgeba. simdidris mateba aRiwereba sawarmoo Sesa-

ZleblobaTa mrudebiT.

sakuTrebis uflebebze da gacvlis minimalur SezRudvebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi

sistema xels uwyobs adamianebs imis gagebaSi, Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda eZebon sakuTari Sedar-

ebiTi upiratesobebis gamoyenebis perspeqtiva. ase imitom xdeba, rom, xsenebuli tipis sistemeb-

Si, sabazro procesebi da Tavisufali faswarmoqmna informaciis mopovebis efeqtian meqanizmad

yalibdeba.

dava imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad efeqtiania esa Tu is procesi, Tavisi arsiT, aris dava TamaSis

wesebisa da garkveul resursebze sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb.


1. xuliganma jeks TavSi Caartya da axali xelTaTmani waarTva. vin moigo? vin waago?

2. bevrs moswons orTqlmavlis Sesaxedaoba.

a) unda CavrToT Tu ara aseTi esTetikuri siamovneba orTqlmavlis sasargeblo Tvise-

baTa nusxaSi, gadasazidi tvirTis moculobasTan erTad?

b) Tuki rkinigzis mflobelebi gamonaxaven imaTi dabegvris xerxs, visac orTqlmavlis

Sesaxedaoba moswons, CarTavdnen Tu ara esTetikur siamovnebas orTqlmavlis sasar-

geblo TvisebaTa nusxaSi?

g) gaizrdeboda Tu ara orTqlmavlis efeqtianoba am SemTxvevaSi?

3. ra ufro efeqtiania _ 1956 wlis gamoSvebis `Fender~-is cnobili gitara, Tu 2003 wlis gamoS-

vebis `EL Cheapo~-s iafi eleqtrogitara? Seicvleba Tu ara Tqveni pasuxi, Tu SeityobT, rom

`Fender~ Tavis gitaras 12000 dolarad yidis, `EL Cheapo~-s gitara ki 175 dolari Rirs?

4. ra ufro efeqtiania _ `Madison Square Garden~-Si gasamarTi koncertis bileTebis gayidva,

Tu adgilobriv barSi anonsirebuli parodistTa Sous bileTebis gasaReba? Seicvleba Tu

ara Tqveni pasuxi imis mixedviT, koncerts erik klaptoni marTavs, Tu romelime raionuli

ansambli?

5. ra ufro efeqtiania _ rvacilindriani `SUV~, Tu mzis batareebiT gamarTuli avtomobili?

6. feqtiania Tu ara ojaxis naxevarfabrikatebiT gamokveba? ra SemTxvevaSi ganapirobebs es Zvi-

ri produqtebi ojaxuri sadilis umcires xarjebs? iqneb cdebian isini, vinc naxevarfabri-

katebis myidvelebs uyairaTobaSi adanaSaulebs da Tvlis, rom es ukanasknelni ̀ normalurze~

orjer Zvirs xarjaven?

7. mravali amerikeli, sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyenebis an kolegebTan kooperirebis

nacvlad, samsaxurSi misasvlelad sakuTar avtomobils irCevs.

a) SeiZleba Tu ara erTdroulad efeqtiani iyos im mZRolis moqmedeba, romelic pikis

saaTis dros sakuTari avtomobiliT marto gadaadgildeba da im adamianis moqmede-

bac, romelic sazogadoebriv transports iyenebs?

26

b) sinamdvileSi ras gulisxmoben, roca Tvlian, rom amdeni adamiani, vinc samsaxurSi

sakuTaro avtomobiliT midis, araefeqtianad iqceva?

8. advokati fudi qveyanaSi yvelaze cnobili iuristia. amas garda, igi fenomenalurad flobs

sabeWd manqanas _ wuTSi 120 sityvas beWdavs. uRirs Tu ara fuds naSromebis sakuTari xeliT

beWdva, Tu saukeTeso mdivani, romlis daqiravebac SeuZlia, wuTSi mxolod 60 sityvas beWda-

vs? daamtkiceT, rom fuli naklebefeqtiani mbeWdavia, vidre misi mdivani.

9. cdilobda ra daemtkicebina, rom mosaxleobis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo resursebs amowur-

viT emuqreba, WI aRniSnavda, rom 1998 wels, pirvelad istoriaSi, moixmares ufro meti sakve-

bi produqti, vidre awarmoes.

a) rogor fiqrobT, zomis romeli erTeulebi gamoiyenes ukanaskneli debulebis dasa-

mtkiceblad, _ wona, kaloriuloba, Tu fasi?

b) Tu savaWro balansi aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si produqtebis wliuri importi (dolarebSi

gamosaxuli) sWarbobs eqsports, ratom ar iZlevian es cifrebi imis mtkicebis safu-

Zvels, rom qveyanas SimSili emuqreba?

10. xSirad amtkiceben, rom kapitalistur sistemaSi kompaniebi ganagrZoben gacveTili aRWurvi-

lobis gamoyenebas, radgan maTi SeZena Tavis droze Zviri daujdaT. adasturebs Tu ara es

faqti kompaniebis araefeqtianobas? ra rols asruleben, am SeTxvevaSi, adre daxarjuli Tan-

xebi? rodis moindomebs aviakompania, romelsac `boing-727~-Si `fuli aqvs Cadebuli~, mis Ca-

nacvlebas `boing-767~-iT?

11. samocdaaTian wlebSi, `benzinis krizisis~ dros, bevri kiTxulobda, ratom ar akrZalaven sa-

wvavis iseT `uzaro~ xarjs, rogoricaa avtorbola. eTanxmebiT Tu ara maT mosazrebas? moi-

fiqreT `uazro xarjebis~ iseTi ganmarteba, romelic avtorbolaze, magram ar gavrceldeba

krizisul periodSi benzinis gamoyenebis sxva variantebze.

12. Tesvamde fermerebs SeuZliaT moxnan da guldasmiT gaafxvieron miwa, an es ar gaakeTon. mo-

xvna spobs sarevelas Tesls da mavne mwerebis Wuprebs, mouxvneloba ki aucilebels xdis her-

bicidebis da pesticidebis gamoyenebas. ganmarteT, rogor zemoqmedebs qvemoT CamoTvlili

faqtorebi teqnologiis arCevanze.

a) dizelis saTbobis gaZvireba;

b) herbicidebis da pesticidebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba;

g) ufro mkacri samTavrobo ekologiuri kontroli;

d) fermerebs moswonT, roca maTi miwebi kargadaa damuSavebuli;

e) miwis gaZvireba.

13. mdinare sevierze, romelic iutas Statis centralur miwebs rwyavs, gadawyvites 3000 megava-

tiani eleqtrosadguris aSeneba. misi wliuri xarji 40000m3 wyalia.

a) ra ufro efeqtiania _ wylis gamoyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis sawarmoeb-

lad, Tu eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis mizniT?

b) SegiZliaT Tu ara upasuxo wina kiTxvas RirebulebaTa SedarebiT (daxmareba: Rirebu-

leba zRvruli sidideebiT ganisazRvreba)?

g) uzrunvelyofs Tu ara fermerTa mier wyliT sargeblobis uflebis gayidva wylis

ufro Rirebul gamoyenebas?

d) daasaxeleT ramdenime jgufi, romelTac fermerebis aseTi gadawyvetileba daazara-

lebs.

14. 1984 wels amerikis kongresis teqnologiur SefasebaTa ganyofilebis mier Catarebuli kvle-

va Seicavda daskvnas, romlis mixedviTac, saqalaqTaSoriso mgzavrobis Cqarosnuli qseli

ver SesZlebda mogebis misaRebad aucilebeli mgzavrTa raodenobis mizidvas. niSnavs Tu ara

es amgvari qselis mSeneblobis araefeqtianobas?

15. gomess SeuZlia 200 tona marcvleulis, an 200 yuTi xendros moyvana naxevari wlis ganmavlo-

baSi, guberi ki imave vadebSi mxolod 100 tona marcvleuls, an 50 yuT xendros moiyvans.

a) daxazeT sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamisi mrudebi;

b) rogoria maTi alternatiuli xarjebi?

27

g) vis aqvs SedarebiTi upiratesoba marcvleulis moyvanaSi?

d) vis aqvs SedarebiTi upiratesoba xendros moyvanaSi?

e) aRwereT urTierTsasargeblo gacvlis pirobebi.

16. `specializacia da Tavisufali vaWroba qveynis SigniT sikeTea, magram saerTaSoriso Tavi-

sufali vaWroba didi borotebis saTavea. iafi importuli saqoneli ar zrdis Cvens sawarmoo

SesaZleblobebs da Cvens ekonomikas. metic, es saqoneli xels uwyobs samuSao adgilebis Sem-

cirebas~ _ SeafaseT es debuleba.

29

3Semcvlelebi Cvens

garSemo: moTxovnis cneba

Tqven albaT bevrjer gsmeniaT an wagikiTxavT Semdegi saxis debulebani:

1. saxanZro usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom yvela sacxovrebels hqondes ori gasasv-

leli.

2. Cven gvesaWiroeba axali avtomobili.

3. mimdinare aTwleulSi Cvens Stats damatebiT dasWirdeba didi raodenobiT wyali.

4. satransporto nakadebis Seswavlam gamoavlina axali avtomagisralis mSeneblobis aucile-

bloba.

5. yvela moqalaqes, miuxedavad misi gadaxdisunarianobisa, unda SeeZlos aucilebeli samedi-

cino momsaxurebis miReba.

6. Cven mxolod gamarjveba gvWirdeba.

saxanZro usafrTxoeba, wyali, transportis swrafi da Tanabari gadaadgileba, samedicino

momsaxureba da axali avtomobilic ki ̀ keTildReobas~ warmoadgens. Cven vambobT _ ̀ avtomobil-

ic ki~, vinaidan ukanasknel xans, satransporto xazebis gadatvirTulobis gamo, eWvqveS dgeba

misi gamosadegobis sakiTxi, magram Tu amis Sesaxeb SeekiTxebiT avtomobilis mflobels an axal-

gazrdebs, romlebsac jer ar hyavT avtomobili, isini dagarwmuneben, rom axali avtomobili Za-

lianac sasargeblo ramaa. maS ra aris mcdari am mtkicebaSi?

aucileblobis cneba aris is saerTo elementi, romelsac eqvsive kiTxvaSi vxvdebiT. swored

mas SevyavarT SecdomaSi.

ganvixiloT pirveli mtkiceba. xanZris dros, erTi gasasvlelis mqone saxlSi gana yvela

mcxovrebi daiRupeba an daiwveba? ra Tqma unda, ara. ubralod, oris nacvlad erTi gasasvlelis

arsebobisas riski meti iqneba. maSin, ratom ar unda arsebobdes sami gasasvleli? an oTxi? ratom

ar mivideT ukiduresobamde da kedlebis nacvlad mravali kari ar gavakeToT? pasuxi isaa, rom

keTildReoba gulisxmobs ara mxolod saxanZro usafrTxoebas, aramed aseve binis gaTbobisa da

gagrilebis dabal fass, rom araferi vTqvaT binis dacvaze qurdebisagan, romlebmac kargad

ician, rom binidan mravali gasasvleli masSi bevr Sesasvlelsac niSnavs. garda amisa, SesaZloa

arsebobdes saxanZro usafrTxoebis ukeTesi saSualebebi. cecxlsaqrobebi, xanZris Caqrobis av-

tomaturi sistemebi da didi saferfleebi aseve amcirebs damwvrobis miRebis an cecxlSi daRup-

vis risks. Tuki moviTxovT binidan ramdenime gasasvlelis arsebobas, maSin ratom ar dagvekida

TiToeul kedelze TiTo cecxlsaqrobi?

binidan gasasvlelebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba ar iTvaliswinebs sam urTierTdakavSirebul faqts

- pirveli: dovlaTis umetsoba ufaso ar aris da maTi SeZena moiTxovs sxva dovlaTze uaris Tq-

mas. meore: nebismier dovlaTs gaaCnia Semcvlelebi anu substitutebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs,

rom gonivruli arCevani _ arCevani, romelic SesaZlebelidan sasurvelis amorCevis saSualebas

30

iZleva, anu ekonomikuri arCevani - alternativebis gamoyenebisas, moiTxovs damatebiTi xarjebi-

sa da damatebiTi mogebis Sedarebas. gonivrul arCevans ki gacvlebi mosdevs.

danaxarjebi da Semcvlelebi

davbrundeT ukan da ganvixiloT danarCeni xuTi debuleba. vis sWirdeba axali avtomobili?

cxadia, yvelas ki ara, aramed mas, vinc axal avtomobils imaze metad afasebs, razec, avtomobilis

SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, uaris Tqma uxdeba.

SesaZloa saWiro iyos uaris Tqma mogzaurobaze, axal tansacmelze, kinoSi mravaljer wasv-

laze da stereosistemaze. gamarTlebulia Tu ara es msxverpli? bolosdabolos, axali avtomo-

bilis SeZenis nacvlad, SeiZleba arsebulis SekeTeba, naxmari avtomobilis an velosipedis SeZe-

na, saavtomobilo pulSi Sesvla (car pule _ moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba, avtomobilis

rigrigobiT an erTdroulad gamoyenebis mizniT), sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargebloba, sa-

muSaosTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasvla, dabolos, saxlSi ufro xSirad yofna. gonieri momx-

mareblebi arCevans akeTeben mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ganixilaven sxvadasxva danaxarjebsa da

sargebels.

ganvixiloT mesame mosazreba. `Cvens Stats momaval aTwleulSi dasWirdeba wylis didi dam-

atebiTi raodenoba~. nuTu romelime Stats marTlac esaWiroeba damatebiT didi raodenobis wy-

ali? wyalsacavebi da kaSxalebi, milgayvaniloba da sarwyavi danadgarebi aseve warmoadgens wy-

lis resursebis gazrdis saSualebas. magram isini moiTxoven xarjebs. amarTlebs Tu ara

sargebeli danaxarjebs? Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom wyali Seucvleli ramaa, Tqven metad akademiu-

rad azrovnebT, axdenT ra abstragirebas realuri samyrodan. Tqven albaT fiqrobT, rom wyali

ZiriTadad sasmelad gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac aSS-Si wylis udidesi nawili sxva miznebiT ixar-

jeba.

Tqven ukeT gaerkveviT wylis problemaSi an avtomagistralis sakiTxSi (romelzedac qvemoT

gveqneba saubari), Tu ar dagaviwydebaT, rom iseTi warmonaqmnebi, rogoricaa Statebi an qalaqebi

sinamdvileSi arafers ar saWiroeben. bolosdabolos survilebi da miznebi mxolod pirovnebebs

gaaCniaT. ras gulisxmobs adamiani, rodesac ambobs: `xalxs surs~? imas, rom es yvela adamianis

survilia, Tu adamianTa umravlesobisa? an iqneb es mxolod rCeulTa survilia? amgvari mtkice-

bulebebis analizisas Cveulebriv kargia aseTi kiTxvis dasma: kerZod vis sWirdeba meti wyali, an

axali avtomagistrali an xanZrisgan meti usafrTxoeba?

sagnebi iSviaTad arian iseTebi, rogorc gamoiyurebian

rZe amJavda da surs Tavi araJnad mogvaCvenos

meoTxe mcdar mtkicebas _ `moZraobis gadatvirTuloba iwvevs axali Cqarosnuli gzebis mSe-

neblobis moTxovnas~ mivyavarT saqalaqo dagegmarebis erT-erT yvelaze mwvave sakiTxTan. albaT

es kiTxva ar gamoiwvevda aseT sirTuleebs, Tavidanve rom gveRiarebina is faqti, rom avtomagi-

stralebi ara marto dadebiT efeqts iZleva, aramed moiTxovs danaxarjebsac, rom maT gaaCniaT

mSvenieri Semcvlelebi da, rom qalaqis gonivruli dagegmareba gulisxmobs damatebiTi dana-

xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargeblis Sedarebas. is vinc varaudobs axali magistralidan mogebis

didi wilis miRebas SedarebiT mcire danaxarjiT, ar moisurvebs, rom sxvebma dainaxon am magi-

stralze gaweuli danaxarjebis erToblioba, an gaigon, Tu sinamdvileSi ramdeni Semcvleli ga-

aCnia. amitom isini moqmedeben ise, TiTqos satransporto nakadebis Seswavlas SeuZlia gamoavli-

nos `aucilebloba~. magram satransporto nakadebis Seswavla mxolod imas gviCvenebs, Tu

ramdeni avtomobili moZraobs moqmed marSrutebze, mZRolebze gaweuli danaxarjebis pirobebSi

iseTi arafuladi danaxarjebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa gzaSi Segvianeba, saSiSroebebi da kuWis

wyluli. davuSvaT, rom qalaqSi avtomobilebis sadgomebze manqanis gaCerebis fasi 500%-iT gai-

zarda. rogor fiqrobT, ra daemarTeba moZraobas pikis saaTebSi? is, vinc regularulad moZra-

obs qalaqSi, Seqmnis saavtomobilo pulebs da daiwyebs sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargeblo-

bas. Tu manqanis gaCerebis fasis gazrdis, sagzao SemTxvevisTvis dajarimebis an raime msgavsi

garemoebis gamo, qalaqsa da mis gareubnebs Soris mimosvlaze gaweuli danaxarjebi mZRolebisT-

31

vis sakmaod maRali iqneba, maSin axali avtomagistralis saWiroeba SeiZleba myisve gadaiqces

swrafi satranzito mimosvlis sistemis ganviTarebis àucileblobad~. esaa aucileblobis me-

tad ucnauri saxe, romelic SesaZloa gaqres fasis swrafi cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.

mexuTe mtkiceba _ `yvela moqalaqes, miuxedavad maTi gadaxdisunarianobisa, unda gaaCndes

aucilebeli samedicino daxmarebis miRebis SesaZlebloba~ diaxac humanurad da liberalurad

gamoiyureba. magram ra raodenobis samedicino daxmarebas saWiroebs TiToeuli adamiani? yvela

dagveTanxmeba, rom adamians, romelsac apendicitis mwvave Seteva aqvs da ara aqvs operaciisTvis

saWiro Tanxa, aucileblad unda gaukeTdes operacia gadamxdelTa xarjze. magram rogor unda

moveqceT adamians, romelsac xiWvi Seeso? samedicino deficitur produqts warmoadgens da im

SemTxvevaSic ki ar iqneba aradeficituri, pacientisgan arcerTma eqimma safasuri rom ar aiRos.

magram, Tuki nebismieri adamiani ubralod SeuZlod yofnisas eqims mimarTavs, maSin eqimebis rao-

denoba momsaxurebisTvis arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba. rac ufro dabali iqneba eqimTan vizitis

fasi, miT ufro xSirad mivlen masTan miRebaze, imis nacvlad, rom ar gaamaxvilon yuradReba Seu-

Zlod yofnaze, dawvnen dasaZineblad, elodon da imedi iqonion. SeiZleba darwmunebiT vivarau-

doT, rom fuladi anazRaurebis Semcireba sxva saxis danaxarjebis zrdamde migviyvans da, vTqvaT,

gamoiwvevs rigSi saaTobiT lodins, vinaidan eqimebis momsaxureba deficituri saqonelia.

rac Seexeba meeqvse debulebas _ `Cven gvWirdeba mxolod gamarjveba~, is ubralod aramarTe-

bulia. SesaZloa aseTi mowodeba kargia brZolis win, magram, politikuri analizis Tvalsazri-

siT, is ararealisturia. Cveulebriv, gamarjvebisTvis saWiroa msxverplis gaReba. Tu msxverpli

garkveul masStabs aWarbebs, xalxi kompromisze midis da mzad aris Tavi damarcxebulad cnos da

amave dros gamoacxados, rom àrCevani ar arsebobda~. kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT, rom gonivru-

li politikuri formulebi, maT Soris sagareo politikis dargSi, damyarebulia damatebiTi mo-

salodneli danaxarjebisa da damatebiTi mosalodneli sargeblis zust gansazRvraze.

aucilebelia xazi gavusvaT gamoTqmas `mosalodneli~. Cven vcxovrobT ganuzRvrelobis sam-

yaroSi da iZulebulebi varT gavakeToT arCevani, romelic gavlenas iqoniebs Cvens momavalze,

imis bolomde dauzusteblad, Tu rogori iqneba es gavlena. msjeloben ra ekonomikur proble-

mebze, xSirad SecdomiT varaudoben, rom ar arsebobs ganuzRvreloba, an rom adamianebi, romle-

bic iReben ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas, yovlismcodneni arian, magram yovlismcodneoba jerje-

robiT miuwvdomelia Cveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis. Tuki Cven ganwirulebi varT imisaTvis, rom

ganuzRvrelobis pirobebSi vicxovroT, maSin SegviZlia ar gavirTuloT problemebi Tavis mot-

yuebiT, TiTqos es ase araa. frTxilad iyaviT, Tu am wignSi, an sadme sxvagan, SegxvdebaT mtkicebu-

leba, romelic gulisxmobs sruli da utyuari informaciis arsebobas. miaqcieT yuradReba imas,

rom informacia aseve warmoadgens faseulobas, romelsac SesaZloa gaaCndes Semcvlelebi.

moTxovnis koncefcia

àucileblobis~ koncefcia ukompromiso midgomas gulisxmobs. amitom ekonomistebi amjobi-

neben gamoiyenon moTxovnis cneba. moTxovna aris cneba, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs saqon-

lis da momsaxurebis (dovlaTis) Sesyidul raodenobas da im msxverpls, romlis gaRebac aucile-

belia am raodenobebis SesyidvisTvis.

dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: ra raodenobis gramfirfitebi gsurT rom gqondeT?

weliwadSi ramdenjer gsurT restoranSi sadiloba? ra niSnis miReba gsurT romelime saganSi?

Tu Tqven SegiZliaT pasuxi gasceT am kiTxvebs, mxolod imitom, rom TiToeul SemTxvevaSi va-

raudobT garkveuli xarjis gaRebas. davuSvaT Tqven gegmavT xuTianis miRebas mocemul saganSi.

ra moxdeba Tu xuTianis fasi gaizrdeba? maswavlebeli qrTams ar iRebs. xuTianis fasi TqvenTvis

(swored esaa mTavari) aris is msxverpli, romelic Tqven unda gaiRoT niSnis misaRebad. moindo-

mebT xuTianis miRebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amisaTvis kviraSi 20 saaTis muSaoba iqneba saWiro, maSin

rodesac oTxianis misaRebad kviraSi erTi saaTis mecadineobac sakmarisia? SeiZleba Tqven gsurT

xuTiani, magram ara ase Zvirad, raki arcTu ise cudi Semcvleli _ òTxiani~ _ gacilebiT iafi

dagijdebaT. swored esaa saqme. Tu moTxovnis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveuli

safasuris gadaxdiT, anu sxva moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis xarjze, Cven Tavs vika-

vebT moTxovnis dakmayofilebisgan da imaze naklebs vjerdebiT, vidre Tavidan gvsurda.

movlena, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, imdenad fundamenturia, rom zogierTi ekonomisti

32

mzad aris igi kanonis rangSi aiyvanos. moTxovnis kanoni adgens, rom arsebobs uaryofiTi kavSiri

adamianebis mier SeZenili dovlaTis raodenobasa da im fass (msxverpls) Soris, romelic maT am

dolaTis SesaZenad unda gaiRon. ufro maRali fasebis dros naklebs SeiZenen; ufro dabali fa-

sebis dros ki _ mets.

Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, rom am debulebas kanoni vuwodoT? Tu Tqven gamonaklisebze fiqrobT?

Tuki marTlac arsebobs namdvili gamonaklisebi, es didi iSviaTobaa. ratom ar unda miaqcion

adamianebma yuradReba msxverpls, romlis gaRebac maT mouwevT? gana maT urCevniaT naklebi msx-

verplis gaRebis nacvlad metis gaReba? swored ase moiqceoda is adamiani, romelic met dovlaTs

SeiZenda masze xarjebis zrdisas.

moTxovnis kanonidan e.w. gamonaklisebi, Cveulebriv dafuZnebulia faqtebis araswor inter-

pretaciaze. magaliTad, mazoxisti ver iqneboda gamonaklisi, vinaidan tkivili misTvis sasiamov-

no ramaa da ara msxverplis gaReba. ganvixiloT yvelasaTvis cnobili SemTxveva, rodesac raime

saqonlis fasi izrdeba da adamianebi yiduloben mets, moelian ra fasebis Semdgom zrdas. Tu

Tqven am movlenas CaufiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom es araa gamonaklisi moTxovnis kanonidan.

fasebis sawyisi zrda ganapirobebs momavalSi ufro maRali fasebis molodins, romelic zrdis

mimdinare moTxovnas mocemul saqonelze. adamianebs surT metis SeZena axla, raTa SemdgomSi na-

klebis daxarjva mouwioT. imis mizezs, rom adamianebi awmyoSi mets yiduloben, warmoadgens ara

ufro maRali fasi, aramed Secvlili molodini. fasebis sawyis cvlilebas rom ar Seecvala molo-

dini, Cven sul sxva rames SevniSnavdiT.

garda amisa, isini, visac fasebis zrdis molodini ubiZgebs swrafi Sesyidvebisken, gasaReb msx-

verpls mainc gaiTvaliswineben Sesyidvebis raodenobis gansazRvrisas.

zogjer amtkiceben, rom egreTwodebuli prestiJuli saqoneli warmoadgens gamonakliss

moTxovnis kanonidan. magaliTad, iTvleba, rom adamianebi yiduloben wavis qurqebs imitom, rom

maTi fasi maRalia da ara dabali. udavoa, rom zogjer adamianebi yiduloben metad Zvirfas

nivTebs ZiriTadad imitom, rom STabeWdileba moaxdinon im TanxebiT, romelTa daxarjvis ufle-

basac sakuTar Tavs aZleven. zogjer, informaciis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi nivTis

xarisxis Sesaxeb msjeloben misi fasis mixedviT, ase rom, zogierT SezRudul diapazonSi mainc,

maTi msyidvelobiTi mzadyofna SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyos fasTan dadebiTi da ara uaryofi-

Ti damokidebulebiT. magram es moCvenebiTi gamonaklisebi SeiZleba martivad iqnas axsnili

moTxovnis kanonis farglebSi. adamianebi yiduloben prestiJs, da ara ubralod wavs, an isini

msjeloben xarisxze fasis mixedviT, vinaidan ar gaaCniaT ukeTesi informacia.

`movimaragoT, sanam fasebi gaizrdeba~

magram es magaliTebi sxva araferia, Tu ara kuriozi. miuxedavad imisa, mzad xarT Tu ara cnoT

kanonad, Semdegi faqti metad mniSvnelovani da udavoa: saqonlis fasis zrdas Tan axlavs Sesyid-

vebis saerTo moculobis Semcireba, xolo fasebis Semcirebas ki, piriqiT, _ maTi zrda. am kav-

Siris ugulvebelyofa seriozuli Secdomaa.

niSani miRebis fasi

5 20 saaTi kviraSi

4 1 saaTi kviraSi

3 3/4 saaTi kviraSi

zRvruli mniSvnelobebi

ra ufro mniSvnelovania, wyali Tu briliantebi? adamianebis umravlesoba, visac am kiTxvas

dausvamT, daufiqreblad gipasuxebT, rom wyali, magram sxvanairad vikiTxoT: ra ufro mniS-

vnelovania, erTi Wiqa wyali Tu erTi Wiqa briliantebi? Tu maT kvlav gipasuxes, rom wyali, maSin

SeiZleba vkiTxoT, romels irCevdnen Tavad, Wiqa wyals Tu Wiqa briliantebs da gamarjveba yov-

elTvis briliantebs darCeba. rogor SeiZleba adamianebma daufiqreblad amjobinon brilian-

tebs wyali da airCion briliantebi, Tuki maT arCevans SesTavazeben? isini ityvian, rom wyali

33

ufro mniSvnelovani iqneba, Tuki udabnoSi wyurvilisgan daxrCoba emuqrebaT.

magram isini xom udabnoSi ar arian da arc wyurviliT kvdebian. Zveli gazeTi ufro saWiroa,

vidre Seqspiris tomeulebi, Tu Tqven unda moigerioT mwerebis Semoteva, raTa yviTeli cieb-

cxeleba ar dagemarToT. Tu kbilebs Soris saWmeli gageCxiraT da amas Wkuidan gadayavxarT, kbi-

lebis gamosawmendad Zafi ufro saWiroa, vidre kompiuteri. da saerTod, nebismieri sagani Se-

saZloa sxvaze ufro mniSvnelovani gamodges, vinaidan sagnis mniSvneloba damokidebulia

situaciaze.

ekonomistebs imave azris gamosaTqmelad sakuTari saSualebebi gaaCniaT. mniSvnelovani sidi-

deebi zRvruli sidideebia. ekonomikuri analizi Tavisi SinaarsiT zRvrul analizs warmoad-

gens. mravali ekonomisti gamoiyenebs sityvas ̀ marginalizmi~ imis gansamartad, rasac Cven ekono-

mikur azrovnebas vuwodebT. zRvruli niSnavs imas, rac sazRvarze an sazRvarTan imyofeba.

ekonomikuri Teoria dafuZnebulia zRvrul analizze, vinaidan gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetile-

bebis miReba yovelTvis damatebiTi xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargeblis SedarebiT xdeba. ga-

dawyvetilebebis miRebaze sxva faqtorebi ar moqmedeben _ mxolod zRvruli danaxarjebi da

zRvruli sargebeli.

zRvruli danaxarjebi an sargebeli aris damatebiTi danaxarjebi an sargebeli yovel konkre-

tul SemTxvevaSi.

zRvrul mniSvnelobebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi

davuSvaT, rom saRamos cxra saaTze, rodesac Tqven emzadebiT xvalindeli gamocdisaTvis, gi-

rekavT Seyvarebuli, romelsac surs ramdenime saaTiT gestumroT. Tqven eubnebiT, rom mecadi-

neobiT. is daJinebiT gTxovT da Tqven kvlav uarze xarT. is nawyeni toniT gekiTxebaT: `SenTvis

fizika ufro mniSvnelovania Tu me?~ da Tuki am droisaTvis Tqven kargad aiTviseT ekonomikuri

azrovneba, maSin pasuxobT: `mxolod zRvruli mniSvnelobiT~.

Tu Seyvarebuli ganagrZobs wuwuns, urCieT momaval wels ekonomikis kursebi gaiaros da dau-

brundiT mecadineobas. am situaciaSi ar daismis fizikisa da Seyvarebulis faseulobis sakiTxi.

sakiTxavi isaa, warmoadgens Tu ara SeyvarebulTan gatarebuli ori saaTi met faseulobas, vidre

igive ori saaTi gatarebul fizikis wignTan.

Tqvenma Seyvarebulma dauSva Cveulebrivi Secdoma. is azrovnebs `yvelaferi~ an `araferi~-s

terminebiT. magram maSin, rodesac is saRamoTi girekavT, aseT arCevanTan rodi gvaqvs saqme. ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebisas, aseT arCevans sinamdvileSi iSviaTad vxvdebiT. Cveulebriv, raRac er-

Tis did raodenobas vadarebT, meoris mcire raodenobasTan. ekonomikuri azrovneba uaryofs

`yvelaferi~ an `araferi~-s terminebiT midgomas da yuradRebas amaxvilebs zRvrul mogebasa da

xarjebze.

gamovsaxoT grafikze

ekonomistebis mier gamoyenebuli cnebebis umetesobis gamosaxva da Seswavla mosaxerxebelia

grafikebis saxiT. moTxovnasa da moTxovnis sidides Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani da Znelad

gasagebi sxvaoba SedarebiT advilad SeiZleba warmovidginoT grafikebze dakvirvebisas. Tu

Tqven adamianebis im mcire kategorias miekuTvnebiT, romlebsac grafikebis danaxvaze Jruante-

li uvliT, girCevT Tavi moTokoT. advilad darwmundebiT, rom grafikebi saSiSi araa, roca gaer-

kveviT imaSi, rac gamosaxulia 3-1 naxazze.

3-1 naxazze gamosaxuli grafiki gviCvenebs wyalze moTxovnas tipuri amerikuli saxlisTvis.

vertikalur RerZze gadazomilia erTi galoni wylis fasi centebSi. horizontalur RerZze ga-

dazomilia wyalze moTxovnis raodenoba anu wylis is raodenoba, romelic moixmareba. qedan

Cans, rom Tu wylis fasi galonSi 0,03 cents udris, saxlis saWiroebaze yoveldRiurad daaxloe-

biT 320 galoni wyali daixarjeba. ojaxi wyals ise moixmars, TiTqos mas Rirebuleba ar gaaCndes.

mobinadreebi gazonebis gakreWis Semdeg samanqano da fexiT mosiaruleTa gzebs ki ar daxveten,

aramed SlangiT miuSveben wyals. tualetebs gaxexaven yoveli xmarebis Semdeg: didxans miiReben

Sxapebs da sarecxs meoTxedamde gavsebul manqanebSi garecxaven.

wylis fasis gaormagebisas mobinadreebi gansxvavebulad moiqcevian. isini wylis moxmarebas,

grafikidan gamomdinare, orjer Seamcireben. Tu fasi kidev gaormagda, ekonomia gaizrdeba. eko-

34

nomikuri Teoria uSvebs, rom isini mudmivad adareben wylis fass sxvadasxva miznebisTvis mis

`praqtikulobasTan~ da amcireben moxmarebas iq, sadac mosalodnelia, rom zRvruli praqtiku-

loba ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre is fasi, romelic unda gadaixadon. fasi da saWiroeba erTmaneT-

Tan mWidro kavSirSi arian, Tumca realuri kavSiri ufro zRvrul saWiroebasTanaa.

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400

galoni wyali 1 dReSi

$07

06

05

04

1 g

al

on

is

fa

si

nax. 3-1 tipuri ojaxis moTxovna wyalze

wylis saerTo saWiroeba mobinadreebisTvis gansxvavebulia da iseTi ramaa, rac wylis fasTa-

naa dakavSirebuli. 3-1 naxazze wylis saerTo saWiroeba SeiZleba gazomili iqnas moTxovnis mru-

dis qveS farTiT. moTxovnis mrudi, samwuxarod, ver gadakveTs fasebis RerZs maRali fasebis Sem-

TxvevaSic ki. Tu wyali araCveulebrivad deficituri iqneba, erTi Wiqa wylis fasi bevrad meti

iqneba, vidre erTi Wiqa briliantebisa.

naxazi 3-1 warmogviCens Semdeg moTxovnaTa nusxas. SeadareT is grafiks, raTa darwmundeT, Tu

rogor kavSirSi arian isini.

erTi galonis fasi galoni dReSi

$0.07 23

0.04 40

0.02 80

0.01 160

0.005 320

moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide

moTxovnis cnebis gamoyenebisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom fasebis cvlilebis garda Sesa-

Zloa sxva cvlilebebic. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, rom naTlad gvesmodes sxvaoba moTxovnasa

da moTxovnis sidides Soris. ekonomikuri mimomxilvelebi xSirad gamoiyeneben sityva moTxov-

nas, rogorc moTxovnis sididis Semoklebul gamoTqmas. aman, rogorc vnaxeT, SesaZloa xSirad

migviyvanos da mivyavarT kidevac SecdomasTan.

ekonomikur TeoriaSi moTxovna ewodeba kavSirs or konkretul cvlads _ fassa da im raodenobas

Soris, risi Sesyidvac surT adamianebs. ar SeiZleba moTxovna nebismier produqtze gansazRvruli

iqnas rogorc raodenoba. moTxovna yovelTvis aris fasebisa da im raodenobis (an sididis) Sesabam-

isoba, romlis SeZenac surT am fasad. imisTvis, rom es garemoeba gamovxatoT, vambobT, rom moTxovna

aris nusxa. nusxis erTi striqonidan meore striqonisken, an mrudis erTi wertilidan meore werti-

35

lisken moZraobas yovelTvis moTxovnis sidide unda vuwodoT da ara moTxovnis cvlileba.

kvlav daakvirdiT 3-1 naxazs. Tu fasad dawesebuli iqneba erT galonSi 0,04 centi da Semdeg es

fasi 0,03-mde Semcirdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba SesaZloa dReSi 160 galonidan 320 galonamde

gaizardos. 0,04 centis fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis raodenoba dReSi 40 galonis toli iqneba, ma-

gram moTxovna am dros ar Seicvleba, vinaidan moTxovna es aris mTeli mrudi, an cxrili (nusxa).

SesaZloa, am gansxvavebis gasacnobierebeli saukeTeso saSualeba isaa, rom sityvebi `mrudi~ an

`cxrili~ yovelTvis mivayoloT sityvas `moTxovna~. Tu Tqven ityviT `moTxovna~, magram konte-

qstidan gamomdinare ar SegiZliaT TqvaT `moTxovnis mrudi~ Tqven Secdomas dauSvebT, raki gu-

lisxmobdiT ara moTxovnas, aramed moTxovnis raodenobas.

imisaTvis, rom gaizardos moTxovna, unda moxdes raRac iseTi, ris Sedegadac adamianebs

gauCndebaT survili, Seisyidon adrindelze meti wyali, miuxedavad fasisa. magaliTad, gvalvam

SesaZloa aiZulos adamianebi ufro xSirad morwyan gazonebi. mocemul raionSi mosaxleobis zr-

dam SesaZloa aseve gamoiwvios moTxovnis zrda anu mTeli mrudis zemoT da marjvniv wanacvleba.

wylis ekonomiisTvis warmatebulma kampaniam SesaZloa Seamciros moTxovna, rac mruds marcxniv

da qvemoT gadaadgilebs, es ki imis amsaxveli iqneba, rom ucvleli fasis dros adamianebi moi-

surveben adrindelze naklebi raodenobis wylis SeZenas.

moTxovna aris nusxa

Tu gsurT grafikze warmoadginoT wyalze moTxovnis zrda, aRniSneT 3-1 naxazis meore sveti-

dan aRebuli raodenobebi. Tu ufro metad moTxovnis Semcirebis asaxva gsurT, waivarjiSeT mesa-

me svetTan.

erTi galonis fasi galoni dReSi galoni dReSi

0.07 40 15

0.04 60 25

0.02 140 55

0.01 240 100

0.005 400 200

fasi moTxovnili raodenoba

50$ 125000

40$ 160000

30$ 175000

aris gansxvaveba?

ramdenime wlis win gazeT ùol sTriiT-jornel~-is mowinave statia cxadad gviCvenebda, Tu

ra saSiSroeba moelis mas, visac sityvebs Soris aseTi gansxvaveba umniSvnelod miaCnia. mowinave

statiis avtors surda gamoeaSkaravebina soflis meurneobis saministros ekonomistis uvicoba,

rodesac am ukanasknelma ganacxada, rom: àSS-Si momxmarebelTa moZraobis Zalisxmevam kvlav

gamoiwvia yavaze fasis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac fasma erT funtSi 4,42 dolars miaRwia~. ès ar

aris swori~ _ ganacxada statiis avtorma, _ `yavis bazari ise iqceva, rogorc unda iqceodes

bazari da rogorc es elementarul saxelmZRvaneloebSia asaxuli: fasebi izrdeba, moTxovna

klebulobs da fasi klebulobs~.

elementarul saxelmZRvaneloebSi araferi msgavsi ar weria. piriqiT, maTSi axsnilia, rom

mowinave statiis avtorma erTmaneTSi auria moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide. rodesac yavis fasi

gaizarda, moTxovnis sidide daeca. morCa da gaTavda. Tu momxmarebelTa moZraobam SeZlo yavis

moxmarebisadmi adamianebis midgomis Secvla, (zogierTi imdenad ukmayofilo iyo fasebis zrdiT,

rom erTi periodi uars acxadebda nebismieri fasis yavis dalevaze), es imas niSnavs, rom marTlac

36

moxerxda moTxovnis cvlileba. xolo Tu moTxovna ecema, maSin fasi klebulobs. `uol sTriiT

jornelSi~ gamoqveynebuli statiis avtoris mcdari SexedulebiT rom vimsjeloT, gamodis, rom

fasi dausruleblad ixtunavebs zemoT-qvemoT, vinaidan, rodesac fasi kvlav daiklebs, moTxov-

na gaizrdeba, rac fasis zrdas gamoiwvevs, ris Sedegad moTxovna daecema da amis gamo fasi kvlav

daiwyebs vardnas.

moTxovnis dacema

P

Q

D1

D2

magram yovelive es sxva araferia, Tu ara gaurkvevloba, rac terminebis aRrevam gamoiwvia.

sabavSvo saqanelas or sawinaaRmdego mxares warmoidgineT fasi da moTxovnis sidide, xolo

moTxovna _ rogorc didi sahaero burTi (haerze msubuqi), romelzedac es saqanelaa mimagrebu-

li. rodesac fasi erT mxares moZraobs, moTxovnis sidide sawinaaRmdego mxares moZraobs.

moTxovnis cvlileba (sahaero buStis zemoT an qvemoT moZraoba) erTidaimave mimarTulebiT

moaxdens gavlenas rogorc fasze, ise moTxovnis sidideze. nebismier produqtze moTxovnas ise-

Ti biologiuri realiebis, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, fsiqologiuri faqtorebis da eko-

nomikuri cvladebis farTo krebulis kombinacia gansazRvravs, rogoricaa Semosavali da fasi,

xarisxi da Semcvlelebis arseboba. yvela es Zalebi erToblivad qmnian moTxovnas nebismier

konkretul produqtze, anu qmnian kavSirs fulad fassa da Sesyidvebis moculobas Soris. Tuki

moTxovna ar icvleba (sahaero buSti arc zemoT adis da arc qvemoT eSveba), maSin fasi da moTxov-

nis sidide yovelTvis sawinaaRmdego mxares imoZraveben.

fasi izrdeba, moTxovnis

raodenoba mcirdeba

P

Q

P1

P2

Q1Q2

D

es SeiZleba martivad CamovayaliboT: erTaderTi cvlileba, rac velosipedze moTxovnis cv-

lilebas ar gamoiwvevs, es velosipedis fasis cvlilebaa. Tu Semosavlebis zrda, garemos

dabinZurebis gamo SeSfoTeba da sufTa haerze varjiSis interesebis urTierTSerwyma mraval

adamians velosipedis SeZenis survils aRuZravs, maTze moTxovna gaizrdeba.

37

Q

P

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom amis gamo moimatos fasmac da moTxovnis sididemac. amis msgavsi

faqtebi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba. Tu TqvenTvis naTelia, ratom ar ewinaaRmdegeba aseTi Sexed-

uleba moTxovnis sididis gansazRvrebas, es imas niSnavs, rom kargad garkveulxarT moTxovnasa

da moTxovnis sidides Soris gansxvavebaSi. moTxovnis zrdam SesaZloa gazardos fasi da moTxov-

nis sidide maRali fasis dros ufro mcire iqneba, vidre dabali fasis dros. swored amas amt-

kicebs moTxovnis kanoni. ekonomikuri Teoria fulad fass gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieq-

tad aRiarebs, vinaidan fuladi fasebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben adamianebis

koordinaciisa da SemgueblobisaTvis.

velosipedebis moTxovna:

garemoze damokidebulebis

efeqti

P

Q

fuladi da sxva xarjebi

yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom fuladi fasi warmoadgens saboloo sazoms, romelic myidvelis xar-

jebis yvela tips iTvaliswinebs. sinamdvileSi, zogjer is warmoadgens metad aradamakmayofileb-

el maxasiaTebels (magaliTad im SemTxvevis ganxilvisas, rodesac students surda `xuTianis~

miReba). ekonomistebma es iseve kargad ician, rogorc sxvebma. moTxovnis cneba sruliadac ar gu-

lisxmobs, rom fuli aris erTaderTi ram, rasac mniSvneloba aqvs adamianebisTvis. amasTan dakav-

Sirebuli Sexedulebebi imden gaugebrobas qmnian, rom CvenTvis sasargeblo iqneba, cota xniT Sevy-

ovndeT am sakiTxis ganxilvaze da saqmis arsi rac SeiZleba naTlad warmovidginoT.

ganvixiloT eipril Saueris da misi kolega mei flauersis SemTxveva. eiprili bunebis damcve-

lia da yvelgan an fexiT midis, an avtobusiT. mei ver itans sazogadoebriv transports da 50

iardze meti nebismieri manZilis gasavlelad manqaniT mgzavrobs. miuxedavad amisa, eiprili

iZulebulia manqaniT imgzavros gareubanSi, vinaidan avtobuisiT mgzavroba misi ojaxis eqvsi

wevrisTvis ufro Zviri jdeba. mei ki iZulebulia imgzavros avtobusiT, rodesac mas saqme aqvs

qalaqis centrSi, vinaidan manqanis sadgomiT sargebloba bevrad Zviria, vidre avtobusiT mgzav-

robis safasuri. eiprili da mei erTnair fass ixdian manqaniT da avtobusiT mgzavrobisaTvis,

38

magram gansxvavebul gadawyvetilebebs iReben, gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis, garemoebebisa da

upiratesobebis gamo.

im mtkicebidan, rom adamianebi xarjebis gazrdisas raime produqts naklebi raodenobiT Sei-

Zenen, sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom isini yuradRebas mxolod fuls aqceven, an rom isini

egoistebi arian, an rom sazogadoebis keTildReobaze fiqri ar cvlis ekonomikur qcevas. aqedan

mxolod is gamomdinareobs, rom adamianebi reagireben xarjebis cvlilebebze da SeiZleba vi-

varaudoT, rom fasis sakmarisad didi cvlileba TiTqmis yovelTvis gamoiwvevs sasworis isris

gadaxras. fuli warmoadgens iseT misaReb maCvenebels, rasac yvela aqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan

yvelas SeuZlia misi gamoyeneba im gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad, risi interesic gaaCniaT. fulad

fasebSi cvlilebebi warmoadgens mosaxerxebel iaraRs adamianebis saqcielis koordinaciisT-

vis. swored amitom aqceven ekonomistebi aseT did yuradrebas am cvlilebebs.

inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli araswori warmodgenebi

erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom mraval adamians dResdReobiT miaCnia, TiTqos moTxov-

nis kanoni ar muSaobs, isaa, rom isini ar iTvaliswineben inflaciis gavlenas. swrafi inflaciis

periodSi fasebis zrda xSirad realuri araa. inflaciis bunebas, mizezebsa da Sedegebs dawvr-

ilebiT qvemoT ganvixilavT (me-15 Tavi), magram inflacia imdenad amaxinjebs fardobiTi xar-

jebisa da fasebis cvlilebis Cvenebur gagebas, rom axlave saWiroa Tavidan aviciloT amasTan

dakavSirebuli mravali gaugebroba.

inflacia niSnavs yvela saqonelze fasebis saerTo donis zrdas. magram Cven miCveulebi varT

nebismieri saqonlis fasad fulis is raodenoba CavTvaloT, romlis gadaxdac aucilebelia. ad-

vilad mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom fulis raodenobis gaormageba niSnavs orjer met xarjs, anu

msxverplis gaRebas.

magram, rodesac dolarebis gaormagebul raodenobas sanaxevro msyidvelobiTi unari aqvs, es

ase ar xdeba. Tu absoluturad yvela saqonlis fulad fass gavaormagebT, adamianis Sromisa da

yvelaferi sxvis CaTvliT, rasac adamianebi yidian an aqiraveben fulis misaRebad, arcerT re-

alur saqonelze realuri fasi ar Seicvleba, ra Tqma unda, fulis garda, romlis fasi orjer

Semcirdeba. amitom benzinze fasis gaormageba aucileblad ar ubiZgebs adamianebs benzinis mox-

marebis Semcirebisken, Tu imavdroulad maTi Semosavlebi da yvela im produqtis fasi, romlebsac

isini moixmaren, gaormagda.

ra eRireba momavalSi is, rac 1960 wels 1 dolari Rirda, Tu fasebi

inflaciis donis Sesabamisad aiwevs

sinamdvileSi inflaciis Sedegad fuladi fasebi erTnairi proporciiT ar izrdeba da es aris

erT-erTi faqtori, rac inflacias problemad aqcevs. magram fasebi marTlac erTad moZraobis

tendencias amJRavneben. amitom Tu gvsurs fasis garkveuli zrdis Sedegebs davakvirdeT, upir-

veles yovlisa, isini fasebis saerTo zrdis Sedegebisgan unda gamovyoT. davuSvaT, rom kolejma,

romelic 1975 wels studentebidan 5000 dolars iTxovda, 2000 wels es Tanxa 12000 dolaramde

gazarda. ramdeniT gaizarda ganaTlebis fasi am periodSi? saqme isa, rom ise ar gazrdila, rom

swavlis fass inflaciis tempi SeenarCunebina, raki maSin is 5000 dolaridan 12000 dolarze me-

tad gaizrdeboda.

Tavisufleba da mwarmoebluroba

unda miaqcion ki ekonomistebma aseTi didi yuradReba fulad fass? oskar ualdis cinikuri

gamoTqmis mixedviT: `adamianma icis yvelafris fasi da arafris Rirebuleba~. xels uwyobs Tu

ara ekonomika cinizmis gavrcelebas?

Tu produqti iSviaTia _ Tu adamianebs ar SeuZliaT miiRon igi sasurveli raodenobiT, uimi-

sod, rom maTTvis aseve mniSvnelovan rames Seelion, maSin saWiroa aseTi produqtis racionire-

ba, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoyenebuli unda iqnas garkveuli kriteriumi imis gansa-

sazRvrad, Tu es produqti vis ramdeni ekuTvnis. mzadyofna fulis gadasaxdelad erT-erT aseT

39

kriteriums warmoadgens. magram arsebobs agreTve mravali sxva sistema, romlebsac Cveulebriv

gamoviyenebT.

saWiroebebTan dakavSirebuli racionirebis ideas, bunebrivia, mravali adamiani uWers mxars,

magram igi naklebad mimzidveli iqneba nebismierisTvis, visac wakiTxuli aqvs am wignis pirveli

Tavi, an vinc xedavs, Tu ramdenad ganuzRvreli, subieqturi, SemTxveviTi, fardobiTi da damamZi-

mebeli iqneba es kriteriumebi nebismieri sazogadoebisTvis, romelic Seecdeba misi didi mas-

StabiT gamoyenebas. meore sistemis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `vinc pirvelia, is gamarjvebu-

lia~. rodesac xedavT raimes SesaZenad rigSi mdgom adamianebs, Tqven akvirdebiT normirebis

sistemas, romelic swored am kriteriumiT moqmedebs. iSviaTi saqonlis normirebis sxva sistemas

lataria warmoadgens. mraval Cvengans is SezRuduli raodenobis produqciis normirebis sa-

marTlian gzad miaCnia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac msurvelTa Soris upiratesoba arc erTs ar gaaC-

nia. zogjer normirebisTvis viyenebT tol nawilebad dayofis kriteriums. magaliTad vWriT pi-

cas an namcxvars tol nawilebad ise, rom yvelas mxolod erTi naWeri Sexvdes. cxovelebi sakvebis

mopovebisas sargebloben kriteriumiT: `Zala Zlieris mxaresaa~, iseve rogorc amas zog SemTxve-

vaSi adamianebi sCadian. adamianebi gamoiyeneben aseve damsaxurebis kriteriums. garkveul konte-

qstSi iSviaTi produqcia xvdeba imas, vinc garkveuli mizezis gamo imsaxurebs mas.

normirebis TiToeul am sistemas gaaCnia upiratesobebi. magram TiToeul maTgans aqvs zogier-

Ti seriozuli nakli, Tuki mas ganvixilavT, rogorc iSviaTi produqtis ganawilebis ZiriTad si-

stemas im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac adam smiti `komerciul sazogadoebas~ uwodebda. adamia-

nebma didi dro unda daxarjon rigSi dgomisas, Tu iSviaTi saqoneli ganawilebuli iqna kriteriumiT:

`vinc pirveli miva~, maSin, rodesac lataria TavisTavad aZlevs Sanss, survilis an mdgomareobis

miuxedavad. tol nawilebad ganawilebis principi naklebad gamosadegia, rodesac SeuZlebelia

produqtis tolad danawileba an, rodesac, mravali msurvelis arsebobisas, nawilebi metad mcire

zomisa gamodis. `Zala Zlieris mxaresaa~ principi, Cveulebriv rTulia ara marto sustisTvis, ara-

med ZlierisTvisac, romelic iZulebulia moiZios Zvirfasi saxsrebi da daicvas sakuTari wili.

damsaxurebis mixedviT ganawileba metad mgrZnobiare sistemaa im xalxisTvis, vinc unda gadawyvi-

tos, Tu romel personas ra damsaxureba miuZRvis sinamdvileSi. aseTi mdgomareoba mxolod iseT

mcire socialur jgufs akmayofilebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, myarad Sekruli ojaxi.

ufro metic, nebismieri naxsenebi kriteriumiT normireba ignorirebas ukeTebs miwodebis

problemas, vinaidan produqtis mxolod mcire raodenoba vardeba cidan ciuri mananis msgavsad.

is, Tu ra raodenoba iqneba xelmisawvdomi, sinamdvileSi damokidebulia normirebis arCeul si-

stemaze. produqciis umetesobas awarmoeben adamianebi, romlebsac surT, rom maTi Zalisxmeva

anazRaurebuli iqnas. iSviaTia produqtis normirebis iseTi sistema, romelic ar iZleva anazRau-

rebis saSualebas, maTTvis, visi gadawyvetilebiTac iqmneba es produqti. modiT, miwodebis gan-

xilva momavlisTvis gadavdiT da am TavSi moTxovnis koncefcia ganvixiloT. moTxovnis Tval-

sazrisiT, normirebis is sistema, romelic iSviaT produqts anawilebs maT Soris, vinc mzadaa

meti gadaixados, am ukanasknelT mniSvnelovan upiratesobas aniWebs. ZiriTadad es ubiZgebs

adamianebs Tavisuflebisa da Zalauflebis gazrdisken. ganvixiloT benzinis magaliTi.

arsebobs benzinis ekonomiis mravali gza. fexiT siaruli, avtobusiT mgzavroba, velosipedis

gamoyeneba, saavtomobilo pulSi gaerTianeba, samsaxurTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasvla, tra-

saze siCqaris Semcireba, Zravis regulireba, alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba (maga-

liTad wylis Txilamurebi an manqanis gataceba) mogzaurobis ufro racionaluri dagegmva da

dasasveneblad saxlTan axlos gamgzavreba, mogzaurobis SezRudva, ufro mcire simZlavrisa da

gabaritebis manqanis SeZena. ekonomiis TiToeuli am saxeobis danaxarji, SesaZloa Zalian gaizar-

dos. is, visTvisac xelmisawvdomia avtobusiT mgzavroba, SesaZloa, naklebs kargavs, vidre isini,

visac guli ereva avtobusiT mgzavrobisas. is, vinc gegmavs didis nacvlad patara manqanis yidvas,

SesaZloa waawydes uxerxulobas, Tuki didi ojaxis patronia an Tu suraTebis gadatana uxdeba.

ar arsebobs iseTi formula, romelic yvelasaTvis iqneba gamosadegi da romelic yvelas miscems

ekonomiis saSualebas. Tuki migvaCnia, rom mniSvnelovania, adamianebma dazogon benzini da ama-

sTan, ekonomia ufro Zviri ar daujdeT, saWiroa ganvixiloT benzinis fasis zrda.

rodesac produqtis fasi izrdeba, mis momxmareblebs ar sWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom ekono-

mia gaswion. es maT pirad interesebSia. aseve ar sWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom pirvel rigSi Seam-

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ciron araekonomiuri produqciis gamoyeneba. isini unda daakvirdnen im saSualebebs, rac namd-

vili ekonomiis SesaZleblobas miscems. umetes SemTxvevaSi isini ar dazaraldebian da, vinaidan

maT ukeT ician sakuTari garemoebebi, ukeTes poziciaSi aRmoCndebian da airCeven ekonomiis sau-

keTeso alternatiul gzas.

dro Cvenze muSaobs

Tu Tqven eWviani adamiani xarT, SesaZloa daeWvdeT, arian ki adamianebi namdvilad ase moqnil-

ni da momzadebulni fasebis cvlilebebTan SeguebisaTvis, rogorc amas es magaliTebi warmog-

vidgens? es safuZvliani eWvia. fasebis cvlilebisas, moTxovnis raodenobis cvlileba miT ufro

meti iqneba, rac met xans grZeldeba Segueba.

scadeT da azrobrivi eqsperimentis safuZvelze Tavad darwmundiT amaSi. davuSvaT, erTi ga-

loni wylis fasi 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi naxevari centi iyo da erT RameSi misma fasma erT centamde

aiwia. wylis romeli Semcvlelebi SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli umalve? romel Semcvlelebs

SeiZleba moelodeT erTi an ori Tvis Semdeg? romel Semcvlelebze SeiZleba laparaki momavali

10 wlis ganmavlobaSi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SenarCunebuli iqneba fasebis maRali done?

ramdenad gaizarda 1970-ian wlebSi navTobmompovebeli qveynebis krizisis dros benzinis fasi,

vidre amerikelebma ar Seamcires misi moxmareba? ar iCqaroT pasuxis gacema, sanam ar gaiTvalis-

winebT, rom fasi ise ar gazrdila, rogorc amas gazeTebi iuwyebodnen. mniSvneloba aqvs fardo-

biT fass da benzinis fasis zrdis mniSvnelovani nawili ubralod inflaciiT gamowveuli fula-

di fasis zrdaa. benzinze fasebi inflaciis tempTan erTad rom izrdebodes, 1972 wels 38 centi

erT galonSi dauyovnebliv 1,25 dolarad gadaiqceoda. miuxedavad amisa, es kargi kiTxvaa: ram-

denad unda gaizardos fardobiTi fasebi, raTa benzinis moxmareba 10 an 25 procentiT an 50 pro-

centiT Semcirdes? cxadia, rom pasuxi damokidebulia Seguebis vadebze. Tuki benzinis fasi sak-

maod gaizarda, adamianebi SeiZenen im manqanebs, romlebic nakleb sawvavs moixmaren, sacxovreblad

samsaxurTan axlos gadavlen, Seqmnian saavtomobilo pulebs. magram yovelive amas uecrad ver

SeZleben. sakmao dro dasWirdeba imas, rom inJinrebma Seqmnan iseTi manqanebi, romlebic nakleb

sawvavs moixmaren da imasac, rom aviaxazebma da avtobusebma gazardon momsaxureba, raTa SesTa-

vazon avtomobilistebs benzinis ukeTesi Semcvlelebi.

mogvaqvs ra magaliTebi mosaxleobis gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSire biT, SesaZloa, ramdenad-

me davCrdiloT is mniSvnelovani faqti, rom momxmareblebi, saojaxo meurneobebTan erTad,

mwarmoeblebsac moicaven. saqmiani firmebi aseve gamoiyeneben wyals da benzins da zogjer iseTi

didi raodenobiTac, rom metad mgrZnobiareni xdebian fasebis cvlilebis mimarT. ugulebe-

lyofT ra mwarmoeblebis rols, Tqven mxedvelobidan gamogrCebaT zogierTi metad mniSvne-

lovani mizezi, romlebic am produqtze moTxovnis mruds qvemoT daswevs, magaliTad, wylis Sem-

TxvevaSi. gadawyvetileba sawarmos ganlagebis Taobaze xSirad wylis fasidan gamomdinareobs,

Semdeg ki es gadawyvetileba moqmedebs wylis im raodenobaze, romelsac sxvadasxva geografiul

raionebSi SeiZenen.

momxmarebels sWirdeba garkveuli dro, raTa ipovos Semcvlelebi da daiwyos maTi gamoyeneba.

mwarmoeblebsac sWirdebaT garkveuli dro, raTa moigonon Semcvlelebi, awarmoon isini da yur-

adReba miiqcion. amis Sedegad Sesyidvebis zrdis an Semcirebis masStabebi uSualod aris damoki-

debuli fasebis cvlilebisadmi Seguebis xangrZlivobaze. zogjer fasebis metad mniSvnelovan

zrdas (an Semcirebas) Tavidanve ar mivyavarT moxmarebis mniSvnelovan Semcirebamde (an zrdam-

de). zogjer amis gamo akeTeben daskvnas, rom fasi ar moqmedebs moxmarebaze. es metad mcdari

Sexedulebaa. am qveyanaze araferi xdeba myisierad, adamianebi TavianTi Cvevebis monebi arian: maT

sWirdebaT dro, raTa daamtkicon, rom nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvleli.

moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba

uxerxulia vilaparakoT `im raodenobis Sesaxeb, romliTac adamianebi gazrdian an Seamcire-

ben TavianT Sesyidvebs, fasebis cvlilebisas~. miuxedavad amisa, es metad mniSvnelovani damoki-

debulebaa, mravali sasargeblo ganStoebiT, amitom ekonomistebma misTvis specialuri mokle

termini moigones. am cnebas moTxovnis fasobriv elastiurobas uwodeben. es dasaxeleba sakmaod

kargadaa morgebuli am cnebaze. elastiuroba niSnavs reaqciis intensiurobas. Tu fasis umniSv-

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nelo cvlileba Zlier cvlis Sesyidvebis moculobas, maSin amboben, rom moTxovna elastiuria.

Tu fasebis Zalian didi cvlileba mxolod umniSvnelod cvlis Sesyidvebis moculobas, maSin am-

boben, rom moTxovna araelastiuria.

moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiuroba ganisazRvreba, rogorc moTxovnis raodenobis procen-

tuli cvlilebis fardoba fasebis procentul cvlilebaze. magaliTad, Tu kvercxze fasebis 10

procentian zrdas mohyveba gayiduli kvercxebis raodenobis 5 procentiani Semcireba, maSin

moTxovnis elastiuroba udris 5 procenti gayofili 10 procentze, anu 0,5. Tu ufro zusti viq-

nebiT, is minus 0,5 udris, vinaidan fasi da gayidvebis moculoba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT

icvleba. magram simartivisTvis yuradRebas ar vaqcevT niSans da elastiurobis yvela koefici-

ents ise moveqceviT, TiTqos isini dadebiTi sidideebia.

moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba=raodenoba % cvlileba / fasis %

cvlilebaze

rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti 1,0-ze metia (niSans yurad Rebas nu mivaqcevT) anu, ro-

desac Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cvlileba metia, vidre fasis procentuli cvlile-

ba, amboben, rom moTxovna elastiuria. rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti 1,0-ze naklebia, anu

Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cvileba naklebia fasebis procentul cvlilebaze, ambo-

ben, rom moTxovna araelastiuria. gansakuTrebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelebs, maT, visac gauCn-

debaT kiTxva, Tu ras amboben im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sesyidvebis moculobis procentuli cv-

lileba zustad udris fasis procentul cvlilebas, anu moTxovnis elastiurobis koeficienti

udris 1-s, gTavazobT informacias: am SemTxvevaSi laparakoben erTeulovan elastiurobaze.

imisaTvis, rom mieCvioT SemoRebuli cnebis gamoyenebas, dafiqrdiT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi moT-

xovnis elastiurobisa Tu araelastiurobis Sesaxeb. yvela es SemTxveva momaval TavebSi iqneba

ganxiluli.

`rac unda davukloT fass, Cvengan bevrad mets ar iyidian~.

ès konkurentuli biznesia. fasebis mxolod 2 procentiT momatebis SemTxvevaSic ki Cveni

myidvelebis naxevars davkargavT~.

`moTxovna marilze~.

`moTxovna mortonis marilze~.

`moTxovna mortonis marilze kregeris maRaziaSi mexuTe da mTavari quCebis gadakveTaze~.

swavlis qiris 20 procentiT Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi universitetSi erToblivi fuladi Se-

natanebi gaizrdeba.

ùcnauria, magram asea: xorblis momyvani fermerebi mets miiRebdnen, Tuki Tavs erTad

moiyrian da wliuri mosavlis meoTxeds dawvaven~.

fiqrebi elastiurobaze

`rac ar unda davakloT fasi, Cvengan bevrad mets ar iyidian~. Tu biznesmeni ar aris darwmune-

buli imaSi, rom fasis metad mniSvnelovani Semcirebac ki xels Seuwyobs gayidvebs, es niSnavs,

rom mis produqciaze moTxovna ukiduresad araelastiuria. cxadia, rom aseT situaciaSi is ar

moisurvebs fasis Semcirebas, vinaidan ufro mets dakargavs daklebuli fasis gamo, vidre moi-

gebs gayidvebis raodenobis gazrdidan. magram Tu adamianebi maincdamainc ar reagireben fasebis

klebaze, SeamCneven ki isini fasebis matebas? Tu ara, maSin biznesmeni, romelic eswrafvis Semosa-

vlebis zrdas, moisurvebs sakuTar produqciaze fasis gazrdas. Cveulebriv, biznesmenebi sayve-

durs gamoTqvamen metad dabali fasebis gamo, magram ratom ar umateben maSin fass? pasuxi isaa,

rom am SemTxvevaSi isini bevr myidvels dakargaven. swored moTxovnis elastiuroba gansazRvra-

vs, SeuZlia Tu ara biznesmens gazardos Tavisi Semosavali, produqciaze fasis zrdis meSveobiT.

ès konkurentuli biznesia, amitom fasis mxolod 2 procentiT gazrdis SemTxvevaSic ki davkar-

gavT myidvelebis naxevars~. fasebis adminstratori, romelic am gancxadebas akeTebs, sinamdvi-

leSi amtkicebs, rom saqme aqvs maRalelastiur moTxovnasTan: fasis 2 procentian zrdas mohyve-

ba moTxovnis raodenobis 50 procentiani Semcireba.

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araelastiuri moTxovna

elastiurobis koeficienti 25-s udris. moTxovna marTlac metad elastiuria. es SeiZleba sxvanaira-

dac gamovxatoT, vityviT ra, rom myidvelebi metad mgrZnobiareni arian fasis nebismieri cvlilebis mi-

marT. amitom, rogorc ar unda surdes mas produqciaze fasis momateba, mas es Zalian gauWirdeba.

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elastiuri moTxovna

`moTxovna marilze~. ra aqcevs moTxovnis mrudebs elastiurad an araelastiurad? erT-erT

mniSvnelovan faqtors, cxadia warmoadgens kargi Semcvlelebis arseboba. meore faqtori aris

is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia myidvelis biujetSi produqts. Tu raime saqonelze

xarjebi maRalia myidvelis SemosavalTan an simdidresTan SedarebiT, maSin is ufro mgrZnobiare

iqneba fasebis nebismieri cvlilebis mimarT.

gamoviyenoT es principi sufris marilTan mimarTebaSi. erTi girvanqa marili momxmarebels

didxans yofnis da erTi uncia ramdenime centi Rirs. vis aRelvebs es? maRaziis momxmareblebi

sakmaod gulgrilad Sexvdebian fasis nebismier cvlilebas. ufro metic, marils cota Semcvle-

li gaaCnia. saeWvoa, rom moxarSul kvercxs Saqari moayaroT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, marilze fasi

sagrZnobad rom gaizardos. zustad aseve, Tqven ar SeamcirebT wiwakis moxmarebas da orjer ar

gazrdiT marilis moxmarebas, am ukanasknelze fasis orjer Semcirebis SemTxvevaSic ki.

`xalxebis simdidreSi~ adam smiti aRniSnavda, rom `marili warmoadgens metad Zvel da Zalian ga-

vrcelebul dasabegr obieqts. nebismieri individis mier marilis wliuri moxmareba imdenad mcirea

da misi Sesyidva imdenad mudmivia, rom veravin igrZnobs masze Zalian didi begaris dadebas~. ufro

metic, adam smitis terminologiiT, marili warmoadgens pirveladi aucileblobis produqts. Cven

SesaZloa, ar daveTanxmoT smits terminologiur sakiTxSi da misi Sexeduleba ufro zustad gamov-

xatoT: marils cota Semcvleli gaaCnia. amis Sedegad moTxovna metad araelastiuria da zogierT

mTavrobas uCndeba survili, rac SeiZleba didi gadasaxadi daados marils.

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araelastiuri moTxovna

marilze

magram ar SeiZleba marilze moTxovnis araelastiurobac ki gavazviadoT. civi regionebis mkvi-

drni sufris marils ayrian moyinul gzebs da kibeebs, imisaTvis, rom yinuli daadnon. marili aTjer

Zviri rom iyos, maSin isini amas ar gaakeTebdnen da yinulis asaRebad niCabs gamoiyenebdnen.

`moTxovna mortonis marilze~. ratom ar iqneba moTxovna mortonis marilze iseve araelastiuri,

rogorc Cveulebrivze? imitom, rom arsebobs misi Semcvleli sxva produqtebi. kompania `mortonis

marili~ ar imyofeba iseTive privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi, rogorc Zveli mTavrobebi, romlebsac

SeeZloT aewiaT fasi mTel marilze. Tu mortonis kompaniis marketingis ganyofilebis romelime Ta-

namSromeli SemTxveviT waikiTxavs adam smits da, misi rCevebiT aRfrTovanebuli, gaaormagebs marilis

fass, maSin maRaziebi, romlebic mortonis marils yidulobdnen, mas sxva mwarmoeblebisgan SeiZenen.

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elastiuri moTxovna

marilze erT maRaziaSi

`moTxovna mortonis marilze kregeris maRaziaSi, mexuTe da mTavari quCebis gadakveTaze~. Tu mor-

tonis marils meti kargi Semcvleli gaaCnia, vidre marils saerTod, ufro meti Semcvleli gamouCnde-

ba mortonis marils axlomdebare kregeris maRaziaSi. Cven gadavediT erTsa da imave raodenobisTvis

nakleb araelastiuri moTxovnidan maRalelas ti ur moTxovnaze. swored amitom ar aRmoCndebiT Tqven

TaRliTobis msxverpli marilis yidvisas. Tqven SeiZleba gadagexadaT 5 dolari erT girvanqaSi, Tu

ufro dabal fasad marilis yidva SeuZlebeli iqneboda, magram, sabednierod, Tqven gagaCniaT arCeva-

nis mravali SesaZlebloba. is gamyidvelebi, romlebic Seecdebodnen marilze saerTo moTxovniT esar-

geblaT, dakargavdnen myidvelebs. maT mier gayidul marilze moTxovna metad elastiuria.

adamianebs xSirad mcdarad miaCniaT, rom maT, vinc `sasicocxlod aucilebel saqonels~ yidis,

SeuZliaT nebismieri fasis dadeba. Cven ukve miveCvieT undoblobiT SevxedoT termins `sasico-

cxlod aucilebeli saqoneli~ da axla kvlav vxedavT, rom am undoblobas garkveuli safuZveli

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gaaCnia. sakvebi, ise rogorc arcerTi sxva produqti, imsaxurebs imas, rom mas ewodos `sasico-

cxlod aucilebeli saqoneli~, magram saqme isaa, rom aravin yidulobs ubralod sakvebs. momxmare-

blebi yiduloben ara erT girvanqa sakvebs, aramed erT girvanqa hamburgers, SaSxs an RviZls. mrava-

li gamyidveli yidis sakvebis uamrav saxesxvaobas. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sxvadasxva sakveb

produqtebs gaaCniaT SesaniSnavi Semcvlelebi da amitom maTi moTxovnis mrudebi metad elastiu-

ria. mgvarad, gamyidvelebi ZiriTadad Zalian SezRudulebi arian fasebis dadgenis dros.

elastiuroba da erToblivi Semosavlebi

`swavlis qiris 20 procentiT Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, universitetSi erToblivi fuladi Sena-

tanebi sinamdvileSi gaizrdeba~. universitetis erToblivi fuladi Senatanebi warmoadgens swa-

vlebis gadasaxadis da Cawerili studentebis raodenobis namravls. Tu swavlis qiris 20%-iani

Semcireba gazrdis fulad Senatanebs, es imas niSnavs, rom Cawerili studentebis raodenoba 20%-

ze metad gaizarda. moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba metia fasis procentul cvlile-

baze, ase rom moTxovna elastiuria.

amgvarad warmoiqmneba elastiurobis Sefasebis advili xerxi. ar dagaviwydeT, rom Sesyidvebis

moculoba da fasi yovelTvis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT imoZraveben. Tu fasis cvlilebas

erToblivi Semosavlis sawinaaRmdego cvlileba mosdevs, moTxovna namdvilad elastiuria. Se-

syidvebis moculoba, procentuli TvalsazrisiT, meti unda iyos, vidre fasis cvlileba, vinaidan

erToblivi Semosavali aris fasis namravli raodenobaze. swored es aris moTxovnis elastiurobis

gansazRvra. Tu fasis cvlileba iwvevs erToblivi Semosavlis imave mimarTulebiT cvlilebas, ma-

Sin moTxovna araelastiuria. Sesyidvebis raodenobis cvlileba sakmarisad didi ar aRmoCnda imi-

saTvis rom, gadaewona fasis cvlileba. swored es aCvenebs, rom moTxovna araelastiuria.

nu aCqardebiT im daskvnis gasakeTeblad, rom elastiuri moTxovnisas, universitetis finan-

suri mdgomareoba swavlis qiris Semcirebis Semdeg aucileblad gaumjobesdeba. marTlac, ro-

desac moTxovna elastiuria, gadasaxadis dakleba gazrdis Senatanebs, magram studentebis ufro

meti raodenoba moiTxovs met xarjebs. aseT situaciaSi universitetma unda gadawyvitos, aRmoC-

ndeba Tu ara Senatanebis nazrdi meti, vidre erToblivi xarjebis nazrdi (fasobrivi strategiis

problemebi me-9 Tavamde unda gadavdoT).

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moTxovna elastiuria

C-sa da E-s Soris,

radgan SOBCG<SOAEF

E

CB

A

OG F

`ucnauria, magram xorblis momyvani fermerebi mets miiRebdnen, Tuki Tavs erTad moiyridnen da

wliuri mosavlis meoTxeds dawvavdnen~. aq isev gamogvadgeba wina magaliTis logika. naklebi xor-

blis gayidvisas fermerebi met fuls miiReben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fasis procentuli cvlileba

meti iqneba gayidvebis moculobis procentul cvlilebaze. moTxovna araelastiuri unda iyos.

erTaderTi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven SevcvaleT mizezobrivi kavSiris mimarTuleba.

45

Cven vvaraudobdiT, rom gamyidvelebi adgenen fass, xolo myidvelebi reagireben masze, magram

fassa da gayidvebs Soris damokidebulebaze msgavsi Sexeduleba yovelTvis misaRebi araa. zogierT

dargSi, kerZod ki soflis meurneobis mraval seqtorSi, ufro moxerxebulia sawinaaRmdego varau-

di - saqonlis moculoba bazarze gansazRvravs fass. momavalSi araerTxel visaubrebT amis Sesa-

xeb. amJamad mniSvnelovania yuradReba mivaqcioT mxolod imas, rom erToblivi gayidvebis cvli-

lebasa da fasis cvlilebas Soris urTierTkavSirs moTxovnis elastiuroba gansazRvravs.

P

Q

A

A-sa da B-s Soris

moTxovna aris araelastiuri

B

D

SesaZloa, fermerebs arasdros smeniaT elastiuri da araelastiuri moTxovnis Sesaxeb. ma-

gram rodesac isini mTavrobisagan moiTxoven warmoebis moculobaze kontrols, Zalian kargad

aqvT warmodgenili saqonlis fassa da raodenobas Soris kavSiri. molieris cnobili personaJis

b-n Jurdenis msgavsad, romelic 40 wlis manZilze proziT laparakobda ise, rom Tavadac ar ico-

da amis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia mSvenierad sargeblobde moTxovnis elastiurobiT da arc ki ico-

de am terminis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

moTxovna

fqvilze

P

Q

fasi, roca

1/4 mosavali damwvaria

sabazro fasi, roca

mTeli mosavali iyideba

miTi vertikaluri moTxovnis Sesaxeb

davubrundeT dasawyiss. ra ivaraudeboda moTxovnis elastiurobis Sesaxeb im eqvs mosazreba-

Si, romliTac es Tavi iwyeboda? ramdenadac gaxsovT, Cven yoveli magaliTisTvis gagvaCnda uar-

yofa, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvleli da rom fasebis cvli-

lebisas, sinamdvileSi adgili eqneba Canacvlebas, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moTxovnis

mrudebi ar aris absoluturad araelastiuri. absoluturad araelastiuri moTxovnis mrudi

vertikaluri xaziT iqneboda gamosaxuli. magram Tqven gonivrulad moiqceviT, Tu realur cxo-

vrebaSi ar daiwyebT aseTi moTxovnis mrudebis Zebnas.

46

P

Q

D

miTiuri produqti

axla moTxovnis kanoni ase SeiZleba iqnas gamosaxuli elastiurobis gagebidan gamomdinare:

ar arsebobs sruliad araelastiuri moTxovna, SesaZlo fasebis mTel diapazonSi. xarjebis mci-

re cvlilebisas, myidvelTa umravlesoba odnav mainc moaxdens reagirebas, xolo didi cvlile-

bisas, reagirebas yvela myidveli moaxdens. Tu Tqven es imdenad naTeli geCvenebaT, rom amaze

laparakic ki ar Rirs, sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT yoveldRiur gazeTebs, raTa sawinaaRmdego-

Si darwmundeT. es sruliadac ar aris yvelasaTvis cxadi. rogorc keTilganwyobili, aseve arake-

Tilganwyobili adamianebi mudmivad laparakoben ZiriTadi saWiroebebis, minimaluri moTxovni-

sa da absoluturi aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

Tumca moTxovnis mrudebi iSviaTad aris iseTi, rogoric zogierT orators hgonia, aqedan su-

lac ar gamomdinareobs is, rom moTxovna yovelTvis elastiuria. es ufro rTuli sakiTxia da

masze pasuxis gasacemad yvela SemTxveva saTiTaod unda iqnas ganxiluli, magram, rogorc Semd-

gomSi vnaxavT, yvelasTvis, visac surs gaerkves, ramdenad kargad funqcionirebs Cveni ekonomi-

kuri sistema, es sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania.

47

mokled gavimeoroT

produqtebis umravlesoba iSviaTobas warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT SesaZenad saWi-

roa sxva produqtebze uaris Tqma.

nebismier produqts gaaCnia Semcvlelebi. ekonomia aris iSviaTi produqtebis gacvlis pro-

cesi, damatebiTi xarjebisa da damatebiTi sargebelis fardobiTi Sedarebis saSualebiT.

`saWiroebis~ koncefcia ugulebelyofs imas, rasac xazs usvams moTxovnis koncefcia - miznis

miRwevis did mravalferovnebasa da aqedan gamomdinare, gacvlis mniSvnelobas.

`moTxovnis kanoni~ gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ewevian ekonomias - dabali fasebis SemTxvevaSi

isini mets SeiZenen, xolo maRali fasisas naklebs.

produqtze moTxovna gamosaxavs kavSirs im fassa, rac produqtSi unda iqnas gadaxdili da

produqciis im raodenobas Soris, romlis SeZenac surT adamianebs. moTxovna aris grafiki an

mrudi da igi ar unda agverios produqtis im raodenobaSi, razec moTxovna yalibdeba nebismieri

gansazRvruli fasis dros.

saWiroa iSviaTi produqtebis normireba, vidre yvelas ar eqneba SesaZlebloba iqonios imde-

ni, ramdenic surs.

iSviaTi produqtis normirebisTvis SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas mravali kriteriumi. fu-

ladi fasis mixedviT normireba aZlierebs individis Tavisuflebas da Zalisxmevas imiT, rom sa-

Sualebas aZlevs mas, awarmoos ekonomia individualuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.

is raodenoba, romliTac adamianebs surT, gazardon an Seamciron produqtebis Sesyidva, fa-

sebSi cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, aisaxeba moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiurobis koncefciaSi,

romelic warmoadgens produqtze moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlilebis fardobas misi fa-

sis procentul cvlilebasTan.

rodesac moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba ufro didia, vidre fasis procentuli

cvlileba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxovna elastiuria da fasebSi cvlileba iwvevs produqciaze

dolarebSi gamosaxuli xarjebis cvlilebas, romelic fasebis cvlilebis sawinaaRmdego mimar-

TulebiT moZraobs. rodesac moTxovnis raodenobis procentuli cvlileba naklebia fasis pro-

centul cvlilebaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxovna araelastiuria da fasis cvlileba iwvevs

produqtze dolarebSi asaxuli xarjebis cvlilebas, romelic imave mimarTulebiT moZraobs,

saiTkenac fasebis cvlileba.

moTxovnis fasobrivi elastiuroba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli Semcvlelebis arsebobaze.

rac ufro ukeTesi Semcvlelebi gaaCnia produqts, miT ufro didi iqneba masze moTxovnis ela-

stiuroba.


1. ra aqvT adamianebs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac saubroben `saWiroebebis~ Sesaxeb?

a) helafis institutis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, saSualo amerikul ojaxs normaluri

arsebobisaTvis kviraSi sWirdeba 387 dolari mas mere, rac gadasaxadebi gadaxdili

aqvs. kolejdamTavrebulebs kviraSi saSualod 462 dolari sWirdebaT, xolo skola-

damTavrebulebs ki 384. maSin rodesac demokratebi amtkicebdnen, rom sWirdebodaT

386 dolari, respublikelebi ambobdnen, rom 458 dolari maTTvis sakmarisi iyo. ro-

gor fiqrobT, kolejdamTavrebulebsa da respublikelebs marTlac meti moTxovna

gaaCniaT, vidre skoladamTavrebulebsa da demokratebs?

b) samamulo avtomobilebis usafrTxoebis Seswavlisas, romelic ramdenime wlis win

Crdilo-aRmosavleTis universitetis mier iqna Catarebuli, dadginda, rom gamoki-

Txul momxmarebelTa 16% gamoTqvams survils SeiZinos usafrTxoebis sahaero bali-

Sebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini 500 dolari eRireba. Tu fasi 100 dolari iqneba, aseTi

survili mxolod 5%-s gaaCnia. sahaero baliSebis `saWiroebis~ Sesaxeb ris maCvene-

bels warmoadgens es, im adamianebTan mimarTebaSi, vinc sahaero baliSebis moqmedebis

efeqtianobaSi darwmunebulia? sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvis am produqciis `saWiro-

ebis~ TvalsazrisiT, raze metyvelebs es gamokiTxva?

48

g) eTanxmebiT Tu ara gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, rom saSualo Semosavlis mqone amerikelebis

60 procents gaaCnia ìuridiuli saWiroebebi~, ras warmoadgens zogierTi ìuridiu-

li saWiroeba~, romelic adamianebs SeiZleba gaaCndeT mxolod maSin, Tu SeuZliaT ia-

fad daiqiravon iuristi?

d) qvemoT motanilia nawyveti ùorker uordis~ mowinave statiidan, romelic exeboda

autanel sicxes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SuadasavleTSi.

ratom ar unda iyos dakanonebuli haeris kondicireba? ratom unda iyos isini xelmisawvdomi

mxolod maTTvis, visac maTi SeZenis saSualeba aqvs? mxolod im sistemam, romelic adamiane-

bis Rirebulebas imis mixedviT gansazRvravs, Tu vis ramdeni fuli aqvs, SeiZleba gaaprote-

stos is ueWveli gadawyvetileba, rom, aseTi krizisuli kvireebis ganmavlobaSi, kondencio-

nerebi unda gaaCndes yvelas, visac is sWirdeba.

vis sWirdeba `haeris kondicireba~? vis ufro metad sWirdeba kondicionerebi, iseTi mdida-

ri qveynis warmomadgenlebs, rogoric aSS-ia, Tu ufro metad cxeli da naklebad mdidari

qveynebis mosaxleobas, rogoricaa bangladeSi da nigeria? `sWirdeboda~ vinmes haeris kon-

dincionerebi manam, sanam maT gamoigonebdnen?

2. Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi produqti warmoadgens aucilebel adamianur `saWi-

roebas~, gulisxmobs, rom am produqtebis xelmisawvdomoba unda iyos ufleba da ara privi-

legia, magram uflebis aRiareba moiTxovs movaleobebis aRiarebas. magaliTad Tqvens mier

xmis micemis ufleba movaleobas akisrebs arCevnebis organizatorebs mogcen saarCevno bara-

Ti da Semdeg daTvalon Tqveni xmebi. Tqveni ufleba, isargebloT sakuTari qolgiT, movale-

obas akisrebs danarCenT, ar aiRon is Tqveni nebarTvis gareSe.

a) amerikis eqimTa asociaciam oficialurad gamoacxada, rom `janmrTelobis dacva sa-

yovelTao uflebaa~. rogor fiqrobT, janmrTelobis dacvis ra xarisxs da raodeno-

bas gulisxmobda amerikis eqimTa asociacia? aqvs Tu ara RviZliT daavadebul yvela

adamians RviZlis gadanergvis ufleba?

b) Tu janmrTelobis dacva sayovelTao uflebaa, vis akisria movaleoba, miawodos is ne-

bismier msurvels? vin iRebs amJamad aseT pasuxismgeblobas Tavis Tavze? rogor unda

davarwmunoT Sesabamisi xalxi, rom pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze aiRon?

g) qvemoT motanilia samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan dakavSirebuli sami SemTxveva:

1) pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gamoyeneba 11%-iT daeca, rodesac dawesebuli

iqna 5 dolariani gadasaxadi; 2) universitetSi Catarebulma gamokvlevebma aCvena,

rom invalidobis damadasturebeli gancxadebebis raodenoba matulobs an klebu-

lobs umuSevrobis donis Sesabamisad; 3) rodesac SvedeTis samedicino dazRvevis si-

stemam gadasaxadebi avadmyofobis pirveli sami dRisTvis dReSi 100%-dan 75%-mde da

yoveli momavali dRisTvis 90%-mde Seamcira, avadmyofobis gamo gacdenili samuSao

dReebis raodenoba 20%-iT Semcirda.

dacvis `saWiroebis~ rogor maCvenebelze miuTiTebs yovelive es?

3. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis uflebaTa bilis pirveli aTi Sesworeba ar Sei-

cavs sacxovreblis uflebas. zogierTebi amtkiceben, rom sacxovreblis ufleba ufro mniSv-

nelovania, vidre sxva uflebebi (religiis, presis, sityvis, politikuri gaerTianebebis).

eTanxmebiT Tu ara mosazrebas, rom sacxovreblis ufleba Setanili iqnas uflebaTa bilSi.

daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

4. minesotas universitetis mkvlevarebma universitetSi daamontaJes gamyidveli avtomati da

50%-iT Seamcires im sakvebis fasi, romelic 3 gramze nakleb cxims Seicavda. sam kviraSi da-

balcximiani sakvebis gayidva 25%-dan 46%-mde gaizarda. SemdgomSi maT ori skolis kafeSi

gamoacxades 5%-iani fasdakleba salaTebze, stafilosa da xilze. sami kviris Semdeg salaTe-

bis Sesyidva ar gazrdila, magram stafilos gayidvebi qalaqgareTa skolebSi gaormagda, xi-

lisa ki qalaqis skolebSi gaoTxmagda. vinaidan sakvebis saerTo raodenoba ZiriTadad ar

Secvlila, skolis moswavleebs SesaZlebloba hqondaT nakleb jansaRi sakvebis nacvlad

ufro jansaRi sakvebi moexmaraT. rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara saganmanaTleblo kampania

efeqtiani gza imisaTvis, rom daarwmunos studentebi, raTa nakleb jansaRi sakvebis moxmare-

49

bidan ufro jansaRi sakvebis moxmarebaze gadavidnen?

5. zogierTebi amtkiceben, rom `ar aris marTali, rodesac amboben, rom arsebobs nebismieri

produqtis Semcvleli. Tu Tqven erbokvercxi gindaT, gWirdebaT kvercxi. ar arsebobs kver-

cxis Semcvleli erbokvercxisTvis~ ra azris xarT amis Sesaxeb?

6. `eleqtroba TavisTavad ar moitans energias, Tu ara mTavrobis Zalisxmeva, fasebi da ideo-

logia. es aris Tqvens mier arCeuli energiis forma~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am gamonaTqvams? aris

Tu ara eleqtroba fasisgan damoukideblad arCeuli energiis forma? zogierT qalaqSi di-

zelis sawvavze moqmed avtobusebs iyeneben maSin, rodesac sxvagan eleqtroavtobusebi ga-

moiyeneba. ratom aTbobs zogierTi sakuTar saxls gaziT an sawvaviT maSin, rodesac sxvebi

amisTvis eleqtrobas iyeneben?

7. gazeTis redaqtorisadmi miweril werilSi moqalaqe sTavazobs SemoiRon kanoniT dadgenili

akrZalva benzinis araaucilebeli mizniT gamoyenebisTvis, magaliTad, fostis miwodeba so-

flebSi kviraSi eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi. movaxerxebT ki benzinis araaucilebeli miznebisT-

vis gamoyenebis Semcirebas, Tu soflis fostalionebi SabaTobiT ar imuSaveben? Tu samSa-

baTsa da xuTSabaTsac dasvenebis dReebi eqnebaT?

8. 1970-iani wlebis bolos kongresma miiRo sawvavis erTiani normirebis efeqtianobis kanoni,

romelic avalebda avtomobilebis mwarmoeblebs gaezardaT maT mier gayiduli manqanebis

mier erTi galoni benziniT gavlili manZili. saSualo avtomobilis mier unda daxarjuliyo

erTi galoni 27,5 milis gavlaze, xolo mcire sabargo manqanebis mier _ 20,7. rodesac kanoni

miiRes, aRricxuli iqna 20%-ze naklebi mcire sabargo manqanebis ricxvi. pikapebi, sportuli

manqanebi da minivanebi, romlebic msubuqi sabargo manqanebis klasifikacias miekuTvneba, Se-

adgenda samgzavro avtomanqanebis naxevars. miuxedavad amisa, sawvavis ekonomia saSualod

erT galonze daaxloebiT 28 mils Seadgenda. erTi galoni benzinis mTliani ekonomia samgza-

vro manqanebze 10 procentamde daeca ukanasknel aTwleulSi. sawvavis dazogvis ra maCvene-

belze metyvelebs yovelive es?

9. dagegmvis amerikuli asociaciis monacemebis mixedviT, oTxi sulisagan Semdgari ojaxi yo-

veldRiurad saSualod 345 galon wyals moixmars. es raodenoba dayofilia Semdegnairad:

235 galoni Sida moxmarebisTvis, xolo 110 _ gare moxmarebisTvis. Sida moxmarebis saerTo

moculobiadan 95 galoni yoveldRiurad gamoiyeneba tualetSi. sasmelad da saWmlis gake-

Tebaze dReSi 9 an 10 galoni ixarjeba. wylis gadasaxadi yvelgan sxvadasxvagvaria, magram

iSviaTad aris 0,1 centze maRali erT galonSi. rogor fiqrobT, mniSvnelovnad dazaralde-

bian Tu ara Raribebi wylis fasis orjer an oTxjer momatebis SemTxvevaSi?

10. xorcze, avtomobilebsa da televizorebze gazrdili fasebi am produqtebze moTxovnis Sem-

cirebamde migviyvans. moifiqreT raime konkretuli cvlilebebi (magaliTad, produqciis ge-

mosa, Semcvlelebis fasebsa an Semcvlelebis xarisxSi), rac SesaZloa aRniSnul produqteb-

ze moTxovnis gazrdis mizezi gaxdes ise, rom sinamdvileSi ufro maRali fasis SemTxvevaSi

maTze moTxovna gaizardos. ratom ar ewinaaRmdegeba es moTxovnis kanons?

11. `yavaze moTxovnis Semcirebisas, misi fasi klebulobs~. marTebulad gamoiyeneba Tu ara sit-

yva `moTxovna~ gazeTis am saTaurSi? rogor fiqrobT, fasis daklebisas, yavis moxmareba

mcirdeba Tu izrdeba?

12. SeafaseT Semdegi argumenti, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda 1993 wels kongresis mier miRebul

gadawyvetilebas, aekrZala samamulo warmoebis benzinze gadasaxadis zrda.

erT galonSi 4,3 centi gadasaxadis gauqmeba damatebiT stimuls miscems navTobkompaniebs, raTa ga-

zardon fasebi. Tuki saraketo gazis fasebi moTxovnisa da miwodebis faqtorebis Sedegia, rogorc

amas navTobis kompaniebi amtkiceben, 4,3 centiT Semcireba gamoiwvevs moTxovnis zrdas produqtze

mxolod moklevadiani miwodebisTvis. gazrdili moTxovna xels Seuwyobs benzinis fasis zrdas.

ra Secdomas uSvebs am argumentis avtori?

13. absoluturad samarTliania Tu ara mtkiceba, rom zogierTi produqtis fasis cvlileba iwvevs

masze moTxovnis raodenobis cvlilebas, magram ar iwvevs moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebas?

50

a) rogor imoqmeda 1970-ian wlebSi benzinis fasis mkveTrma zrdam im avtomobilebis

moTxovnis mrudze, romlebic benzins ekonomiurad xarjavdnen?

b) rogor imoqmeda aman ramdenime wlis Semdeg benzinze moTxovnis sawyis mrudze?

g) rogor imoqmeda 1970-ian wlebSi sawvavze fasis zrdam sacxovrebeli saxlebis

Tboizolaciis moTxovnaze? ranairad Secvala aman sabolood sawvavze moTxovna?

d) SegiZliaT Tu ara, moifiqroT analogiuri magaliTebi, rodesac erT produqtze fa-

sis cvlileba TandaTan iwvevs sxva produqtze moTxovnis cvlilebas?

e) Tu garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg produqtis fasi sawyis dones ubrundeba, xolo

moTxovnis sidide - ara, niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom SualedSi moTxovna Seicvala?

14. 3-2 naxazze gamosaxuli grafikebi gviCvenebs warmosaxviT qalaqSi avtobusebiT momsaxure-

baze (marcxniv) da sadgomebze (marjvniv) moTxovnas. Tu qalaqi avtobusiT mgzavrobis ga-

dasaxads 1-dan 2-mde zrdis, moTxovnis mrudi ar icvleba, magram moTxovnis raodenoba ecema.

ra mouva sadgomebze moTxovnas, Tu avtobusebis mZRolTa raodenoba Semcirdeba? ra gavle-

nas moaxdens es sadgomebis tarifebze? sadgomebze ufro maRali tarifebis SemTxvevaSi, moi-

survebs Tu ara meti adamiani avtobusebiT mgzavrobas? ra gavlenas moaxdens avtobusebze

gazrdili fasi avtobusiT momsaxurebis moTxovnaze?

moTxovna

avtosadgomze

biznescentrSi

bi

zn

es

ce

nt

rS

i a

vt

os

ad

go

mT

a

ma

Cv

en

eb

el

i

qalaqis biznes-centrSi

avtosadgomebis farTis

raodenoba

P2

moTxovna avtobusis

momsaxurebaze

P1mg

za

vr

ob

is

qi

ra

avtobusis mgzavrTa

raodenoba

15. Tu momxmareblebs maRal fasad yovelTvis naklebis Sesyidva surT, ratom unda akeTebdnen

zogierTi gamyidvelebi imis reklamirebas, rom maTi produqcia Zviria?

a) `meikerz markis~ viskis sareklamo lozungi gvamcnobs: `mas Zvirfasi gemo aqvs da is

marTlac Zviria~. gana sisulele araa, rom gamyidvelma reklama gauwios maRal fass?

gana adamianebi mets SeiZenen maRal fasad? xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba es moTxovnis kanons?

b) vaSingtonis popularuli restornis `Jan-luis~ oficianti acxadebs, rom `kargia,

rodesac Zviriani restornis saxeli gaqvs. adamianebma ician, rom SeuZliaT STabeW-

dileba moaxdinon stumrebze~ ras yiduloben adamianebi rodesac savaxSmod restoran

`Jan-lui~-Si midian?

g) robert cialdinis Tavis wignSi `gavlena~ mohyavs Semdegi magaliTi: arizonaSi sai-

uveliro maRaziis mepatronem turistuli sezonis pikis dros ver SeZlo dabal fasad

gaeyida maRali xarisxis firuzebisgan damzadebuli samkaulebi, amitom vidre is

saqmiani vizitiT sxva qalaqSi wavidoda, asistents daavala, fasi orjer Seemcirebina,

magram asistenti ver miuxvda da fasebi orjer gazarda. rodesac mepatrone dabrun-

da, mas yvela samkauli gayiduli daxvda. SegiZliaT axsnaT es ise, rom daskvna ar ewi-

naaRmdegebodes moTxovnis kanons?

16. molodinis cvlileba SesaZloa gaxdes moTxovnis cvlilebis mizezi. axseniT, rogor SeuZlia

aman marTos situacia, romlis drosac fasebis zrdas mohyveba im adamianTa raodenobis zrda,

51

visac Sesyidva surs.

17. ris gamoa moTxovnis mrudebi araelastiuri an elastiuri?

a) rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlenas iqoniebs kopirebis sxva manqanebis Seqmna, qseroqsis man-

qanebze moTxovnis elastiurobaze?

b) aspirinze moTxovna arsebuli fasis pirobebSi metad araelastiurad gamoiyureba. ra

daemarTeba moTxovnis elastiurobas, Tu aspirinis fasi yvelafer danarCenTan mi-

marTebaSi xuTjer gaizarda? Tu ormocdaaTjer gaizarda? ratom?

g) elastiuria Tu araelastiuri receptiT damzadebul wamlebze moTxovna? ratom?

eTanxmebiT Tu ara zogjer gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom receptiT damzadebul wam-

lebze fasis dadgena mwarmoeblis uflebas warmoadgens, vinaidan adamianebma unda

iyidon is, rasac eqimi gamouwers?

d) rogor moqmedebs uvicoba moTxovnis elastiurobaze?

e) ra gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia mecnierebis da teqnologiis ganviTarebas moTxovnis ela-

stiurobaze?

v) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom sazogadoebrivi transportis sistemam raime gziT gavlena moa-

xdinos moTxovnis elastiurobaze? rogor?

18. erT-erTi SefasebiT, sigaretze moTxovnis fasis elastiuroba 0,4 tolia. sigaretis fasis

10%-iani zrda iwvevs moTxovnili raodenobis 4%-ian Semcirebas

a) niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom sigaretze gadasaxadis zrda efeqtianad imoqmedebs Tamba-

qos wevis Semcirebaze?

b) niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tambaqoze gadasaxadis zrda efeqtiani saSualeba iqneba

mTavrobisTvis, raTa gazardos sakuTari Semosavali?

g) Tu mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs endomebaT mowevis Semcireba da amave dros sigaret-

ze dawesebuli gadasaxadebis aweviT Semosavlebis zrda, sigaretze ramdenad ela-

stiuri an araelastiuri moTxovna unda surdeT maT?

19. Seswavlam gviCvena, rom im StatebSi, sadac sigaretze ufro maRali gadasaxadebi aqvT,

arasrulwlovan mwevelTa naklebi procentia. magram Semdgomma gamokvlevebma, romlis dro-

sac gamoricxuli iqna CrdiloeT karolinis, kentukisa, da virjiniis Statebi, ver aCvena mni-

Svnelovani urTierTgavlena sigaretze gazrdil gadasaxadsa da arasrulwlovan mwevelTa

raodenobas Soris. SegiZliaT amis axsna? ratom ar iyo mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba arasrulw-

lovan mwevelTa da sigaretze maRal an dabal gadasaxads Soris maSin, rodesac Seswavlidan

gamoricxuli iqna CrdiloeT karolina, virjinia da kentuki?

20. zogierTebs miaCniaT, rom saWiroeba da fufuneba Semdegi gziT SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT: fufune-

ba aris produqcia, romlisTvisac moTxovna metad elastiuria, xolo saWiroeba aris produ-

qcia, romlisTvisac moTxovna metad araelastiuria. eTanxmebiT Tu ara im mosazrebas, rom mo-

Txovnis fardobiTi elastiuroba warmoadgens efeqtian kriteriums imisTvis, rom ganvasxvavoT

erTmaneTisagan fufuneba da saWiroeba? dafiqrdiT im specifikur produqciaze, romelic ume-

tesobisTvis fufuneba, zogierTisTvis ki saWiroebaa da Semdeg SeekiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: iqneba

Tu ara moTxovnis mrudebi, Cveulebriv, elastiuri an araelastiuri TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?

21. yinvebma braziliuri yavis mosavlis 75 procenti gaanadgura maSin, rodesac brazilia miawodebda

yavis msoflio eqsportis erT mesameds. mwvane (mouxalavi) yavis fasi Sesabamisad 400 procentiT

gaizarda. daaxloebiT rogori iyo yavaze moTxovnis elastiuroba? ratom iyo is aseTi dabali?

22. rodesac kaliforniaSi mosavlis aRebisas mosulma wvimebma gaanadgura salaTis mosavali,

erTi yuTis fasma (romelSic 24 Tavi salaTa eteoda) sarekordo maCvenebels, 18 dolars

miaRwia. ori Tvis Semdeg, rodesac axali mosavali movida, fasi 2,75 dolaramde daeca. aqedan

gamomdinare, ra SeiZleba iTqvas Taviani salaTis moTxovnis Sesaxeb? adamianebis Cvevebisa da

restornebis praqtikidan gamomdinare, fasTan mimarTebaSi ra xdis salaTze moTxovnas me-

tad araelastiurs?

23. Jurnal `ekonomistis~ 1998 wlis 18 aprilis statiaSi mcdari statistikuri monacemebis ga-

moqveynebis Semdeg, mexikos mTavrobam gadawyvita gaezarda saavtomobilo magistralis `via-

duqtos~ gamtarunarianoba da nacvlad oTxrrigiani moZraobisa, dawesebuli iqna eqvsrigia-

52

ni moZraoba, ramac 50%-iT gazarda gamtarunarianoba. magram mas Semdeg, rac fataluri

SemTxvevebis ricxvi gaizarda, mTavrobam isev oTxrigiani moZraoba daawesa, ramac gamtaru-

narianoba 33%-iT Seamcira. gamoiwvia Tu ara damatebiTi cvlilebebis Setanam gamtarunaria-

nobis 17%-iT zrda, rogorc amas mTavroba aRniSnavda (Tu gainteresebT ras moutanda es

ekonomikas, daubrundiT 24-e SekiTxvas)

24. fasebis mixedviT moTxovnis elastiuroba, SeiZleba gamovTvaloT, Tu moTxovnis sididis

procentul cvlilebas gavyofT fasis procentul cvlilebaze.

a) ras udris moTxovnis elastiurobis koeficienti qvemoT moyvanil TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?

bileTis

fasi

SeZenili

bileTebis

raodenoba

Wiqa yavis

fasi

SeZenili

Wiqa yavis

raodenoba

2 dolari 200 35 centi 600

1 dolari 400 70 centi 300

b) Tu bileTebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven 100% gayaviT 50%-ze, xolo yavis SemTxvevaSi _ 50%

gayaviT 100%-ze, maSin metad gansxvavebuli koeficientebi geqnebaT _ Sesabamisad: 2

da 0,5 fardobiTi cvlilebebisTvis, romlebic sinamdvileSi identuria. gansxvavebu-

li Sedegebi miiReba imis gamo, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi procentebis gamosaTvlel ba-

zad gamoiyeneba momatebuli raodenoba da naklebi fasi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _

naklebi fasi da momatebuli raodenoba. magram or wertils Soris elastiurobis koe-

ficienti erTnairi unda iyos imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli mimarTulebiT vzomavT cv-

lilebas. rogor gadavwyvitoT es problema?

g) rogori iqneba elastiurobis koeficienti TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqven pro-

centuli cvlilebebis gamosaTvlel bazad fasisa da raodenobis saSualo mniSvn-

elobebs iRebT?

d) orive SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlilebisas erToblivi xarjebi (fasi gamravlebuli ra-

odenobaze) ar icvleba. moTxovnis elastiurobis mimarT risi maCvenebeli SeiZleba

iyos es? Seesabameba Tu ara es Sedegi Tqvens mier g) kiTxvaze gacemul pasuxs? (unda

Seesabamebodes).

e) SeasworeT 23-e kiTxvaSi mexiko sitis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mTavrobis moxseneba

25. mTavrobis mier satelefono momsaxurebis regulirebis Sewyvetis zogierTi mowinaaRmdege

SiSobda, rom es gamoiwvevda fasebis zrdas Sida momsaxurebaze da aiZulebda zogierT momx-

marebels moexsnaT telefonebi.

a) Tu satelefono momsaxurebis xarjebi TveSi 20 dolaridan 28 dolaramde gaizarda,

telefonebis mflobelTa ra procentma unda Tqvas uari telefonebze, imisaTvis,

rom moTxovna elastiurad CaiTvalos?

b) Tqveni gamoTvlebiT, ra procenti moiqceva marTlac ase? elastiurobis rogori

koeficienti Seesabameba Tqvens gamoTvlebs?

26. 3-3 naxazi gviCvenebs marwyvze moTxovnis hipoTetur mruds.

a) erTi yuTi marwyvis rogori fasi iZleva erToblivi amonagebis maqsimums maTTvis, vi-

sac mohyavs marwyvi? (ajobebs CaxedoT am kiTxvis `d~ nawils, vidre daxarjoT didi

dro sxvadasxva fasis mosinjvisaTvis. Tu moTxovnis mrudi warmoadgens wrfes, maSin

gavavlebT ra mas, RerZebTan gadakveTamde, fass, romelic iZleva maqsimalur erTo-

bliv amonagebs, zustad SuaSi aRmovaCenT. Tu gesmiT ratom xdeba ase, Zalian kargi.

Tu ara - sulerTia, radgan aseT codnas mxolod akademiuri Rirebuleba gaaCnia).

b) Tu marwyvis fasi mosavliTa da moTxovniT ganisazRvreba, rogori mosavlis SemTx-

vevaSi iqneba fasi iseTi, rogorc “d” nawilSi?

g) rogori iqneba erToblivi amonagebi maTTvis, visac 30000 yuTi marwyvi mohyavs?

d) SegiZliaT Tu ara daamtkicoT, rom marwyvze moTxovna elastiuria erT yuTSi 24

53

dolari fasis SemTxvevaSi da araelastikuri ufro dabali fasis dros?

e) Tuki maT, visac marwyvi moyavs, SeuZliaT meti fuli miiRon 3000-ze naklebi yuTis

gayidvisas, maSin ratom gamoaqvT maT bazarze produqti aseTi didi raodenobiT? ra-

tom ar spoben isini mosavals, imis nacvlad, rom `moSalon bazari~.

0 10 20 30 40 marwyvis yuTebis raodenoba

(aTasebSi)

D$40

30

20

10 er

Ti

yu

Ti

ma

rw

yv

is

fa

si

nax.3.3. marwyvze moTxovnis mrudi

27. dafiqrdiT, SegiZliaT Tu ara axsnaT Semdegi mosazreba: `Tu xanZari mospobs Cveni tyeebis

naxevars, maSin darCenili xe-tyis Rirebuleba meti iqneba, vidre xanZramde arsebuli mTeli

xe-tyis Rirebuleba. es uazroba, TiTqosda mTeli naklebi Rirs, vidre naxevari, gviCvenebs,

rom sabazro ekonomika Rirebulebebs amaxinjebs.”

28. es aris SekiTxva maTTvis, visac gaukvirda, rom 3-1 naxazze fasi gamosaxulia vertikaluri

RerZis gaswvriv, rogorc ekonomikur mecnierebaSia miRebuli, da ara horizontaluri Rer-

Zis gaswvriv, romelzedac Cveulebriv damoukidebeli cvladi gadaizomeba. aris ki fasi

marTlac damoukidebeli cvladia da raodenoba - damokidebuli? Tu raodenoba damokide-

bulia fasze, maSin razea damokidebuli fasi? vin an ra gansazRvravs fasebs?

55

4alternatiuli Rirebuleba da

saqonlis miwodeba

Tqven ukve gaecaniT am Tavis centralur cnebas. da Tu es SeumCneveli darCa, mxolod imitom,

rom jerjerobiT mas namdvili saxeli ar vuwodeT. wina TavSi, vimsjeleT ra moTxovnis fassa da

sidides Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb, ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, rom im saqonlis raodenoba, romlis SeZenac

surs adamians, misTvis ganisazRvreba am saqonelze gaweuli danaxarjebiT, an im sazRauriT, risi

Sewirvac mis SesaZenad aris saWiro. swored es warmoadgens alternatiuli Rirebulebis, anu im cne-

bis gansazRvras, romelic aerTianebs moTxovnis kanonsa da miwodebis warmmarTvel principebs. am

TavSi Cven SevecdebiT dagarwmunoT, rom mosaxerxebelia vifiqroT danaxarjebze, rogorc alter-

natiuli SesaZleblobebis faseulobaze, romelic msxverplad unda iqnas gaRebuli.

danaxarjebi Sefasebebia

yvela dagveTanxmeba, rom moTxovna adamianTa orientirebas asaxavs, magram bevrs miaCnia, rom miwodeba

ekonomikis materialur mxares miekuTvneba da misi marTva xdeba iseTi obieqturi realobiT, rogoricaa

warmoebis xarjebi da ara adamianuri subieqturi faseulobebi an prioritetebi. aseTi Sexeduleba mcda-

ria. miwodeba da danaxarjebi aseve Sefasebebzea dafuZnebuli. imisaTvis, rom amaSi darwmundeT, orSabaT

saRamos SevixedoT studentTa saerTo sacxovrebelSi da yuri davugdoT Semdeg dialogs:

_ ̀ gamarjoba, jek, wamoxval axali filmis sanaxavad, romelSic uim endersi TamaSobs? dRes bolo

dRea~.

_ `Zalianac minda, magram ar SemiZlia. xval sakontrolo maqvs rusulSi da Tu sityvebi ar da-

vizepire orians miviReb~.

_ ̀ ara uSavs. xval Sesvenebaze amoweril sityvebs mogcem da erT saaTSi ise iswavli, rom oTxiani

garantirebuli geqneba~.

_ `kargi, magram maSin ajobebs, `redskinsis~ da `maiamis~ TamaSs vuyuro da es dro amgvarad

gamoviyeno~

_ `eqvssaaTian seansze wavideT da matCis dawyebasac miuswreb~.

_ `kargi, magram moica, jer davTvalo ramdeni fuli damrCa stipendiamde. rva dolariRaa xuT-

SabaTamde, saWmlis talonebi ki ukve gamiTavda~.

_ `ara uSavs, karaqiani buterbrodebi Wame. egona, marTla gindoda am filmis naxva~.

_ ̀ marTlac rom Zalian minda. kargi, Cemi kuWi xuTSabaTamde rogorme moiTmens. eqvss rom TxuT-

meti daakldeba, gavdivarT~.

namdvili danaxarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia nebismier qmedebasTan (kinoSi wasvlasTan,

jinsebis SeZenasTan, gazonis sakreWi manqanis SeqmnasTan, galifaqsSi gamgzavrebasTan, saqonlis

56

moSenebasTan, rkina-kaveulobis maRaziis mSeneblobasTan, sadazRvevo polisis miRebasTan) im

alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis fasia, romelzedac uari unda vTqvaT, raTa es qmedeba ganva-

xorcieloT. kinoSi wasvlis xarjebi jekma Tavidan inglisur enaSi sakontrolos kargad daweris

SesaZleblobis xelidan gaSvebad Seafasa. rodesac megobarma daanaxa, Tu rogor unda Seemcire-

bina es xarjebi, jekma momdevno SesaZlebloba - fexburTis yureba gaixsena, romelzedac uari

unda eTqva. rodesac misma megobarma am xarjebisgan Tavis acilebis SesaZleblobac daanaxa, maSin

jekma ukve fulad xarjebs mimarTa. magram fuladi xarjebi ar warmoadgens namdvil xarjebs. nam-

dvili xarjebi araa mxolod dolarebi da centebi, aramed es aris is alternatiuli SesaZleblo-

bebi, romlebzedac uari unda vTqvaT uari fulis xarjvisas da ara _ piriqiT. kinoSi daxarjuli

sami Tu oTxi dolari dakavSirebulia im sayvarel kerZebTan, romlebzedac jekma uari unda

Tqvas filmis gamo.

nebismieri moqmedebis fasi aris im gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebis Rirebuleba,

romlebzedac am qmedebebis ganxorcielebisas uaris Tqma mogvixda.

mewarmis danaxarjebi, rogorc alternativis Rirebuleba

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba miwodebis da moTxovnis Teo-

riebs Soris. erTica da meorec varaudobs, rom gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirovnebebs aqvT arCe-

vanis SesaZlebloba, arCevani ki gulisxmobs alternativebis arsebobas da dafuZnebulia al-

ternativebTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli sargeblobis Sedarebaze. ekonomikuri procesebis

logika erTnairia mewarmisa da momxmareblisTvis.

rodesac mewarmis danaxarjebze vmsjelobT, vsvamT kiTxvas, Tu ratom jdeba aTsiCqariani

velosipedis damzadeba ufro Zviri, vidre wiTeli xis sapikniko magidisa da viwyebT iqidan, rom

vixsenebT, Tu ra masalaa gamoyenebuli maT dasamzadeblad. Cven vfiqrobT masalasa da ned-

leulze, samuSao Zalis danaxarjebze, aucilebel manqana-danadgarebze, mere am resursebis

Rirebulebas Cven fulSi gamovxatavT da vvaraudobT, rom velosipedis an magidis damzadebis

danaxarjebi am fuladi Sefasebebis jamis tolia. aq Secdomas adgili ara aqvs, magram warmoi-

Sveba ori upasuxo kiTxva. ratom amjobineben velosipedebisa da magidebis mwarmoeblebi gamoi-

yenon zustad es resursebi mxolod aseTi kombinaciiT? da ratom aqvT mocemul resursebs swo-

red aseTi fuladi Sefaseba?

yvelafers SeiZleba gaaCndes Semcvleli, rogorc moxmarebis, ise warmoebis TvalsazrisiT.

teqnologia qmnis SesaZleblobebs da awesebs imis sazRvrebs, Tu risi gakeTeba SegviZlia, ma-

gram is ar awesebs erTaderT, calsaxa process nebismieri produqtis warmoebisTvis. niu deli-

Si gzebis gasaTxrelad mamakacebi iyeneben Toxs, xolo qalebs tvirTi Tavze dadgmuli kalaTe-

biT gadaaqvT. kontraqtorebi irCeven am teqnologias, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom es aris gzis

gaTxris da tvirTis gadatanis yvelaze iafi saSualeba. indoeTSi adamianis Sromas naklebi Ri-

rebuleba aqvs, vidre meqanikurs, vinaidan adamianis daqiraveba SesaZlebelia Zalian dabal fa-

sad.

ratom aris indoeTSi arakvalificiuri muSaxeli ase iafi? imitom, rom am qveyanaSi poten-

ciur muSaxels ara aqvs SesaZlebloba, Tavisi Sroma gamoiyenos imgvari saxiT, rasac SeuZlia

sxvebs mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba moutanos. alternatiuli Rirebulebis koncefcia amtki-

cebs, rom fulis raodenoba, romelic mewarmem nebismier, adamianur Tu fizikur, resursSi

unda gadaixados, damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ras moelis am resursis mflobeli sxvisgan da,

Tu ras moutans es resursi nebismier sxvas.

velosipedebis damamzadeblisTvis, xarjebi utoldeba Sesabamisi resursebis SesaZenad ga-

weul danaxarjebs. magram, vinaidan arsebobs maTi gamoyenebis sxva SesaZleblobebi, man resur-

sebSi `saukeTeso alternativis~ fasi unda gadaixados. amgvarad ararealizebuli alterna-

tiuli SesaZleblobebis fasi gadaiqceva velosipedis warmoebis xarjebad.

ganvixiloT sapikniko magidis magaliTi. misi warmoebis danaxarjebis nawils nedleulis Ri-

rebuleba warmoadgens. davuSvaT, rom gaizrdeba moTxovna axal sacxovrebel saxlebze da fir-

mebi daiwyeben gacilebiT meti raodenobis xis masalis SeZenas. amis Sedegad xis masalis fasi

57

gaizrdeba da, Sesabamisad, piknikis magidis damzadebis danaxarjebic meti iqneba. araferi

momxdara iseTi, rasac SeeZlo magidebis warmoebisTvis saWiro fizikuri resursebis gazrda

gamoewvia, magram danaxarjebi gaizarda. vinaidan sacxovrebeli saxlebi, romelTa mSeneblobi-

sTvis xis masala gamoiyeneba, axla ufro Zvirad fasobs, magidebis damamzadebelma unda gadai-

xados xis masalis ufro maRali alternatiuli Rirebuleba. rodesac 1992 wels samxreT flo-

ridaSi qariSxalma `endrium~ daangria saxlebi, Sewebebuli firficaris fasi mTeli aSS-is

teritoriaze swrafad gaizarda. firficars metad didi mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis, vinc qa-

riSxalma usaxlkarod datova, magram isinic, visac is sxva miznebisTvis sWirdeboda, iZulebu-

lebi gaxdnen axali da ufro maRali alternatiuli fasi gadaexadaT. ra Tqma unda, aman gamoi-

wvia is, rom yvela Seecada ekonomiurad gamoeyenebina xsenebuli masala.

kvalificiuri muSa met anazRaurebas miiRebs, vidre arakvalificiuri mxolod im mizezis

gamo, rom sxva adgilas mis kvalifikacias meti fasi eqneba. muSebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT yiraze

dadgnen, ustvinon da ise dauyenon velosipeds saburavebSi Cxirebi, saocari kvalifikacia

aqvT, magram fabrikis mepatrone ar gadauxdis maT met xelfass am kvalifikaciaSi, Tu isini Ta-

vianTi uCveulo talantis gamo romelime sxva adgilas ufro saWironi ar aRmoCndebian. es sav-

sebiT SesaZlebelia. magaliTad maTi niWi SesaZloa gamoadgeT cirkSi. Tu cirkSi maT ufro met

anazRaurebas SesTavazeben, vidre isini velosipedis awyobisas iRebdnen, maSin fabrikis mepa-

tronisTvis maTi alternatiuli Rirebuleba gaizrdeba da albaT fabrikis mepatrone maT war-

matebas usurvebs da daiqiravebs axal muSebs, romelTa alternatiuli Rirebuleba naklebi

iqneba.

ra daemarTa Svidi futi simaRlisa da SesaniSnavi koordinacis mqone adamianebis alterna-

tiul Rirebulebas, rodesac kalaTburTis erovnuli asociacia da kalaTburTis amerikuli

asociacia erT ligaSi gaerTianda? rodesac arsebobda ori liga, TiToeuli moTamaSis SeZenas

ori gundi cdilobda. Tanxa, romlis gadaxdac erT-erT maTgans uwevda, damokidebuli iyo ima-

ze, Tu ra Tanxis gadaxdas varaudobda am moTamaSisTvis meore liga. orive maTgani Tanaxma iyo

sakmaod soliduri Tanxa gaeRo mocemuli moTamaSisTvis, Tuki miaCndaT, rom am moTamaSis mo-

nawileoba did gavlenas moaxdenda gayiduli bileTebis raodenobaze, magram rodesac es ori

liga gaerTianda, konkretuli moTamaSis ayvanis ufleba erTi ligis prerogativad iqca da Svi-

di futi simaRlisa da SesaniSnavi koordinaciis mqone adamianis alternatiuli Rirebuleba

daeca. rodesac moTamaSeTa kavSirSma daicva moTamaSeebis uflebebi da neba darTo garkveul

viTarebaSi sxva gundebSi gadasuliyvnen, maRali kalaTburTelebis alternatiulma fasma isev

aiwia. amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom profesionaluri sakalaTburTo gundebis mflobelTa

TvalsazrisiT, erTi liga sjobs ors da rom isini cxared amtkiceben, rom gundis gamocvlis

ufleba, romelic moTamaSeebs miecaT, arRvevs balanss da, aqedan gamomdinare, auaresebs Tama-

Sis xarisxs.

modiT, ganvixiloT ufro zogadi SemTxveva. Tu msxvili firma, romelSic mravali adamiani

muSaobs, xsnis Tavis filials patara qalaqSi, maSin am qalaqSi maRaziis gamyidvelis, bankis mo-

laris, mdivnebisa da benzingasamarTi sadgurebis muSakebis daqiraveba ufro Zviri dajdeba.

ratom? imitom, rom maRaziebma, bankebma, dawesebulebebma da benzingasamarTma sadgurebma maT

mier daqiravebul adamianebs unda gadauxadon alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis safasuri, vi-

naidan maT SeiZleba ufro momgebiani SesaZleblobebi aRmoaCndeT axal firmaSi. davuSvaT,

axal firmas surs mxolod qalebis daqiraveba: maSin dasawyisSi gaizrdeba qalebis alterna-

tiuli Rirebuleba. qalebi miatoveben zogierT samuSao adgilas, Seuqmnian ra amiT damatebiT

alternatiul SesaZleblobebs mamakacebs da gazrdian maT alternatiul Rirebulebas.

alternatiuli Rirebulebis cnebis naTlad ilustrireba SesaZlebelia iseTi resursis ma-

galiTze, rogoricaa miwa. davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT saxlis asaSeneblad erTi akri (0,405 ha)

farTi miwis SeZena. ra Tanxis gadaxda mogiwevT? es damokidebuli iqneba miwis Rirebulebaze,

misi alternatiuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. miaCniaT Tu ara sxva adamianebs es miwa mSvenier

nakveTad saxlis asaSeneblad? aris Tu ara imis SesaZlebloba, rom perspeqtivaSi es miwa gamo-

yenebuli iqnas warmoebaSi an vaWrobaSi? miwis SesaZenad gaweuli xarjebi ganisazRvreba misi

gamoyenebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebiT, romelsac sxva adamianebi adgenen.

58

D1

D2

P miwis

miwodeba

moTxovna

miwaze

rogor moqmedebs moTxovna

miwis Sesyidvis fasze

alternatiuli Rirebulebis magaliTebi

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu rogor xsnis alternatiuli Rirebulebis koncefcia nacnob, magram

xSirad arasworad gagebul movlenebs, ganvixiloT cvalebadi xarjebis ramodenime magaliTi.

ratom gaizarda ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze Tmis SeWris Rirebuleba bevrad

ufro metad, vidre saSualod sxva momsaxurebis Rirebuleba? es imitom moxda, rom dalaqTan

Tmis SeWris msurvelebi mzad arian da surT gadauxadon mas fulis sakmarisi raodenoba, raTa

xeloba ar miatovos. ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi sadalaqoebis mwarmoebluroba rom ar

CamorCebodes damamuSavebel warmoebaSi Sromis nayofierebas, dalaqebi SesZlebdnen SeenarCu-

nebinaT TavianTi Semosavlebi. magram ucvleli mwarmoeblurobis SemTxvevaSi mxolod TiToeu-

li adamianidan aRebuli meti Tanxa akavebs dalaqebs Tavis adgilze. Cven TviTon avuwieT fasi

dalaqebis momsaxurebas, vinaidan Tmis gakreWa profesionalebTan gvsurs da amgvarad dalaqebi-

sTvis, romlebic im sferoSi moRvaweoben, sadac Sromis mwarmoebluroba arasdros ar maRldeba,

dawesda is fasi, romelic Seesabameba alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas.

Tu dalaqs SeuZlia saaTSi ori adamianis davarcxna, ra fasi unda dadgindes, raTa saaTSi 15

dolari miiRos? rogor unda moiqces is, Tuki mis momxmareblebs ar surT ase Zviris gadaxda?

ratomaa xSirad mdidar sacxovrebel raionebSi axalgazrda ZiZis povna ufro Zneli, vidre

Rarib ubnebSi? sasowarkveTilma mSoblebma, romlebic ver pouloben ZiZas, SesaZloa daiCivlon,

rom maT ubanSi zarmacebi cxovroben, magram es metad mkveTri gamonaTqvami iqneboda. nebismier

ojaxs SeuZlia, alternatiuli Rirebulebis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, daiqiravos ZiZa. es ki niSnavs,

rom maT ufro maRali anazRaureba SesTavazon, rac uars aTqmevinebs ZiZebs alternatiul Se-

saZleblobebze. Tu ubanSi ZiZebze moTxovna gazrdilia (vinaidan mdidrebi ufro xSirad atare-

ben dros saxlis gareT) da Tu adgilobriv mozardebs imdeni fuli aqvT, rom paemanze wasvlas an

dasvenebas metad afaseben, vidre bavSvis movliT aRebul Tanxas, maSin arc unda gvikvirdes daqi-

ravebuli ZiZebis maRali alternatiuli Rirebuleba.

ratom izrdeboda meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi ase swrafad kolejSi swavlebis fasi?

mniSvnelovan wilad es SeiZleba aixsnas swavlebaze xarjebis mkveTri gazrdiT: erTi mxriv, pedago-

gebis maRali anazRaurebiT da meores mxriv, pedagogiuri datvirTvebis SemcirebiT. ratom moxda

ase? dausviT es SekiTxva nacnob profesors da is mogiyvebaT, Tu ramdeni weli sWirdeba samecnie-

ro xarisxis mopovebas da rom SeuZlebelia samecniero moRvaweoba maSin, rodesac yoveldRiurad

Tormeti saaTi leqciebis wakiTxva giwevs. profesorTa gildiis nebismieri warmomadgeneli am mo-

sazrebas daeTanxmeba. magram ekonomikis arcerTi patiosani profesorisTvis damajereblad ar ga-

moiyureba is, Tu ratom iRebdnen profesorebi met Semosavlebs, roca naklebs muSaobdnen.

es profesorebze gazrdili moTxovniT aixsneba. federaluri mTavrobis mier omis veteranebze

59

gamoyofilma grantebma mkveTrad gazarda kolejebSi mimarTvebis raodenoba. Statebis kanonmde-

blebma didi Tanxebi gamoyves axali kolejebis mSeneblobasa da Zvelis gafarToebaze: eSinodaT ra

sabWoeTis mecnierebis upiratesobisa, federalurma mTavrobam uzarmazari Tanxebi gamoyo ganaT-

lebasa da mecnierul kvlevebze, riTac axali SesaZleblobebi Seuqmna mecnierebs. omis Semdgomi

periodis Sobadobis bumma, 60-ian wlebSi studenturi bumic gamoiwvia. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelda

azri, rom kolejis diplomis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda warmatebis miRweva. amave dros, gaizar-

da moTxovna maRalkvalificiur muSakebze samTavrobo da kerZo sawarmoebis mxridan, rac zrdida

ganaTlebis maRali donis mqone adamianebis SesaZleblobebs. yovelive aman sabolood migviyvana

profesorebze gazrdil moTxovnasTan. kolejis profesorebi xom Tavisi alternatiuli Rirebu-

lebiT iSviaTi resursia. imisTvis, rom gadaebirebinaT profesorebi, saWiro iyo maTi mozidva sa-

muSaos alternatiuli adgilebidan maRali xelfasisa da Semcirebuli datvirTvis SeTavazebiT

(kolejis nebismierma profesorma kargad icis, rom Semosavlis gazrda ufro advilia axali samu-

Sao adgilis monaxviT, vidre imiT, rom Zvel dekans sakuTar Rirsebebze esaubro. dekanebi ufro

didi interesiT usmenen im profesorebs, romlebsac alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT).

Tu Tqven am msjelobas mihyeviT, advilad SeZlebT 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi kolejis profeso-

rebis Semosavlebis Semcirebis winaswarmetyvelebas. inflacias SeuZlia damalos es Semcireba.

magram, dolaris msyidvelobiTi unaris cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiTac, Cven TvalnaTliv davina-

xavT, rom igive faqtorebi, romlebic 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi iwvevdnen profesorebis Semosavle-

bis zrdas, 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi maTi Semcirebis mizezebad iqcnen.

ratomaa, rom ekonomikuri vardnis periodSi mcirdeba im adamianebis ricxvi, vinc Tavs anebebs

universitetSi an kolejSi swavlas? mozardebisTvis Sromis bazarze koniunqturasTan erTad

icvleba swavlis gagrZelebis alternatiuli Rire bu le bac. samuSaos povnis SesaZleblobis kle-

ba amcirebs zogierTi axalgazrdisTvis universitetSi darCenis alternatiul Rirebulebas,

amitom maTi mxolod mcire nawili anebebs Tavs swavlas.

ratom mogzauroben Raribebi ufro xSirad avtobusiT, xolo mdidrebi TviTmfrinaviT? mar-

tivi pasuxi is iqneboda, rom avtobusi ufro iafia. magram is iafi ar aris. es metad Zviri satrasn-

porto saSualebaa im adamianebisTvis, visTvisac dros maRali alternatiuli Rirebuleba aqvs:

rogorc wesi drois alternatiuli Rirebuleba Raribebs bevrad dabali aqvT, vidre maT, visac

didi Semosavlebi aqvs.

mixvdiT Tu ara, ra aris mTavari idea? maSin, scadeT warmoidginoT kolejis ganaTlebasTan

dakavSirebuli xarjebi. Tu Tqven gamoTvlebSi CarTavT Rirebulebas, romelsac miiRebdiT ko-

lejSi rom ar geswavlaT, Tqven agiTvisebiaT alternatiuli Rirebulebis principi.

daskvniTi magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom qali TviTon marTavs patara xilbos tneulis maRazias. mas

miaCnia, rom saqmeebi kargad misdis, vinaidan ar aqvs xarjebi muSa Zalaze. marTalia Tu ara igi?

misi sakuTari Sromis xarjebi ar aris dakavSirebuli fulad xarjebTan, magram, ra Tqma unda isi-

ni xarjebs warmoadgenen da am xarjebis sidide SeiZleba gaizomos im alternatiuli SesaZle-

blobebis RirebulebiT, razedac is uars ambobs, rodesac Tavad asrulebs samuSaos.

danaxarjebi da qmedeba

ekonomikuri azrovneba ar scnobs obieqtur Rirebulebebs. es ewinaaRmdegeba saR azrs, rome-

lic gvkarnaxobs, rom sagnebs mainc gaaCniaT realuri Rirebuleba, romelic ufro fizikis kano-

nebiTaa gansazRvruli, vidre adamianis fsiqikis ucnaurobebiT. Znelia ebrZolo saR azrs, ma-

gram mainc unda vcadoT.

imisTvis rom saRma azrma ufro swrafad cnos Tavisi damarcxeba, axlave mivaqcioT yuradReba imas,

rom `sagnebs~ saerTod ar gaaCniaT araviTari Rirebuleba. ra Tqma unda, Cven vlaparakobT xarjebis

Rirebulebaze, romlebic miwodebasTanaa dakavSirebuli _ anu im xarjebze, romlebsac gavlena aqvT

adamianTa gadawyvetilebaze, momsaxurebis miwodebis uzrunvelyofaze. am gagebiT ̀ sagnebi~ ar SeiZle-

ba dakavSirebuli iyos danaxarjebTan. xarjebTan SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos mxolod qmedebebi. Tu

Tqven migaCniaT, rom sagnebi uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xarjebTan da mzada xarT es magaliTiT dagvi-

dasturoT, maSin aucileblad gulisxmobT raRac qmedebas, romelic am xarjebs moiTxovs.

magaliTad, ra Rirs beisbolis burTi? Tqven pasuxobT: aTi dolari. magram mxedvelobaSi iqo-

nieT, rom aTi dolari Seadgens axlomdebare sportul maRaziaSi burTis Sesyidvis danaxarjs.

60

vinaidan yidva warmoadgens qmedebas, masSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes alternatiul SesaZleblo-

bebze uaris Tqma, rac ganapirobebs xarjebs. magram yuradReba miaqcieT qmedebas, romelsac

Tqven malulad CaatarebT. Tu SecvliT qmedebas, maSin burTTan dakavSirebuli xarjebic Seicv-

leba. beisbolis burTis warmoebis xarjebi sul sxvaa. aseve sxva iqneba xarjebi mis gayidvaze.

rogoraa im danaxarjebis saqme, romlebic dakavSirebulia burTis daWerasTan, rodesac cdi-

lobT daiWiroT burTi da risks swevT sicocxlis bolomde damtvreuli cxviriT iaroT?

davubrundeT kolejis ganaTlebis magaliTs. ra Rirs igi? zusti pasuxi isaa, rom mas ar

SeiZleba gaaCndes Rirebuleba, Cven aq unda gavarCioT ganaTlebis miRebis danaxarjebi da misi

miwodebis xarjebi. rogorc ki es gansxvaveba dafiqsirdeba, aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces ki-

dev erT garemoebas, romelic yovelTvis igulisxmeboda, rodesac am da wina TavebSi laparaki

iyo Rirebulebaze. kerZod ki is, rom xarjebs yovelTvis viRac gaiRebs. ganaTlebis miRebis

xarjebis qveS igulisxmeba studentis mier gaRebuli xarjebi. magram xarjebis qveS SeiZleba igu-

lisxmebodes studentis mSoblebis mier gaRebuli xarjebi, rac erTi da igive araa. n, Tu erTi

studentis Caricxva gulisxmobs sxva studentisTvis uaris Tqmas, maSin es SeiZleba iyos jonis

(romelic ar Cairicxa) xarjebi, rac gamowveuli iyo marias CaricxviT. es xarjebi sxvadasxvaa.

ar arsebobs `obieqturi~ xarjebi. yvela xarji gamoxatavs viRacis

mier dakarguli SesaZleblobis Rirebulebas.

sagnebis `namdvili Rirebulebis~ Sesaxeb unayofo dava gamowveulia imiT, rom ver xdeba imis

gacnobiereba, rom xarjebi axasiaTebs mxolod qmedebebs da erTi da igive qmedebebs sxvadasxva

adamianisTvis sxvadasxva xarjebi moaqvs. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs samxedro gawvevis aRdgenis

Sesaxeb mimdinare diskusia warmoadgens. davuTmoT mas yuradReba.

danaxarjebi daqiravebul jarze

samxedro gawveva didi xania diskusiis sagans warmoadgens. TiTqmis yvelas miaCnia, rom Tavi-

sTavad is arasasurvelia, magram mravali amerikeli masSi xedavs erTaderT saSualebas, misaRebi

xarjebisas uzrunvelyos samxedroebis sakmarisi raodenoba.

SeiZleba marTlac arsebobs samxedro gawvevis sasargeblo argumentebi, magram maT ricxvs ar

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT xSirad gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos moxaliseTa5 jari

metad Zviri jdeba.

1 2 3 4 5

jariskacebis raodenoba

(milionebSi)

24

20

16

12

8

4

wl

iu

ri

xe

lf

as

i (

aT

as

ob

iT

do

la

rS

i)

nax. 4-1 jariskacebis miwodebis mrudi

5 zogierT konteqstSi, `moxalise~ niSnavs pirovnebas, romelic muSaobs anazRaurebis gareSe (mexanZreebi, hospital-

Si momsaxureebi). SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moxaliseebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac mimzidveli anazRaureba warmatebis gas-

aRebs warmoadgens, es ase ar aris

61

Tavdacvis saministro da yvela, vinc fiqrobs aRniSnul xarjebze, ar pasuxoben im kiTxvas, Tu

vis xarjebzea saubari _ samxedro momsaxureebis, gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis, kongresisa Tu

pentagonis? es xarjebi metad gansxvavebulia.

ra ujdeba axalgazrdas jariskacad gaxdoma? pasuxis povnis saukeTeso gzaa, SesTavazo mas

fuladi anazRaureba da gazardo im donemde, sanam ar daTanxmdeba. Tu joni wava amaze weliwadSi

5000 dolaris gulisTvis, keroli _ 8000 dolarisTvis, xolo filipi aranakleb 60000-sTvis, ma-

Sin es Rirebulebebi asaxaven alternatiul Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisad, jonis, kerolisa da fi-

lipisTvis. maTi gawvevis xarjebi samivesTvis 73000 dolars Seadgens, Tumca saxelmwifos Seu-

Zlia damalos es faqti da daakisros maT samxedro samsaxuri gacilebiT dabali xelfasiT.

alternatiuli Rirebuleba samuSaoze mowyobis ararealizebul alternatiul SesaZleblo-

bebze da RirebulebaTa didi raodenobis orientirebze (cxovrebis wesis arCeva, omisadmi damo-

kidebuleba, adamianuri simxdale, simamace da a.S.) aris damokidebuli. rodesac, samxedro mosam-

saxures saxelmwifo fulad kompensacias sTavazobs, zrdis ra ganakveTs im donemde, vidre

saWiro raodenobis moxaliseebs ar daiqiravebs, is garkveul wilad marTlac cdilobs Tavisi

programis xarjebis minimizacias, vinaidan qiraobs maT, visac yvelaze dabali alternatiuli Ri-

rebuleba aqvs, anu maT, vinc jonsa da kerols hgavs. samxedro gawvevis SemTxvevaSi am movlenas

SeiZleba adgili hqonoda mxolod garemoebaTa araCveulebrivi damTxvevis pirobebSi. Cveni

msjelobis arsi ufro advilad SeiZleba gavigoT 4-1 naxazis ganxilvisas.

aq warmodgenilia moxalise jariskacebis miwodebis mrudi. is ajamebs raodenobas an sidides,

romelic SesaZloa miwodebul iqnas sxvadasxva fasad. is mosazreba, rom adamianebi ar gaswiraven

sicocxles nebayoflobiT, im faqtiTaa uaryofili, rom isini amas akeTeben, amasTanave ara mxo-

lod samxedro moxaliseebi, aramed policielebi, mTamsvlelebi da sxvebi. rogoric ar unda iyos

mrudis zusti mdgomareoba da daxriloba, is aucileblad wava zemoT. zogierTi adamiani (vinc

mis xelT arsebul alternativebs mcired afasebs) wava samxedro samsaxurSi Zalian dabali xel-

fasis pirobebSi. magram miRebuli winapirobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vipovnoT sam milionamde mo-

xalise, romelic Tanaxma iqneba imsaxuros aranakleb wliuri 16000 dolariani anazRaurebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom jamSi yovelwliurad 48 mlrd. dolari unda iqnas gadaxdili.

vinaidan gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs ar uyvarT, rodesac mTavroba zrdis maT gadasaxadebs, kon-

gresi ar moindomebs aseTi uzarmazari asignebis gamoyofas. xolo Tavdacvis saministro ki me-

tad mgrZnobiared reagirebs imaze, Tu ra moswons da ra ara kongress. maT SeuZliaT arsebuli

xarjebi orjer Seamciron, SesTavazon mxolod 8000 dolari da samxedro samsaxuri savaldebu-

lo gaxadon. xarjebi am SemTxvevaSi mxolod 24 mlrd. iqneba. maS, gaumarjos dazogvas!

keTildReobis

gadanawileba

alternat

iuli Ri-

rebuleba

S

Q

P

ra vuyoT imaT xarjebs, vinc SeiaraRebul ZalebSi msaxurobs? Cveni varaudiT moxaliseTa ja-

ris xarjebi 30 mlrd. dolars Seadgens. es xarjebi nulidan sam milion adamianamde mrudqveSa

aris farTobis tolia, anu udris armiaSi mosamsaxureTa ararealizebul alternatiul SesaZle-

blobaTa jamur Rirebulebas. danarCeni 18 mlrd, romelsac saxelmwifo ixdis, warmoadgens sim-

didris gadanawilebas gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTagan im samxedro mosamsaxureebze, romlebic

62

jarSi wavidodnen ufro dabali xelfasis pirobebSic ki, magram miuxedavad amisa, ufro maRal

xelfass iReben, raTa moxdes sammilioniani qvotis SenarCuneba.

rogori iqneba samxedro mosamsaxureTa danaxarjebi aucilebeli samxedro samsaxuris gavlis

SemTxvevaSi? amis Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar SegviZlia, garda imisa, rom isini gacilebiT meti iqne-

ba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gawvevaSi mxolod da mxolod moxaliseebi moxvdebian, xarjebi 30 mlrd.

dolaris toli iqneba. magram es naklebsavaraudoa. wvevamdelebis rac ufro meti raodenoba iq-

neba amoRebuli miwodebis mrudis zeda da ara qveda nawilidan, miT ufro meti iqneba samxedro

mosamsaxureTa xarjebi. magaliTad, adamians, romelic Tanaxmaa nebayoflobiT imsaxuros 9000

dolarad, sTavazoben 8000 dolars. is uars ambobs da mas ar gaiwveven samxedro samsaxurSi. mis

nacvlad iwveven adamians, romelic Tanaxmaa imsaxuros mxolod 24000 dolaris safasurad da

uxdian 8000 dolars. gadasaxadis gadamxdelebma dazoges 8000 dolari, gadauxades ra mxolod

8000 dolari mas, visTvisac sayovelTao gawvevis SemTxvevaSi 16000 unda gadaexadaT. magram is,

visi alternatiuli Rirebuleba 24000 dolari iyo, Seicvala im pirovnebiT, romlis alterna-

tiuli Rirebuleba mxolod 9000 dolars Seadgenda. es aris 15000 dolariT xarjebis zrda jarSi

mosamsaxureTa TvalsazrisiT.

samxedro gawvevis Sedegad ar xdeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Senaxvaze xarjebis dazogva. es

xarjebi gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa mxrebidan wvevamdelebis mxrebze gadadis. Tqven SeiZleba

TqvaT, rom es aris gawvevis yvelaze mcire nakli da SemogvTavazoT upiratesoba, romelic am nak-

lovanebas gadawonis, magram gawvevis swored am Sedegze miTiTeba SeuZliaT ekonomistebs.

`aunazRaurebeli danaxarjebis~ gamoricxva

me-2 TavSi Tqven iswavleT, rom produqciis Rirebuleba yovelTvis zRvrulad ganisazRvreba.

magaliTad, wylis Rirebuleba ar aris is, ra msxverplis gaRebasac apirebs adamiani im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu alternativa saerTod uwylod darCenaa. adamianebisTvis wylis Rirebuleba isaa, rasac

gadaixdian wylis damatebiTi raodenobisTvis im realur situaciaSi, romelSic aRmoCndebian.

igive zRvruli principebi gamoiyeneba xarjebis mimarTac. adamianebis umravlesoba cdeba,

radgan erTmaneTSi erevaT produqciis an sargeblis mTliani Rirebuleba da maTi zRvruli Ri-

rebuleba. danaxarjebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze xSiri Secdoma isaa, rom winaswar gaweuli dana-

xarjebi xSirad erevaT zRvrul xarjebSi.

rodesac kafeteriaSi iRebT erT ulufa Tevzs da molares 1,9 dolars uxdiT, Tqven swevT

xarjs: kargavT yvela im SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romlebzedac uari ganacxadeT 1,9 do-

laris daxarjvisas. magram pirvelive lukmis gasinjvisas uecrad inaneT, rom es kerZi airCieT.

rogori iqneba Tqveni xarjebi, Tu Tevzs TefSze datovebT?

is ar Seadgens 1,9 an 1,8 dolars, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom pirveli lukma 10 centi Rirda. es

xarjebi ukve istorias ekuTvnis. xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Tevzis ulufis TefSze da-

tovebasTan, ganisazRvreba yvela im dakarguli SesaZleblobebis RirebulebebiT, romelzedac

unda TqvaT uari im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ase moiqceviT. gyavT ZaRli, romelsac uyvars makaroni Tev-

ziT, yveliT da tomatis sawebeliT? Tu gyavT, maSin xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia TefSze

datovebul TevzTan _ es aris imis ararealizebuli SesaZlebloba, rom dainaxoT Tqveni ZaRlis

anTebuli Tvalebi da kudis qicini. Tqven am SesaZleblobaze uars acxadebT, Tuki ar moiTxoveT,

rom qaRaldis parkSi Cagidon saWmlis narCenebi.

ekonomistebs ar ainteresebT is fasi, romelic Tqven ukve gadaixadeT, isini amas aunazRaure-

bel (Seuqcevad) danaxarjebs uwodeben aunazRaurebeli xarjebi gavlenas ar axdens ekonomikur

gadawyvetilebebze. rac morCa, morCa da gaTavda.

erTaderTi danaxarji, rac gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, aris zRvruli dana-

xarjebi da isini yovelTvis momavalzea gaTvlili.

yvela danaxarji, rac mniSvnelovania miwodebis gadawyvetilebi-

sTvis, momavals miekuTvneba

ra Tqma unda, vidre gavakeTebdeT daskvnas, rom isini marTlac ar axdenen gavlenas gadawyvetile-

63

bis miRebaze, Cven darwmunebulebi unda viyoT imaSi, rom xarjebi marTlac aunazRaurebelia. Tqven,

rom motocikli geyidaT da maSinve genanaT es, ra dagijdebodaT motociklis Semdgomi Senaxva? cxa-

dia, rom sulac ar xarT valdebuli ganacxadoT: `me es gavakeTe da es samudamod ase iqneba~. Tqven

SegiZliaT gayidoT motocikli. Tu amas ar gaakeTebT, maSin gaswevT xarjs (dakargavT sargebels),

romelic misi xelaxali gayidvis Rirebulebis toli iqneba. amrigad, WeSmariti aunazRaurebeli

xarjebi gautoldeba sxvaobas gadaxdil fassa da xelaxali gayidvis fasebs Soris. Tqveni xarjebis am

nawils aRara aqvs mniSvneloba. ekonomikuri azrovnebis CarCoebSi isini saerTod ar warmoadgenen

xarjebs, vinaidan ar arian dakavSirebuli arCevanis arcerT SesaZleblobasTan.

da mainc, Cven viciT, rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar msjeloben amgvarad. mraval maTgans, vinc

aseTi SenaZeni gaakeTa da Semdeg inana, urCevnia, daitovos motocikli da sawyis fasTan Sedare-

biT nakleb fasad ar gayidos. maT sakuTari saqcieli imiT SeuZliaT gaamarTlon, rom Tqvan: `me

ar SemiZlia mivce Tavs ufleba ase vizaralo~. magram danakargebi saxezea. Secdoma daSvebulia

da sruli danakargebi im momentSi warmoiqmna, rodesac Secdoma dauSves. Tuki vinme, miuxedavad

amisa, gadawyvets, ar gayidos motocikli, is albaT Tavs ityuebs. mravali adamiani cdilobs da-

arwmunos sakuTari Tavi, TiTqos avtofarexSi Jangmokidebul motocikls igive Rirebuleba aqvs,

rac im fuls, romelic gadaixades, raTa is iq moeTavsebinaT, arada, erTaderTi danaxarjebi, ro-

melsac amJamad mniSvneloba aqvs, es is SesaZleblobebia, romelzedac unda iTqvas uari, Tu ar

gavyidiT motocikls.

zRvruli damatebiTi danaxarjebi

Tu gainteresebT kavSiri damatebiT xarjebsa da zRvrul xarjebs Soris, es marTlac drouli

kiTxvaa. yvela zRvruli xarji warmoadgens damatebiT xarjebs da yvela damatebiTi xarjebi zR-

vruli xarjebia. damatebiTi xarji da zRvruli xarji erTidaigive ramaa, sxvadasxva kuTxiT da-

naxuli. damatebiTi xarjebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebis sidideze,

xolo zRvruli xarjebi ki cvlilebebze, rac qmedebas mohyveba. sruli saxelwodeba nebismieri

xarjisa, rac mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, aris zRvruli damatebiTi xarji.

mxolod qmedebebs SeiZleba hqondes xarjebi;

yvela danaxarji vinmes xarjs warmoadgens;

yvela danaxarji momavals ekuTvnis.

yvela amgvari danaxarji warmoadgens qmedebebis an gadawyvetilebebis xarjs. yvela maTgani

dakavSirebulia individTan da yvela maTgani momavalSi moiazreba.

ganvixiloT ubralo magaliTi. amber krombim da misma qmarma fiCma gadaixades 250000 dolari

nakveTSi da saxlSi, romelic lamazi tbis napiras mdebareobs. isini varaudoben, rom icxovreben

axal komfortul saxlSi, romlidanac mSvenieri xeli iSleba da miiReben bevrad met siamovnebas

vidre 250000 dolaria. magram male aRmoCnda, rom tba cud suns gamoscems, rodesac qari aRmosa-

vleTidan uberavs, rac SeumCneveli darCa, rodesac isini aq uZravi qonebis yidva-gayidvis

agentTan erTad imyofebodnen. arada, rogorc aRmoCnda, aq metwilad aRmosavleTis qari ubera-

vs. bolosdabolos emberi da fiCi gadawyveten saxlis gayidvas, magram saxlis yidvis msurveli

mxolod erTi wyvili aRmoCnda, romelTac qronikuli surdo aqvT da mzad arian gadaixadon 60000

dolari. ra moxdeba Semdeg?

amberma da fiCma unda Seadaron erTmaneTs zRvruli mogeba (siamovneba) da zRvruli damate-

biTi xarjebi. maT unda awonon cudi sunis gamo am saxlSi cxovrebisgan miRebuli sargeblis Sem-

cireba, im zRvruli SesaZlebeli xarjis sapirwoned, rac am saxlSi cxovrebas mohyveba, es aris

60000. Tu isini ar moelian zRvrul (momaval) mogebas, imaze mets, vidre 60000 dolaria, maT unda

gayidon saxli.

ra daemarTa danarCen 190000 dolars, romelic investirebuli iyo? es aris danakargebi, rac

maT izarales, Cades ra 250000 dolari iseT rameSi, rac, rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, mxolod

60000 dolari Rirda. isini ver gaeqcevian am danakargs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganagrZoben cxo-

vrebas am saxlSi, Tuki Tavad am saxls afaseben imaze naklebad, vidre is wyvili, romelsac surdo

64

aqvs da mzadaa gadaixados es Tanxa. maTi simdidre 190000 dolariT Semcirda. Cveni mosazrebiT

maTi danakargebi kidev ufro gaizrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini Seecdebian Tavi aaridon amas

da ar gayidian saxls.

davuSvaT rom krombis ojaxma gadaixada mxolod 75000 dolari, xolo 175000 aiRo bankSi ses-

xad. vis daawveba am SemTxvevaSi zarali? saxlis gayidvis Semdeg banki moiTxovs ipoTekis dafar-

vas, magram saxlis gayidvisas aRebuli 60000 dolari axlosac ar aris am TanxasTan. Tu maT ar ga-

aCniaT sxva aqtivebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeuZliaT daakmayofilon bankis moTxovna, banks

SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba da aukrZalos saxlis gayidva. magram ra SeuSlis maSin krombebs,

gamoacxadon ipoTekis gadaxdis uunaroba da gadascen saxli banks? banki gayidis saxls, raTa

daibrunos Cadebuli fuli da miiRebs 60000 dolars im wyvilisgan, romlebsac ynosva daqveiTe-

buli aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi krombebis wyvili dakargavs 75000 dolars, Tavis pirvandel investi-

cias, xolo banki dakargavs 115000 dolars _ es aris sxvaoba gacemul Tanxasa da im Tanxas Soris,

romelsac is ukan daibrunebs, gaauqmebs ra giraos da gayidis ra saxls.

ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia sxva variantebic. SeiZleba krombebma gadawyviton, rom saxlis da

kreditunarianobis dakargva Zalian Zviri ujdebaT, ar aRiaron gadaxdis uunaroba da ganagrZon

bankisTvis fulis gadaxda mas Semdegac ki, rac datoveben tbis sanapiroze mdebare saxls. savse-

biT SesaZlebelia, rom krombebma an bankma scadon zarali imas gadaabralon, vinc SesaZloa cno-

bili iqnas cudi sunis gavrcelebaze pasuxismgeblad, magaliTad, uZravi qonebis gayidvis agents,

visac unda gaefrTxilebina isini im `surnelebis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac es tba avrcelebda.

Tu pasuxismgebloba ar SeiZleba daekisros sxvas, ese igi saxlis Sesyidvis zarali dafiqsirda

maSin, rodesac is iyides. mTeli Tanxa, garda 60000 dolarisa, aris Seuqcevadi xarji da zarali.

am SemTxvevaSi ipoTekuri gadasaxadi warmoadgens zRvrul xarjebs saxlis Semdgomi mflobelo-

bisa, an Tu krombebi gayidian saxls da ganagrZoben bankisTvis fulis gadaxdas, maTi kredituna-

rianobisa da saxelis SenarCunebis zRvruli damatebiTi xarjebia:

$ 75000 ganvadebiTi gadaxda

+ 175000 bankis sesxi

$ 250000 Sesyidvis fasi

- 60000 gadayidvis fasi

$ 190000 mTliani danakargi

- 75000 krombebis danakargi

$ 115000 bankis danakargi

zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi

mniSvnelovania, rom erTmaneTSi ar avurioT zRvruli da saSualo mniSvne lobis cnebebi. Se-

saZloa Tqven arc ki apirebdiT, agreodaT saSualo da zRvruli mniSvnelobebis cnebebi da maSin

Semdgomma msjelobam SeiZleba gzakvali agibnioT. imedi viqonioT, rom es ar moxdeba. gansxvaveba

SeiZleba, ganxiluli iqnas ubralo magaliTze. qvemoT naCvenebia suvenirebis hipoTeturi warmo-

ebis SesaZlo moculobebi da danaxarjebi:

warmoebuli

suvenirebis

raodenoba

suvenirebis

warmoebis sruli

danaxarjebi

42 4200 dolari

43 4257 dolari

44 4312 dolari

45 4365 dolari

gayofa gvaZlevs saSualebas davadgingoT, rom 42-e suveniris warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi

65

(erToblivi xarjebi erTeulze gaTvliT) udris 100 dolars. 43-sTvis _ 99 dolars, 44-sTvis _

98 da 45-sTvis ki 97 dolars. Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom 43-e suveniris damzadebis danax-

arji Seadgens ara 99 dolars, aramed 57 dolars, 43-e suveniris damzadebis damatebiTi danaxar-

jebi warmoadgens zRvrul danaxarjebs. 44 da 45 suveniris zRvruli danaxarjebi Sesabamisad 55

da 53 dolars Seadgens. cxadia, rom zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba saSualo danaxarjebze meti

an naklebi iyos, an mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes maTgan. aseve cxadia, rom mwarmoeblebma

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, unda ixelmZRvanelon zRvruli danaxarjebiT. unda gaizardos Tu

unda Semcirdes warmoeba? zRvruli danaxarjebi warmoadgens moqmedebis Sedegs, amitom isini

swored qmedebiT unda imarTon.

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom biznesmenebs ar ainteresebT saSualo danaxarjebi? Tu isini ar mii-

Reben sakmaris amonagebs, raTa dafaron danaxarjebi, maSin izaraleben. isini ar wavlen raime qme-

debebze Tavisi nebiT, Tuki ar moelian sakuTari danaxarjebis srul dafarvas. amitom SesaZloa,

amocana erTeul produqciaze mosalodneli danaxarjebisa da mosalodneli gasayidi fasis Se-

darebiT terminebSi wamoayenon. magram, miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom nebismieri gadawyvetile-

bisas, mosalodneli xarjebi sinamdvileSi zRvrul danaxarjebs warmoadgens. vinaidan ukanaskne-

li aucileblad ar niSnavs produqciis erTeulze damatebiT danaxarjebs. isini SesaZloa

aRniSnavdnen damatebiT xarjebs erTeulebis seriaze an damatebas xarjebze, romlebic mosa-

lodnelia mTeli sawarmoo procesis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. gadawyvetilebebi xSi-

rad swored aseTi `borcvuli~ meTodiT miiReba.

magaliTad, aravin gegmavs gamagrilebeli wylis fabrikis mSeneblobas mxolod erTi yuTi

wylis gamoSvebis mizniT. mraval warmoebaSi arsebobs ekonomia masStabebze, ase rom, Tu biznes-

menebi ver xedaven produqciis didi moculobiT warmoebis SesaZleblobebs, isini arc arafers

ar awarmoeben. isini xels ar mokideben am saqmes. saerTod ar aaSeneben am fabrikas. gadawyvetile-

ba imis Sesaxeb, aaSenon Tu ar aaSenon, aaSenon ama Tu im zomis qarxana, aaSenon amgvarad Tu imgva-

rad _ es aris zRvruli gadawyvetileba im momentisaTvis, rodesac misi miReba xdeba. gaxsovdeT,

rom damatebebi SesaZloa iyos metad mcire, magram amave dros metad didic.

damoukideblad imisa, azrovneben Tu ara biznesmenebi saSualo sididis terminebiT, maTi ga-

dawyvetilebebi marTulia mosalodneli zRvruli xarjebiT. momavalSi SesaZloa yuradReba mie-

qces saSualo mniSvnelobebsac, raTa gaverkveT, ramdenad kargad an cudad gamogvivida yvelafe-

ri da SevityoT rame momavalze, Tuki CavTvliT, rom momavali warsuls waagavs. magram es ukve

istoria (romlis codna udavod sasargebloa), maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis

miReba xdeba awmyoSi, momavalze gaTvliT.

saSualo danaxarjebi: 4200/42=100

4257/43=99

zRvruli danaxarjebi: 4257-4200=57

zRvruli danaxarji es aris moqmedebebis Sedegi

danaxarjebi, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba

moumzadebel adamians ekonomikuri analizisas gansakuTrebiT xSirad mosdis Secdoma, vinai-

dan xarjebs Cveulebriv gaaCnia ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed eTikuri da politikuri aspeqte-

bi. mraval adamians miaCnia, rom gamyidvelebs ufleba aqvT ainazRauron xarjebi, magram ara aqvT

ufleba, daaweson fasebi, romlebic bevrad aRemateba gaweul xarjebs da albaT maSinac raRac

upatiosno miznebs isaxaven, Tuki xarjebTan SedarebiT bevrad nakleb fass aweseben. Sexedulebe-

bis aseTma sistemam, romelSic xarjebi dasabuTebis funqcias asrulebs, Cvens kanonebSic ki Sea-

Rwia. magaliTad, fasebze sakanonmdeblo kontroli Cveulebriv uSvebs fasebis zrdas xarjebis

zrdisas, magram ar uSvebs fasebis aranair zrdas, Tu es ar aris dasabuTebuli xarjebis zrdiT.

sazRvargareTuli firmebi, romlebic sakuTar produqcias aSS-Si yidian, SesaZloa daisajon,

`dempingisTvis~. Tu saxelmwifo dawesebuleba daadgens, rom isini produqcias am qveyanaSi xar-

jebze nakleb fasad yiddnen. aseT garemoebebSi, rodesac xarjebi gadawyvetilebebis organiza-

ciul racionalizaciad ufro iqceva, vidre WeSmarit mizezad, maT mimarT yvelanairi mtkicebu-

66

leba gansakuTrebul Semowmebas unda daeqvemdebaros.

moaruli warmodgenis mixedviT, fasebi mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli xarjebTan, vinai-

dan igulisxmeba, rom xarjebi realur da gardauval obieqturobas warmoadgens. binis qiris kon-

trolis yvelaze aqtiuri momxreebic ki dagveTanxmebian (yovel SemTxvevaSi, principSi), rom bi-

naTmflobelebs neba unda daerToT moumaton binis fasi, Tu gaTbobisTvis saWiro mazuTi

Zvirdeba. oRond, arasdros daeTanxmebian imas, rom binaTmflobelebs SeeZloT fasebis gazrda

mxolod imitom, rom binaze moTxovna ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre miwodeba. maTi Tvalsazri-

siT, aseTi mateba iqneboda spekulacia, motyueba da tyavis gaZroba, vinaidan es ar aris dakavSi-

rebuli xarjebTan. magram qiris aseTi zrda isevea dakavSirebuli xarjebTan, rogorc saTbobis

fasis zrda. rodesac gasaqiravebel binebze moTxovna izrdeba, mobinadreebi sTavazoben ufro

maRal fass, vinaidan arsebul farTze erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven. amiT izrdeba binaTmflo-

belis xarjebi, rac dakavSirebulia ama Tu im damqiraveblisTvis binis miqiravebasTan. is Tanxa,

romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa sxva mobinadre, binaTmflobelisTvis warmoadgens am binaSi amJa-

mad mcxovrebi adamianis iq cxovrebis xarjs. gveCveneba, rom sawvavis SemTxvevaSi es sxvagvaradaa,

magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. saboloo jamSi sawvavis xarjebi aseve ganisazRvreba erTma-

neTSi konkurirebadi mimwodeblebis fasobrivi ganacxadebiT. xarjebi yovelTvis miwodebisa da

moTxovnis qmedebaTa Sedegs warmoadgens. am Temas Cven momdevno or TavSi gavagrZelebT.

danaxarjebi moTxovnisagan damoukidebelni

arasdros arian

danaxarjebi da miwodeba

ise rogorc moTxovnis mrudebi gviCveneben zRvrul xarjebs an xarjebs, risi gawevisTvisac

mzad arian adamianebi, raTa gansakuTrebuli saqoneli miiRon, ise miwodebis mrudebi gviCveneben

zRvrul xarjebs, romlebic dafaruli unda iqnas, raTa potenciurma mimwodebelma saqoneli

xelmisawvdomi gaxados.

davuSvaT, rom, smiti, rikardo, marqsi da keinsi arian ekonomikis Semswavleli kursis poten-

ciuri maswavleblebi. yovel maTgans surs imuSaos dReSi 8 saaTi iq, sadac mas met fuls gadaux-

dian. studentebis azriT, maTi mosaxureba absoluturad urTierTSenacvlebadia: am oTxidan

TiToeulis mier Catarebuli yoveli saaTi erTnairad Rirebulia studentebisTvis.

marqsi mzadaa aswavlos dReSi 8 saaTi saaTSi 6 dolaris anazRaurebiT, vinaidan misTvis amJa-

mad mis xelT arsebuli SesaZleblobebidan yvelaze saukeTesos, revoluciis momzadebas, saaTSi

7,99 dolari maoqvs. rikardos SeuZlia 4 saaTi imuSaos firmaSi “meri linCi” saaTSi 27,99 dolaris

anazRaurebiT: garda amisa, misTvis fexsacmelebis gayidvas damatebiT saaTSi 9,99 dolari moaqvs.

smitisTvis saukeTeso arCevania adgilobriv kolejSi zneobriobis filosofiis kursis wakiTxva

dReSi 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, saaTSi 15,99 dolaris anazRaurebiT. keinsi muSaobs dReSi 8 saaTs,

agrovebs ra Sewirulobebs adgilobrivi simfoniuri orkestrisaTvis saaTSi 23,99 dolarad. ro-

gor gamoiyureba am viTarebaSi swavlebis miwodebis mrudi? modiT davfiqrdeT amaze.

swavleba ver iqneba uzrunvelyofili manam, sanam fasi sakmarisi araa yvelaze dabalanazRau-

rebadi potenciuri maswavleblis damatebiTi xarjebis dasafaravad. es iqneba marqsi. rodesac

fasi 8 dolaramde gaizrdeba, marqsi mzad iqneba SeaCeros revoluciis momzadeba da daiwyebs mas-

wavleblobas dReSi 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom Cven avagebT miwodebis mruds, rogorc verti-

kalur xazs nulidan 8 dolaramde. Semdeg gavagrZelebT mas horizontalurad 8 saaTis sididemde.

damatebiTi 8 saaTiani swavleba ar iqneba SeTavazebuli, vidre fasebi izrdeba 10 dolaramde

saaTSi. am fasis dros rikardo miatovebs samuSaos fexsacmlis maRaziaSi da 4 saaTis ganmavloba-

Si aswavlis. Cven amasobaSi vagrZelebT miwodebis mruds da vxazavT vertikalur xazs 8 dolari-

dan 10 dolaramde 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xolo Semdeg vagrZelebT horizontalur xazs 12 saaTis

sididemde.

smiti zneobrivi filosofiis swavlebidan ekonomikis swavlebas daubrundeba, rodesac amisT-

vis mas 16 dolars gadauxdian. miwodebis mrudis misi monakveTi aris horizontaluri xazi 16

dolarze, 12-sa da 20 saaTs Soris monakveTSi. keinsi mzad iqneba maswavleblobisTvis, rodesac

67

fasi saaTSi 24 dolaramde gaizrdeba. rikardo mzad iqneba aswavlos 4 saaTiT meti drois ganmav-

lobaSi, damatebiT im 4 saaTamde, romelSic mas 10 dolars uxdian, Tuki fasi 24 dolaramde gaiz-

arda. Cveni varaudiT, ramdenadac ar unda gaizardos fasi, 32 saaTze meti swavleba ar iqneba Se-

Tavazebuli. miwodebis mrudi Sesabamisad vertikalur xazad iqceva 32 saaTze. ganixileT 3-2

naxazi, raTa darwmundeT, rom mixvdiT, Tu rogor iqna agebuli es mrudi.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

ekonomikis swavlebis saaTebis yoveldRiuri raodenoba

$30

20

10

sa

aT

ob

ri

vi

xe

lf

as

i

3-2 swavlebis momsaxurebis miwodeba

swavlebis Sesaxeb moyvanili magaliTi martivad gviCvenebs, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad yvela mi-

wodebis mruds. miwodebis mrudebi warmoadgenen zRvruli Seuqcevadi xarjebis mrudebs produq-

ciis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaqmnelad.

miwodebis safaso elastiuroba

elastiurobis koncefcia yovelmxriv mniSvnelovania rogorc miwodebis, ise moTxovnis Sem-

TxvevaSi. formaluri gansazRvreba igivea. miwodebis safaso elastiuroba es aris miwodebuli

raodenobis procentuli cvlilebis fardoba fasis procentul cvlilebasTan. miwodebis Sem-

TxvevaSi fasebi da raodenoba erTidaimave mimarTulebiT icvleba, asaxavs ra im faqts, rom maRa-

li fasi ubiZgebs mimwodeblebs miawodos meti raodenoba. miwodeba SedarebiT elastiuria, Tu

miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlileba ufro metia, vidre fasis procentuli cvlile-

ba da SedarebiT araelastiuria, Tu miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlileba naklebia,

vidre fasis procentuli cvlileba.

miwodebis safaso elastiuroba = %-uli cvlileba raod.-Si / %-uli cvl. fasSi

es wigni savsebiT araelastiuri moTxovnis mrudebs imave ojaxs miakuTvnebs, rasac faskunjs:

auxsneli fenomenebis ojaxs. savsebiT araelastiuri miwodebis mrudebi sxva SemTxvevaa. maSin,

rodesac saqonelze fasebis zrdisas, moTxovnis Semcirebas didi dro ar sWirdeba, sakmaod mniS-

vnelovani dro sWirdeba imas, rom saqonelze fasebis gazrdisas miwodebac gaizardos. saqonlis

fasis mniSvnelovani zrda Tavdapirvelad ar iwvevs miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobis Sesabamis

zrdas. es moxdeba maSin, rodesac garkveuli drois Semdeg, potenciuri mimwodeblebi moiZieben

SesaZlo resursebs da, Sesabamisad, mzad iqnebian gazrdili raodenoba ufro maRal fasad gayidon.

Tu im resursebis damatebiTi raodenoba, romelic saWiroa gansakuTrebuli saqonlis dasamza-

deblad, dauyonebliv SeiZleba iqnas mopovebuli igive an ufro nakleb fasad, saqonlis miwo-

debis mrudi ufro axlos iqneba sruliad elastiurTan. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis umniSvnelo zrda

68

gamoiwvevs gayidvisTvis miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobis did zrdas.

4-1 naxazze warmodgenili samxedro moxaliseebis miwodebis mrudi warmoadgens Sualedur

SemTxvevas. fasebis elastiuroba icvleba mrudis gaswvriv, 7 dolarsa da 9 dolars Soris arse-

buli 2-is toil niSnulidan 23 dolars da 25 dolars Soris arsebul 1,2 niSnulamde klebulobs.

(Tu Tavad gsurT SeamowmoT es cifrebi, gamoTvlebis safuZvlad or fassa da raodenobebs Soris

procentuli cvlilebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi gamoiyeneT.)

erTi wuTiT CafiqrdiT, raTa darwmunebulebi iyoT, rom gaerkvieT miwodebis fasobrivi

elastiurobis koncefciaSi. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi davinaxavT, miwodebisa da moTxovnis

mrudebis fardobiTi elastiuroba gansazRvravs, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens viTarebis cvlileba

saqonlis gacvlis raodenobaze da fasebze.

69

mokled gavimeoroT

rogorc moTxovnis ise miwodebis mrudebi asaxaven imas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi alter-

natiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas. gasayidad miwodebuli saqonlis raodenoba da is ra-

odenoba, romelzedac moTxovna arsebobs, damokidebulia im arCevanze, romelsac akeTeben ada-

mianebi mas Semdeg, rac Seafaseben maTTvis xelmisawvdom SesaZleblobebs.

miwodeba damokidebulia xarjebze, magram mimwodeblis xarjebi aris alternatiuli SesaZle-

blobebis Rirebuleba, romlis realizacia ver xerxdeba miwodebis gamo. xarjebis es koncefcia

ekonomikur TeoriaSi iseTnairad formulirdeba, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebu-

li yvela xarjebi warmoadgenen alternatiul Rirebulebebs, anu im alternatiuli SesaZleblo-

bebis Rirebulebas, romelzedac uaris Tqma gaxda saWiro, moqmedebis konkretuli gzis SerCevis

gamo.

alternatiuli xarjebi aucileblad zRvrul xarjebs warmoadgens: esaa damatebiTi xarjebi

rac qmedebas an gadawyvetilebas axlavs Tan.

dava imis Sesaxeb Tu “ra Rirs” esa Tu is nivTi, SeiZleba gadawyvetili iqnas, Tuki vaRiarebT,

rom TavisTavad nivTs Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. mxolod qmedebas dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebis

uaryofasTan da amitom mxolod qmedebes axasiaTebs xarjebi.

xarjebi yovelTvis warmoadgens im SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romelsac swiraven konkre-

tuli adamianebi. imisaTvis, rom gadailaxos SexedulebaTa mravalgvaroba xarjebis gamo. xSirad

sakmarisia miRweul iqnas SeTanxmeba, Tu vis xarjebzea kerZod saubari.

gaweul xarjebze gavlenas ver axdens mimdinare gadawyvetilebebi. es aris aunazRaurebeli

xarjebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, isini umniSvneloa gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis. gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebisas gasaTvaliswinebeli xarjebi samomavlo xarjebia.

miwodebis mrudebi gadaxrilia zemoT da marjvniv, vinaidan aucilebelia resursebis mflobe-

lebs mivawodoT ufro maRali fasi, raTa davarwmunoT isini wina saqmianobaze uaris Tqmis Sesa-

ZleblobaSi.

miwodebis fasobrivi elastiuroba aris miwodebuli raodenobis procentuli cvlilebis

fardoba fasebis procentul cvlilebasTan.


1. 1980 wels axali inglisis erT-erTma cnobilma klinikam uaryo am saavadmyofos eqimebis mier

wamoyenebuli winadadeba gulis gadanergvis operaciebis Sesaxeb. klinikis direqtors ar mi-

aCnda, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba “xarjebis analizze iyo dafuZnebuli”. is, piriqiT, Tv-

lida, rom “aseTi gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovan wilad SezRudul fizikur resursebTan da

maRalprofesionaluri personalis naklebobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da aRniSnavda, rom

gulis gadanergvis TiToeuli operaciis Casatareblad iZulebulebi iqnebodnen uari eTq-

vaT sxva pacientebisaTvis, romlebsac sWirdebodaT Cveulebrivi, naklebad resurstevadi

da im droisaTvis winaswargansazRvruli dadebiTi efeqtis momtani operacia”.

a) eTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom es gadawyvetileba ar efuZneboda xarjebis ganxilvas?

b) rogoria uaris Tqmis seriozuli SesaZlebloba am SemTxvevaSi?

g) ratom ar daiqirava hospitalma meti qirurgi da ar SeiZina meti materialuri

resursebi, Tuki ”xarjebis ganxilva” ar warmoadgenda hospitalis miRebuli gadaw-

yvetilebebis mizezs

d) rogor fiqrobT, ram ukarnaxa hospitalis direqtors, emtkicebina, rom gadaw-

yvetileba ar efuZneboda xarjebis ganxilvas?

2. qvemoT motanilia nawyveti fresnsis uelendis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelodan, romelic

amerikul kolejebSi 1860 wlamde gamoiyeneboda.

“bunebis Zalebis Tvisebebi da qmedeba RmerTis mieraa boZebuli da amitom araferi ar gvi-

jdeba. magaliTad, Tu gvsurs wylis vardnis gamoyeneba, Cven gvWirdeba mxolod Sesabamisi

nagebobis da wylis borblis dayeneba. Semdeg SegviZlia visargebloT vardnili wyliT ise,

70

rom ar gavwioT damatebiTi xarjebi. radgan Cveni xarjebi dakavSirebulia mxolod aRWurvi-

lobis xarjebTan, rac saSualebas iZleva gamoviyenoT bunebis Zalebi, maSasadame, mxolod es

xarjebi moiTxovs politikuri ekonomistis yuradRebas”

a) ra ujdeboda mecxramete saukuneSi wisqvilis mepatrones wylis vardnis gamoyeneba

wisqvilis asamuSaveblad, Tu wylis kaSxali mis teritoriaze imyofeboda?

b) risi toli iqneba mewisqvilis xarjebi, Tu wylis kaSxali sxvis miwaze iqneba?

g) ra garemoebebis dros iqneba wylis vardnis wisqvilis energiad gamoyenebis xarjebi

nulis toli?

d) ratom ar eTanxmebian Tanamedrove ekonomistebi frensis uilendis am mosazrebas da

yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom bunebis Zalebis gamoyeneba xarjebTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli.

3. Taj-mahalis mavzoleumis garSemo gazonis balaxs xSirad, samzareulos patara danebis meS-

veobiT axalgazrda qalebi kreWen. Zviria Tu iafi gazonis movlis es meTodi?

4. D punqtidan H punqtSi TviTmfrinaviT misvla erT saaTSi SeiZleba. avtobusiT imave

marSrutiT gavla xuT saaTSia SesaZlebeli. Tu aviabileTi 120 dolari Rirs, xolo avtobu-

sis - 30, gadaadgilebis romeli meTodi iqneba ufro iafi adamianisaTvis, romelic saaTSi 6

dolars gamoimuSavebs? imisTvis, vinc saaTSi 30 dolars gamoimuSavebs?

5. kanoniT akrZaluli rom ar iyos 18 wlamde marTvis mowmobebis gacema, rogor imoqmedebda es

axalgazrdobis saskolo ganaTlebis damTavrebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebze?

6. gazeTis saTauri gvamcnobs: ”SeuracxyofisTvis sarCelebis raodenoba izrdeba maSin, rode-

sac sxva sasamarTlo saqmeebi klebulobs”. gamoiyeneT zRvruli xarjebis koncefcia, raTa

axsnaT es movlena. Seamcirebs Tu ara kanonebi, romlebic mkacrad zRudavs SeuracxyofisT-

vis sarCelebs, anderZis SedgenisTvis advokatebis daqiravebis xarjebs?

7. rogor axsniT jariskacebis damqiravebeli oficris gamonaTqvams: “ekonomikuri daRmavloba

Cveni problemebis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSualebaa”?

8. erT-erTi mosazreba, romelic daqiravebuli jaris sawinaaRmdegod gamoiTqmis, imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom TiTqos is uares mdgomareobaSi ayenebs Raribebs, radgan maT samxedro samsax-

urTan mimarTebaSi gaaCniaT umciresi alternativebi da amitom isini moxaliseTa jaris Ziri-

Tad nawils Seavseben.

a) eTanxmebiT Tu ara am analizs?

b) zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom Tuki jari mxolod moxaliseebs daeyrdnoba, is

imdeni arakvalificiuri da uunaro xalxiT Seivseba, romlebic ver SeZleben rTuli

SeiaraRebis marTvas. IBM-is firmac mxolod moxaliseebs qiraobs, magram misi TanamS-

romlebi ZiriTadad arc uunaroni da arc arakvalificiurni arian. ra gansxvavaebaa

jarsa da IBM-s Soris? rogor auxsnidiT amas kritikosebs?

g) moxaliseTa jaris sawinaaRmdegod gamoTqmuli kidev erTi mosazreba imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba “daqiravebuli jari”. samxedro moxaliseTa xelfasis

rogori done gadaaqcevs maT daqiravebulebad? valdebulebi arian Tu ara oficrebi,

darCnen jarSi? ratom agrZeleben isini samsaxurs? arian Tu ara isini daqiravebule-

bi? daqiravebulia Tu ara Tqveni maswavlebeli? Tqveni eqimi? Tqveni ministri?

9. ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro meti amerikeli cdilobs Tavi aaridos nafic msajulobas, riT-

ic seriozul problemebs uqmnis zogierT sasamarTlos, romlebic iZulebulni arian gada-

don mosmena, vinaidan ara hyavT saWiro raodenobis msajulebi.

a) ra fasi aqvs moqalaqisTvis msajulad muSaobas?

b) visTvis iqneba es fasi dabali an sulac uaryofiTi? visTvis iqneba es fasi maRali, Ses-

aZloa usazRvrod maRalic ki?

g) SegiZliaT Tu ara SemogvTavazoT moqalaqeebisTvis msajulad samsaxuris saSualo

xarjebis Semcirebis romelime martivi sistema?

d) ra Sedegebs iwinaswarmetyvelebT, Tuki gadavalT mTlianad nebayoflobiT msajulTa

sistemaze, romlis drosac sasamarTloebi gadauxdian yoveldRiur anazRaurebas,

raTa gaaCndeT nafic msajulTa is raodenoba, rac sasamarTloebs sWirdeba?

71

e) mravali moqalaqe, romelic keTilsindisierad pasuxobs nafic msajulad gamoZaxe-

bas, sayvedurs gamoTqvams sasamarTloebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebis mxridan

maTi Seuracxyofis gamo, vinaidan isini Turme ar afaseben maT dros. magaliTad, moma-

vali msajulebi SeiZleba mTeli dReebi isxdnen mosacdelSi ise, rom sasamarTlos

darbazi TvaliTac ver naxon. ra ujdebaT sasamarTlos oficialur pirebs momavali

nafici msajulebis Seuracxyofa?

10. romel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia mravalerovan korporacias, romelsac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erT-

nairi qarxnebi aqvs, gadauxados gansxvavebuli xelfasi sxvadasxva qveynis muSebs maSinac ki,

rodesac maT kvalifikaciis erTnairi done aqvT? migaCniaT Tu ara es usamarTlobad? ratom

aris SesaZlebeli, rom im muSebma, romlebic mets iReben, protesti gamoTqvan?

11. ukanasknel wlebSi komerciuli daniSnulebis Senobebis saarendo Rirebuleba san - francis-

koSi mkveTrad gaizarda, ramac mravali korporacia aiZula, qalaqgareT gaetana Tavisi

ofisebi. Tu firmas gaaCnia sakuTari ofisi san-franciskoSi, SeuZlia Tu ara mas ignorireba

gaukeTos saarendo Rirebulebis zrdas?

12. henrieta jorjma 48 wlis win SeiZina didi Zveli saxli 2000 dolarad. dRes rom man am saxlis

gayidva gadawyvitos, 200000 dolars miiRebs. rogor fiqrobT, ra ujdeba mas yovelTviurad

did, Zvel saxlSi cxovreba?

13. rodesac profesiuli beisbolis gundi bavSvTa saxls 50 ufaso bileTs sTavazobs, ra ujdeba

klubs erTi bileTi? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, kerZod romel TamaSze sTavazoben ufaso bile-

Tebs? ratom daujdeboda klubs ufro Zviri am bileTebis kolejis studentebisTvis SeTavazeba?

14. modiT, ganvixiloT telereklamis sakiTxebi. ra Sedis im xarjebSi, romelic 30 wamian reklamas

ukeTebs “fordis” tipis manqanebis gamyidvel firmas “megobari fredi”? riTi SegiZliaT axsnaT

is, rom erTidaigive sareklamo rgoli oTxSabaT dilas 90 dolari eRireba, xolo mniSvnelovani

safexburTo matCis win 1600 dolari? sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi adgilobriv satelevizio

sadgurebs xSirad mimarTaven TxovniT, rom gamouyon dro gancxadebebisaTvis. ra ujdebaT es

sadgurebs? rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara sadgurebis mflobelTa religiurobiT avxsnaT is

faqti, rom isini kvira diliT ufro siamovnebiT Tmoben ufaso dros, vidre samuSao dReebSi?

15. ratom gansxvadeba aSS-is sxvadasxva qalaqSi manqanebis sadgomebze gaCerebis fasi? magaliTad

manhetenSi sadReRamiso gaCerebis fasi 20 dolars udris. atlantaSi is, albaT, 5 dolari iqne-

ba. aris Tu ara es dakavSirebuli niu-iorkSi avtosadgomebis mflobelTa sixarbesTan?

16. Tu finaluri matCis bileTs 10 dolarad gaZleven, xolo Sav bazarze misi fasi 100 dolaria,

ra gijdebaT am TamaSze wasvla? rodis ufro waxvalT am matCze: rodesac viRaca mogcemT

bileTs, Tu rodesac Tqven TviTon iyidiT mas 100 dolarad? rodesac viRaca mogcemT bi-

leTs, Tu rodesac Tqven TviTon moaxerxebT mis SeZenas 10 dolarad?

17. alternatiuli xarjebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs sxvaoba fulis gadaxdasa

da fulis miRebis SesaZleblobaze uaris Tqmas Soris. miuxedavad amisa, es ar eTanxmeba Cvens

intuicias. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, Semdegi SemTxvevebi:

a) devidi da jonaTani megobrebi arian. jonaTanma sTxova devids erTi wliT asesxos 1000

dolari da devidmac asesxa. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara, rom devidma mosTxovos jona-

Tans valis procentis gaadaxda? an iqneb devidma Tavad unda isesxos fuli procentis

gadasaxdelad? ramdenadme naklebad samarTliani xom ar iqneba devidisTvis, procenti

gadaaxdevinos jonaTans, Tuki is depozituri serTifikatidan iRebs procentebs?

b) fridrixma gamofenaze terneris naxati SeiZina. magram daTanxmda, eqvsTviani gamofe-

nis daxurvamde saxlSi ar waeRo. bolosdabolos gamofena daixura da rodesac fri-

drixma suraTi saxlSi miitana, ori ram aRmoaCina: gamofenaze gatanam ise gazarda

terneris prestiJi, rom suraTis fasi orjer gaizarda da, rom suraTi arcerTi misi

oTaxis kedelze ar eteoda. Carlis oTaxis kedlebi ufro didia da mas surs SeiZinos

suraTi megobrisagan. rogori iqneba is samarTliani fasi, romelic fridrixma Car-

lis unda gamoarTvas? ra Tanxa gadaixada man Tavad am suraTSi, an risi miReba SeuZlia

mas amjerad bazarze suraTis gayidviT?

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18. dResdReobiT mravali amerikeli ganicdis drois ukmarisobas imaze metad, vidre maTi wina-

prebi. es miT ufro gasakviria, rom Cveni saxlebi da samuSao adgilebi savsea drois damzogavi

uamravi nivTiT, rac Cvens winaprebs ar gaaCndaT. riTi axsniT amas? Tu Tqven ar SegiZliaT amas

axsna mouZebnoT, SeekiTxeT sxvebs, Tu ra mizezi aqvs drois ukmarisobas. ra emarTeba qmedebaSi

CarTvis fass, rodesac uecrad warmoiSveba mimzidveli alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi?

19. rodis aqvs azri Tavis danebebas?

a) ramden xans ganagrZobT dakarguli 20 doalarianis Zebnas, Tu TiToeuli Tqveni saaTi

5 dolarad giRirT? davuSvaT, iciT, rom is Tqvens oTaxSi dakargeT. racionaluri

iqneba Tu ara eZeboT is oTx saaTze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi? Seuqcevadi xarjebisa da

mosalodneli zRvruli xarjebis cnebebis gamoyenebiT axseniT, rogor SeuZlia ra-

cionalur pirovnebas, romelic sakuTari drois erT saaTs 5 dolarad afasebs, 20

doalriani kupiura usasrulod did xans eZebos?

b) sasamarTlos 1987 wels gadaeca binis damqiravebelsa da mepatrones Soris davis SemTx-

veva, romlis drosac mobinadre 909 dolaris Rirebulebis fanjris gisosebis damon-

tajebas moiTxovda. Svidi wlis Semdeg es saqme jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli da am

droisTvis mosamarTleebis honorarma 1000000 dolars miaRwia. xom ar fiqrobT, rom

es uazrobaa? ra garemoebebSi SeuZliaT adamianebs gadaixadon sasamarTlo gadasaxade-

bi 1000000 dolaris odenobiT, raTa Seecadon moigon 909 dolaris Rirebulebis dava?

20. ra dagijdebaT erT-erTis gacdena 30 leqciidan, romlebze dasaswrebadac Tqven 300 dolari

gadaixadeT? ra dagijdaT leqciaze daswreba?

21. ufro mondomebulad swavloben Tu ara adamianebi im kursebze, romlebisTvisac maT meti fasi

gadaixades?

22. ufro gemrielia Tu ara Semwvari sosisi stadionze, sadac isini orjer meti Rirs? SeiZleba

Tu ara rom is ufro gemrieli iyos mxolod imitom, rom ufro Zviria?

23. rogor fiqrobT, ivlian Tu ara adamianebi, romlebsac maindamainc ar moswonT filmebi ingmar

bergmanis monawileobiT, filmebis festivalze, rodesac 10 filmze dasaswrebi bileTi 5 do-

lari eRireba? rogor fiqrobT, ivlian Tu ara festivalze iseTebi, visac maindamainc ar mo-

swons ingmar bergmanis filmebi, Tu 10 filmze dasaswrebi bileTis fasi 50 dolari iqneba?

SeuZlia Tu ara Tqvens pasuxs am kiTxvaze Secvalos adre (moxarSuli sosisis Sesaxeb) dasmul

kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi.

24. gamoiyeneT zRvruli midgoma, raTa daexmaroT pol berers, miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu ra ra-

odenobis sasuqi gamoiyenos miwis nakveTze. Cven gavamartivebT problemas imis daSvebiT, rom

erTaderTi fasi, romelic icvleba damatebiTi sasuqis SeZenisas, aris sasuqis SeZenis fasi.

qvemoT mocemulia mosavlis zrda sasuqis damatebisas.

moxmarebuli sasuqis

tomrebis raodenoba

mosavali

tonebSi

1 12

2 22

3 28

4 32

5 35

6 37

pols SeuZlia mis mier moyvanili mTeli mosavlis TiToeuli tona 2 dolarad gayidos. erTi

tomara sasuqi 10 dolari Rirs, magram polma fasdakleba miiRo: ori tomara - 18 dolarad,

sami - 24 dolarad, oTxi - 30 dolarad, xuTi - 35 dolarad da eqvsi - 42 dolarad.

a) risi tolia polisTvis zRvruli sargebeli (dolarebSi) sasuqis gamoyenebisas? an,

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ramdeni dolari emateba pols mosavlis gayidvisas yov-

73

elTvis, rodesac is damatebiT tomara sasuqs iyenebs?

b) ras udris damatebiTi tomara sasuqis gamoyenebis zRvruli xarji? anu, sxva sityve-

biT rom vTqvaT, ramdenad icvleba polis xarjebi yovelTvis, rodesac is sasuqis dam-

atebiT tomaras iyenebs?

g) ramdeni tomara sasuqi unda moixmaros polma, Tu mas surs miiRos rac SeiZleba meti

moigos?

25. fotokopirebis manqanis daqiraveba TveSi 295 dolari Rirs. daqiravebis Tanxa faravs remon-

tis, fxvnilis, gamJRavnebis, TveSi 200000 aslis damzadebis xarjs. biblioTeka 20000-ze zemoT

yvela aslSi ixdis erT cents plus erTnaxevari centi yoveli gamoyenebuli qaRaldisTvis.

hariet martins xvalindeli leqciisTvis wasakiTxi aqvs 20 gverdiani saJurnalo statia. igi

mzadaa statiis aslSi 50 centi gadaixados, magram, Tu amaze metis gadaxda gaxda saWiro, man

statia biblioTekaSi unda waikiTxos.

a) ra aris erTi gverdis umaRlesi fasi, romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa harieti aslebis

gadasaRebi manqanis gamoyenebisas?

b) ra aris erTi gverdis umciresi fasi, romelzedac Tanaxmaa biblioTeka? ra damate-

biTi informacia gWirdebaT, raTa pasuxi gasceT am SekiTxvas?

g) harietma axlaxans aRmoaCina, rom mas xvalisTvis sWirdeba meore statiis wakiTxva,

romelic savsea grafikebiT. hariets Zalian unda, rom hqondes am statiis sakuTari

asli da mzadaa gadaixados masSi nebismieri Tanxa. ra iqneba axla is umaRlesi fasi,

ris gadasaxdeladac mzadaa harieti, raTa gamoiyenos biblioTekis kuTvnili gadam-

Rebi manqana?(pasuxisTvis Tqven unda mogvawodoT sakuTari gamocdilebiT miRebuli

informacia).

d) ra gavlenas axdens yovelTviuri 295 dolaris odenobis qira im fasze, romelsac bib-

lioTeka akisrebs aslebis gadamRebi manqanis gamomyeneblebs?

26. Tu firma, romelSic muSaobT, gixdiT 20 cents yoveli gavlili milisTvis, rodesac Tqven

sakuTari manqaniT dadixarT kompaniis saqmeebze, am SemTxvevaSi, kompaniis manqana unda gamoi-

yenoT Tu sakuTari? qvemoT CamoTvlili xarjebidan romeli moaxdens gavlenas Tqvens gadaw-

yvetilebaze?

a) Tqveni manqanis Sesyidvis fasi;

b) licenziis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisufleba;

g) sadazRvevo premia;

d) gakicxva;

e) benzinis xarji.

27. imisaTvis, rom gadawyvitos CaerTos Tu ara kolejebs Soris safexburTo CempinatSi, Tqveni

universiteti awarmoebs am RonisZiebis xarjebis Seswavlas. rogor fiqrobT, biujetis ro-

meli muxlebi warmoadgens namdvil xarjebs?

a) moTamaSeebis swavlaze gamoyofili stipendiebi;

b) stadionis giravnobis gadasaxadi;

g) dRis swavlebis studentebisTvis ufaso bileTebi;

d) gundis direqtoris, administratorisa da mwvrTnelis xelfasebi.

28. Tavdacvis saministro aformebs TqvenTan kontraqts pirobiT “xarjebi plus 10 procenti”

imisTvis, rom Tqven sakuTar avtofarexSi raketebi daamzadoT. romelia kanonier safuZvel-

ze Setanili xajebi?

a) avtofarexis mSeneblobis xarjebi, inflaciisa da amortizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT;

b) avtomobilis cveTa, imis gaTvaliwinebiT, rom igi quCaSi dgas, radgan avtofarexSi

adgili aRaraa;

g) avtofarexis oTxi futiT dagrZelebis xarjebi, raTa raketebma quCaSi ar gayon Tavi

da mezoblis bavSvebs ar hqondeT maTi gaSvebis SesaZlebloba;

d) adgilobriv universitetSi leqciaTa kursis safasuri, romlis mosmenac mogiwiaT,

raTa migeRoT raketebis xelosnis diplomi am kontraqtis gasaformeblad;

74

e) maTematikis kursis safasuri, romelic Tqven didi xnis win gaiareT, magram romelic

aucilebeli aRmoCnda, raTa gagevloT kursi raketebis specialobaSi;

v) saSualo skolaSi swavlis xarjebi, raki verafriT daamzadebdiT raketebs, wera-ki-

Txva rom ar gcodnodaT;

z) tetanusis acris xarji, romelic sami wlis asakSi gagikeTdaT da romelmac ixsna

Tqveni sicocxle, ramac sabolood saSualeba mogcaT gamxdariyaviT warmatebuli

samxedro moijare;

T) fsiqoTerapevtze gaweuli xarjebi, romelic dagexmaraT im depresiis dasaZlevad,

risi mizezic gaxda Tqveni Svilebis mier Tqvendami, rogorc samxedro sawarmoo kom-

pleqsis warmomadgenlisadmi, gamoTqmuli upativcemuloba.

29. B-2 tipis bombebis damzadebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom kongress Zviri daujda am bombebis

warmoebis SeCereba, vinaidan ukve sakmarisad didi Tanxebia daxarjuli mis Seqmnaze. Seeca-

deT daexmaroT kongress am argumentis gabaTilebaSi.

30. Tqveni ufrosi braziani xmiT gsayvedurobT “me ar mainteresebs ra iswavleT ekonomikaSi. Tu

Tqvens angariSSi ar CarTavT Cveni firmis yvela aunazRaurebel xarjebs da rekomendaciebs,

samsaxuridan gagaTavisuflebT”. aqvs Tu ara kavSiri aunazRaurebel xarjebs Tqvens mier mi-

Rebul gadawyvetilebasTan?

31. omis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, unda miiRos Tu ara mTavrobam mxedve-

lobaSi ukve gaweuli xarjebi? es advili kiTxva ar aris. sakmaod rTulic kia, Tu mxedvelo-

baSi miviRebT, rom mTavroba damokidebulia sazogadoebis mxardaWeraze.

32. ekonomistebis wesi, rom “aunazRaurebel xarjebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs” mxolod gvaxsenebs,

rom aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT mxolod zRvruli xarjebi, magram ver migviTiTebs, Tu

romeli xarjebia zRvruli. amisaTvis saWiroa kvalificiuri msjeloba. Tqven SegiZliaT ga-

naviTaroT Tqveni SesaZleblobebi aseTi daskvnebis gamosatanad, Tu SeecdebiT CamoTvaloT

da SeafasoT zRvruli xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom zafxulis periodSi

daitovoT an ar daitovoT oTaxi kolejSi. SeecadeT gamoTvaloT minimaluri gaqiravebis

Tanxa, romelic gibiZgebT iqiTken, rom datovoT oTaxi zafxulis periodSi da Semodgomaze

isev SesaxldeT iq.

33. 4-3 naxazze gamosaxuli miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs xelfasis ganakveTebs, romelic unda ga-

daixados firmam, raTa yoveldRiurad SeiZinos garkveuli raodenobis kac-saaTebi konver-

tebis dasawebeblad.

a) xelfasis ra ganakveTi unda SesTavazon firmebma, Tu surT konvertebis dasawebe-

blad daiqiravon 400 kac-saaTi.

b) rogori iqneba maTi erToblivi danaxarjebi konvertebis damwebeblebis xelfasebze?

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

fostalionebis muSaobis saaTebi

$10

5

sa

aT

ob

ri

vi

xe

lf

as

i

nax. 4-3 konvertebis damwebeblebis Sromis miwodebis mrudi

75

g) risi toli iqneba konvertebis damwebeblebisTvis erToblivi alterna tiuli Rireb-

uleba (daxmareba: TiToeuli ujra Seadgens 20 dolars: 20 saaTi gamravlebuli 1

dolarze);

d) ras udris miwodebis fasobrivi elastiuroba 4 dolarsa da 6 dolars Soris? 6 do-

larsa da 8 dolars Soris?

34. gamoiyeneT 4-2 naxazis grafiki da Sesatyvisi teqsti:

a) aCveneT, rogor Seicvleba miwodebis mrudi, Tu meril linCi rikardos mTeli dRiT

daiqiravebs;

b) gviCveneT mrudis cvlileba, Tu marqss SesTavazeben gazeTis reportiorad muSaobas,

saaTSi 19,999 dolaris anazRaurebiT;

g) rogor Seicvleba miwodebis mrudi, Tu sazogadoeba uecrad ufro metad daintere-

sdeba moraluri filosofiis sakiTxebis SeswavliT?

77

5moTxovna da miwodeba: kooperaciis procesi

Rrma da detaluri specializacia swored is faqtoria, rac axasiaTebs yvela im mdidar sazo-

gadoebas, romelsac msoflio odesme icnobda. naSromSi, romelSic me-18 saukuneSi didi

britaneTis ekonomikis aRmavlobis gzebs aSuqebda, adami smiti aRniSnavda:

`Sromis danawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili produqciis mravalsaxeoba qmnis sworadmarTul

sazogadoebas, romelSic sazogado simdidre yvelaze dabali rangis adamianamde vrceldeba~.

sazogadoeba mdidrdeba maSin, rodesac mis wevrebs gacnobierebuli aqvT specializaciis sa-

Wiroeba.

rogor viTardeba specializacia? pirvel TavSi es kiTxva dasmuli iyo, rogorc ekonomikis

ZiriTadi kiTxva. dadga dro, mas pasuxi gaeces. marTlacda, rogor axerxeben adamianebi mdidar,

maRali specializaciis mqone qveynebSi ganaxorcielon zustad is urTierTSeTanxmebuli qmede-

bebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs moTxovnili produqciis Seqmnas?

ZiriTad sirTules masobrivi informaciis nakleboba warmoadgens. mTel msoflioSi arc erT-

ma individma ar icis, rogor mzaddeba iseTi martivi sagani, rogoricaa fanqari. mravalma specia-

listma icis, rom is xis, grafitis, saSlelisa da metalisgan Sedgeba. magram maT ar ician, Tu ro-

gor unda awarmoon es Semadgeneli nawilebi. amas isini avaleben sxva specialistebs da arcerTma

maTganma ar icis, Tu rogor unda mouyaros Tavi erTad am Semadgenel nawilebs.

sabazro sistemebi

bazris saocreba isaa, rom milionobiT adamiani, romelic arc ki icnobs erTmaneTs, axerxebs

gaaerTianos Zalebi da gamouSvas ara marto fanqrebi, aramed bevrad ufro rTuli saqonlis uT-

valavi raodenoba, Tanac, yovelive es advilad gaakeTos.

sabazro sistemebi xSirad SeiZleba avtomatur, TviTregulirebad sistemebad mogveCvenos,

rac iseT warmodgenas qmnis, rom yvelaferi adamianis Carevis gareSe xdeba. es mcdari Sexedule-

baa. sabazro sistemebi momxmareblebis da mimwodeblebis mier aris Seqmnili, romlebic ganaxor-

cieleben maTTvis saintereso proeqtebs da moilaparakeben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras miiReben garan-

tirebulad maTgan, visac sanacvlod saWiro saqonels miawvdian. rodesac ekonomistebi

gamoiyeneben terminebs: `moTxovna~ da `miwodeba~, isini sinamdvileSi droSi gavrcobil daskv-

nebs gulisxmoben.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis procesebi aris konkretul

urTierTSeTavazebaTa mimdinare erToblioba.

78

SeTanxmebebis miRweva ar xdeba sakomiteto Sexvedrebze. ufro metad esaa mravalricxovani

winadadebebi yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb, rasac Cven, vcxovrobT ra sazogadoebaSi, yoveldRiurad

vaxorcielebT. yidva-gayidvis aseTi winadadebebi TamaSis gansazRvrul wesebs emyareba, kargad

gansazRvruli sakuTrebis wesebis CaTvliT. `gamikeTebT Tu ara Tqven amas, Tuki me ase gadagi-

xdiT?~ _ Cveulebriv Cven ar gviwevs am SekiTxvis dasma. daupatiJeblad SevdivarT piceriaSi,

vTxovT oficiants mogvitanos saSualo zomis pica zeTisxiliT, wiwakiTa da saSualoze meti yve-

liT. oficianti ar gvekiTxeba, Tu ras gavukeTebT Cven mas sapasuxod, magram Cveulebriv iguli-

sxmeba, rom gadavuxdiT garkveul Tanxas.

mesame TavSi Tqven gaecaniT moTxovnas, meoTxe TavSi ki _ miwodebis safuZvlebs. es Tavi mo-

Txovnas da miwodebas erTdroulad warmogidgenT. yovelive es bevrad metia, vidre miwodebis da

moTxovnis mrudebis grafikebze maTi gadakveTis wertilis moZebna. Cven amasac vakeTebT, vinai-

dan es aris am urTierTkavSiris ganxilvis moxerxebuli gza, magram Tu gvinda gavigoT, rogor

moqmedebs da zogjer ratom ar moqmedebs kooperacia sabazro sistemebSi, Cven unda gaverkveT

imaSi, Tu ra abrkolebs zogjer adamianTa TanamSromlobas.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi

TavisTavad, is, rom adamianebs surT raRacis gakeTeba da mzad arian gadaixadon rac sxvebs undaT,

ar niSnavs, rom gasakeTebeli aucileblad gakeTdeba. araferi amtkicebs, rom moTxovna savsebiT sakma-

risia mimwodeblis xarjebis dasafarad. yoveldRiurad mravali aseuli velosipedisti sargeblobs

savelosipedo gziT, raTa gadaiaros xidi. am gzaze dagdebuli gatexili SuSa xels uSlis moZraobas.

yvela siamovnebiT gadaixdis erT dolars am SuSis mosaSoreblad, rac niSnavs, rom jamSi gadaxdili

iqneba aseuli dolari imisTvis, rasac mravali adamiani aT dolarze naklebad gaakeTebda.

ratom xdeba ase? imitom, rom transaqciis saSualo danaxarji maRalia. sakmarisi ar aris, rom

momxmarebelma gadaixados is, rasac mimwodebeli moiTxovs. viRacam unda Caataros aqtiuri qme-

deba: moagrovos fuli velosipedistebisgan da miaqcios yuradReba, rom SuSebi gzidan aiRon. es

advili gasakeTebeli ar aris. ase rom ar iyos, gzebze amden damtvreul SuSas ar SevxvdebodiT.

pirovnebam, romelic am saqmes xels mohkidebs, saTiTaod unda gaaCeros yvela velosipedisti,

Camosvas, auxsnas situacia da sakuTar patiosnebaSi daarwmunos, raTa maT, rom fuli gadaixadon

maSin, rodesac mravali maTgani ver xvdeba, Tu ratom unda gadaixados fuli piradad man, rode-

sac amiT sxvebic isargebleben.

am saxis naklovanebebi warmoadgens transaqciuli danaxarjis Sedegs - mimwodebelsa da momx-

marebels Soris molaparakebuli kontraqtis fass.

transaqciuli danaxarji iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar uTmoben gzas maT, visac ufro eCqa-

reba, im komfortuli manqanebis mflobelebi, visac sulac ar eCqareba. es iZleva imis axsnasac,

Tu ratom abinZurebs garemos is xalxi, vinc gulwrfelad ganicdis garemos dabinZurebas. tran-

saqciuli danaxarjebis koncefcia saSualebas gvaZlevs avxsnaT, Tu ratom marcxdeba demokra-

tiis momxreTa umravlesoba. es koncefcia metad mniSvnelovania im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic

biurokratiuli da centralizebuli sistemidan, sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadadis.

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis ngrevisas,

xSirad vismendiT ambebs carieli maRaziebis Sesaxeb. rogor moxda es? ratom ar mihqondaT sakvebi

qalaqebSi, sadac masze didi moTxovna iyo? biurokratiuli sistemis kolafss ara aqvs adekvaturi

axsna. xalxs zemodan miTiTebis gareSe unda gaetana sakvebi mindvrebidan da mieca mSieri xalxisTvis.

modiT davfiqrdeT, vis xelSi iyo mosavlis aReba? vin iyo pasuxismgebeli aRWurvilobis gamoyeneba-

ze? vis xelSi iyo qalaqSi gadasazidi satransporto saSualebebi? rogor unda ganawilebuliyo sa-

kvebi, rodesac is qalaqamde miaRwevda? mxolod is faqti, rom sakvebi mindvrebidan miaRwevda im qa-

laqamde, sadac xalxi mSieri iyo, araa sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom mSier xalxs hqonoda sakvebi. swori

iqneboda xalxisTvis Tavdapirvelad miewodebinaT Sesabamisi informacia da miecaT stimulebi.

transaqciuli daxarjebi iZleva am ̀ gaflangvis~ axsnas. sityva ̀ gaflangva~ Casmulia brWyalebSi, vi-

naidan sruliadac ar aris naTeli, rom is, rac namdvilad xdeboda, gaflangvas warmoadgenda. flan-

gvad ar CaiTvleba is qmedeba, rodesac alpob sakvebs da ar miawvdi mas momxmarebels, Tu sakvebis mi-

wodebis fasi aWarbebs sakvebis fass. es cxadia. transaqciuli danaxarjebi aranakleb mniSvnelovania

da realuri, vidre transportirebis da mosavlis aRebis fasi.

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sakuTrebis ufleba da institutebi

aseTi situacia naklebad mosalodnelia aSS-Si, sadac mindvrebi, sakvebi, aRWurviloba, gzebi,

sawyobebi da sacalo vaWroba kerZo pirebis xelSia. sakuTrebis uflebis mqone sistemaSi xalxs

aqvs stimulebi, raTa ganaxorcielos kontroli, Tu rogor moaxdinos sakvebis gadanawileba im

mxridan, sadac misi siWarbea, im mxares, sadac mis naklebobas ganicdian. kerZo sakuTreba mflo-

belebs saSualebas aZlevs, Tavisuflad gacvalon aucilebeli resursebi, swrafad da nakleb

fasSi miawodon mas, visac es sWirdeba.

SevadaroT samwuxaro situacia, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Seiqmna, im viTarebas, rode-

sac yinuli, ficari, samSeneblo masala da sxva yvelaferi, rac saWiroa rekonstruqciisa da kri-

tikul situaciebSi usafrTxoebisTvis, daiZra Carlstonisaken 1989 wels qariSxal `hiugos~ an

1992 wels maiamiSi qariSxal `endrius~ dros. mTavari gansxvaveba kargad SerCeuli sistema, rome-

lic naTlad gansazRvravs sakuTrebis uflebas aSS-Si, Tavisufali arCevanis saSualebasTan er-

Tad. yovelive es aSS-Si wlebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda institutebis farTo qselis meSveobiT,

rac gansazRvravs yvela gacvliTi operaciis dabal transaqciul danaxarjs, (dakvirvebuli mki-

Txveli mixvdeba, rom xalxi xSirad da regularulad axorcielebs transaqciebs mxolod imitom,

rom transaqciebis xarji dabalia).

mkafiod gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebebi

uflebebis gacvlis SesaZlebloba

kvlav dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu ra advilia im picis SeZena, romelic Tqven gWirdebaT, rodesac

gSiaT. mravali transaqcia, rac iZleva amis saSualebas _ piceriis ageba, wiwakis moyvana, zeTisxi-

lis gazrda, Zroxebis mowvela da yvela am rekvizitis Tavmoyra _ yvelaferi winaswar unda iyos

molaparakebuli da gaTvlili. es molaparakebebi warmatebuli iqneba, vinaidan transaqciuli da-

naxarjebi sakmarisad dabali iyo im institutebis mZlavr qselSi, rac ganviTarda droTa ganma-

vlobaSi, rodesac bazari muSaobda transaqciuli danaxarjebis dagdebaze. dafiqrdiT speciali-

zebul warmoebaze, specializebul calobiT gayidvebze, yvelanairi momsaxurebis specialur

mimwodeblebze, finansuri aRricxvis, sagzao moZraobis, sabaJo samsaxuris, sxvadasxva saxis bizne-

sis principebze - bankebze, sakredito saagentoebze, maRali organizaciis mqone safondo birJeb-

ze, yoveldRiuri gazeTebis klasificirebul nawilebze, satelefono kompaniebis yviTel gver-

debze, brokerebisa da mimwodeblebis siebze, romlebic SegviZlia SeviZinoT gancxadebebiT,

Cveulebrivi samarTlis wesebze, am wesebis gamoyenebaze, arbitraJis kerZo sistemebsa da samoqa-

laqo samarTlis sakiTxebze. erebi, romlebic moZraoben centraluri dagegmvis sistemebidan Ta-

visufali bazris sistemebisken, winaaRmdegobas awydebian maRali transaqciuli danaxarjebis sa-

xiT swored imitom, rom maT ar gaaCniaT mravali instituti, rac gadamwyvet rols asrulebs

sabazro sistemebis muSaobisTvis. SeuZliaT ki am erebs Caataron es gardaqmnebi grZelvadiani Ca-

moyalibebuli sabazro ekonomikis gareSe? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT, swrafad Camoayalibon institu-

tebis kompleqsi, romelsac SeuZlia iarsebos neli, evoluciuri procesis pirobebSi? SeuZliaT

Tu ara maT, daZlion maRali transaqciuli danaxarjebis problema im moqalaqeTa molodinis dasa-

kmayofileblad, romlebic mouTmenlad elian sabazro sistemis danapirebis asrulebas? yofili

sabWoTa kavSiris mravali erisTvis ekonomikuri reformis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad ganapiro-

bebs am kiTxvebze pasuxi.

fuladi fasebis maregulirebeli roli

ratom xdeba komerciul sazogadoebaSi yvelanairi gacvlebi fulis meSveobiT? ratom ar sar-

geblobs xalxi barteruli sistemiT, cvlian ra maT mier nawarmoeb produqcias imaze, rac surT,

rom gaaCndeT? ratom iyeneben isini Suamavlad fuls?

pasuxi isaa, rom fuli amcirebs transaqciul danaxarjs. barterTan SedarebiT, fulis gamoyenebis

upiratesoba. gacvlebis fasi bevrad meti iqneboda da Cveni simdidre - rogorc Sedegi _ bevrad naklebi,

fuli rom procesebis maregulirebeli ar iyos. barteriT SemosazRvrul sistemebSi adamianebs sWirde-

baT uamravi dro, raTa ipovon sxvebi, visac SeuZliaT gaucvalon sakuTari produqcia. violinos xelo-

80

sanma unda ipovos xil-bostneulis gamyidveli, webos mimwodebeli, eleqtrobis mwarmoebeli da mravali

sxva, romlebsac surT TavianTi produqciis violinoze gacvla. es uamrav dros moiTxovs da violinos

warmoeba nel-nela daecema. Seignebs ra, rom yoveli gacvla dakavSirebulia maRal transaqciul dana-

xarjTan, xalxi Seecdeba TviTonve daamzados is produqcia, rac mas sWirdeba. barterze orientirebul

sazogadoebaSi specializaciis done daecema da yvela gaRaribdeba. fulis gamoyenebis upiratesobis na-

Tel magaliTs warmoadgens misi zogierTi saxeobis evolucia, mraval sazogadoebaSi, romelSic amisT-

vis araxelsayreli pirobebi arsebobda. garda imisa, rom yvela cdilobs mis gamoyenebas gacvlisTvis,

fuls gaaCnia kidev erTi upiratesoba. misi raodenoba SeiZleba icvlebodes zrdisa da klebis mimarTu-

lebiT. naxevari violino, romelic me gavakeTe, arafrad gamoadgeba mas, visac surs daukras masze, xolo

ori violino ki mas arafrad sWirdeba. amitom sazogadoebaSi, romelSic fuli ar funqcionirebs, Tu me

specializirebuli var violinos gakeTebaze, Cems mier damzadebul erT violinoSi unda gavcvalo sxva

sagnebi da amitom iZulebuli viqnebi SeviZino imaze meti an naklebi, vidre mWirdeba. xolo Tu violinos

fulze gavyidi, SemiZlia am fulidan movixmaro zustad imdeni, rac mWirdeba. SemiZlia, agreTve movuma-

to fass, Tu vigrZnob, rom momxmarebeli mzadaa meti gadaixados, an davaklo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vigrZnob,

rom sxvanairad ver gavyidi. komerciuli sazogadoebis koordinaciisTvis mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba

mcire regulirebis SesaZleblobas. ganvixiloT galoni benzinis magaliTi. Tu Cven gvsurs, rom paraske-

vs 5 sT. 30 wuTze avzi savse iyos, adamianebma da manqanebma zustad unda icodnen, sad, ramdeni, rodis da

ra samuSaoebi Caataron burRvis, amoqaCvis, transportirebis da sxva mimarTulebiT. am CaxlarTul si-

stemaSi koordinatoris rols fasebi asrulebs. xalxma SesZlo am koordinaciis miRweva ara imitom, rom

ician benzinze Cveni moTxovnis Sesaxeb, aramed imitom, rom sakuTari interesebi gaaCniaT. maTi Zalisxme-

va gaerTianda imitom, rom misi koordinireba xdeboda fasebis cvladi signalebis saSualebiT.

kidev erTxel xazi unda gavusvaT, rom fasebis uzarmazari roli aranairad ar aris dakavSire-

buli Cveni moqalaqeebis xasiaTsa Tu moralTan. ra Tqma unda, adamianebi mxedvelobaSi iReben

ara marto fass _ es absurdi iqneboda. magram fasebis cvlilebisas isini cvlian qcevas, raTa

isargeblon mogebiT, razedac signals axali fasebi iZleva. swored amas mohyavs bazari wonaswo-

robaSi da sakuTari miznebis miRwevas saerTo TanamSromlobad gadaaqcevs.

ZiriTadi procesi

moTxovnisa da miwodebis analizi warmoadgens ekonomistis ZiriTad iaraRs. azrovnebis ekonomikuri

wesis Camoyalibebisas unda iswavloT miwodebisa da moTxovnis cnebebiT azrovneba. dasawyisisTvis, me-

tad mniSvnelovania gaiazroT, rom gacvlaze moqmedi umTavresi faqtorebi Cveulebriv SeiZleba or

kategoriad daiyos _ moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi da miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebi. meore safexurs

warmoadgens is, rom Tqven moxerxebulad igrZnoT Tavi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis garemoSi.

Q

D1

P

D2

modiT, daviwyoT martivi magaliTidan. ra daemarTeba xorblis fass da mosavlis raodenobas

aSS-Si, Tuki ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mosavlianoba mniSvnelovnad daeca? pirveli kiTxva

iqneba, imoqmedebs Tu ara xorblis mousavlianoba moTxovnasa da miwodebaze aSS-Si? vinaidan aSS-

Si xorblis mosavali SesaniSnav Semcvlels warmoadgens rusuli Tu ukrainuli xorblisaTvis,

amitom romelime adgilas xorblis mousav lianoba gamoiwvevs aSS-is xorbalze moTxovnis gazr-

81

das. moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken. es gamoiwvevs fasebis zrdas,

vinaidan moTxovnis raodenoba ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miwodebisa. momxmareblebi iZulebu-

lebi iqnebian, gadaixadon meti da mimwodeblebi aRmoaCenen, rom maT SeuZliaT gayidon ufro ma-

Ral fasSi, maRali fasi ki kvlav gaxdeba xorblis ufro meti raodenobiT miwodebis mizezi.

romeli ufro metad izrdeba – miwodebis fasi Tu raodenoba? es damokidebulia miwodebis

elastiurobaze. Tu fasis mcire zrda iwvevs miwodebis raodenobis did procentul zrdas, miwo-

deba elastiuria. am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis didi zrda xorblis fass mxolod mcired gazrdis,

maSin, rodesac gasayidi xorblis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. meores mxriv, Tu fasebis

metad didi procentuli zrda iwvevs gayidvis raodenobis mxolod mcire matebas, miwodeba ara-

elastiuria da moTxovnis didad gazrdis Sedegad dadgindeba bevrad maRali fasi, magram ima-

vdroulad xorblis Sesasyidi raodenoba mxolod odnav gaizrdeba.

S

miwodeba

moklevadian

periodSi

Q

P

D

faqtiurad ra xdeba? elastiuria Tu araelastiuri miwodebis mrudi aSS-Si? davubrundeT

Cveni msjelobebis sawyis wertils. xorblis fasis moulodneli da uecari zrda Tavdapirvelad

ar gamoiwvevs gayidvisTvis saWiro raodenobis metad did zrdas, vinaidan damatebiTi mosavlis

mosayvanad ramdenime Tve iqneba saWiro. adgili eqneba gasayidi xorblis erTjerad uecar zrdas,

vinaidan arsebobs maragebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba. rodesac moTxovnis zrda aswevs mimdina-

re fass, is, visac aqvs maragi momavlisTvis, amjobinebs garkveuli raodenoba maSinve gayidos.

moklevadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi sakmaod araelastiuri iqneba.

miwodeba

grZelvadian

periodSi

Q

P

ufro grZelvadian periodSi, xorblis miwodebis mrudi metad elastiuria. maRal mosalod-

nel fasebze fermerebi mosavlis mniSvnelovani gazrdiT reagireben. mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom

ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mousavlianoba Tavdapirvelad gamoiwvevs aSS-Si xorblis fasebis

zrdas, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, rodesac miwodebis raodenoba gaizrdeba, fasebi Tavis Cveu-

lebriv dones daubrundeba.

82

1 b

uS

el

is

fa

si

SSR

D1

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

buSeli weliwadSi (bilionebSi)

$6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

SLR

D2

SSR

SLR

D1

D2

nax. 5.1 miwodeba da moTxovna fqvilze

davuSvaT, xorblis fasi 3 dolaria da rogorc moTxovnis, ise miwodebis raodenoba 2 mlrd bu-

Sels Seadgens. D1 warmoadgens xorblis moTxovnis Cveulebriv mruds. mousavlianoba gadaanacv-

lebs mruds D2 wertilSi. es ar gamoiwvevs miwodebis raodenobis cvlilebas. Tu fasi 3 dolari

darCeba, moTxovnis raodenoba naxevari mlrd buSeliT meti iqneba, vidre miwodebis raodenoba da,

amdenad, xorblis fasi gaizrdeba. Tuki ase moxda, miwodebis raodenobac gaizrdeba. moklevadian

periodSi is mniSvnelovnad ar gaizrdeba, vinaidan gayidvisTvis miwodebuli raodenoba ukve moyva-

nili da dabinavebuli mosavlidan unda ganisazRvros. moklevadiani periodis miwodebis mrudi Ssr sakmaod araelastiuri moCans. fasi izrdeba 4 dolaramde da wonasworobaSi mohyavs miwodebisa da

moTxovnis raodenoba. am dros xorblis mwarmoeblebi sxva kulturebisTvis gankuTvnil miwebs

xorbals dauTmoben da moiyvanen met xorbals, ufro maRali fasis gamo. grZelvadian periodSi

miwodebis mrudi elastiuria. rodesac grZelvadiani miwodebis Slr mrudi amoqmeddeba, fasi, rome-

lic moTxovnis da miwodebis raodenobas aregulirebs, 4 dolaridan 3,25 dolaramde daiwevs.

5.1 naxazi moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebs exeba. Tuki yuradRebiT daukvirdebiT naxazs da

mis axsnas, karg praqtikas gaivliT moTxovnis da miwodebis gasaanalizeblad.

damatebiTi praqtika

rogor moqmedebs yovelive es soios fasze? rodesac xorblis fasi gaizrdeba, Secvlian momxmare-

blebi mas soioTi? Tuki ase moxdeba, maSin es gazrdis soioze moTxovnas da gamoiwvevs masze fasebis

zrdas. magram gansaxilvelia sxva tipis cvlileba _ warmoebis Secvla. rodesac fermerebi gadaw-

yveten, damatebiTi miwebi xorblisTvis gamoiyenon, isini amas sxva kulturebis xarjze gaakeTeben.

soios raodenoba Q

D

P

S2

S1

83

Tuki soios mosayvani miwa gamosadegia xorblis mosayvanad, xorblis fasis mosalodneli

zrda gazrdis soios moyvanis alternatiul Rirebulebas da soios miwodebis mrudi amis Sede-

gad zemoT da marcxniv gadainacvlebs.

tbis sanapiro

miwebis miwodeba

Q

P

ra daemarTeba tbis napiris miwebs, Tu mravali ojaxi gadawyvets iq kotejebis SeZenas? ras moe-

liT Tqven, fasebis zrdas Tu Semcirebas? moTxovna gaizrdeba da misi mrudi Crdilo-aRmosavle-

TiT wainacvlebs. me viwinaswarmetyve lebdi aseTi adgilebis fasebis mniSvnelovan zrdas, vinaidan

miwodebis mrudi metad araelastiuria. Cveulebriv, Zalian Znelia tbis napirze damatebiTi adg-

ilebis Seqmna, ase rom, gasayidi miwebis raodenoba fasebis zrdis Sesabamisad ar gaizrdeba.

rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlena eqneba fanqrebis fasze im testebis raodenobis gazrdas, romelTa

Sesavsebad fanqaria saWiro? Tqveni azriT, ramdenad gaizrdeba fasi? am testebis zrda gamoiwvevs

fanqrebis moTxovnis zrdas. me viwinaswarmetyve leb fanqrebis warmoebis did zrdas maTi fasis

mniSvnelovani zrdis gareSe, vinaidan, rodesac moTxovna izrdeba, fanqrebis damatebiTi raode-

noba advilad SeiZleba miwodebuli iqnas zRvruli fasis mniSvnelovani gazrdis gareSe. miwodebis

mrudi metad elastiuria, rac niSnavs, rom moTxovnis zrda fasze umniSvnelo gavlenas moaxdens.

fanqrebis mowodeba

Q

P

ra gavlenas moaxdens benzinis fasze is, rom Tqveni Statis mTavroba mniSvnelovnad gazrdis ga-

dasaxads mis gayidvaze? es SemTxveva bevrad ufro rTulia. gayidvaze gadasaxadis zrda benzinis fa-

sis zrdas gamoiwvevs, magram nuTu benzinze fasi gadasaxadis proporciulad gaizrdeba? an, iqneb,

mimwodeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian nawilobriv TviTonve dafaron gadasaxadebis zrda? imis gas-

agebad, Tu ra moxdeba, davsvaT kiTxva, Tu ra garemoebebis dros iqnebian mzad mimwodeblebi Tavad

gadaixadon gadasaxadebis nawili da momxmareblebs ar daakisron. ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian is

mimwodeblebi, romelTa benzingasamarTi sadgurebi axlos imyofeba im StatebTan, sadac gadasaxade-

bi ar gazrdila? magaliTad, kanzasis Statis qalaq kanzas - sitisTvis mosaxerxebeli iqneba, benzini

SeiZinos misuris Statis nawilSi. ra Tqma unda, yvela ar moisurvebs ramdenime centis gulisTvis

sxva qalaqSi wasvlas, magram gamoCndebian iseTebic, vinc amas regularulad an xSirad gaakeTebs. am

SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis mrudi elastiuri iqneba. omxmareblebi rom ar dakargon, benzinis mimwodebe-

li biznesmenebi wavlen imaze, rom benzinis fasi ar gazardon gadasaxadebis zrdis Sesabamisad.

84

fasebis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba

momxmarebeli xSirad miiCnevs, rom saqonlis fasi masze gaweuli danaxarjebis proporciuli

unda iyos. Sesabamisad, momxmareblebi fasebis zrdas xSirad usamarTlod miiCneven. mimwodeb-

lisTvis fasi gansazRvravs mis Semosavals da fasebis dacemaSi is saSiSroebas xedavs. swored

amitom, mravali adamiani ver SeigrZnobs fasebis cvlilebis makoordinirebel rols da aiZulebs

mTavrobas, ar dauSvas aseTi cvlilebebi. arada, Sedegebi Sorsaa sasurvelisgan, vinaidan fasebis

fiqsacia socialuri koordinaciis meqanizmis gamoTiSvis tolfasia. davuSvaT, rom Sua aRmosav-

leTSi omma mTlianad mospo aSS-Si navTobis miwodeba da sxva mimwodeblebi ar Cqaroben Seavson

danaklisi. benzinis moTxovnis mrudi aSS-Si sakmaod araelastiuria, vinaidan benzinis Semcv-

lelebi arcTu ise mimzidvelia momxmareblisTvis, magram arCevani mainc arsebobs: saavtomobi-

lo pulSi Sesvla; naklebi zomis avtomobilis SeZena; samuSaosTan axlos sacxovreblad gadasv-

la; avtobusiT mgzavroba; Zravis ufro xSiri regulireba; saxlSi ufro xSirad yofna. benzinis

fasis matebisas mis SesaZenad gaRebuli msxverpli. amis Sedegad, maSinac ki, Tu adamianebis mcire

raodenoba gadawyvets ar Seamciros benzinis moxmareba, umravlesoba mainc ipovis gzas, raTa

gaswios mcire ekonomia, xolo zogierTebi wavlen Tavisi xarjebis mkveTr Semcirebaze.

moTxovna sawvavze

sazRvarTan axlos

mdgar sadgurebze

Q

P

benzinze moTxovna SedarebiT araelastiuria, ase rom, benzinis fasi swrafad da mniSvnelovnad

gaizrdeba. omi gamoiwvevs miwodebis mrudis Crdilo-dasavleTisken gadaadgilebas da ar iqo-

niebs araviTar gavlenas moTxovnis mrudze. vinaidan moTxovnis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs miwo-

debis raodenobas, gamyidvelebi moumateben fass. fasi gaizrdeba im donemde, romelic gaaTana-

brebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobas. ekonomistebi am fasebs xSirad wonasworul fass

uwodeben. es aris fasi, romlis pirobebSic momxmarebelTa mier moTxovnili raodenoba tolia

mimwodebelTa mier miwodebuli raodenobisa.

ras gamoiwvevs fasebis momateba? erTi rom, fuli mZRolebis jibeebidan gadaedineba benzinis

mwarmoeblebisa da gamyidvelebis jibeebSi. radgan mZRolebi bevrad metni arian, vidre benzinis

mimwodeblebi, es iwvevs ukmayofilo miTqma-moTqmas. kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT mimarTon fasebis

kontrols _ SezRudon navTobis industria, raTa, rogorc isini ityvian, vinmem ar isargeblos

krizisiT. mTavrobis aseT gadawyvetilebas ekonomistebi mxars ar uWeren, vinaidan fasebis gayin-

viT mTavroba socialuri sistemis koordinaciis ZiriTad jaWvs asustebs. imisTvis, rom gavigoT,

ras niSnavs es, ganvixiloT urTierTkavSiri iSviaTobas, normirebasa da konkurencias Soris.

iSviaTobidan konkurenciisken

aravin brazobs Termometrze, rodesac is dabal temperaturas aCvenebs da ar cdilobs saxlis

gaTbobas civ amindSi imiT, rom anTebuli sanTeli miitanos TermometrTan. ai, iSviaT produqte-

bze maRal fasebs ki xSirad cudad axseneben da ise iqcevian, TiTqos iSviaTobis daZleva fasebze

kontrolis dawesebiT miiRweva. es midgoma arasworia.

iSviaToba aris Tanafardoba sasurvelsa da arsebuls Soris, an moTxovnasa da miwodebas So-

ris. Tu romelime sazogadoebaSi yvelas eSinia gvelebis, amiT isini arc ufro xSirad Segvxvdeba

da arc ufro iSviaTad. Tu meore sazogadoebaSi gvelebs sakvebad iyeneben, maSin isini sakmaod

85

xSirad Segvxvdeba, magram amave dros SesaZloa iSviaTobas warmoadgendnen. produqti iSviaTo-

bas warmoadgens, Tu xalxs ara aqvs misi sasurveli raodenobiT SeZenis saSualeba imis gareSe,

rom amis gamo sxva faseulobaze uari ar Tqvan.

iSviaTi saqoneli

Q

P

S

D

araiSviaTi saqoneli

Q

P

S D

rogorc meore TavSi gamoCnda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqti iSviaTobas warmoadgens, gvixdeba

misi ganawileba, anu normireba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saWiroa garkveuli kriteriumebis

SemuSaveba pretendentebis SesarCevad da imis gansazRvra, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. kriteriumad

SeiZleba gamodges asaki, darwmunebis niWi, sazogadoebrivi pativiscema, gadaxdisTvis mzadyof-

na, moxerxebuloba da uamravi sxva. Cveni sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia iSviaTi produqte-

bis ganawileba fulis gadaxdis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. zogjer SerCevisTvis sxva kriteriume-

bic gamoiyeneba.

magaliTad, harvardis universitetSi yovelwliurad didi konkursia. ase rom, harvardma unda

gaanawilos es iSviaTi adgilebi. SerCeva warmoebs skolis niSnebis, sakontrolo naSromebis,

rekomendaciebis da sxva kriteriumebis mixedviT.

aSS-is prezidentoba nebismier dros SeuZlia mxolod erT adamians. vinaidan am Tanamdebobis

dakavebis msurvelebi bevrad metia, amitom SemuSavebulia SerCevis rTuli sistema yrilobebisa da

arCevnebis saxiT. Tumca mTlad naTeli araa, raSi mdgomareobs kriteriumebi, magram sistema, miu-

xedavad amisa, muSaobs. oTx weliwadSi erTxel mxolod erTi kandidati aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs.

jo koleji yvelaze popularuli biWia studentur qalaqSi da yvela axalgazrda qali cdi-

lobs miipyros misi yuradReba. amitom mas uxdeba yuradRebis gadanawileba Tayvanismcemlebs

Soris. isargeblebs Tu ara is silamazis, Wkuis, ganaTlebis, sikeTisa da romelime sxva kriteriu-

miT, mas ase Tu ise mouwevs arCevanis gakeTeba. magram arCevani warmoSobs konkurencias. rogorc

ki harvardis universiteti gamoacxadebs miRebas, potenciuri pirvelkurselebi daiwyeben Seji-

brs, raTa daakmayofilon kriteriumebi. optimistebi arCevnebis dawyebamde didi xniT adre dai-

wyeben prezidentad arCevis kriteriumebis Seswavlas da brZolas. Tuki jo kolejis Tayvanism-

cemlebi gadawyveten, rom misi arCevanis mTavar kriteriums silamaze warmoadgens, isini

Seecdebian Seejibron erTmaneTs silamazeSi.

iSviaToba iwvevs normirebis aucileblobas

normireba (rogorc diskriminaciuli kriteriumi)

konkurencias sasicocxlod aucilebels xdis

cxadia, rom konkurencia ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis,

an mxolod im sazogadoebisTvis, romelSic gamoiyeneba fuli. es aris fundamenturi mniSvnelobis

daskvna: konkurencia aris iSviaTobis Sedegi da misgan gaTavisufleba mxolod iSviaTobis aRmofx-

vriTaa SesaZlebeli. iq, sadac adgili aqvs iSviaTobas, unda moxdes ganawileba. ganawileba aris

SerCevis ganTavseba zogierTi kriteriumis Sesabamisad. konkurencia ubralod isaa, rasac adgili

aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben ukeTesad Seeguon warmodgenil kriteriumebs.

86

ra Tqma unda, bevria damokidebuli imaze, Tu kerZod romeli kriteriumi gamoiyeneba. Tuki

sazogadoebaSi ganawileba xorcieldeba fulis gadaxdis mixedviT, maSin adamianebi Seecdebian

iSovon meti fuli, Tu kriteriumad fizikuri Zala gamoiyeneba, maSin sazogadoebis wevrebi xels

mokideben kulturizms, xolo Tuki kolejebi da institutebi SerCevas niSnebis mixedviT gaa-

keTeben, moswavleebi ibrZoleben kargi niSnebisTvis.

konkurencia fiqsirebuli fasebis dros

ra moxdeba, rodesac romelime produqti, magaliTad iseTi, rogoric benzinia, ufro Znelad

xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba, xolo mis fass ar eqneba gazrdis SesaZlebloba? Cven aucileblad davi-

naxavT, rom mis SesaZenad fuladi danaxarjebi gaizrdeba, vinaidan benzini ufro iSviaTi gaxdeba

da amitom aucileblad moxdeba misi normireba. Tu kanoni xels uSlis ganawilebis iseTi meqaniz-

mis funqcionirebas, rogoricaa fasi, maSin aucileblobisda mixedviT gamoyenebuli iqneba sxva

kriteriumebi da meqanizmebi. benzinis potenciuri myidvelebi Seecdebian gamoavlinon my-

idvelebis SerCevis axali kriteriumebi da amis safuZvelze daiwyeben erTmaneTTan konkurire-

bas. konkurencia gazrdis saerTo xarjebs, fuladsac da arafuladsac, gazrdis manamde, sanam

moTxovnis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides.

moTxovna

Q

P

miwodeba

legaluri

maqsimaluri

fasi

arafuladi

Rirebuleba

fuladi

Rirebuleba

deficiti

saukeTeso magaliTad albaT benzinze rigebi gamodgeba. rodesac adamianebs eSiniaT, rom isi-

ni ver SeZleben sasurveli raodenobis benzinis yidvas 1 dolarad erT galonSi, isini Seecdebian

ufro adre mividnen sadgurSi, magram es idea sxvebsac gauCndebaT. ase rom, rigebi ufro adre

warmoiSoba da maTi sigrZec imatebs. lodini udavo danaxarjia. moqmedebas daiwyebs moTxovnis

kanoni - momxmareblebi naklebs ivlian manqaniT, rodesac maT rigSi dgomis xarjebi daemateba.

zogierTi mZRoli Seecdeba aRmoaCinos benzini sadme maxlobel olqSi da rigSi ar dadges.

maTi damatebiTi xarjebia benzinis da drois danakargebi, rac moZebnisTvisaa saWiro. sxvebi ga-

rigebaze wavlen da miscemen benzinis Camsxmels ufro mets: daTanxmdebian am sadgurze Caataron

teqnikuri Semowmeba; uSovnian Teatris bileTebs sadguris mflobels da sxva. konkurenciis yve-

la es forma zrdis benzinis SeZenis xarjs. xarjebi manamde gaizrdeba, sanam, sabolood, moTxov-

nis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides. konkurencia im adamianebs Soris, romelTa jamuri

moTxovna srulad ver kmayofildeba fasebis arsebuli donis dros, migviyvans SeZenis xarjebis

zrdamde. Cveulebriv, aseT situaciaSi izrdeba fuladi fasi. rodesac produqtis SeZenasTan da-

kavSirebuli xarjebis sxva komponentebi izrdeba, ueWvelia, rom fuladi fasis Sekaveba rome-

lime sazogadoebrivi Zalis (magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo SezRudviT) mier xdeba. xolo rodesac

produqtis ganawilebis mTavar Sedegad iqceva gazrdili rigebi, moZebnaze daxarjuli drois

zrda da sxva specifiuri kombinaciebi, Cven saqme gvaqvs mocemuli produqtis deficitTan.

deficitis ekonomikuri gageba fokusirebulia fulad fasze. deficitebi arsebobs mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fulad fass ar SeuZlia konkurirebad myidvelebs Soris iSviaTi

produqtis ganawilebis funqciis Sesruleba. realurad deficits vawydebiT maSin, rodesac aR-

movaCenT, rom saqonlis SesaZenad gaweuli arafuladi xarjebi izrdeba, raTa moxdes iSviaTi

produqciis normirebuli ganawileba.

87

fasebis regulirebisa deficiti gardauvalia;

ukmarobisgan Tavdacva fasebis aweviT SeiZleba

mimwodeblis roli ganawilebaSi

Cveulebriv ar gvikvirs produqtis fasis momateba, rodesac es produqti ufro iSviaTi xde-

ba, imitom, rom mimwodeblebi praqtikulad yovelTvis dainteresebulebi arian fuladi fasis

momatebiT da ara produqtis SesaZenad xarjebis romelime sxva komponentis zrdiT. bolosdabo-

los, gana ra mogebas miiRebs benzinis gasamarTi sadguris mflobeli imiT, rom xalxi 30 wuTi

rigSi dgas? arafers da kidev ufro naklebs, rodesac naxevarsaaTiani lodinis Semdeg isini nak-

leb sasiamovno subieqtebad gadaiqcevian. arada, erTi galoni benzinis fasis 20 centiT momate-

ba, benzingasamarTi sadguris mepatrones TiToeul galonze 20 centis mogebas aZlevs. arafu-

ladi danaxarjebis zrdas mohyveba is, rasac ekonomistebi fuW danaxarjebs uwodeben. es aris

momxmareblis danaxarjebi, romelsac ar moaqvs mogeba mimwodeblisTvis. amis SesaniSnav mag-

aliTs warmoadgens rigSi lodini.

fuWi danaxarjebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli transaqciul danaxarjebTan. rom ar arsebobdes

transaqciuli danaxarji, momxmareblebi arasdros dadgebodnen rigSi. amis nacvlad, isini

daTanxmdebodnen imgvar sistemaze, romelic yidvis prioritets ise gadaanawilebda, rom aravis

dasWirdeboda rigSi dgoma. sinamdvileSi aseTi SeTanxmebebis miRwevis da cxovrebaSi gatarebis

fasi bevrad maRalia, vidre mocdis fasi, rasac benzinis myidvelebi rigSi dgomisas ixdian. ma-

gram, isini amas akeTeben mxolod iq, sadac fasebis kontroli gamoricxavs fuWi xarjebisgan gaT-

avisuflebis swraf da advil gzas _ fuladi fasis zrdas.

Tuki mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT mogeba naxon fuWi xarjebidan, isini moisurveben amis gakeTebas

yovelTvis, rodesac mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT maT mier miwodebuli produqtis fasis zrda. maT

xelTaa aseTi gardaqmnis martivi saSualeba. miaqcieT yuradReba, ramdenad martivi da moxerxe-

buli saSualebaa es. yoveli adamiani afasebs fuls, vinaidan es aZlevs produqtebis uzarmazari

erTobliobis marTvis saSualebas. yvela miCveulia, produqtSi fuli gadaixados. Cveulebriv,

gamyidveli warmoadgens mesakuTres an misi ndobiT aRWurvil pirs, romelsac aqvs ufleba,

Secvalos fuladi fasi. fasis niSnulis zemoT an qvemoT moZraoba, im mizniT, rom napovni iqnas

misi iseTi done, romlis drosac momxmareblis mier produqciis SeZenaze gaweuli xarji maqsim-

alurad aisaxeba momwodeblebis mogebaSi, sakmaod advilia.

yovelive es iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom warmoadgens fuladi fasis cvlileba Cveulebriv

reaqcias produqtis iSviaTobis cvlilebaze da ratom Tvlian ekonomistebi fuladi fasis cv-

lilebas sazogadoebaSi koordinaciis uzrunvelyofis pirvelxarisxovan saSualebad. eWvgare-

Sea, rom arsebobs iseTi produqtebi, romelTa ganawileba SeuZlebelia cvladi fuladi fasis

saSualebiT da sxva produqtebic, romelTa ganawileba, rogorc amaSi umravlesoba dagveTanx-

meba, aseTi gziT6 ar SeiZleba, magram aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom iq, sadac sazogadoebrivi

koordinaciis aseTi meqanizmi gamoyenebuli ver iqneba, bevrad ufro rTulia farTo masStabiani

TanamSromlobis miRweva.

swori da araswori gzebi

rogori iqneba mimwodeblebis reaqcia, Tu kanoni maT aukrZalavs fasebis momatebas aSkara

deficitis dros? albaT, isini Seecdebian ipovon sxva gza am situaciidan sargeblis misaRebad.

benzinis gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT Seamciron TavianTi xarjebi klientebis momsaxurebaze, Seamci-

reben ra yoveldRiur samuSao saaTebs da saerTod ar imuSaveben uqme dReebSi. Tuki SeiZleba

maTTvis gamoyofili benzinis 20 saaTSi gayidva, ratom imuSaveben isini 120 saaTs kviraSi? defi-

citze aseTi reaqcia gazrdis momxmareblis mier benzinis SeZenis xarjebs _ maT mouwevT mogza-

urobaze uaris Tqma uqme dReebSi. isini Tavs ususurebad igrZnoben, vinaidan ver iSovian sawvavs.

maT aseve mouwevT damatebiTi xarjebis gaReba, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba ZiebasTan, Sewuxebas-

6 Zneli iqneboda, kvartlis yvela macxovreblisaTvis gamogveyo quCis ganaTebis is zusti raodenoba, romlis safa-

sursac cal-calke gadaixdidnen. xSirad xom sxvadasxva uSveri sityvebiT movixseniebT maT, vinc Tavis keTilganwyo-

bas mxolod fuladi fasis mixedviT anawilebs

88

Tan da SesaZloa, sicocxlis riskTanac ki (benzinis araswori Senaxvisa da Casxmis dros).

sazogadoebasa da ekonomikaSi efeqtiani urTierTTanamSromlobis misaRwevad Cven, mniS-

vnelovnad varT damokidebuli fuladi fasis cvlilebaze. rodesac fasebi ar metyveleben iSvia-

Tobis cvlilebaze, momxmareblebi da mimwodeblebi iReben araswor signalebs. isini ver pouloben

saSualebas, ukeTesad Seeguon erTmaneTs, vinaidan ara aqvT saamiso stimulebi. metad mniSvnelova-

nia, rom adamianebi iRebdnen aseT stimulebs, rakiRa arsebobs urTierTSeTanxmebis mravali sx-

vadasxva mimarTuleba, romelic SeuZlebelia iwinaswarmetyvelos romelime centralurma or-

ganom da romelTa erToblivi Sedegi gansazRvravs sxvaobas koordinaciasa da qaoss Soris.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebisas, swored cvladi fasebi uzrunvelyofs aseT stimulebs.

arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi sistema

vambobT ra, rom fuladi fasi asrulebs aRniSnul funqcias, Cven ar vamtkicebT, rom igi amas

idealurad asrulebs. ra Tqma unda, momdevno TavebSi Cven ganvixilavT fasebis sistemis saSuale-

biT socialuri koordinaciis ara marto miRwevebs, aramed SezRudvebsac. Cven davsvamT kiTxvas

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra pirobebSi ver asaxaven fasebi adamianebis prioritetebs da aRmovaCenT, rom

fasebis sistemis idealur funqcionirebas xels uSlis codnis ukmarisoba, sabazro Zalaufleba,

faruli SeTanxmebebi sakuTrebis uflebebis Sesaxeb, SeuTanxmebloba da araTanasworuflebiano-

ba. magram Cven ar uarvyofT meqanikis pirvel kanons (romelic amtkicebs, rom moZraobaSi myofi

sxeulebi inerciiT cdiloben ganagrZon Tanabari moZraoba) mxolod imitom, rom realur samyaro-

Si adgili aqvs xaxuns. msgavsi Secdoma iqneboda isic, rom Tvali dagvexuWa fasebis sistemis upi-

ratesobaze mxolod imitom, rom igi ver uzrunvelyofs idealur koordinacias.

fuladi fasis meSveobiT iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis sistema, ra Tqma unda, am produqts

mimarTavs maTken, vinc mzadaa gadaixados. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac ganawilebas fasebi mar-

Tavs, Raribebi, rogorc wesi, imaze naklebs miiReben, vidre mdidrebi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs

`mdidaris~ da `Raribis~ ekonomikuri azri. magram arc mTlad asea. fasebiT ganawilebisas, mxedv-

elobaSi miiReba adamianebs Soris arsebuli sxva mravali gansxvaveba, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac

ganawilebis nebismieri sxva formis dros metad Znelia.

davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT benzinis ganawileba specialuri talonebis saSualebiT. rogor gas-

cems saxelmwifo am talonebs? usamarTloba iqneba, erTnairi raodenobiT gascen martoxelaze

da Svidi sulisgan Semdgar ojaxze, magram aseve usamarTloba iqneba, rom erT ojaxs Svidjer

meti taloni Sexvdes. usamarTloba iqneba gagveca erTnairi raodenobis talonebi, maTze visac

aqvs avtomobili da vinc mxolod sargeblobs imiT. mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqebisa da gareub-

nebis mosaxleoba ufro xSirad sargeblobs sazogadoebrivi transportiT, xolo sakuTari manqa-

niT mokle manZilebs gadis. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom isini naklebi raodenobis talonebs

iRebdnen, xolo naklebad dasaxlebuli raionebis mkvidrni ki mets. magarm niu-iorkis zogierTi

macxovrebeli regularulad ufro Sor manZilebze mogzaurobs, vidre is, vinc cxovrobs kolo-

rados Statis qalaq silvertonSi. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara sistema, romelic ignorirebas

ukeTebs individualur garemoebebs? rogor SeiZleba samarTlianad ganawildes talonebi dasav-

leT texasSi mogzaur gamsaRebel agentsa da patara qalaqSi macxovrebel moxuc qals Soris, ro-

melic manqaniT mxolod eklesiaSi Tu dadis? gana erTnairi raodenobis talonebs unda iRebdes

is, visac ar uyvars saWesTan jdoma da isic, visac es Zalian moswons?

ra vuyoT im firmebs, romlebic benzins gamoiyeneben? ganawilebis adekvaturma sistemam mxed-

velobaSi unda miiRos, rom dizelis sawvavi da benzini erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven erT-

sadaimave navTobsa da erTsadaimave navTobgadamamuSavebel simZlavreebze. Tu taqsomotorul

kompaniebs, komerciul TevzmWer flotiliebs, avtogadazidvebiT dakavebul firmebs (Cven

CamovTvaleT saqmiani sawarmoebis ramdenime saxeoba, romelic dizelis sawvavs gamoiyenebs)

miecema yvelaferi, rac maTTvis aucilebelia, aRmoCndeba, rom maT sWirdebaT bevrad meti, vi-

dre amas vinme warmoidgenda. Tu am mimarTulebaSi Cven SevqmniT saxelmwifo dawesebulebas da

davavalebT gamouyos garkveuli raodenoba yovel firmas, ra kriteriumebiT isargeblebs igi?

warsuli moxmarebiT? albaT. magram SeiZleba ki, rom warsuli moxmareba resursebis dRevandeli

ganawilebis swor orientirad gamodges iseT ekonomikaSi, sadac uwyvetad warmoiqmneba axali

firmebi da kvdeba Zveli, sadac warmoebebis nawili izrdeba, sxvebi ki wyveten muSaobas, sadac

89

ganuwyvetliv icvleba teqnologia da moTxovna?

vinaidan firmebi saqonels awvdian ara marto saboloo momxmareblebs, aramed sxva firmebsac,

amitom SeumCneveli da gamousworebeli Secdomebi dominos efeqts gamoiwvevs. resursebis aras-

wor ganTavsebas albaT mTeli dargis daxurvac SeiZleba mohyves Tu xels SeuSlis erTi SexedviT

umniSvnelo, da meore mxriv ki Seucvleli resursis warmoebas an transportirebas. firmebs So-

ris dizelis sawvavis TviTneburi ganawilebisas SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tanamedrove ganviTare-

bul ekonomikaSi rTuli urTierTkavSirebis SenarCuneba.

inflacia da binis qiris kontroli

fasebis saSualebiT ganawilebisadmi sazogadoebis cudi damokidebuleba Zlierdeba infla-

ciis periodSi, vinaidan adamianebi SecdomiT aigiveben erTmaneTTan fasebis zrdasa da cxovrebis

donis dacemas. mraval Cvengans uWirs imis gageba, rom Cveni fuladi Semosavlebi izrdeba im

produqtebis fasis zrdasTan erTad, romelsac vyidulobT. rodesac garkveul produqtze dan-

axarjebi Cveni Tviuri Semosavlis sagrZnob nawils Seadgens, maSin gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni

vxdebiT masze fasebis zrdis mimarT. amasTan erTad, fasi xSirad ar icvleba, magram Tu Seicvala,

didad icvleba da maSin ufro metad vbrazobT am cvlilebebis gamo, xolo sazogadoebrivi uk-

mayofileba nayofier niadags qmnis fasebis moZraobaSi sakanonmdeblo CarevisTvis.

yvelaze saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens binis qiraze kontrolis daweseba. inflaciis dros

fasebi kvebasa da tansacmelze nel-nela iwevs zemoT da amitom maT yuradRebas naklebad aqceven.

binis qira ki didi xnis manZilze ucvleli rCeba da erTbaSad mkveTrad matulobs. binis qira 450

dolaridan 525 dolaramde izrdeba, es sagrZnob sicarieles qmnis Cvens biujetSi da gaumarTle-

blad didi gveCveneba maSinac ki, rodesac imave periodSi Cvens mier SeZenili sxva produqtebis

fasi 50%-iT gaizarda. amgvar SemTxvevebSi adamianebi gantevebis vacs eZeben da binaTmflobele-

bi (TviT es sityva iwvevs aRSfoTebas) am rolisTvis saukeTeso kandidatebad iTvlebian.

sabinao gadasaxadis magaliTSi Taviseburi boroti ironia imaleba da es ironia bevrad amZimebs

problemas. vinaidan binis gadasaxadis ganakveTebi ̀ xistia~ da rogorc wesi CamorCeba sxva fasebis

zrdas, amitom swrafi inflaciis dros binis qiris saSualo realuri done ecema.

rodesac produqtis realuri an inflaciuri fasi sxva produqtis fasamde ecema, am produq-

tze moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba da adgili aqvs deficits. sacxovreblebis bazarze deficiti

gamoixateba vakansiebis ricxvis SemcirebaSi: binebis mxolod mcire raodenoba qiravdeba im

xalxze, visac bina ara aqvs. vakanturi binebis raodenobis es Semcireba gadaiqceva binis qiris

kontrolis sasargeblod metyveli kidev erTi argumentad.

`Cven ar SegviZlia davuSvaT binis qiris zrda, rodesac vakanturi binebis wili 1 procentze

naklebia~, an kidev ukeTesi: `Cven unda davawesoT kontroli binis qiraze manam, sanam vakanturi

binebis wili ar miaRwevs misaReb 3 procentian dones~. vinaidan vakanturi binebis dabali wili

warmoadgens binis dabali qiris Sedegs, es argumenti Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad binis qiris

mudmivi kontrolis sasargeblod metyvelebs. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom fasebis momatebis am

specialurma akrZalvam swored is mimwodeblebi gamohyo, romelTa fasebi ukve isedac veRar ew-

eva inflaciis temps.

rodesac kanoni an Cveva binis qiris fass ufro dabal doneze aCerebs, vidre is donea, romelic

moTxovnasa da miwodebas awonasworebs, maSin gamoCndeba racionirebis sxva meTodebi. binis mepa-

troneebs SeuZliaT arCevani gaakeTon asakis, seqsualuri midrekilebis, piradi Cvevebis, ojaxis

sididis, sarekomendacio werilebis, Sinauri cxovelebis, raionSi cxovrebis xangrZlivobis da

Sida ganawesis dacvis mixedviT. isini, vinc binaSi cxovrobdnen binis qiraze kontrolis dawese-

bamde, Seecdebian, rac SeiZleba didi xniT daikavon maqsimalurad didi farTobi, xolo wasvli-

sas megobars gadascen an Tavad iqcnen qvedamqiraveblebad. binis mflobelebi Seamcireben mom-

saxurebis xarisxs, vinaidan ician, rom Tuki romelime damqiravebeli ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams,

arsebobs binaSi Sesvlis msurvelTa grZeli rigi.

yovelive es iwvevs imis aucileblobas, rom Seiqmnas ZviradRirebuli damkvirvebeli adminis-

traciuli komisiebi da damatebiTi kanonebi, romlebic binis mepatroneebs ukrZalavs garkveul

qmedebebs. amis grZelvadiani Sedegi arsebuli Senobebis ngrevisda mixedviT binis mepatroneTa

saboloo mospoba iqneba, radgan rom Sewydeba ijariT gadasacemi axali saxlebis mSenebloba. am

90

SemTxvevaSi binaTmflobelobis yvelaze aSkara mowinaaRmdegemac ki unda aRiaros, rom Znelia

binis daqiraveba, rodesac mas aravin aqiravebs.

fasebis kontroli qmnis deficits

gasaqiravebeli saxlebis deficiti warmoCindeba rogorc vakansiebis dabali procenti

vakansiebis dabali procenti ver `gamoswordeba~ binis qiris kontroliT

iSviaToba da siWarbe

xSirad, roca fiqroben, rom gansazRvruli produqti ar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, masTan mi-

marTebaSi iyeneben sityvas “siWarbe”.

amerikis samedicino asociacia didi xania gamoTqvams wuxils eqimebis moWarbebis gamo. Tu ar

SevaCereT maTi momzadeba, male aRmovCndebiT am specialistebis Warbi raodenobis winaSe. magram

ar arsebobs eqimebis zusti raodenoba, romelic mosaxleobisTvisaa saWiro. rodesac ama Tu im

profesiis pirebi laparakoben aucilebel raodenobaze, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis gulisxmoben mo-

Txovnas mocemuli fasis pirobebSi. ra Tqma unda, isini amjobineben ar ifiqron momsaxurebis fasis

Semcirebaze.

maswavleblebis siWarbe bolo wlebSi, TviTon maswavleblebisTvis mainc, aseve problemad ga-

daiqca. skolis sabWoebisa da adgilobrivi gadamxdelebis TvalsazrisiT, aq ufro sasikeTo Se-

saZleblobebi iSleba. ufro dabali ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi saskolo olqebi mzad arian daiqi-

ravon maswavlebelTa meti raodenoba. garda amisa, isini, vinc aswavlian, ufro dabali xelfasis

pirobebSi gadawyveten kariera sxva sferoSi gaikeTon. Tu xelfasebis Semcireba ar moxerxda

profkavSirebTan molaparakebebis an imis gamo, rom marTebuli ar iqneba naklebi gadavuxadoT

maT, visac Cveni Svilebis sulsa da guls vandobT, maSin moiZebneba sxva saSualebebi miwodebisa

da moTxovnis dasabalanseblad. xelfasis momateba, romelic CamorCeba inflaciis temps, amci-

rebs realur xelfass. saskolo sabWoebs SeuZliaT aseve gaafarToon maswavleblebis movaleo-

bebis sfero, Seamcireben ra erTeuli gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebulebas ucvleli xelfasis

pirobebSi meti produqciis miRebis gziT.

siWarbe

S D

Q

P

Tuki es zomebi ar aRmoCndeba sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom dabalansebuli iqnas miwodebisa da mo-

Txovnis sidideebi, maSin maswavleblebis deficituri vakansiebis ganawilebisas sxva kriteriu-

mebis gamoyeneba mogvixdeba (maswavleblebis siWarbe imavdroulad maswavlebelTa vakansiebis

deficits niSnavs). ganawilebis TvalnaTel da farTod gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadgens

asaki. es kriteriumi moswonT didi staJis mqone maswavleblebs, magram ar eCvenebaT momxibvle-

lad axalgazrda da momaval maswavleblebs. aseTi midgoma, ra Tqma unda, xels ar uwyobs imas,

rom klasis kari SeaRon maT, visac yvelaze metad surs maswavlebloba.

momwodeblebi, romlebic gulgrilni arian fasis mimarT

rodesac romelime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, myidvelebs Soris konkurencia, rogorc

wesi, iwvevs misi fasis zrdas. Cveulebriv mimwodeblebs uxariaT myidvelebTan TanamSromloba am

91

miznis misaRwevad, vinaidan maT awyobT maRali fasebi. magram rogor iqneba saqme, rodesac rome-

lime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo mimwodebeli arafers igebs fasis momatebiT?

amis karg magaliTad gamodgeba dasajdomi adgilebis ricxvi qveynis yvelaze metad datvir-

Tul aeroportebSi. aviaciis federaluri sammarTvelos prognoziT uaxloes periodSi aSS-is 50

aeroporti didi problemebis winaSe aRmoCndeba. ratom?

moTxovnis swrafi da didi zrdac ki aucileblad rodia deficitis mizezi. magaliTia person-

aluri kompiuterebis deficitis ararseboba. rodesac adamianebis met ricxvs surs gafrena, avi-

akompaniebi sTavazoben met reisebs. Tu saWiroa, isini qiraoben met xalxs da yiduloben met

TviTmfrinavebs. ra Tqma unda, maT uwevT meti xarjis gaweva, magram aviakompaniebi siamovnebiT

midian am xarjebze, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom damatebiTi Semosavali gadafaravs damatebiT xarjebs.

aeroportebSi sirTuleebi warmoiSoba imitom, rom TviTon aeroportebi da maTi garemomcve-

li sivrce kerZo sakuTrebaSi araa da misi gamoyenebis fasi ar iZleva mogebas. damatebiTi mgza-

vrebi, romlebic menejerebis guls sixaruliT avseben, mxolod Tavis tkivils iwveven aeropor-

tis xelmZRvanelobaSi, vinaidan aeroportis da misi garemomcveli sivrcis `mepatroneebi~ ver

zrdian fass, rodesac maT mier miwodebuli produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba.

Tqveni sakuTari aeroporti

davuSvaT, rom Tqven xarT vaSingtonis aeroportis _ qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gadat-

virTuli aeroportis mepatrone da SegiZliaT misi marTva ise, rogorc Tavad migaCniaT saWiro.

`gadatvirTuloba~ wamsve gaqreboda, gardaiqmneboda ra simZlavreebis srulad amoqmedebaSi

(swuxan ki Teatrebis mflobelebi gadatvirTulobaze, rodesac yvela bileTi gayidulia?). sx-

vadasxva aviaxazebi mainc ecdebian reisebis umravlesoba swored am aeroportisken mimarTon, vi-

naidan is dedaqalaqidan ramdenime wuTis savalze imyofeba, rac awyobs vaSingtonSi Camaval mg-

zavrebs, magram Tqven fulis moyvaruli aramzada xarT da aiZulebT, gaiRon soliduri Tanxebi,

vinaidan gsurT dasajdomi tarifebidan maqsimaluri mogebis miReba. konkurenciis Sedegad fasi

gaizrdeboda im donemde, romelic asaxavs alternatiul Rirebulebas pirveli daukmayofile-

beli momxmareblisTvis. Tqven uamrav fuls gaakeTebdiT, magram amavdroulad (Tqvenis wyalo-

biT) arsebuli dasajdomi adgilebi imaT daeTmoboda, vinc maT sxvebze metad afasebs.

xom ar dazaraldebian Tqveni merkantiluri qmedebebis gamo mgzavrebi? didi albaTobiT,

erovnul aeroportSi axali wesebis SemoRebisas, aviakompaniebi ramdenadme gazrdian bileTis

fass, magram es iSviaTi adgili im mgzavrebs ergebaT, romelTaTvis qalaqis centrSi dajdoma bev-

rad mimzidvelia, vidre sxva aeroportidan mgzavroba.

sinamdvileSi, Tu mgzavrebi erovnul aeroportSi gadaixdidnen met fuls, amiT moigebdnen

sxva mgzavrebi. aviakompaniebi ufro met reisebs gauSvebdnen Tavisufali asafreni zolebis

mqone dalasis aeroportSi. amitom mravali mgzavri, romelic ar apirebda vaSingtonSi Casvlas,

an visac aucileblad sWirdeba iq gadajdoma sxva reisebze, isargeblebdnen dalasis ufro mosax-

erxebeli da usafrTxo aeroportiT.

ufro metic, Tuki arsebobs Tqveni aeroportis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis saSualeba, Tqven

amas Zalian safuZvlianad ganixilavT da Tuki gafarToebis xarjebi im Rirebulebaze naklebi aR-

moCndeba, rac aviakompaniebis (sabolood ki mgzavrebis) mzadyofniT izomeba, Tqven dauyovne-

bliv ganaxorcielebT aseT gafarToebas. Tqven ar moiqceviT ise, rogorc iqceva aviaciis feder-

aluri sammarTvelo, romelic yviris krizisze, magram acxadebs aviasadispetCero mowyobilobis

modernizaciis programas, romelic aTwleulzea gaTvaliswinebuli.

reisebis dagvianeba, avariuli situaciebi da sahaero sivrcis deficitis sxva niSnebi SeiZleba uSu-

alod davukavSiroT sahaero sivrceze sakuTrebis Cvens sistemas. arsebuli kanonebi praqtikulad ar

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom bileTebi SeiZinon maT, vinc yvelaze metad afasebs da Seayovnon isini, vinc

mzad araa aseTive maRali fasis gadasaxdelad. aCereben ra farTofiuzelaJian TviTmfrinavs 600 mgza-

vriT, propelerian da eqvsmgzavrian patara TviTmfrinavs nebas rTaven dajdes vaSingtonis erovnul

aeroportSi an Cikagos o’haris aeroportSi, vinaidan TamaSis wesebi 600 mgzavrs ar aZlevs imis saSu-

alebas, rom 6 mgzavrs vaWrobis gziT Seedavos maTTvis saWiro dasajdomi bilikis gamo. Tumca moTxov-

na da miwodeba aqac moqmedebs, magram maT am SemTxvevaSi urTierTTanamSromlobamde ar mivyavarT.

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fasebi, komitetebi da diqtatorebi

ekonomikis centraluri problema adamianebs Soris iseTi TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofaa,

rom dasaxuli miznebis miRweva moxdes resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebiT. didi raodenobis

erTmaneTisTvis ucnobi adamianebis efeqtiani TanamSromlobisTvis aucilebelia, rom gacvlis

pirobebi iyos naTeli, ubralo da standartizebuli.

fuladi fasebi warmoadgens gamartivebis, standartizaciis da TvalsaCinoebis mxriv saukeTe-

so saSualebas. ratom aRweven aseT mcire Sedegebs komisiebi, maSin rodesac am komisiis wevrebi

uamrav drosa da energias xarjaven? es imitom xdeba, rom komisiebi warmoadgens cud saSualebas

imave miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki komisia mainc moaxerxebs am amocanebis gadasawyveti proce-

durebis SemuSavebas, is aRar hgavs komisias, ufro kooperatiul sawarmos warmoadgens.

ra Tqma unda, arsebobs komisiebisTvis dakisrebuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis kidev erTi meTo-

di: SeiZleba neba davrToT erT adamians, miiRos yvela gadawyvetileba. diqtatorebi saqmeebs

swrafad agvareben. did sazogadoebaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis diqtatorul meTodebs Seu-

ZliaT Seasrulon fasTa sistemis mravali funqcia.

medlis meore mxare isaa, rom fasebis sistema saSualebas iZleva mivideT sazogadoebriv

TanamSromlobasTan diqtatorebis ararsebobis dros. es aSkara upiartesobaa maTTvis, visac

isini ar uyvars.

diqtatorebs kidev ufro didi winaaRmdegoba imitom xvdebaT, rom maT ar SeuZliaT mouaron

im codnas, romelic gabneulia im xalxSi, visi mbrZaneblobac ganuzraxavT. fasTa sistema yur-

adRebas aqcevs da koordinirebas ukeTebs ara marto survilebs, aramed mimwodeblebisa da momx-

mareblebis codnasac. Tu moTxovnis mrudi imdenad araelastiuri iqneboda, rom adamianebi

moTxovdnen yvelafers zustad gansazRvruli raodenobiT, xolo miwodebis mrudi _ metad

elastiuria, maSin, vinaidan zRvruli alternatiuli Rirebuleba fiqsirebulia teqnologiebiT

da mudmivia, mTeli codnac ki ver SeZlebda Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganviTarebas. mewarmeebi

mzad unda iyvnen, raTa awarmoon im yvelafris gansazRvruli raodenoba, rac ki adamianebs sWird-

ebaT, Tanac TiToeuli nivTis - gansazRvruli fasiT.

sruliaad

araelastiuri

S

D

Q

P

sruliad

elastiuri

magram saqmec isaa, rom miwodebis mrudebi sruliad elastiuri araa teqnologiiT dadgenili

warmoebis fasis Sesabamisad da moTxovnis mrudebi sruliad araelastiuri araa moTxovnis ra-

odenobis mixedviT. Cven vcxovrobT metad gansxvavebuli donis interesebis, faseulobebisa da

prioritetebis msoflioSi, sadac resursebs mravali potenciuri gamoyeneba aqvs da alterna-

tiuli Rirebulebebi usasrulod icvleba, xolo mimdinare cvlilebebi da mudmivi aRmoCenebi

damaxasiaTebelia yoveldRiuri cxovrebi saTvis. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri dagegm-

vis sistemis kolafsma dagvanaxa is, rasac ekonomikuri Teoria didi xniT adre varaudobda.

diqtatorebma, ragind keTili ganzraxvebi ar unda gaaCndeT, ar ician, Tu rogor uxelmZR-

vanelon komerciuli sazogadoebis yoveldRiur biznes-saqmianobas.

93

mokled gavimeoroT

gadawyvetilebebis koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelic Sromis maRali danawilebiT

xasiaTdeba, metad rTuli sakiTxia, romelic moiTxovs milionobiT SeTanxmebebis da molapara-

kebebis yoveldRiur gadaxedvasa da kontrols.

efeqtiani sabazro ekonomika warmoqmnis mraval instituts, romlebic cdiloben Seamciron

transaqciuli danaxarjebi da romlebic mowodebulia sakontraqto, an mimwodebelsa da momx-

marebels Soris transaqciuli SeTanxmebebis misaRwevad.

fasebis sistema, romelic swrafad reagirebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis pirobebis cvlileba-

ze, maRali specializaciis xarisxis mqone ekonomikur sistemebSi adamianTa saqcielis koordi-

naciis sasicocxlod aucilebel meqanizms warmoadgens.

moTxovna da miwodeba aris urTierTqmedebis procesi, romlis drosac xdeba fardobiTi

fasebis gansazRvra. es aris urTierTSeguebisa da koordinaciis procesi.

fardobiTi fasebis cvlileba qmnis qcevis cvlilebis stimulebs - moixmaron naklebi da awar-

moon meti fasebis zrdisas, moixmaron meti da awarmoon naklebi fasebis dacemisas.

iSviaToba aris arsebulsa da sasurvels Soris, anu miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris fardoba.

produqti aRar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT miiRon is nebismieri ra-

odenobiT, yovelgvari damatebiTi xarjebis gareSe.

iSviaTi produqtebi ase Tu ise unda gadanawildes. ganawileba gulisxmobs SerCevis kriteri-

umebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. konkurencia aris mis-

wrafeba, rac SeiZleba kargad dakmayofildes iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis midgomis krite-

riumebi.

rodesac produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo misi fasis gazrda SeuZlebelia, warmoiqmneba

deficiti. moTxovnis sidide am fiqsirebuli fasis SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs miwodebis sidides.

siWarbe warmoiqmneba maSin, roca miwodebis sidide aWarbebs moTxovnis sidides arsebuli fa-

sis dros. Tuki fasi sakmaod maRal doneze dafiqsirda, warmoiqmneba produqtis Warbi miwodebis

raodenoba, imisda miuxedavad rogori iSviaTic unda iyos es produqti.

Tu konkurencias ar SeuZlia fasebis momateba, is gazrdis SeZenis xarjebis sxva komponentebs.

es xarjebi xSir SemTxvevaSi fuWia _ fuladi gadaxdebisgan gansxvavebiT, aseT xarjebs mimwode-

blebisTvis mogeba ar moaqvT.


1. ai, kargi kiTxva, miwodebisa da moTxovnis makoordinirebeli rolis Sesaxeb, romelzec Sei-

Zleba dafiqrdeT: yovelwliurad milionobiT amerikeli icvlis sacxovrebel adgils, amas-

Tan, mravali maTgani Sor manZilze da ucnob raionebSi gadaadgildeba. rogor pouloben

isini axal sacxovrebels?

a) vin zrunavs imaze, rom praqtikulad yvela adamianma an ojaxma, romelic sxva StatSi

gadadis sacxovreblad, ipovos is xalxi, vinc mzadaa miaqiravos bina an saxli, ro-

melic maT gemovnebasa da garemoebebs Seefereba?

b) vin adevnebs Tvalyurs imas, rom im StatebSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT swrafad iz-

rdeba, axali mSeneblobebi uzrunvelyofdnen sacxovrebeli fondis zrdas iseTi sis-

wrafiT, romelic mosaxleobis zrdas Seesabameba?

g) CamoTvaleT zogierTi instituti, romlebic amcirebs transaqciul danaxarjebs im

amerikelebisTvis, vinc unda gayidos an iyidos saxli sxva qalaqSi gadasasvlelad.

d) wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac saxlebi CineTis komunisturi mTavrobis xelSi iyo,

didi qalaqis mcxovrebTaTvis mas neba unda daerTo binebis gasacvlelad. ratom iyo

gacvlis transaqciuli danaxarji bevrad meti, vidre kerZo sakuTrebis sistemaSi, sa-

dac gacvlis fasi vaWrobis maregulirebelia?

2. ruseTis wiTeli jvris organizaciis Tavmjdomarem 1990 wels gamoacxada, rom is sakvebi, ro-

melic dasavleTis mier daxmarebis saxiT igzavneboda, moipares. `rusi qurdebi yvelaze

94

ufro gamocdilebi arian msoflioSi~ _ Tqva man. ruseTisTvis daxmarebis komisiis direq-

torma daxmareba centralizebuli sistemiT gaagzavna, raTa darwmunebuli yofiliyo ga-

nawilebis sisworeSi. rogor fiqrobT, damSeul xalxamde romeli sakvebi miaRwevda ufro

swrafad da saRad, is, romelsac mTavroba da sazogadoebebi anawilebdnen, Tu is, romelic

moipares? ratom?

3. 1990 wels SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis Sedegad somali gaTavisuflda diqtatorisgan, romelic

didi xnis manZilze marTavda qveyanas. soflis meurneoba, vaWroba da socialuri institute-

bi daingra, ramac gamoiwvia masobrivi SimSilis saSiSroeba.

a) ra iqneboda dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis yvelaze mokle da efeqtiani gza SimSilis sa-

SiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad?

b) zogierTi damxmare organizacia amjobinebda, dasavleTis qveynebidan miRebuli xor-

bali sanapiro zolis gaswvriv TviTmfrinavebiT CaeyaraT. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxde-

boda, es rekomendacia rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT?

g) rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeboda dasavleTis qveynebs xorblis gagzavnis nacvlad,

mTels qveyanaSi vertmfrenebiT erTdolariani da xuTdolariani banknotebi rom

CamoeyaraT? gamoyenebuli iqneboda Tu ara es banknotebi evropidan xorblis Semosa-

tanad?

d) ratom (romeli procesis daxmarebiT) vrceldeba didi raodenobiT narkotikebi

samxreT amerikis mTebidan amerikis qalaqebSi, miuxedavad mTavrobis mcdelobisa, ar

dauSvas es?

4. romeli nivTebi unda gaugzavnoT im raionis mkvidrT, romelic bunebis damangrevelma Za-

lebma daazarala? aris Tu ara pasuxi damokidebuli imaze, bunebis rogor katastrofas

hqonda adgili?

5. Tuki gamdidrebis survili warmoadgens egoisturobisa da merkantilurobis maCvenebels,

rogorc es mraval adamians hgonia, maSin ratom cdiloben eklesiebi da sxva saqvelmoqmedo

organizaciebi didi raodenobiT fulis Sovnas?

6. 1988 wlis zafxulSi aSS-Si rekorduli gvalva iyo. momdevno wlebSi sasoflo-sameurneo

kulturebis farTi ise gaizarda, rogorc arasdros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg. ram aiZula

fermerebi aseTi zomebisTvis miemarTaT?

7. mraval adamians swams, rom Tu sawvavis krizisi kvlav warmoiqmneba Sua aRmosavleTSi an rome-

lime sxva adgilas gamarTuli omis gamo, mTavrobis mier benzini ganawildeba saWiroebis

mixedviT. rogor varaudobT, ris mixedviT gansazRvraven saWiroebas?

8. SeafaseT benzinis normirebis Semdegi sistemebi maTi samarTlianobis mixedviT:

a) isini, visi sanomre niSnebic kentia, benzins yiduloben kent ricxvebSi, xolo visi nom-

rebic luwia luw ricxvebSi;

b) adamianebma unda airCion kviraSi erTi dRe, rodesac isini avtomobilebs ar gamoiy-

eneben. manqanebze dawerili iqneba cifri 1-dan 7-mde, xolo policia daakavebs maT,

vinc am wesebs ar daemorCileba;

g) veravin ver SeiZens benzins kvira dRes.

9. meore msoflio omis dros kvebis mraval produqtze da tansacmlis zogierT saxeobaze

kanonmdeblobiT iqna dadgenili zRvruli fasebi. Semdgom aman gamoiwvia ganawilebis wig-

nakebis gavrceleba qveynis yvela moqalaqeze. nebismieri nivTis SesaZenad, garda fulisa,

saWiro iyo wignakSi aRniSvnis Setana.

a) ramdenad kargad cvlida wignakebiT ganawilebis sistema fuladi ganawilebis sistemas?

b) ratom amjobinebdnen iSviaTi produqtis ganawilebis sawignako sistemas da ara misi fu-

ladi fasis gazrdas?

10. mravali koleji da instituti regularulad uars ambobs moTxovnis raodenobis Sesabamis-

ad popularuli kursebis ganawilebaze.

a) ratom xdeba ase? ratom ver xvdeba skolebis administracia imas, rom moTxovnis ra-

odenoba metia, vidre miwodebis da ar zrdis am kursebis fass an raodenobas?

95

b) rogor gardaqmniT Tqven Semdeg winadadebas am problemis gadasaWrelad: yoveli

studenti Sesvlisas iRebs 1000 kredits, rac SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas special-

uri kursebis SesaZenad. rodesac xdeba registracia, studenti aRniSnavs, Tu am

kreditebis ra raodenobis gadaxdas apirebs is TiToeul kurssa Tu im seqciaSi, sadac

cdilobs registracia gaiaros. kompiuteri SemdegSi aRniSnavs saukeTeso SeTavaze-

bebs. klasze gamoyofili limitis zemoT, rogor Seedreba ganawilebis aseTi sistema

alternativebs?

g) ratom warmoaCens ukeTesad konkretuli kursis fass ukanaskneli daSvebuli studen-

tis winadadeba, vidre studentebis sxva winadadebebi?

d) mxars dauWerT Tu ara imas, rom studentebs neba daerToT, kreditebi erTmaneTs

naRd fulze miyidon, Tuki aseT sistemas skolebSi SemoiReben.

e) davuSvaT, rom iSviaTi kursebis ganawilebas registraciis sistema imisda mixedviT

axdens, Tu vin ufro adre miva da daikavebs adgils rigSi, risTvisac studentebi dil-

iT adre unda adgnen. studenti mzadaa gadauxados amxanags 20 dolari imaSi, rom is

rigSi adgils daukavebs da aT saaTian kurss aiRebs, magram mkacr protests gamoTq-

vams im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas amxanagi damatebiT 15 dolars moTxovs igive kursis

asaRebad. arada, es saSualebas aZlevs, iseTive warmatebiT aaridos Tavi rigs, ro-

gorc adre. Tu Tqven aseTi aSkara sawinaaRmdego reaqcia marTebulad migaCniaT, ma-

Sin riTi axsniT winaaRmdegobas?

11. mraval saqalaqo avtomagistralze ar axdevineben fass pikis saaTebis dros, rogor xdeba

SezRuduli sivrcis normireba?

12. mraval sauniversiteto qalaqSi manqanebis gasaCerebeli adgili faqtobrivad nulovan

fasad iyideba, maSin, roca gasaCerebeli adgilebis raodenoba SezRudulia.

a) rogor xdeba SezRuduli sivrcis ganawileba? niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom gaCerebis

uflebebis ganawileba SeuZlebelia?

b) rogor xdeba iSviaTi gaCerebis uflebebis ganawilebis normireba gaCerebis gadasaxadiT?

g) Tuki kolejebi yvela students 200 dolars arTmeven manqanis gasaCereblad, aris Tu

ara es normirebis kargi saSualeba?

d) davuSvaT, kolejma gaanawila manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilebi saerTo sacxovre-

blebis gaswvriv. rogor SeiZleba es efeqtianad iqnas gamoyenebuli gasaCerebeli

adgilebis SezRuduli raodenobis normirebisaTvis? mxedvelobaSi iqonieT, rom zo-

gierT gasaCerebel adgilze ufro meti moTxovnaa, vidre sxvaze.

13. ras fiqrobT, Tu kiborCxalebis gayidvis zRvruli fasi erT girvanqaSi 1 dolars aRwevs, ro-

gor ganawildeba iSviaTi kiborCxalebi? sad SegeZlebaT wasvla maT misarTmevad?

14. icavs Tu ara mdidrebs fasebis kontroli imisgan, rom Raribebma moixmaron meti?

nuTu imis erT-erT mizezs, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba zogjer kontrols amyarebs binis

qiraze, warmoadgens ganzraxva, xeli SeuSalon fasebs sacxovrebeli farTis SezRuduli ra-

odenobis racionalur ganawilebaSi? miaRwevs Tu ara es kontroli dasaxul mizans? rogor

moxda, rom niu-iorkSi kontrols daqvemdebarebul binebSi sakmaod mdidari xalxi cxo-

vrobs?

15. iyidda Tu ara yvela erTnairi xarisxis manqanas, Semosavlebis ganawileba absoluturad Ta-

nabari rom iyos? vis sawinaaRmdego diskriminacias axorcielebs saavtomobilo fasebi? gana,

Semosavlebis erTnairi ganawilebisas, yvela ojaxi erTnairi sididisa da xarisxis binas Sei-

Zenda an iqiravebda? vis sawinaaRmdego diskriminacias axorcielebs binis qira?

16. rodesac garemos dacvis federalurma dadgenilebam ufro mkacrad SezRuda niu-iorkSi

manqanebis gasaCerebeli adgilebi, gaizarda avtofarexebSi gaCerebis fasebic. ratom? niu-

iorkis momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis sammarTvelos ufrosma mouwoda, bolo moeRoT gamdi-

drebis moyvaruli avtofarexebis mflobelebisTvis. rasTan gveqneboda saqme, kanons rom

eiZulebina avtofarexebSi gaCerebis fasis dakleba?

17. SesaZlebelia Tu ara janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis ageba normirebis gareSe? 1948 wels

96

didi britaneTis yvela ojaxma miiRo dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb, rom janmrTelobis dacvis

axali sistema `uzrunvelyofs yovelgvari samedicino, stomatologiuri da saeqTano momsa-

xurebiT yvelas, mdidarsa da Raribs, mamakacs, qalsa Tu bavSvs. yvelas SeuZlia miiRos is an

misi nawili mainc. ar arsebobs SezRudvebi, garda specialuri SemTxvevebisa~.

a) janmrTelobis dacvis es mowinave sistema, romelmac 1998 wels 50 wlisTavi izeima,

dafuZnebulia im daSvebaze, rom janmrTelobis dacva, romlis fasi nulovania, mSve-

nieria. es daSveba uaryofili iqna britaneTsa da yvela im qveyanaSi, romelmac janmr-

Telobis dacvis igive sistemebi SemoiRo da amiT deficiti Seqmna. ra iwvevs aseT Sem-

TxvevaSi deficits?

b) Tu janmrTelobis dacva yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia nulovan fasad da am fasad mo-

Txovnis raodenoba aWarbebs miwodebis raodenobas, rogor SeiZleba janmrTelobis

dacvis normireba?

g) normirebis romel sistemas SesTavazebT Tqven?

18. amJamad aSS-Si bevrad met wyvils surs bavSvis ayvana, vidre gasaSvilebeli bavSvebis raode-

nobaa. miscemdiT Tu ara Tqven bavSvs im mSoblebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro metad moiTxoven

amas? ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevda es? ra kriteriumebis mixedviT xdeba mSoblebis SerCeva?

19. federaluri samarTali mkacrad krZalavs adamianis organoebis gayidvas transplataciisT-

vis. adamianebs uxdebaT didi xnis lodini, vidre maTTvis gamosadegi organoebi gamoCndeba.

cxadia, rom SesaZlebelia meti organoebis miReba, Tu finansurad daSvebuli iqneba donore-

bis gamoyeneba. xarT Tu ara amis momxre? ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevs es?

20. Tu mSoblebs aqvT erTi televizori da hyavT sami bavSvi, unda miscen Tu ara programis amor-

Cevis ufleba mas, vinc yvelaze met Tanxas gadaixdis? davuSvaT isini arCevanis uflebas yve-

laze ukeTes gadamxdels miscemen da Tanxas danarCen ors gaunawileben. Secvlis Tu ara es

Tqvens pasuxs? Tuki mSoblebisTvis umjobesia samarTlianobisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb Tavian-

Ti Sexedulebebis mixedviT mixedviT am iSviaTi produqtis ganawileba, energetikis samini-

strosTvisac ukeTesi xom ar iqneba iSviaTi energetikuli resursebi konkurentunarian mo-

qalaqeebs Soris samarTlianobisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb Tavisi Sexedulebisda mixedviT

gaanawilos? raSia gansxvaveba?

21. davuSvaT, Tavdacvis saministrom gadawyvita sanapiro zolze samxedro bazis daxurva da

surs miwa kerZo mflobelebs gadasces. es miwa mdebareobs mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionis

axlos da masze ganlagebuli nakveTebidan mSvenieri sanaxaoba iSleba.

a) Tuki nakveTebi latariis mixedviT ganawildeba, vin aaSenebs iq saxlebs?

b) xadia, rom zogierTi nakveTi sxvebze ukeTesi iqneba. aSendeba Tu ara ufro mdidruli

saxlebi saukeTeso monakveTebze Tu nakveTebis ganawileba latariis mixedviT moxda?

g) pasuxobdiT ra wina SekiTxvebze, varaudobdiT Tu ara, rom saxelmwifo ar awesebs

araviTar SezRudvebs saxlebis gadayidvaze? ra Seicvleba Tu latariis kanonebi kon-

fiskaciis an dajarimeqbis muqariT akrZalavs mogebuli nakveTebis gayidvas SeZeni-

dan xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi?

d) nakveTebis rogori ganawilebaa ufro samarTliani _ latariiT Tu gadaxdisTvis

mzadyofnis mixedviT?

22. federaluri teleradiokomitetisTvis aucilebelia, licenziebis SezRuduli raodenoba

mciresimZlavrian satelevizio sadgurebze gaanawilos. sul Semosulia 5000 gancxadeba. da-

exmareT komitets swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, miuTiTebT ra Semdegi sistemebis dade-

biTsa da uaryofiT mxareebze. licenziebi gaicema:

a) yvelaze maRalfasiani gancxadebebis mixedviT;

b) pretendentebis kvalifikaciis mixedviT;

g) latariis mixedviT;

d) iseTi latariis mixedviT, romelic met Sanss aZlevs im xalxs, vinc yvelaze naklebadaa

warmodgenili telegadacemebSi, oRond im pirobiT, rom latariis monawileebi sak-

marisad kvalificiurni arian.

23. iutas Stati bizonebze sanadirod yovelwliurad yidis 27 licenzias, teritoriis 1500 kv

97

milze. gadasaxadi Statis macxovrebTaTvis 200 dolars, xolo sxvebisTvis 1000 dolars

Seadgens. vinaidan Stati yovelwliurad 1000-ze met SekveTas iRebs, is msurvelebs Soris la-

tarias atarebs.

a) rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar aZlevs iutas Stati licenzias mas, vinc yvelaze maRal fa-

sian ganacxads gaakeTebs?

b) rogor migaCniaT, unda mieces Tu ara licenziis mimRebs gayidvis ufleba?

g) latariis Semdeg licenziebis Tavisufali gayidva ra Sedegebamde migviyvans?

24. Tu noemberSi indaurebis miwodeba uecrad arasakmarisi, aRmoCnda. gamoiwvevs Tu ara es de-

ficits? ratom?

25. zafxulSi dasavleTis StatebSi mogzaurobis dros gasaCerebeli adgilebis deficits Tqven

ufro xSirad waawydebiT kempingebSi, vidre motelebSi, ratom?

26. ekonomisti Carlz leivi werda: `SesaZloa, energetikul seqtorSi fasebze orientirebuli

gadawyvetilebebis erT-erTi upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebma ukve ician,

rogor gadawyviton problemebi fasebis saSualebiT. arsebobs warsulTan uwyveti kavSiri

da, SesaZloa, biurokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis ZiriTadi nakli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

maT ar gaaCniaT aseTi uwyvetoba da amis nacvlad aiZuleben adamianebs iswavlon da gaigon

qcevis axali normebi. Cven ver vamCnevT imis sirTules, rac Cveulebrivia. benzinis ganawile-

ba da gayidva sakmaod trivialuri amocana iyo manam, sanam saxelmwifo 1973 da 1979 wels Ta-

vad ar Seecada am sakiTxis gadawyvetas.~

a) SeiZleba Tu ara ase avxsnaT is winaaRmdegobebi, rac wina SekiTxvebSi iyo? iZleva Tu

ara es imis axsnas, Tu ratom vaxdenT fasebis mixedviT zogierTi produqtis normire-

bas yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram uars vambobT fasis mixedviT sxva iSviaTi

produqtis normirebaze? arsebobs Tu ara am ori gansxvavebuli midgomis raime

adekvaturi axsna?

b) rogor xdeba rTul sistemebTan adaptacia? vis Semoaqvs aseTi sistemebi? ratom cdi-

lobs mavani axali da rTuli sistemis Semotanas, raTa Secvalos ukve cnobili, magram

naklebad efeqtiani sistema?

g) aravin moindomebs benzingasamarTi sadguris gaxsnas, vidre manqanis mflobelebisa

da mZRolebis sakmarisi raodenoba ar mogrovdeba, magram cota Tu iyidis avtomo-

bils, benzingasamarTi sadgurebiT sargebloba Tu ar iqneba SesaZlebeli. advilia

ifiqro aseT dilemaze, magram Znelia ipovo sityvebi asaxsnelad. rogor xdeba kverc-

xisa da qaTmis dilemis gadawyveta praqtikaSi? ratom yidulobs xalxi televizorebs

manam, sanam satelevizio sadgurebi aSendeba da ratom Sendeba satelevizio sadgure-

bi manam, sanam adamianebi televizorebs SeiZenen?

27. ratom iyeneben restornebi fasTa warmoqmnis sxvadasxva meTodebs sxvadasxva produqtsa da

momsaxurebaze? magaliTad, qaRaldis xelsawmendebSi fass ar axdevineben da nebas rTaven

klientebs isargeblon maTi SeuzRudavi raodenobiT. sasmelebze Tanxas iReben, oRond dama-

tebiT ulufaze Tanxa an mcirdeba, an sulac ganuldeba. rac Seexeba sxva produqtebs, yvela

erTeulze klientebi ixdian dadgenil fass. Tu Tqveni pasuxi isaa, rom xelsawmendebi Zviri

ar Rirs, maSin ratom ar arigeben maT maRaziebi ufasod? ratom iReben kafeSi karaqis ulufis

fass, maSin rodesac restornebSi karaqis damatebiTi ulufa, moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, klien-

tebs ufasod miewodebaT.

28. am saxelmZRvaneloSi amtkiceben, rom fasebis warmoqmnis sistema TanamSromlobas arsebuli

SesaZleblobebidan arCevanis gamartivebiT uzrunvelyofs. sxva sistema, romelic amas aseve

efeqtianad akeTebs, aris SuqniSani. samarTliania Tu ara SuqniSniT damyarebuli wesrigi?

iTvaliswinebs Tu ara is masTan misuli mZRolebis garemoebebs? mianiWebdiT Tu ara upirate-

sobas sagzao moZraobis kontrolis iseT sistemas, romelic wiTel Suqze im mZRols gaata-

rebs, romelsac ufro saswrafo saqme gamouCnda?

99

6miwodeba da moTxovna:

Teoriidan praqtikisaken

`Zveli istoriis wignSi wavawydi `arqaul da trivialur~ Sexedulebas: Sua saukuneebSi ada-

mianebs miaCndaT, rom sagnebis fass gansazRvravs ara miwodeba da moTxovna, aramed ned-

leulisa da Sromis Rirebuleba da maT gaaCndaT kanonebi, romlebic am fasebs gansazRvravda.

raoden absurduli Sexedulebaa ekonomikaze, romelic mxolod fasebis mixedviT funqcioni-

rebs~.

gazeTis gamomcemlisadmi miwerili es sarkastuli werili asaxavs ucnaur da ironiul, magram,

samwuxarod, gavrcelebul Seexedulebas, rom ekonomia siZunwes iwvevs. is aseve asaxavs gavrce-

lebul Sexedulebas, rom warmoebis xarjebi ramdenadme damoukidebelia miwodebisa da moTxov-

nis procesze. esaa mTavari mcdari Sexeduleba, romlis gabaTilebasac am TavSi SevecdebiT.

gansazRvravs Tu ara fass xarjebi?

rodesac gamyidvelebi atyobineben sazogadoebas fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb, maT uyvarT imis

aRniSvna, rom fasebis zrda xarjebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli. saqmian presaSi xSirad ibeWdeba aseTi

saxis gancxadebebi. TiTqmis yovelTvis, maT Tan erTvis gancxadebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor swu-

xan mimwodeblebi, rom xarjebis zrdam fasebic gazarda. Cveulebriv, arcerTi gamyidveli ar

swuxs imaze, rom fasebis zrda gamoiwvia moTxovnis zrdam, arada, fasebi yovelTvis moTxovnazea

damokidebuli.

miwis nakveTebis SemTxveva amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens. miwis fasi da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, sxva fasebi xarjebSi Sedis. ra Rirs miwa? kargad dafiqrdiT. sagnebs xarji ar gaaCniaT.

miwa ki sagania. xarji SeiZleba hqodes mxolod qmedebas. imdenad, ramdenadac miwas TavisTavad ar

gaaCnia xarji, miwis gamoyeneba Seicavs xarjs maTTvis, visac surs misi gamoyeneba. ra aris es

xarji? es aris gamomyeneblis mier gaRebuli fasi, romelsac isini gaiReben im mizniT, rom miwa

sakuTari arCevanis mixedviT gamoiyenon. Tu gamomyeneblebi Tavad arian miwis mflobelebi, maT-

Tvis miwis gamoyenebis xarji iqneba miwis nebismieri sxva gziT gamoyenebis dakarguli SesaZle-

blobebis zoma. davuSvaT, rom miwa saxlis samxreTiT mdebareobs. mfobeli aSenebs baRs mimdeba-

re nakveTze da amas akeTebs imis gamo, rom moelis met sargebels, vidre manamde hqonda. Tu is

cxovrobs sofelSi an patara qalaqSi, misi gamoyeneba gacilebiT naklebi daujdeba, vidre dau-

jdeboda maSin, did qalaqSi an mis gareubanSi rom ecxovra. mravali adamianisTvis miwaze maRali

fasi imas niSnavs, rom did qalaqebSi misi Rirebuleba imdenad maRalia, rom misi baRad gamoyeneba

ar Rirs. miwaze maRali fasi da, aqedan gamomdinare, mebaReobis maRali xarji warmoadgens im mo-

Txovnis Sedegs, romelic warmoqmnilia mosalodneli gamoyenebiT.

rodesac miwa sxvisi sakuTrebaa da vinmes surs misi gamoyeneba, man igi unda iyidos an iqiravos.

fasi an qiris ganakveTi Cveulebriv imis maCvenebelia, ris gadasaxdeladac arian mzad sxva mflo-

belebi an gamomyeneblebi. mokled, miwaze moTxovna gansazRvravs misi gamoyenebis xarjs.

100

Tu Tqven sawinaaRmdego argumentebi gaqvT, maSin unda SeZloT upasuxoT Semdeg SekiTxvas -

aris Tu ara erTi akri miwis fasi ufro maRali konektikutSi, masaCusetSi da rodailendze, vi-

dre aiovaSi, ilinoissa da indianaSi? xedavT Tu ara, rom fasi axali inglisis StatebSi bevrad

maRalia, vidre Sua dasavleTSi? faqtia, rom aiovas, ilinoissa da indianas Statebs gaaCniaT be-

vrad meti nayofieri niadagi, iq modis bevrad meti sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia, rac miuxeda-

vad yvelafrisa, mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebisTvis miwaze mo-

Txovna axali inglisis sam StatSi imdenad maRalia, rom is miuRwevelia mdidari fermerebisTvisac

ki. akrebis raodenoba, romelic gamoyofilia fermerebisTvis konektikutSi, masaCusetssa da

rodailendSi metad mcirea imasTan SedarebiT, rac aiovaSi, ilinoissa da indianaSia. da es ar aris

mxolod erTeuli da iSviaTi SemTxveva. Cikagos mimdebare miwebic metad nayofieria, an SesaZloa

aseTi yofiliyo, adamianebs rom ar gadaewyvitaT maTi sxvagvarad gamoyeneba da mTlianad uari

ar eTqvaT, fermerul meurneobaSi maT gamoyenebaze.

warmovidginoT fermeri, romlis miwis nakveTi didi qalaqis maxloblad mdebareobs. qalaqis

mimdebare adgilebis zrdasTan erTad, samSeneblo firmebi sTavazoben nakveTis gayidvas im fa-

sad, romelic samjer an metad maRalia sasoflo-sameurneo miwis fasze. Tu fermers surs ganagr-

Zos fermeroba da uars ityvis gayidvaze, rac nakleb savaraudoa, is daiwyebs Civils imis gamo,

rom miwis fasi izrdeba. swored aseTi Civili ismis xSirad im fermerebis mxridan, vinc didi qala-

qebis maxloblad qiraobs miwas. cxadia, rom miwis mflobeli, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, moisurvebs

miwis miyidvas samSeneblo firmebisTvis, Tu miwis moijare ar gadaixdis masSi samjer met fass. ra

Tqma unda, SeiZleba garkveuli simpaTiebi gvqondes im fermeris mimarT, romelmac qalaqis zr-

dis gamo mosavlis moyvanis saSualeba dakarga, magram mniSvnelovania gvesmodes, Tu ratom iTxo-

ven misgan gazrdil saijaro fass _ swored miwaze moTxovnis gazrdis gamo.

Tu miwis Rirebulebis Sefaseba dafuZnebulia `mis saukeTeso da yvelaze momgebian gamoyene-

baze~, maSin im nakveTis mflobels, romelic moisurvebs fermerad darCenas, SeuZlia sruliad

safuZvlianad daiCivlos imis gamo, rom mas ar SeuZlia misces Tavs iseTi fufunebis ufleba, rom

ar gayidos miwa. aseT situaciaSi is valdebulia gadaixados gadasaxadebi, romelic damyarebu-

lia ara imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs miwas Tavad fermeri, aramed imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebda

mas is myidveli, romelic yvelaze met fass sTavazobda am nakveTSi.

gansazRvreba, romelic dafuZnebulia `saukeTeso da yvelaze

momgebian gamoyenebaze~, efuZneba alternatiul danaxarjebs

davuSvaT, rom fermeri flobs miwas, romelsac amuSavebs da adgilobrivi xelisufleba ar

zrdis miwis fass, vinaidan surs igi Seinaxos sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisTvis, Tumca mSene-

blebi bevrad met fass sTavazoben. warmatebuli iqneba Tu ara aseTi politika?

rodesac fermeri ganagrZobs miwis gamoyenebas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisTvis, misi

xarjebi im alternatiuli SesaZleblobebiT ganisazRvreba, romelzec is uars ambobs. uars am-

bobs ra miwis gayidvaze, is kargavs im Semosavals, romelic SeeZlo mieRo, Tuki moaxdenda gayid-

vidan amoRebuli fulis investirebas. Tu fermerobas misTvis weliwadSi 40 000 dolaris sufTa

mogeba moaqvs, maSin is yovelwliurad did Tanxas dakargavs, uars ityvis ra gayidos miwa 1,2 mi-

lion dolarad, vinaidan 1,2 milion dolars SeuZlia weliwadSi bevrad ufro meti mogebis mota-

na, vidre 40 000 dolaria, Tuki, magaliTad, es Tanxa yovelgvari riskis gareSe Caideba saxelmwi-

fo obligaciebSi.

ra unda eTqvas fermers imis Sesaxeb, rom isev fermerad darCes? xom ar dakargavs is SesaZle-

blobas icxovros ubralo, samarTliani, kmayofilebis momtani cxovrebiT? albaT, ara. Tu mas

marTlac surs fermeroba, SeuZlia iyidos miwis nakveTi sxva adgilas, sadac gareubnebis mxridan

naklebi konkurenciaa. Tu is amjobinebs es ar gaakeTos, savaraudoa, rom igi didad ar afasebs

fermerul cxovrebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ki samSeneblo firmebi umateben fasebs mi-

wis nakveTebze, mas swrafad ezrdeba fermerobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, amitom igi albaT

aRar imuSavebs miwaze da amgvarad xels Seuwyobs miwis miwodebas gareubnebis gasazrdelad.

101

sakvebis fasi da fermebis danaxarjebi

amave dros, ra Tqma unda, fermeri amcirebs im miwebis raodenobas, romelzedac mosavali unda

moiyvanos. es warmoadgens sakvebis fasis arcTu ise SesamCnevi zrdis mizezs. is, vinc swuxs, rom

gareubnebis zrda amden fermerul miwebs ikavebs, rac iwvevs sakvebis fasis zrdas, saqmes kargad

ar icnobs. Cikagos gareubnebma didi gza gaiares manam, sanam mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSebdnen

ilinoisSi 20 milioni akri sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gamosayeneblad.

imdenad, ramdenadac miwaze adgilobrivi Tu komerciuli moTxovna iwvevs soios da simindis

fasis zrdas, is maTi miwodebis mruds Crdilo-dasavleTisken gadaaadgilebs. Tu es gaxdeba si-

mindsa da soioze fasis zrdis mizezi, maSin SesaZloa, saWiro gaxdes brZola am kulturebis dasa-

bruneblad. ufro maRali fasi am kulturebze gamoiwvevs fermerobis alternatiuli Rirebule-

bis zrdas da, amdenad, adgilobrivi da komerciuli miznebiT naklebi miwebis gadakeTebas. is, Tu

ra moxdeba, damokidebulia zRvrul xarjebsa da zRvrul sargebelze _ damatebiTi simindis da

soios Rirebuleba muSaobs imave miwis farTobze saxlebis Rirbulebis winaaRmdeg. miwodebisa da

moTxovnis procesi warmoadgens zRvruli misadagebis grZelvadian process da masSi yvela ver

iqneba kmayofili. is fermeri, romelic miwas qiraobs, moTxovnisa da miwodebis am procesis ukma-

yofilo monawiled darCeba. me-20 saukunis umetes da me-19 saukunis dasasrulis didi nawilis

ganmavlobaSi, fermerebi, rogorc jgufi, did sayvedurs gamoTqvamdnen miwodebisa da ganawile-

bis procesis gamo. gagikvirdebaT, magram didi xnis manZilze aSS-Si soflis meurneobis ganviTa-

reba uswrebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. amerikeli fermerebis yoveli axali Taoba bevrad mets

iRebda TiToeuli akri miwidan, vidre wina Taobis fermerebi. teqnikis, meqanizaciis, Teslis gau-

mjobesebam da, ZiriTadad, axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebam Seamcira sakvebis warmoebis zRvru-

li xarjebi, anu, miwodebisa da moTxovnis enaze rom visaubroT, fermeruli warmoebis miwodebis

mrudi samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gadaadgilda. Sedegad miviReT fermeruli fasis SedarebiTi kle-

ba da, didi politikuri zewolis Sedegad, mniSvnelovani samTavrobo daxmareba. axla ukve

SegviZlia avagoT miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebi, gamoviyenebT ra ekonomistebis sayvarel ma-

galiTs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis miwodebisa da moTxovnis Sesaxeb.

1 b

uS

el

is

fa

si

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8

miliardi buSeli fqvili drois periodSi

5

4

3

2

1

S

D

nax. 6-1. fqvilis hipoTeturi moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafiki

6-1 naxazi warmogvidgens xorblis moTxovnis hipoTetur mruds, romelic aRniSnulia D-Ti da

aSS-Si yvela fermeris mier warmoebuli xorblis kombinirebul xarjebis mruds, romelic aRniSnu-

lia S-iT. xorblis fasi imoZravebs erTbuSelze 2,5 dolaris sazRvrebSi, vinaidan nebismieri ufro

maRali fasis dros miwodebis raodenoba meti iqneba, vidre moTxovnis raodenoba da nebismieri

ufro naklebi fasis dros moTxovnis raodenoba ufro meti iqneba, vidre miwodebis raodenoba. 2,5

dolarze meti fasis dros, Sesabamisad, fermerebi ver SesZleben, gayidon xorblis sasurveli ra-

odenoba da iZulebulebi iqnebian dauklon fasi. 2,5 dolarze naklebi fasis SemTxvevaSi xorblis

102

Semsyidvelebi ver SeZleben Seisyidon imdeni, ramdenic surT da mzad iqnebian, gadaixadon meti.

ase rom, fasi imoZravebs winaswari fasis, anu bazris mier gansazRvruli 2,5 dolaris sazRvrebSi.

ra moxdeboda, dabali fasis gamo, fermerebs saCivriT rom miemarTaT amerikis prezidentisa

da kongresisTvis, da fermerebisa da, aSS-is mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvis interesebidan

gamomdinare, mTavrobas mxari daeWira imisTvis, rom xorblis fasi 3,75 dolaramde aweuliyo?

federaluri mTavroba msgavs politikas aTwleulobis ganmavlobaSi axorcielebs. is akeTebs

amas sasofl-sameurneo produqciis Sesyidvisas. am SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba Tavadve Seisyidos

3,75 dolarad is xorbali, romelic ar gaiyida aseT zRvrul fasSi. mTavrobis mier Sesyiduli

xorbali SeiZleba gaitanon ucxo qveynebSi, saCuqrad an gasayidad, maSin, roca es did gavlenas ar

moaxdens aSS-Si xorblis moTxovnis zrdaze.

mivyveT grafikis analizs. rodesac mTavroba gadauxdis maT gansazRvrul fass, fermerebi moi-

surveben gayidon xorbali buSelSi aranakleb 3,75 dolarad. Sesabamisad, man, visac surs xorblis

yidva, unda gadaixados 3,75 dolari buSelSi. am fasad moTxovnis raodenoba mxolod 1,35 mlrd

buSeli iqneba. magram fermerebi, romlebic moelian 3,75 dolars buSelSi, varaudoben 2,6 mlrd

buSeli xorblis mosavals. mTavrobam unda Sewyvitos damatebiTi 1,25 mlrd buSelis SeZena.

xorblis Senaxva Zviri jdeba. ufro xSirad es programa SeiZleba gaxdes xorblis iseTi pro-

duqtis fasis zrdis mizezi, rogoricaa puri. arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi gza xorblis mwarmoeble-

bis dasaSoSmineblad? davuSvaT, rom mTavrobam, fasebiT manipulirebis nacvlad, daxmarebis di-

reqtiva gamosca. kongress SeuZlia gamoucxados xorblis mwarmoebel fermerebs, rom gayidon

sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia im fasSi, rasac maT miscemen Ria bazarze da daemorCilon gayid-

vebis kanons, ris Semdegac mTavroba maT gadauxdis 1,25 dolars yovel gayidul buSelSi. (esaa

sxvaoba sabazro fassa da `samarTlian~ fass Soris) ra moxdeba am SemTxvevaSi?

1,25 dolaris subsidia xorblis erT buSelSi, efeqtianad daswevs xorblis moyvanis zRvrul

xarjebs. es SeiZleba vaCvenoT miwodebis mrudis daweviT grafikze, davwevT ra mas vertikalu-

rad 1,25 dolariT. miwodebis es axali mrudi gadakveTs moTxovnis mruds 1,5 dolaris fasTan da

1,8 mlrd buSelis raodenobasTan. Tu yvelaferi ise iqneba, rogorc grafikzea navaraudevi, xor-

blis mwarmoebelma fermerebma unda SezRudon gayidva. 1,8 mlrd buSeliT da aiRon erT buSelSi

2,75 dolari, anu wminda sabazro fass damatebuli subsidia. isini bevrad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi

iqnebian, vidre samTavrobo Carevamde, magram ara imdenad kargad, rogorc iqnebodnen fasebis

sistemis daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi. es Sedegi, ra Tqma unda, ramdenadme damokidebulia im subie-

qtur Sefasebebze, romlebze dayrdnobiTac iqneba agebuli mrudebi.

S1

Q

P

subsidia

S2

miwodebis raodenoba Tu miwodeba

magram praqtikaSi yvelaferi ise unaklod araa, rogorc grafikze. miwodebisa da moTxovnis

mrudebi asaxaven im adamianebis raodenobas, romlebsac surT Sesyidva an gayidva, raTa gadaixa-

don an miiRon gansazRvruli fasi. amitom es did gansxvavebas qmnis moTxovnisa da miwodebis mru-

debs Soris.

momxmareblebi, romlebic bazarze Sedian, moelian, rom gadaixdian fulis gansazRvrul rao-

denobas gansazRvruli raodenobis saqonelSi. es raodenoba SesaZloa Seicvalos, Tu aRmoaCines,

103

rom fasi is araa, rasac moelodnen, ase rom, moTxovnis mrudze aRniSnuli moTxovnis raodenoba

yoveli kerZo fasis SemTxvevaSi axlos iqneba realuri Sesyidvebis raodenobasTan, Tu, ra Tqma

unda, fasi misaRebia.

mimwodeblebis mxridan situacia gansxvavebulia. mimwodebels ar SeuZlia uecrad gazardos

miwodebis raodenoba, Tu aRmoaCens, rom gayidvis fasi aRemateba im fass, romelsac is varaudob-

da. miwodebis procesi moiTxovs garkveul dros, ramdenime Tvidan erT wlamde mainc. mimwode-

blebs ara aqvT miwodebis swrafi Semcirebis saSualebac ki, roca aRmoaCenen, rom fasi gacile-

biT naklebia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac isini moelodnen. maT SeuZliaT ar gayidon Tavisi

produqciis nawili, magram ras moigeben amiT? es gazrdis maT xarjebs, vinaidan gasanaRdebeli

aqvT finansuri valdebulebebi da produqciis Senaxvac sakmaod Zviri jdeba.

aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom fasebs gansazRvravs ara imdenad moTxovna (mrudi) da mi-

wodeba (mrudi), ramdenadac moTxovnis mrudi da miwodebis raodenoba. miwodebis raodenoba, ra

Tqma unda, damokidebulia miwodebis mrudze, magram cvalebad msoflioSi sawarmoo gadawyveti-

lebebi dafuZnebulia molodinebze, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi mcdaria. fasebs miwodebis rea-

lur raodenobasTan erTad moTxovnis mrudi gansazRvravs.

kidev erTxel ganvixiloT 6-1 naxazi. Tu mosavlis daTesvis droisTvis fermerebs aqvT zusti

informacia, Tu isini am situacias dawvrilebiT gaanalizeben da Tu amindi da yvelaferi sxva,

rac maT kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, ise warimarTeba, rogorc isini moelian, maSin wminda sa-

bazro fasi SesaZloa iyos, 1,5 dolari. xorblis momyvani fermerebi moelian erT buSelSi, 2,75

dolaris aRebas (1,5 dolaris damatebuli daxmareba _ 1,25 dolari), amitom apireben 1,8 mlrd

buSeli xorblis miwodebas. es raodenoba moTxovnili unda iyos 1,5 dolarad. ase rom, wminda

sabazro fasi 1,5 dolari iqneba. wonasworobaa!

magram aq Zalian bevri `Tu~ gvxvdeba. ufro advili xom ar aris imis daSveba, rom mravali fer-

meri, romelic moelis dapirebul daxmarebas, gazrdis sawyis fass 2,5 dolaramde? xom ar iqneba

maTTvis ukeTesi, am gziT miiRon meti mogeba, vidre 2,75 dolarad gayidvisas? xom ar SeZleben

isini, Sesabamisad, 1,8 mlrd buSelze metis gayidvas? SexedeT grafiks da miaqcieT yuradReba

imas, rom Tu xorblis momyvani fermerebi daTesen da moiyvanen xorbals 3 dolarad, fasi 0,5 do-

laramde daecema. swored esaa mrudebis Sinaarsi. mrudebi ixazeba imisTvis, rom gakeTdes ori

mniSvnelovani daskvna:

1) miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis gadakveTis wertili aris im adamianTa SeTanxmebis wer-

tili, romlebsac gadawyvetilebebi Tavisi molodinebidan gamomdinare gamoaqvT da visi molo-

dinebic xSirad mcdaria.

2) vinaidan mimwodeblebs ar SeuZliaT qcevis ise swrafad da uxarjod koreqtireba, rogorc

momxmareblebs, sasargebloa vifiqroT, rom fasebi moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobis erTo-

bliobiT ufroa gansazRvruli, vidre miwodebiT.

kidev erTxel fasebisa da danaxarjebis Sesaxeb

rodesac profesiuli safexburTo gundebis menejerebi zafxulobiT bileTebis fasis moma-

tebis Sesaxeb acxadeben, amas imiT xsnian, rom moimata mimdinare xarjebma, gansakuTrebiT ki mo-

TamaSeTa xelfasebma. magram ratom iReben moTamaSeebi ase maRal xelfasebs? mizezi ar SeiZleba

iyos is, rom maT saSiSi da rTuli samuSao aqvT, vinaidan is aseTive saSiSi da rTuli iyo maSinac,

rodesac isini sezonis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ramdenime aseul dolars iRebdnen. fexburTelebi

aseT ZviradRirebul resursad gadaaqcia moTxovnam, anu mravali adamianis mzadyofnam, gadaixa-

dos didi fuli sanaxaobaSi. evropuli fexburTis (sokeris) moTamaSe fexburTelebi aSS-Si gaci-

lebiT naklebs iReben ara imitom, rom naklebs muSaoben, aramed imitom, rom am qveyanaSi evropu-

li fexburTi imdenad popularuli ar aris.

yvela am magaliTSi vcdilobdiT dagvemtkicebina, rom iseTi sawarmoo resursebis fasebi, ro-

goricaa Sroma an miwa, moTxovnis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. swored amaze mianiSneben, rodesac maT

alternatiul Rirebulebad Tvlian. aseve mtkicdeba, rom samomxmareblo produqtis fasebi si-

namdvileSi warmoadgens alternatiul Rirebulebas, romliTac izomeba produqtis Rirebuleba

misi alternatiuli gamoyenebisas.

ganvixiloT kobirCxalebis bazris magaliTi. raoden samwuxaroc unda iyos, bazarze kiborCxa-

104

lis raodenoba sakmarisi ar aris. ufro maRali fasebi stimuls aZlevs kiborCxalebis damWerebs

da bazarze miwodeba izrdeba, magram ukanasknel wlebSi moTxovna gacilebiT metad gaizarda,

vidre miwodeba da Sesabamisad fasebmac mkveTrad imata.

ufro maRali fasi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc im resursebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba, rom-

lebic amoqmedda kiborCxalebze moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad. oRond, erT romelime konkre-

tul dRes, rodesac bazarze Semosulia yvela kiborCxala, anu am dRis ganmavlobaSi miwodeba

absoluturad dafiqsirebulia, fasi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc im potenciuri myidvelis

alternatiuli Rirebuleba, romelmac maRali fasis gamo xeli aiRo kiborCxalis SeZenaze. Sea-

faseT es Semdegnairad: arsebobs kiborCxalebis gamoyenebis mravali alternatiuli xerxi, ara-

naklebi, vidre am produqtis potenciuri moyvarulia. ra Tqma unda, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,

kiborCxalebi yovelTvis TiTqmis erTnairad gamoiyeneba, magram rodesac miirTmevs erTi gurma-

ni, meores SeiZleba kiborCxalebi aRar Sexvdes. sinamdvileSi kiborCxalebis moyvarulebi erT-

maneTs konkurencias uweven SezRuduli miwodebis gamo.

Q

P

moTxovna

fasi

miwodeba

moTxovna kiborCxalebze gansazRvravs misi Sesyidvis xarjs (fass)

fasi, romelic awonasworebs bazars, anu awonasworebs miwodebisa da moTxovnis raodenobas,

es is fasia, romelic arwmunebs imedgacruebuli myidvelebidan yvelaze Seurigebel individsac

ki, rom saxlSi kambalas fileTi an oraguliT dabrundes. ase rom, bazris gamawonasworebeli

fasi swored am adamianisTvis gamosaxavs alternatiul Rirebulebas.

sainteresoa, yavis moyvarulTa ra nawils SeuZlia imis gaazreba, rom, TiTqos, roca braziliaSi

yinvebis gamo fasi izrdeba, es zrda xarjebzea dafuZnebuli? magram am axal gazrdil fass gansazR-

vravs ara yavis moyvanis xarjebi, aramed yavis alternatiuli Rirebuleba im moyvarulTaTvis, vinc

sasurveli kofeini unda dauTmos uarisTvis naklebad mzadmyofT da e.i. metis gadamxdelT. miwode-

bis SezRudul raodenobasTan erTad fasi gansazRvrulia moTxovnis mixedviT.

danaxarjebi da sakuTreba

yvelas, visac jarSi umsaxuria, SeuZlia, ramdenime saSineli istoria mogviyves imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ramdenad araefeqtianad gamoiyeneba iq piradi Semadgenloba. maRalkvalificiuri buRalte-

ri iZulebulia SeRebos yazarma maSin, roca angariSi davalebuli aqvs adamians, romelsac TiTeb-

ze Tvla uWirs. SesaZloa yovelive es odnav gadaWarbebulic iyos, magram, miuxedavad amisa, fa-

qtia, rom, rogorc wesi, samxedro samsaxurSi pirad Semadgenlobas bevrad ufro uyairaTod

epyrobian, vidre samoqalaqo samsaxurSi.

ratom? imitom, rom samoqalaqo samsaxurSo samuSaos mimcemni iZulebulni arian TavianT mo-

samsaxureebs gadauxadon alternatiuli Rirebulebis safasuri. Tu Tqven buRalters buRal-

tris xelfasi unda gadauxadoT, is ar SeRebavs yazarmas. meores mxriv, raSi mdgomareobs im zem-

degis xarji, romelic aiZulebs maRalkvalificiur jariskacs, Seasrulos arakvalificiuri

samuSao? Tu zemdegs raRac mizezis gamo ar moswons axalgazrda, maSin wvevamdelis sxva, misTvis

Sesaferis samuSaoze gadayvana zemdegisTvis alternatiuli (xelqveiTis damcireba) SesaZle-

105

blobis dakargvas niSnavs. yvela momWirneobs, magram sxvadasxva mizniT.

aseTi analizidan ori daskvna gamomdinareobs _ pirveli: im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momxmare-

blebs ar uxdebaT resursebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis, anu maTi saukeTeso alternatiuli ga-

moyenebis Rirebulebis gadaxda, resursebi, Cveulebriv, moufiqreblad da uyairaTod gamoiyene-

ba. meore: momxmareblebs uxdebaT resursebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis gadaxda maSin, roca es

resursebi aSkarad sxvas ekuTvnis. jarSi gawveuli piri ar warmoadgens `Tavisi Sromis mepatro-

nes~, vinaidan kanonma mas waarTva ufleba, gadawyvitos, Tu vis, sad da ra pirobebiT unda emsaxu-

ros. amitom, rodesac `Zia semi~ dauZaxebs, mas ar SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi alternatiuli Rire-

bulebis safasuri, rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is kompania `iunaited soupCips~-s sWirdeba.

ra Tqma unda, igive iTqmis yvela sxva resurszec. Tuki resursi aravis ekuTvnis, maSin veravin

daiCemebs imas, rom am resursis potenciurma momxmareblebma gadaixadon im alternatiuli Se-

saZleblobis Rirebuleba, razedac uaris Tqmaa saWiro. kidev araerTxel mogviwevs darwmuneba

imaSi, rom, arasakmarisad dafasebuli resursebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba mofiqrebulad da yaira-

Tianad. dabali xarjebis SemTxvevaSi resursebis ekonomiis stimulebi sustad moqmedebs.

yovelive es srulad Seesabameba socialistur sazogadoebas, romelSic resursebis ganawile-

ba samTavrobo dagegmviT xdeba. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, liubnadan mirgorodamde, ekonomikis

damgegmavebisTvis rkinigzis mSeneblobis xarji iyo imis Rirebuleba, Tu sxvagvarad ra SeiZle-

boda gakeTebuliyo am resursebiT. magram Tu oficiozs Seswevs Zala, konkurenciis gareSe mii-

Ros mniSvnelovani resursebi, rogorRa unda daadginon resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis

Rirebuleba? gaixseneT cnobili muSebi, romlebsac SeeZloT velosipedis Tvlis manas Secvla

ise, rom Tavdayira idgnen da ustvendnen. Tuki ar iqneboda cirkis mepatrone, romelic mzad iq-

neboda konkurencia gaewia am muSebis mier gaweuli momsaxurebisTvis, rogorRa darwmundebod-

nen centraluri damgegmavebi, rom isini Zalian bevrs uxdidnen velosipedebis mwarmoeblebs?

gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri sistemebisTvis gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens is meTodi,

romlis meSveobiTac dgindeba alternatiuli qmedebebis Rirebuleba. iq, sadac resursebi kerZo

mflobelobaSia, warmoiSoba konkurencia da dgindeba is fasebi, romlebic uaxlovdeba resurse-

bis mflobelisTvis alternatiul Rirebulebas. iq, sadac resursebs aSkarad gamokveTili mepa-

trone ara hyavT, am procesis marTva SeuZlebelia. ra xdeba? vin gansazRvravs an rkinigzis xazis

fardobiT Rirebulebas, an imas, xom ar ajobebda rkinigzis liandagisTvis saWiro foladiT sat-

virTo manqanebi damzadebuliyo, an transportirebis gaumjobesebis nacvlad transportiT ga-

dasatani saqoneli gaumjobesebuliyo, an, meti da ukeTesi samomsxmareblo saqonlis gamoSvebis

nacvlad, xom ar ajobebda dasveneba? im informaciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac moTxov-

nis da miwodebis procesi warmoSobs, ekonomikis damgegmavebi TiTqmis iZulebulni arian TviTne-

burad Seafason maT winaSe arsebuli alternativebi.

gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni brmad rom ar moqmedebdnen, alternatiuli Rirebulebis, zRvru-

li mogebisa da aseve zRvruli xarjebis Sefasebis meTodebi mudmivad unda gamoiyenebodes ekono-

mikur sistemebSi. moTxovna da miwodeba, anu myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis konkurenciis sabazro

procesi Sesabamis Sefasebebs xelmisawvdom resursebze fasebis maCveneblebis ganTavsebiT qmnis.

yvelgan, sadac ki TamaSis wesebi naTlad ar gansazRvraven adamianis mier specifiuri resursebis

kontrolisa da gacvlis wesebs, moTxovnisa da miwodebis procesi ver gamoimuSavebs deficitis

realistur maCveneblebs, raTa warmarTos ganawileba da koordinireba gaukeTos qmedebebs.

danaxarjebi da gadatvirTuloba

axali codna Zvel Sexedulebebs aqarwylebs. es asea, Tu warsuli Sexedulebebi ar axSobs axal

codnas. Tu Tqven ar eTanxmebiT adre motanil argumentebs, kidev erTxel naTlad unda gaiazroT

da meti yuradReba miaqcioT Cvens mier adre ganxilul sagzao moZraobis magaliTs.

pirvel TavSi, sagzao moZraobis magaliTi gamoyenebuli gvqonda socialuri kooperirebis

asaxsnelad da Cven gamovitaneT daskvna, romelsac Tqven ukve icnobT. qalaqSi moZraoba yovel-

Tvis ar aris mkacrad koordinirebuli procesi. moZraobis gadatvirTuloba, magaliTad, dakav-

Sirebulia darRvevebis donesa da saskolo problemebTan, anu iseT socialur problemebTan,

romelTa koreqtireba mTavrobas zogjer uWirs. sasaciloa, rom zogjer igi Tavad aris am pro-

blemebis mizezi.

106

mosaxleobis zrda ar warmoadgens sagzao sacobebis warmoqmnis ZiriTad mizezs

sagzao moZraobis gadatvirTuloba (ZiriTadad, qalaqis centrebSi) mxolod mosaxleobis zr-

diT ar aris gamowveuli, vinaidan sagzao moZraoba zogjer im qalaqebSic gadatvirTulia, sadac

mosaxleoba klebulobs. problema xalxis mier rodia Seqmnili. amerikelebs surT marTon avto-

mobilebi qalaqebsa da gareubnebSi, rac SeiZleba swrafad da xSirad. manqanis kerZo mflobels

surs swrafad, komfortulad, usafrTxod imoZraos ara mxolod samsaxursa da saxls Soris, ara-

med maRaziis, bazrobis, fexburTis moednis, kinoTeatris, restornis, amxanagis saxlis da saer-

Tod yvela sasurveli mimarTulebiT.

moZraobis gadatvirTulobis mizezs warmoadgens ufro metad simdidre, vidre mosaxleobis zrda.

magram ratom xdeba ase? gadatvirTuloba gardauvali ram araa. personalur kompiuterebze moTxovna

ukanasknel wlebSi bevrad metad gaizarda, vidre moTxovna im garemoze, sadac Cvenma avtomobilebma

unda imoZraon. kompiuterebis maRaziebSi ar aris didi rigebi, gzebze ki rigebi arcTu iSviaTi movle-

naa. ese igi, personaluri kompiuterebis miwodeba gaizarda iseve swrafad (an SesaZloa ufro swrafa-

dac ki), vidre moTxovna. ratom ar gaizarda gzebis raodenoba iseve swrafad, rogorc moTxovna?

ratomaa rom miwodebis raodenoba zog SemTxvevaSi Tanxvdeba moTxovnis

sidides da zog SemTxvevaSi ki - ara?

ori yvelaze ufro misaRebi pasuxi radikalurad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan. erTni

amboben, rom CvenTan ar Sendeba gzebis sakmarisi raodenoba. meoreni amtkiceben, rom gzebis rao-

denoba sakmarisia, magram ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi transportis adekvaturi sistema. ar

SeiZleba, rom orive pasuxi swori iyos. sadaa WeSmariteba?

aravin icis! ra Tqma unda, mravali adamiani darwmunebulia, rom am saqmeSi erkveva da xmamaR-

lac gamoTqvams meti transportis an gzebis moTxovnas, magram, gana saidan unda icodnen es? sai-

dan unda icodnen, gzebi gvaqvs Tu ara? sad iReben isini informacias? saidan unda gaigon, gzebis

deficitia Tu, piriqiT, zedmeti raodenoba?

ar aris Zneli xorblis mosavlis deficitisa da siWarbis gansazRvra. 1990 wlebSi, mousavlianobis

gamo, xorblis fasi erT buSelSi 4 dolaridan 6 dolaramde gaizarda. es momatebuli fasi deficitis

maCvenebeli iyo da, amasTanave, warmoadgenda deficitis mospobis saSualebas. maRalma fasma Seamcira

moxmareba da seriozuli stimuli misca warmoebas. xorblis fasi swrafad daeca buSelSi 3 dolaramde.

fasebis mkveTri dacema, erTis mxriv, siWarbes niSnavs, xolo, meores mxriv, siWarbis mospobis saSuale-

bas warmoadgens, amitom igi metad mtkivneuli movlenaa fermerTa umravlesobisTvis.

ra emarTeba gzebiT sargeblobis fass? zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, gzebis sistemas aSS-Si

fasi ar gaaCnia, vinaidan igi kerZo sakuTrebaSi araa. mflobels ar SeuZlia fasis mixedviT imsje-

los imis Sesaxeb, Tu adamianebis ra raodenoba moZraobs gzebze sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da mi-

wodebis gasazrdelad ris gadasaxdelad arian mzad. mflobelma icis mxolod arafuladi dana-

xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb. es gazrdili danaxarjebi warmoadgens deficitis damamtkicebel sabuTs.

magram deficiti TavisTavad ar aris imis argumenti, rom Cven axali gzebis mSenebloba daviwyoT.

ras iwinaswarmetyvelebdiT Tqven, romelime sxva produqti, magaliTad, kinos bileTebi nu-

lovan fasad rom miewodebodes? davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT, rom kino kulturuli TvalsazrisiT

imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom yvelas unda hqondes misi naxvis saSualeba. ase rom, mTavrobas vai-

ZulebT, neba darTos yvelas, visac surs, ufasod isargeblos kinoTeatrebiT. me viwinaswarmet-

yveleb, rom gadatvirTulobis seriozul problemas wavawydebodiT.

kinoSi wasvla saSinel gansacdelad iqceoda. jer erTi, yovelTvis mogiwevdaT did rigSi Cad-

goma, meorec, Tqven ver ipovidiT or adgils gverdigverd, Tuki seansze erTi saaTiT adre ar mixvi-

dodiT. rodesac kino daiwyeboda, Tqven ar geqnebodaT misi mosmenis saSualeba. xalxi ikamaTebda,

irbenda, iCxubebda. yvela kinoTeatri savse iqneboda mozardebiT, romelTa umravlesoba dainte-

resebuli iqneboda ara filmis naxviT, aramed erTmaneTTan urTierTobiT. patara bavSvebis didi

jgufebi, profesional ZiZebTan erTad regularulad daeswrebodnen kinoseansebs. isini autanel

xmaurs gamoiwvevdnen. ufrosebic met dros popkornisTvis gareT siarulSi gaatarebdnen da ar

107

isxdebodnen TavianT adgilebze. da bolos, rodesac isini TavianT adgilebs daikavebdnen, mravali

maTgani intensiurad iWoravebda. adamianebis umravlesoba ar iqneba filmiT dainteresebuli da es

autanel movlenad gadaiqceva maTTvis, visac surs filmis naxva. kinoTeatrebSi adamianebs didi

brZolis gadaxda mouwevT da zogierTi iq swored am sanaxaobisTvis ivlis.

ratom ar SeuZlia mosaxleobis zrdas, Teatrebis gadatvirTvis gamowveva?

rodesac produqtis fasi nulis tolia, adamianebi mas gamoiyeneben ise, TiTqos misi fasi nul-

ze ufro naklebia. isini ufrTxian nivTis gamoyenebas, sanam misi zRvruli fasi nuls miuaxlo-

vdeba, vinaidan maTTvis amis gakeTebis zRvruli fasi nulis tolia. swored asea saqme wyalTan

mimarTebaSi. Tumca Cven vambobT, rom wyali warmoadgens sicocxlisaTvis aucilebel produqts,

msoflioSi yvelaze saWiros da a.S., magram viciT, rom wylis zRvruli fasi CvenTvis metad umni-

Svneloa da amitom ganvagrZobT wylis gamoyenebas ise, TiTqos mas fasi ar gaaCndes. es ar qmnis

damatebiT problemebs iq, sadac wylis damatebiTi raodenoba SeiZleba miwodebuli iqnas umniSv-

nelo fasad. magram aseTive midgoma qmnis seriozul problemebs Cvens gzebze.

gamoiwvevs Tu ara kinoTeatrebSi Cvens mier aRwerili viTareba SeSfoTebas da warmoSobs Tu

ara im azrs, rom saWiroa meti kinoTeatris mSenebloba? an iqneb gvirCion, rom gaumjobesdes tele-

viziis muSaoba, raTa xalxi kinoTeatrebidan gamoviyvanoT. realurad, Cven ar SeiZleba vicodeT,

kinoTeatrebis didi Tu mcire raodenoba gvaqvs, vinaidan, ar gagvaCnia informaciis zusti wyaro.

zustad aseve, ar gagvaCnia sakmarisi informacia saavtomobilo gzebis raodenobis Sesaxeb.

inebe meti, sanam ufasoa

gadatvirTuloba deficitis ganmsazRvreli meore sityvaa. nebismier produqtze iarsebebs de-

ficiti, Tu fasi sakmaod dabali iqneba. isini, visac surs meti raodenobis gzebis mSenebloba, raTa

bolo moeRos gadatvirTulobas, amboben, rom unda aSendes gzebis is raodenoba, rac xalxs surs

nulovan fasad. es axlosaa absurdTan. damatebiTi gzebis zRvruli xarjebi ar aris nulis toli,

xolo qalaqis raionebSi is sakmaod maRalia. ratom unda gaviRoT didi damatebiTi xarjebi imisT-

vis, rom miviRoT mcire damatebiTi sargebeli? Tqven ambobT, rom mogeba sakmarisi iqneba? magram

rogor SeiZleba es ganvsazRvroT bazris gareSe? gadaxdisaTvis momxmareblis mzadyofna aCvenebs

kerZo mwarmoebels, Tu romeli xarjebis Semcireba gamoiwvevs met mogebas. mZRolebis mzadyofna,

atexon aurzauri da Cxubi gzebze sacobebis gamo, arafers eubneba kanonmdeblebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra xarjebis gaReba iqneba saWiro qalaqebsa da gareubnebSi gzebis gayvanisTvis.

sagzao sacobebi = gzebis deficits. SesaZloa deficiti Segveqmnas nebismier sagan-

ze, Tu maTze sakmaod dabal fasebs davawesebT.

Zviri da namdvilad gasaumjobesebeli sazogadoebrivi transportis damcvelebic ar iZle-

vian ukeTes rCevebs. qvemoT moyvanilia nawyveti gazeTidan, romelSic axsnilia, Tu ratom ar

unda movelodeT kerZo kapitalisgan sazogadoebriv transportSi saxsrebis dabandebas.

imis mizezi, rom kerZo kapitali ar qmnis da ar marTavs sazogadoebriv transports isaa, rom

maTTvis amas fuli ar moaqvs. sazogadoebrivi saagentoebisTvis sazogadoebrivi transportis

Seqmnisa da marTvis stimuli isaa, rom isini iTxoven subsidiebs im momsaxurebis misawodeblad,

romelic sazogadoebas sWirdeba.

ucnauri argumentia. Tu sazogadoebas sWirdeba da surs momsaxureba, ratom ar SeiZleba amiT

fulis keTeba? Tu misi dafinanseba gadasaxadebis amoRebiT ufro moxerxebulia, vidre momxma-

rebelTa SenatanebiT, saidan unda icodnen sazogadoebrivma saagentoebma, Tu ra raodenobiT

unda Seqmnan da amoqmedon transporti?

damajerebeli sabuTia siZvire axali produqtisa, romlis gansaxorcieleblad sazogadoebrivi

transportis gaumjobesebis iniciatorebi Tavad ar apireben fulis gadaxdas. ekonomikis enaze rom

vTqvaT, zRvruli sargebeli (gazomili gamoyenebisTvis gadaxdis mzadyoniT) bevrad naklebia sazo-

gadoebrivi transportis Seqmnis da amoqmedebis zRvrul xarjebTan SedarebiT. rodesac, federa-

108

luri mTavrobisgan miRebuli didi subsidiebis xarjze, qalaqebSi xdeba sarkinigzo sistemis ageba,

umravlesoba uars ambobs avtobusebiT sargeblobaze. eleqtrotransportidan miRebuli mogeba

albaT ar Seesabameba avtobusebis sistemebis danakargs. im mZRolebs, romlebic amis momxreebi arian,

miaCniaT, rom es Seamcirebs gzebis gadatvirTulobas, amitom cdiloben sxvebic daarwmunon, ar

isargeblon avtobusebiT da isargeblon matarebliT. arada amerikelebi saxlidan samsaxuramde da

nebismier sxva adgilamde misaRwevad, upiratesobas kerZo avtomobiliT mgzavrobas aniWeben.

moismineT matarebliT ubileTo mgzavrobis moyvarulTa argumenti _ `es privilegirebuli

sistemaa mxolod imitom, rom mTavroba Cveulebriv afinansebs avtomobilistebs da ar iRebs ma-

Tgan mTlian gadasaxads gadatvirTul adgilebSi moZraobisTvis~. avtomobilistebis lobis

standartuli pasuxi, rom manqanis mflobelebi ixdian gadasaxads benzinze, sakmaod mcdaria.

avtomobilistebi did gamonabolqvebs gamohyofen, gansakuTrebiT _ qalaqebSi. es is xarjia, ra-

sac isini sxva adamianebze avrceleben da rac gadasaxadiT ver Sefasdeba. am sakiTxs Cven me-13

TavSi davubrundebiT. principuli mosazreba, rom didi qalaqebis SigniT da maT garSemo, bevrad

meti damatebiTi gzebi Sendeba, vidre soflebis midamoebSi. is, visac surs imoZraos didi qalaqis

gadautvirTav gzebze, bevrad did moTxovnas warmoqmnis benzinze gadasaxadis SemosavalTan mi-

marTebaSi, vidre is, visac surs fermidan maRaziamde gadautvirTav gzaze moZraoba. es aris zR-

vruli fasi, am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, _ damatebiTi xarji, magram es ar aris saSualo fasi.

rogoria mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas damatebiTi

gzatkecilebis zRvruli xarjebi da zRvruli mogeba?

sakiTxavia, Tuki qalaqis mZRolebi mzad iqnebian gadaixadon fasi, gadatvir Tulobis Se-

samcireblad, Semcirdeba ki igi? unda vifiqroT, rom ara, Tuki Cven vfiqrobT gzebis aSenebas

ise, rom maTiT sargeblobis fasi nulis toli iyos. magram, Tu Cven CavatarebT tests gadaxdi-

sadmi mzadyofnis Sesaxeb, swrafad aRmovaCenT, rom quCebisa da gzebis sasurveli raodenoba,

deklarirebulze gacilebiT naklebia. rodesac fasi izrdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba mcirdeba.

adamianebi gamoiyeneben manqanebs mxolod maSin, rodesac ar arsebobs am produqtis kargi Semcv-

leli da amgvarad aTavisufleben gzas. yvelas SeeZlo materialurad moego (Tumca ibuzRunebd-

nen maRali gadasaxadis gamo), radgan gzebi Tavisufali iqneboda didi SesaZleblobebis mqone

gamomyeneblebisTvis da ar daziandeboda imaT mier, visac dabali zRvruli SesaZleblobebi aqvs.

sanam mTavroba gzebis mesakuTrea da, politikuri zewolis gamo, saSualebas iZleva isini

nulovan fasad gamoiyenon, Cven yovelTvis gveqneba gadatvirTuloba da es problema arc maSin

moispoba, Tu met axal metrosa da rkinigzas avaSenebT. amis naTel damamtkicebel sabuTs warmo-

adgens is, rom sadac ki amis gakeTeba scades, arsad araferi gamovida. sagzao moZraoba izrdeba

da sazogadoebrivi transporti mniSvnelovnad ver cvlis am suraTs. amitomaa, rom qalaqis gada-

tvirTuli adgilebis ufasod gacemas ganvagrZobT.

samedicino momsaxurebis mzardi danaxarjebi

vxelmZRvanelobT ra xarjebsa da Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebze aseTi SexedulebiT, Seveca-

doT gaviazroT samedicino xarjebis zrdis Sesaxeb dawyebuli dava da isic, Tu rogor SevaCeroT

es zrda. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT eqimebis anazRaurebis sakiTxi.

xSirad amtkiceben, rom eqimebi did Tanxebs imitom iReben, rom ainazRauron swavlis xarjebi.

gana es sworia? aseTi msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom uvicebi, romlebic erTi wliT gvian amTa-

vreben institutebs, moiTxoven ufro met xelfass, vidre geniosebi, romlebic mTel kurss sxvebze

swrafad gaivlian. am msjelobidan isic gamomdinareobs, rom eqimebi, romlebic srul stipendias

iRebdnen swavlisas, fasebis nakleb preiskurants moiTxoven, vidre isini, vinc Tavad ixdida swa-

vlis qiras. davuSvaT samedicino institutis kursdamTavrebulma gaigo, rom ori wlis sicocxle-

Ra darCa. nuTu igi gazrdis Tavis honorars ise, rom am or weliwadSi amoiRos swavlis xarji? aseTi

msjeloba uazrod gveCveneba. praqtikosi eqimisTvis samedicino ganaTle baze gaweuli xarjebi mT-

lianad warsuls bardeba da, Sesabamisad, ar moqmedebs mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze.

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samedicino ganaTlebis misaRebad saWiro didi Tanxa amcirebs eqimebis momsaxurebas

(gadaadgilebs grafiks marcxniv)

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom samedicino ganaTlebis xarjebi ar moqmedebs eqimebis anazRaurebaze?

pasuxi isaa, rom moqmedebs, Tumca iribad: igi gavlenas axdens eqimebis mier momsaxurebis miwodebaze.

mravalwliani gulmodgine Sromis perspeqtiva bevrs gadaafiqrebinebs, gaiaros dawyebiTi samedici-

no kursebi medicinaSi. eqimis momavali samuSaos mimzidveloba mcirdeba imis gamo, rom am wlebSi

uari unda Tqvan gasamrjeloze da isesxon fuli swavlisa da cxovrebisaTvis. ase rom, samedicino

ganaTlebis miRebis momavali xarjebi zRudavs im pirTa raodenobas, vinc momavalSi xalxs samedici-

no momsaxurebas SesTavazebs. saboloo jamSi es moqmedebs anazRaurebaze, romelsac iTxoven eqime-

bi. magram imisTvis, rom gaverkveT, Tu rogor xdeba es, Cvens analizSi win unda waviwioT.

honorari, romelsac eqimi adgens pacientis misaRebad, dakavSirebulia xarjebTan, magram sinam-

dvileSi esaa pacientis miRebis xarjebi. ra aris eqim hipokrates mier pacient ana reqsis miRebis

xarji? ra alternatiul SesaZleblobaze unda Tqvas eqimma hipokratem uari saamisod? esaa Se-

saZlebloba, daxmareba gauwios sxva pacients. riTi ganisazRvreba aseTi SesaZleblobis Rirebu-

leba eqimisTvis? is ganisazRvreba im honorariT, romelic mzadaa gadaixados meore pacientma.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamianebi ixdian samedicino momsaxurebaze eqimebis SezRuduli

drois Rirebulebas maTi moTxovnis mixedviT. es moTxovna urTierTqmedebs eqimebis momsaxure-

bis miwodebasTan, ris Sedegadac xdeba eqimTan vizitis, anu im fasis dadgena, romelsac eqimi kon-

sultaciaSi iTxovs. rac ufro maRali honoraris miReba SeuZlia eqim hipokrates sxva paciente-

bisgan, miT ufro maRali iqneba anas konsultaciis fasi.

miaqcieT yuardReba imas, rom sidide dadgenilia ara drois im monakveTis Rirebulebis mixed-

viT, rac eqimma institutSi gaatara, aramed pacientTan mimarTebaSi misi drois Rirebulebis mi-

xedviT. es metad mniSvnelovani momentia. Tu izrdeba eqimebis momsaxurebaze moTxovna, magram ar

izrdeba am momsaxurebis miwodeba, maSin pacientebi, Seecdebian ra erTmaneTs gadauswron, aswe-

ven samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, Cven TviTon ganvsazRvravT saeqimo

momsaxurebis Rirebulebas masTan rigSi Cawerisas.

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mwarmoeblebi weven fasebs

110

eqimebi ar arian valdebulni, aswion fasebi, rodesac moTxovna miwodebaze swra fad izrdeba da

mravali maTgani marTlac ar akeTebs amas. samagierod isini uSveben xarjebis sxva elementebis zrdas.

`me ver migiRebT Tqven xuTSabaTamde~ an `Tu gnebavT SegiZliaT moxvideT klinikaSi da moicadoT,

magram SesaZloa eqimma ver migiRoT~. rac ufro nakleb gaizrdeba fasebi, miT ufro metad gaizrdeba

rigSi dgomis xarjebi. amis Sedegad, is vinc mzad iyo meti fuli gadaexada, dauTmobs samedicino mom-

saxurebis nawils maT, vinc mzadaa saaTobiT icados rigSi da ikiTxos Zveli Jurnalebi.

ukanasknel wlebSi eqimebis momsaxurebaze moTxovnis zrdis mravali mizezi gaCnda. adamianebi

ufro didxans cocxloben, xandazmulebs meti problema aqvT, Cven eqimebis meti imedi gvaqvs da

ufro xSirad mivdivarT konsultaciebze, xolo konsultaciis msurvelebs sul ufro xSirad ar

moeTxovebaT am vizitis zRvruli xarjis gadaxda. ukanaskneli mizezi erTob mniSvnelovania, vi-

naidan Seicavs gafrTxi lebas medicinis mzardi Rirebulebis problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi

popularuli meTodis mimarT.

danaxarjebi da dazRveva

samedicino dazRvevis nebismieri sistema, romelic eqimebis momsaxurebas anazRaurebs, amci-

rebs pacientebis xarjebs da amiT zrdis im momsaxurebis raodenobas, romlis SeZenac xalxs surs.

aseTi msjelobisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, dazRvevis sistema saxelmwifoa (mTlianad ga-

dasaxadebiT dafinansebuli), Tu kerZo, romlis drosac gadasaxadebs isini ixdian, vinc am daz-

RveviT sargebloben. manam, sanam pacientis gadawyvetileba, ewvios eqims, didad ver moqmedebs im

Tanxaze, romelic man dazRvevaSi unda gadaixados, misTvis am vizitis fasi TiTqmis nulovania.

Tu dazRveulTa garkveuli raodenoba ufro xSirad daiwyebs eqimTan siaruls, maSin maT mouw-

evT Senatanebis (anu gadasaxadebis) gazrda. magram sadazRvevo polisebis mflobelebs (anu ga-

dasaxadebis gadamxdelebs) am damatebiTi gadasaxadebis gadaxda imisgan damoukideblad mouw-

evT, wavlen isini eqimTan Tu darCebian saxlSi, raTa daisvenon da Cai dalion. damatebiTi xarjebi

aunazRaurebad xarjebs warmoadgens da amitom isini gavlenas ver moaxdenen gadawyvetilebaze.

pacientisaTvis eqimTan vizitis zRvruli fuladi xarji nulis tolia, rodesac dazRveva ix-

dis Sesatan honorars.

amaSi mdgomareobs dazRvevis, `rogorc medicinis Rirebulebis problemis gadamwyvetis~, mTa-

vari nakli. Tu ufro maRal xarjebze reagirebas imiT movaxdenT, rom gavzrdiT sadazRvevo ga-

dasaxadebs, amiT xels SevuwyobT momsaxurebis raodenobis SezRudvas, magram es migviyvans moTxov-

nas zrdasTan, aswevs xarjebs da aucilebels gaxdis dazRvevis damatebiT gaZvirebas. moqalaqeebi

daiwyeben gamokiTxvas, Tu ratom ar keTdeba araferi samedicino momsaxurebis Rirebulebis Sesa-

mcireblad. Cven verafers mivaRwevT, sanam Cvenive gadawyvetilebebiT xels vuwyobT mis gaZvire-

bas, vzrdiT ra moTxovnas samedicino momsaxurebaze ufro metad, vidre izrdeba misi miwodeba.

moTxovna

dazRveviT

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dazRvevis

gareSe

samedicino momsaxurebis danaxarjebi

kiTxva, Tu vin ixdis fass, aseve arsebiTia, rodesac saqme exeba samedicino momsaxurebis Rire-

bulebis zrdis kidev ufro mniSvnelovan elements _ saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobas. Tu pacien-

111

tebi erTnair Tanxas ixdian ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobisaTvis,

isini, ra Tqma unda, saavadmyofos airCeven. saavadmyo foSi ukeTesi movlaa da iq ufro advilia

yuri adevno pacientis gamo janmrTelebas. amasTan, dazRveva xSir SemTxvevaSi srulad ixdis saa-

vadmyofoSi mkurnalobis xarjebs maSin, rodesac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobis mxolod nawils

faravs. es pirdapiri stimulia saavadmyofoebis SezRudul momsaxurebaze moTxovnis gazrdis-

aTvis da araa rTuli imis winaswarmetyveleba, rom es palatebze fasis zrdamde migviyvans.

davuSvaT, romelime saavadmyofo gafarTovda 200 sawoliT da SeiZina rTuli laboratoriu-

li mowyobilobis didi raodenoba. mas Semdeg, rac es gadawyvetileba miRebulia, masTan dakav-

Sirebuli xarjebi Seuqcevadia, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom isini administraciisTvis gamousa-

degaria. Tuki saxelmwifo da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebi Tanaxma arian, saavadmyofos

aunazRauron pacientebis momsaxurebis xarjebi da Tu saavadmyofoebi Tavad iReben gadaw-

yvetilebas, Tu ra Seitanon Tavis xarjebSi, isini aucileblad Seitanen Seuqcevadi xarjebis

yovel dolars. Seuqcevadi xarjebi yovel pacientze ganawilebuli iqneba nebismieri formuliT,

romelic saSualebas miscems saavadmyofos, rac SeiZleba swrafad aanazRauros es xarjebi gad-

amxdelebTan konfliqtebis gareSe.

visTvis warmoadgens es yovelive xarjebs? visTvisaa es mogeba? Tu gvsurs, gavarkvioT, ratom

tardeba esa Tu is politika, umjobesia, swored ase daisvas sakiTxi xarjebisa da mogebis Sesaxeb.

roca Tanamedrove samedicino aRWurvilobis moxmarebisgan sargebels ZiriTadad samedicino

personali iRebs, roca samedicino personalis ukmayofilebam SeiZleba usiamovneba moutanos

administracias, roca mowyobilobis SeZenis xarjebs mTlianad da winaaRmdegobebis gareSe Ta-

vis Tavze mTavroba, sadazRvevo kompaniebi an qvelmoqmedebi iReben, maSin saavadmyofos adminis-

tracia SeiZens ZviradRirebul aparaturas im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mas iSviaTad gamoiyenebs da e.i.

saavadmyofoSi momsaxurebis fasebi uecrad gaizrdeba.

is momxmareblebi, vinc ixdian sadazRvevo Senatans, fasebis kontrolis mizniT, ukanasknel

wlebSi cdiloben, zewola moaxdinon damzRvevebze, xolo damzRvevebi mouwodeben eqimebs, Seam-

ciron samedicino daxmarebis xarjebi. sadazRvevo kompaniebi agreTve cdiloben, garkveul mom-

saxurebaze fiqsirebuli Tanxa gadauxadon imis nacvlad, rom dafaron yvela is xarji, romelic

TiTqosda gaaCniaT saavadmyofoebs. amis Sedegad, administraciebs xarjebis kontrolisTvis

meti safuZveli gauCndaT da ekonomiis survilma pacientamdec miaRwia. xarjebis yovelgvari

zrdis gareSe garantirebuli samedicino daxmarebis problemis gadawyveta mravali xnis manZil-

ze mzaddeboda. am sferoSi gasarkvevad unda mivxvdeT _ moTxovna gansazRvravs xarjebs.

aucilebelia samedicino momsaxurebis racionalizaciis zogierTi meTodis gamoyeneba, vinaidan

nulovani fasis pirobebSi pacientebisTvis moTxovnis raodenoba bevrad didia, vidre is raode-

noba, romlis miwodebac SesaZlebelia.

elastiuroba da fasebis cvlileba

ukanasknel wlebSi amerikelebi bevrad met yuradRebas uTmobdnen dietis gavlenas janmrT-

elobaze. aman gamoiwvia moTxovnis zrda qaTmebsa da zRvis produqtebze da Seamcira moTxovna

xorcze. SegviZlia Tu ara vivaraudoT ufro maRali fasi qaTamsa da Tevzze, xolo naklebi fasi

xorcze, vinaidan moTxovna gansazRvravs fass?

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elastiuri

miwodeba

112

savaraudoa, rom ara. rodesac produqtze moTxovna izrdeba an mcirdeba, fasze gavlena damo-

kidebulia miwodebis elastiurobaze. ramdenad elastiuria qaTmebis, zRvis produqtebisa da

xorcis miwodeba? upirveles yovlisa, pasuxi damokidebuli iqneba wina periodis analizis Sede-

gebze. metad xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi miwodebis mrudebi ukiduresad araelastiuria,

vinaidan mTlianad miwodebis, an miwodebis raodenobis cvlileba garkveul dros moiTxovs. rac

ufro didi dro aqvT mimwodeblebs, miT ufro didi iqneba miwodebuli raodenobis cvlileba. es

kargi wesia. faqtobrivad imas niSnavs, rom miwodebis mrudebi ramdenadac araelastiuria mokle

vadebSi, imdenadve elastiurni arian grZelvadian periodebSi. Tundac fasebSi umniSvnelo

cvlilebebis sapasuxod, mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT moZebnon mravali gza resursebis gadaadgile-

bisaTvis.

amerikelebis Wamis CvevebSi cvlilebebi iSviaTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mimwodeblebs reguli-

rebisaTvis sakmao dro aqvT. amdenad, xorcis fasi uecrad ar daecema da qaTmis fasic erTbaSad

ar gaizrdeba, resursebi ki xorcis warmoebidan qaTmis warmoebaSi gadainacvlebs.

zRvis produqtebis SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. zRvis produqtebze gazrdili moTxovna

gamoiwvevs Sesabamis biznesSi meti resursebis mobilizebis aucileblobas, magram es procesi

gazrdis zRvrul xarjebs. ZiriTadi problema aq isaa, rom zRvis produqcia ar iwarmoeba mxo-

lod kerZo resursebis xarjze iseve advilad, rogorc qaTmebis SemTxvevaSi. raki TevzWeris

zona, umetes SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi qonebaa, yvela Seecdeba, moipovos sxvaze meti produ-

qti, gadaWarbebuli Zalisxmeva ki am zonaSi nadavls Seamcirebs. TevzmWerebs ufro didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi mouwevT nadavlis ZviradRirebuli Zieba da portSi bevrad naklebi nadavliT da-

brundebian. amis Sedegia araelastiuri miwodebis mrudi, roca Sesabamisi moTxovnis gazrda zR-

vis produqciis fasis mniSvnelovani zrdis mizezia.

moTxovnis elastiuroba aseTive saxis cvlilebebs ganicdis, rodesac sawyisi cvlilebebi mi-

wodebis mxriv mimdinareobs. vinaidan navTobze moTxovna metad araelastiuria, 1970-ian wlebSi

aSS-sTvis miwodebuli navTobis daaxloebiT 15 procentianma Semcirebam, rac OPEC-is (navTobis

eqsportiori qveynebis gaerTianeba) qmedebiT iyo gamowveuli, benzinis fasi TiTqmis orjer ga-

zarda. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi navTobisa da misi produqtebis momxmareblebma ipoves

Semcvlelebi da gadaumuSavebeli navTobisa da misi produqtebis fasi isev daeca. moTxovna gr-

Zelvadian periodSi bevrad ufro elastiuria, vidre moklevadiani periodSi. ra Tqma unda, na-

vTobis fasis dacemas gaZvirebaze mimwodeblis grZelvadiani sapasuxo reaqciac gansazRvravda.

vin ixdis gadasaxadebs?

ra efeqts unda movelodeT sigaretebze gadasaxadebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi? sigaretze moTxo-

vnis elastiuroba metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. mravalma dakvirvebam gvaCvena, rom mimdinare

fasebis sazRvrebSi moTxovna sakmaod araelastiuria, ase rom, gazrdili gadasaxadebi mogebas

metad gazrdis, vidre amerikelebis janmrTelobas gaaumjobesebs. mzardi gadasaxadebi gamoi-

wvevs sigaretis fasis zrdas, rac saboloo jamSi mwevelTa biujetisTvisaa sagrZnobi. gadasaxa-

debis sakmaod maRal doneze moTxovna mTlianad elastikuri xdeba, gadasaxadebis zrda Seamci-

rebs gadasaxadebisgan miRebul mogebas. sigaretebis gadasaxadebis stimulirebiT mowevis

akrZalva da mogebis gazrda mTlad azriani ar Cans.

arsebobs Tu ara iseTi principebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu

rogor Sesyidvis an gayidvis gadasaxadebi moqmedebs fasze? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, vis aki-

srebs mTavroba gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, mimwode belsa Tu momxmarebels? 6-2 naxazi gaZlevT mo-

Txovnis da miwodebis mrudebTan damatebiTi muSaobis SesaZleblobas, gadasaxadebis gansazR-

vris ZiriTadi logikis, anu imis warmodgeniT, Tu vin ixdis gadasaxads. ekonomistebs uyvarT sa-

soflo-sameurneo magaliTebis moyvana aseTi analizisTvis, vinaidan arsebobs tipuri, didi rao-

denobis gansxvavebuli mimwodebeli da momxmarebeli, ase rom strtegiuli gamoTvle bi ar cvlis

suraTs (strategiul gamoTvlebs da yvelafers, rac masTanaa dakavSirebuli me-8 TavSi gavecno-

biT).

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un

ti

s f

as

i

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

soios zeTis raodenoba drois erT periodSi

(miliardi funti)

$32

28

24

20

16

12

08

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D

D

S

nax. 6-2 miwodeba da moTxovna soios zeTze

naxazi 6-2 warmogvidgens soios zeTis miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebs. wminda sabazro fasi, ro-

gorc xedavT erT girvanqaSi 0,20 dolars udris. SemdegSi mTavroba moiTxovs gamyidvelebidan, rom

man gadaixados 5 centi TiToeuli gayiduli girvanqidan. ra daemarTeba amis Sedegad fass?

pirvel nabijs warmoadgens imis Cveneba, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens gadasaxadi miwodebis mrud-

ze. vinaidan soios zeTis gayidvis zRvruli dasaSvebi fasi 5 centiT maRalia, Cven miwodebis

mruds mTeli misi sigrZis gaswvriv vertikalurad zemoT, 5 centiT gadavaadgilebT. es aris imis

sawinaaRmdego procedura, rasac vakeTebdiT imisTvis, rom gveCvenebina subsidiebis gavlena

xorblis momyvanebze.

sad moxdeba miwodebis am axali da moTxovnis mrudebis gadakveTa? vinaidan moTxovnili da

miwodebuli raodenobebi axla erT funtSi 24 centis fasis eqvivalenturia, es moxdeba axali

wminda sabazro fasis an TanafardobiTi fasis dros. zeTis gayidvis da yidvis raodenoba drois

gansazRvrul periodSi 4 mlrd girvanqidan 3,5 mlrd girvanqamde daecema.

vin gadaixdis gadasaxads? momxmareblebma amjerad 20 centis nacvlad 24 centi unda gadaixa-

don erT girvanqaSi da mimwodeblebma TiToeul girvanqaSi 20 centis nacvlad, wmindad 19 centi

unda aiRon. ase rom, momxmarebelma unda gadaixados gadasaxadis 80 procenti da danarCen 20

procents ki mimwodebeli ixdis, miuxedavad imisa, rom gadasaxadi mimwodeblisgan unda yofili-

yo amoRebuli administra ciuli mosazrebebiT, gayidvis gadasaxadebi yovelTvis mimwodeblebs

unda ekisrebodeT. gadasaxadebis amoReba da Segroveba momxmareblidan bevrad ufro rTuli iq-

neboda, praqtikulad mTavrobas rom gadaewyvita momxmareblisTvis daekisrebina gadasaxadebis

gadaxda. vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, Tu mTavroba moiTxovs soios zeTis myidvelebidan, gadaixadon 5

centi TiToeul girvanqaSi.

am SemTxvevaSi Cven davinaxavT, rom, gadasaxadebis gamo, moTxovnis mrudi vertikalurad da-

bla daiwevs. dafiqrdiT, Tu ratom moxda es? moTxovnis mrudi warmogvidgens momxmarebelTa

raodenobas, romelsac Sesyidva sxvadasxva fasad surs. Tu gadasaxadebi moiTxovs maTgan 5 cen-

tiT meti gadaixadon erT girvanqaSi, isini nebismieri raodenobis zeTis Sesyidvas mxolod 5 cen-

tiT nakleb fasad moindomeben, rogorc es gadasaxadis dawesebamde unda yofiliyo. amitom moT-

xovnis mrudi mTeli raodenibisTvis, 5 centiT dabla daiwevs.

axali, gadasaxadebTan misadagebuli moTxovnis mrudi miwodebis mruds 19 centis fasis ad-

gilze gadakveTs. es iqneba axali, wminda sabazro fasi. mimwodeblebi TiToeul girvanqaSi miiRe-

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ben wminda Semosavals 19 cents, iseve rogorc maSin, rodesac gadasaxadis gadaxda Tavad maT eva-

lebodaT, momxmareblebi gadaixdian erT girvanqaSi 24 cents, anu isev imdens, rogorc maSin,

rodesac gadasaxads mTavrobas mimwodeblebi uxdidnen. isev da isev, momxmareblebi gadasaxade-

bis _ 80, xolo mimwodeblebi 20 procents gadaixdian.

P

D2

gadasaxadamde

Q

gadasaxadis

Semdeg

D1

ratom rCeba gadasaxadebi yovelTvis 80 procenti 20-is sapirwoned? miwodebisa da moT-

xovnis fardobiTi elastiuroba gansazRvravs gamoSvebas. 3,5 mlrd da 4 mlrd erTeul raodeno-

bas Soris moTxovnis fasis elastiuroba 0,73 tolia, SedarebiT araelastiuria moTxovna maSin,

rodesac miwodebis fasis elastiuroba 2,6 tolia, anu miwodeba SedarebiT elastiuria. ramdena-

dac ufro naklebad elastikuri da mgrZnobiare arian gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi gadasaxade-

biT gamowveuli fasebis cvlilebis mimarT, imdenad met gadasaxads ixdian isini.

yovelive amis Semdeg SesaZloa, gagiCndeT kiTxva, maS, vin ixdis saboloo jamSi im gadasa-

xadebs, romelsac federaluri an Statebis mTavroba akisrebs korporaciebs Semosavlebze? Tu

Tqven SegiZliaT, rom gadasaxadebis ganxiluli magaliTis safuZvelze am kiTxvas srulad da

naTlad upasuxoT, maSin am wignis avtorze meti gcodniaT. SeuZlebelia, korporaciebma iseve ga-

daixadon gadasaxadebi,¸rogorc amas adgili aqvs sigaretis an zeTis gadasaxadis gadaxdis dros.

gadasaxadebs saboloo jamSi xalxi ixdis. sabolood vin ixdis im gadasaxadebs, romlebsac

mTavroba korporaciebis Semosavals akisrebs? iwvevs Tu ara gadasaxadebis zrda im produqtis

fasis zrdas, romelsac es korporaciebi uSveben? iwvevs Tu ara es xalxis gaRaribebas da kor-

poraciebis gamdidrebas? amcirebs Tu ara es korporaciebis mflobelTa Semosavals? transaq-

ciebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi ayalibebs korporaciebis mogebas, imdenad mravali da sxvadasx-

vagvaria, rom aravin fiqrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin ixdis mTlianobaSi korporaciebis Semosavlebze

gadasaxads. es SesaZloa gadasaxadebis gauqmebis an maTi SenarCunebis karg politikur mizezad

mogveCvenos.

115

mokled gavimeoroT

mcdari iqneba imis daSveba, rom Cven gvaqvs arCevanis saSualeba xarjebze dafuZnebul fasebsa

da miwodeba - moTxovniT gansazRvrul Sefasebas Soris, vinaidan moTxovna da miwodeba gansazRv-

ravs yvela xarjs.

cvlis ra fardobiT xarjebs mdgomareobis cvlilebis sapasuxod, moTxovni sa da miwodebis

procesi ayalibebs fasebs, romlebic asaxaven produqtis fardobiT iSviaTobas da gviCveneben,

Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi ufro ekonomiurad gamoyeneba.

fasebi, romlebic asaxaven fardobiTi iSviaTobis cvlilebas, koordinacias ukeTeben adami-

anebis qmedebebs komerciul sazogadoebaSi.

vidre resursebi mTlianad kerZo sakuTrebaSi ar aris, an ar arsebobs TamaSis naTeli wesebi,

romlebic maT gamoyenebas gansazRvravs, komerciul sazogadoebaSi koordinirebuli moqmedeba

ufro garTulebulia.

miwodebaSi cvlilebebs ufro meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT produqtis fasze, rodesac

masze moTxovna araelastiuria, da metad imoqmedeben gacvlis raodenobis cvlilebaze, rodesac

moTxovna elastiuria. analogiurad, moTxovnis cvlilebas meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia fa-

sebze, rodesac miwodeba araelastiuria da metad imoqmedebs gacvlis raodenobaze, rodesac mi-

wodeba elastiuria.

moTxovnis mruds, da gansakuTrebiT, miwodebis mruds, miT ufro meti elastiurobis tendencia

gaaCniaT, rac ufro didi dro aqvs xalxs imisaTvis, rom reagireba moaxdinos fasebis cvlilebaze.


1. ra kavSiria fasebsa da xarjebs Soris? gaaanalizeT Semdegi oTxi SemTxveva da gaeciT am kiTx-

vas pasuxi.

a) Tevzsaweri seinrebis mSenebloba da aRWurva metad did fuls moiTxovs. swored ami-

tom aris Zviri maTi SeZena. ra urTierTkavSiria seinerebis fassa da mTlianad aRWur-

vili Tevzsaweri seineris xarjebs Soris?

b) gadaixdian Tu ara met fass maRaziebSi im raionis mcxovrebi, sadac fasebi momatebu-

lia arsebuli kriminaluri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gaweuli xarjebis dasa-

faravad? ra kavSiria fasebsa da kriminalurad saSiS raionebSi usafrTxoebis xar-

jebs Soris?

g) aZlevs Tu ara aSS-is mTavroba zedmet daxmarebas im fermerebs, visac mohyavs gark-

veuli saxis mosavali, romlis moyvanac ufro Zviri jdeba? Tu, piriqiT, gansazRvru-

li sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis moyvanis xarjebi imitom aris ufro maRali, rom

mTavroba zedmet daxmarebas sTavazobs fermerebs?

d) xeliT damzadebuli xis flamingoebi 150 dolari Rirs. ratomaa isini ase Zviri? imi-

tom, rom xeliTaa damzadebuli? damokidebulia Tu ara sagnis Rirebuleba imaze rom

adamianebma ician, rogor daamzadon isini? ra SemTxvevaSi iqneboda flamingo ufro

Zviri _ maSin, roca adamianebs ecodinebaT, rom igi papma ioane mecametem daamzada,

Tu maSin, rodesac Tqveni gakeTebuli hgoniaT?

2. garkveul regionebSi qariSxalma Caamtvria uamravi SuSa da es gaxda meSuSeebze gazrdili

moTxovnis mizezi. Tuki meSuSeebi gazrdian saaTobriv anazRaurebas, saxlis mepatroneebs

fanjrebis remontis fasi gaezrdebaT. gamoiwvia Tu ara qariSxalma meSuSeebis xarjebis

gazrda fanjrebis Casasmelad? Tu, piriqiT, is meSuSeebi, vinc aswia Tavisi momsaxurebis

fasi, am situaciidan arasamarTlian mogebas iReben? SesaZloa, am sakiTxis kvlevisas Semdegi

kiTxvebi dagexmaroT:

a) ratom SeuZliaT meSuSeebs fasebis gazrda?

b) vin aiZulebs maT, gazardon fasebi?

g) ra saSualebiT SeuZliaT meSuSeebs, daadginon zRvruli gazrdili xarjebi?

d) maincdamainc ratom ar moindomeben meSuSeebi fasebis momatebas?

116

e) gazrdili fasebis SemTxvevaSi, ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis momsaxureba

meti meSuSis mier?

3. mobiluri saxlebis mepatroneebis umravlesobas saxlebi ekrZo sakuTrebaSi aqvT, magram is

miwa, romelzedac saxlia ganlagebuli, ijariT aqvT aRebuli. ukanasknel xans zogierTma mu-

nicipalitetma kontroli daawesa im saijaro Tanxis zrdaze, romelsac patronebi iTxoven

TavianT nakveTebSi. saijaro gadasaxadis aseTi kontrolis aucileblobis erT-erT sabuTad

is mohyavT, rom zonaluri regulireba urTulebs mobiluri saxlebis mepatroneebs axal

nakveTebze gadasvlas, rodesac Zveli nakveTis saijaro gadasaxadi mkveTrad izrdeba.

a) ris mixedviT ganisazRvreba is saijaro Tanxa, romlis moTxovnac SeuZlia mobiluri

saxlebis parkis mepatrones?

b) ra xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli es Tanxa da, saerTod, aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli xarjebTan?

g) rogor SeuZlia zonalur daproeqtebas, gavlena moaxdinos im saijaro Tanxaze, rom-

lis amorebac SeuZliaT parkebis mepatroneebs?

d) daeTanxmebiT Tu ara mobiluri saxlebis parkis mepatrones, romelic saijaro Tanxis

mniSvnelovani momatebisas aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams da ambobs, rom `misi saxli Rire-

bulebas sZens am WuWyian moedans~.

4. saijaro gadasaxadze kontrolis dawesebiT cdiloben saijaro fasis zrdis SeCerebas mepa-

troneTa xarjebis zrdis Sesabamisad. SeecadeT am TavSi moyvanili meTodebis gamoyenebiT

gadawyvitoT Semdegi sakiTxebi:

a) rogoria saxlis mepatronis xarjebi, romelmac Tqven bina 500 dolarad mogaqiravaT

maSin, rodesac sxvebi mzad iyvnen is 600 dolarad daeqiravebinaT?

b) rogor imoqmedebs saijaro gadasaxadze kontrolis dawesebis dadgenileba saxlis

mepatronis xarjebze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is binas cariels datovebs, an Tavad gamoi-

yenebs, an nebas darTavs naTesavs, ufasod icxovros iq?

g) rogor fiqrobT, xarjebis romel koncefcias eyrdnobian saijaro Tanxis kontrolis

momxreebi, rodesac laparakoben maqsimaluri saijaro Tanxisa da saxlis mepatrone-

Ta xarjebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb?

d) ipotekuri gadasaxadebi asaxaven saxlis Sesyidvis xarjebs da, amdenad, SesaZlebelia

Seicavdnen xarjebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia ijaris amoRebis kontrolTan, rac qi-

ris zrdas iwvevs. ra gansazRvravs potenciuri saxlis mepatronis mier saxlis Sesy-

idvis xarjebs?

e) sawvavis xarji, romelic saxlebis gasaTbobadaa saWiro, yovelTvis Sedis kanonier xarj-

Si, rodesac saxlis mepatroneebi zrdian saijaro Tanxas. ra gansazRvravs sawvavis fass?

v) davuSvaT, saxlis mepatronem daiqirava manqanebis farexi saxlis axlos da Tavis mdg-

murebs sadgomiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. Tu im raionSi gaizarda manqa-

nebis gaCerebaze moTxovna, mepatrone albaT met fass moiTxovs. ratom wava ufro did

daTmobaze saijaro kontrolis komisia manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilis fasis, da ara

binis qiris zrdis SemTxvevaSi?

5. sietlis municipalitets gaaCnia patara navsadgomi da misadgomebs aqiravebs navebis mflo-

belebze. rodesac municipalitetis mesveurebma miiRes gadawyvetileba saijaro Tanxis iseT

doneze gayinvis Sesaxeb, romelic gadaiaraRebis xarjebze 5%-ian mogebas moitanda, maT ga-

nacxades, rom amisaTvis saWiro iqneba uaxloesi sami wlis manZilze navsadgomebiT sarge-

blobis Tanxis orjer gazrda.

a) ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan navsadgomebis gadaiaraRebis da maTi gaqiravebis xarjebi?

b) aRWurvilobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens okeanis wyali, romelzec

aSenebulia navsadgomi (Tu Tqven amtkicebT, rom misi gatvaliswineba ar aris aucile-

beli, radgan okeane warmoadgens bunebis ufaso saCuqars, dabrundiT ukan da Seamow-

meT Tqveni pasuxebi meore Tavis meore kiTxvaze).

g) im momentisTvis, rodesac municipalitetis warmomadgenlebma gamoacxades TavianTi ga-

dawyvetileba fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb, municipalitetis TanamSromlebi klientTa 17-

20 wlian rigs varaudobdnen. ra kavSiri aqvs amas navsadgomebis gaqiravebis xarjebTan?

117

6. eqimebi, romlebmac didi sesxebi aiRes TavianTi samedicino ganaTlebis dasafinanseblad,

praqtikas xSirad didi danaklisebiT iwyeben, rac maT unda ainazRauron.

a) rogor fiqrobT, ra gansxvaveba iqneba im fasebs Soris, romelsac sami damwyebi eqimi

daawesebs Tavis momsaxurebaze, Tu erTma maTganma Tavisi swavla valis aRebiT daafi-

nansa da axla 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad 9600 dolari unda gadaixados,

meore mTlianad mSoblebma daafinanses, xolo mesame swavlis ganmavlobaSi sul sa-

xelmwifo stipendias iRebda?

b) SeafaseT samedicino skolis menejeris mier gamoTqmuli argumenti imis Taobaze,

rom saxelmwifo SeZlebda samedicino ganaTlebis gaiafebas, Tuki mTlianad dafarav-

da swavlis xarjs, gaaTavisuflebda ra amiT eqimebs im aucileblobisgan, rom Tavad

daefaraT ganaTlebis xarjebi (damatebuli procenti) honorarebis gazrdis gziT.

g) wina argumentis avtori amtkicebs, rom `me da Tqven~ unda davfaroT eqimis mier aRe-

buli valis xarjebi, vinaidan es xarjebi warmoadgens `saqmis warmoebis kanonier xar-

jebs~. ra mniSvneloba aqvs imas, warmoadgens Tu ara esa Tu is xarjebi kanonier xar-

jebs? davuSvaT rom raionSi praqtikis mqone yvela eqimisgan adgilobrivma mafiam

maTi usafrTxoebisTvis 5000 dolari moiTxova. iqneboda Tu ara es xarjebi `saqmis

warmoebis kanonieri xarjebi~? imoqmedebda Tu ara es eqimebis honorarebze?

7. SabaTobiT mTeli kvirisTvis Tqven yidulobT sayvareli sasmelis Svid boTls da ixdiT 1 do-

lars boTlSi. guSin aRmoCnda, rom maRaziaSi aris fasdakleba (mxolod erTi dRiT) da TiTo-

euli boTli 50 centad iyideba. axla kvira saRamoa. mezobeli gTxovT, rom miyidoT mas oTxi

boTli. ra fasi iqneba samarTliani?

8. daniel kainemanma, jek kneCma da riCard Tailerma Caatares gamokvleva bazris transaqciebis

samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi Tavi _ `samarTlianoba, rogorc mogebisaken swrafvis

SezRudva da sabazro uflebebi ~, _ warmogvidgens sazogadoebis Sexedulebebis Seswavlis

Sedegebs, raTa gvaCvenos samarTlianobis gageba, romelsac xalxi gvTavazobs bazarze fir-

mebis moqmedebis koreqtirebisaTvis. mocemuli gvaqvs hipoTetiuri situacia:

maRazias sawyobSi Senaxuli aqvs araqisis karaqis ramdenime Tvis maragi. mesakuTrem Seityo,

rom karaqis Sesyidvis sabiTumo fasma moimata da man dauyovnebliv moumata sacalo fass.

147 gamokiTxuli respodentis mxolod 21 procents miaCnia, rom es qmedeba misaRebia, 79 pro-

centi ki fiqrobs, rom es usamarTlobaa.

a) miwis Txilis karaqis sabiTumo fasi sawyobSi aris Seuqcevadi xarji. iqneboda ki misa-

Rebi fasebis Sesaxeb gadawyetileba im gamyidvelisTvis, romelic iziarebs fasebis

mimarT samarTlianobis Sesaxeb umravlesobis Sexedulebas?

b) ra azris iqneba amis Taobaze is gamyidveli, romelic iziarebs umciresobis Sexedu-

lebas, magram amave dros icis, Tu ras ityvian masze momxmareblebi, Tu is moumatebs

fass `Zvel~, adre Sesyidul produqcias?

ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi Cveulebriv ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan gadaxdil da auRe-

bel Tanxebs, radgan orive xarjebs ganekuTvneba. maT sazogadoebis umravlesoba ganasxva-

vebs, vinaidan swams, rom gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT aswion fasebi, raTa dafaron ufro maRali

sabiTumo xarjebi, magram ar SeuZliaT, gaakeTon es ubralod imitom rom, momxmareblebi Ta-

naxma arian gadaixadon ufro maRali fasi. iziarebT Tu ara Tqven popularul gansazRvras?

an iqneb fiqrobT, rom maT ver gaiges, raSi mdgomareobs problemis arsi?

9. davuSvaT, rom Tqven gaqvT maRazia da amuSavebT mas. diliT, rodesac samuSaoze wasasvlelad

emzadebodiT, radioTi moismineT gancxadeba, rom araqisis karaqis fasi gaizarda, vinaidan

gaizarda miwis Txilis fasi. Tqven gaxsovT, rom guSin miiReT araqisis karaqis axali partia

_ ori Tvis maragi da gadawyvetili gaqvT, fass ar moumatoT. samsaxurSi misvlisas dagire-

kaT Tqvenma megobarma ekonomistma, romelmac icis Tqveni mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da surs ga-

gafrTxiloT, rom Tqveni sazogadoebrivi movaleobaa, gazardoT fasi maSinve, rogorc ki

gaxsniT maRazias. ra arguments gamoiyenebs is? ratom iqneba Tqveni sazogadoebrivi movale-

oba araqisis karaqis fasis momateba?

10. ekonomist teri andersonis monacemebis mixedviT, kaliforniis Statis sairigacio raionis

118

fermerebma wylis erT akrofutSi mxolod 6,5 dolari unda gadaixadon, Tumca gadasaxadebis

gadamxdelebs es 300 dolari ujdebaT.

a) romel cifrs daeyrdnobian _ 6,5-s Tu 300-s _ fermerebi, rodesac gadawyveten mor-

wyvis gazrdas an Semcirebas?

b) metyvelebs Tu ara es cifrebi imaze, rom sinamdvileSi azri ara aqvs sairigacio samu-

Saoebis Catarebas?

g) ratom gadaixdis vinme 300 dolars, raTa momxmarebels miawodos akro-futi wyali,

Tu igi am momsaxurebas mxolod 6,5 dolarad afasebs?

11. 6-3 naxazze warmodgenili grafiki gviCvenebs me-4 TavSi (naxazi 4-2) gamoyenebul mruds,

romelic warmogvidgens alternatiul Rirebulebaze dafuZnebul miwodebis mruds. amasTan

erTad mocemulia moTxovnis mrudi, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ra raodenobis saaTebs SeiZenen

studentebi sxvadasxva fasis SemTxvevaSi.

a) ra daujdebaT studentebs ekonomikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis erTi saaTi? ramden

saaTs iyidian isini?

b) swavlebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba marqsisTvis 7,99 dolars udris _ am Tanxas

miiRebda igi revoluciis momzadebaSi. Tu Tqven iciT am faqtis Sesaxeb da sTxovT

mas, rom gamecadinoT 10 dolarad saaTSi, is gipasuxebT, rom unda gadaixadoT saaTSi

16 dolari. marTali iqneba Tu ara igi? an iqneb igi cdilobs Tqvens eqspluatacias?

g) Tu meril linCi SesTavazebs rikardos imuSaos mTeli samuSao dRe saaTSi 27,99 do-

larad, maSin is aRar moisurvebs aswavlos dReSi 4 saaTi, roca saaTSi 10 dolars ixdi-

an. rogor aisaxeba es maswavleblis fasze?

d) Tu maswavlebelTa momsaxurebaze moTxovna orjer gaizrdeba (anu yoveli mocemuli

fasis dros, moTxovna orjer meti iqneba saaTebze), ra daemarTeba maswavlebelTa

momsaxurebas da saaTebis raodenobas?

e) da Tu moTxovna gasammagda? rogori iqneba maswavleblobis fasi da saaTebis raodenoba?

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ekonomikis swavlebis saaTebi dReSi

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nax. 6-3 ekonomikis swavlebaze hipoTetiuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafikebi

12. ra dagijdebodaT Tqveni Zveli ocnebis asruleba da patara saTxilamuro kurortis SeZena?

_ miwis SeZena _ 20 000 dolari

_ sabagiro gzis SeZena _ 100 000 dolari

_ mTaze saxlis SeZena _ 20 000 dolari

_ sabagiroze muSaoba _ saaTSi 50 dolari

Tqven gegmavT, rom imuSavebT kviraSi 50 saaTs, weliwadSi ki _ 20 kviras. amgvarad, mimdinare

119

xarjebi weliwadSi Seadgens 50 000 dolars. Tqven SegiZliaT isesxoT 320 000 dolari 20 wlis

vadiT. sesxze Tqveni yovelwliuri gadasaxadebi (Tanxa, romelsac ericxeba procenti) 43 000

dolari dagijdebaT.

a) rogor minimalur mogebas unda moelodeT bileTebis gayidvidan, raTa gariskoT 320

000 dolaris dabandeba?

b) davuSvaT, rom pirvel weliwads Semosavalma 60 000 Seadgina. unda daxuroT Tu ara

saqme?

g) drodadro Tqven SegiZliaT 600 dolari aiRoT, Tu sabagiros samuSao dReebSi 8 saa-

Tis ganmavlobaSi amuSavebT (am dros Cveulebriv daketilia) sagangebo (Carteruli)

jgufebisTvis. es dafaravs Tqvens mimdinare xarjebs _ 400 dolars dReSi, magram

vinaidan mimdinare xarjebi Seadgens Tqveni sruli xarjebis mxolod 54%-s, Tqven

dagWirdebaT 750 dolaris Semosavali imisaTvis, rom azri hqondes sabagiros gaxsnas.

an iqneb arc dagWirdebaT?

d) Tu Tqven meore weliwads daxarjavT 10 000 dolars reklamaze, ris Sedegadac Tqveni

sruli Semosavali 75 000 dolaramde gaizrdeba, swori iqneba Tu ara Tqveni sarekla-

mo gadawyvetileba?

e) rogor unda imoqmedoT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ramdenime wlis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom

Tqveni finansuri Sedegebi veRar gaumjobesdeba meore weliwadis SedegebTan Sedare-

biT? unda daxuroT Tu ara saqme? Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom ar SegiZliaT satxilamu-

ro kurortze daxarjoT 28 00 dolari weliwadSi, ris gakeTebas SeZlebT? rodesac

Tqven gasayidad gagaqvT mTeli es avladideba, maqsimaluri Tanxa, rasac gTavazoben

100 000 dolaria. giRirT ki gayidva?

v) Tu Tqven Tavi gakotrebulad gamoacxadeT, ras uzams kreditori Tqvens qonebas? ra

ajobebs kreditorisTvis, konfiskacia gaukeTos Tqvens qonebas, Tu gagigrZeloT

sesxis vada, raTa gadasaxadebi SegimciroT im sididemde, romlis gadaxdasac Tqven

advilad SeZlebT yovelwliuri Semosavlidan?

13. SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da sxva momsaxurebisaTvis kolejs aqvs kompiuteruli cen-

tri, aRWurvilobiTa da StatiT. es centri dafinansebas iRebs sxvadasxva departamentidan,

romelTa TanamSromlebi da studentebi sargebloben am momsaxurebiT. ekonomikis departa-

mentma, biujetis mkacri Sekvecis gamo, gadawyvita Sewyvitos kompiuteruli centris dafin-

anseba. centris direqtorma amis Taobaze gaakeTa gancxadeba: `vinaidan, mkacri sabiujeto

problemebis gamo, ekonomikis fakultetma SeaCera kompiuteruli centris wevroba, Sesa-

bamisad, fakulteti, TanamSromlebi da studentebi ver isargebleben Cveni momsaxurebiT~.

a) Seamcirebs Tu ara kompiuteruli centri Tavis xarjebs imiT, rom uars ityvis ekono-

mikis departamentis momsaxurebaze?

b) romeli xarjebi Semcirdeba ekonomikis fakultetisTvis momsaxurebis Sewyvetis Se-

degad?

g) iqneba Tu ara kolejis interesebSi, rom kompiuterulma centrma neba darTos ekono-

mikis departamentis warmomadgenlebs, gamoiyenon centris SesaZleblobebi, roca

maT sxva aravin iyenebs?

d) ra informaciaze dayrdnobiT amjobinebs kolejis administracia, rom kompiuteru-

li centri departamentebma daafinanson da ara centralurma biujetma?

14. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom roca adamianebs ar uwevT raimes gadaxda

iseT saWiro resursze, rogoricaa saavtomobilo gzebis qseli, isini ganagrZoben mis gamoye-

nebas, sanam zRvruli sargebeli (Rirebuleba) nulis tolia. am daskvnamde xSirad midis is

xalxic ki, visac gaTavisebuli ara aqvs zRvruli azrovnebis meTodi. ratom irCevs xalxi,

rom qmedebebis zRvruli sargebeli nulis toli iyos? maT ukvirT, roca igeben, rom esaa zR-

vruli sargebeli da igi metad gansxvavdeba sruli an saSualo sargebelisagan. davuSvaT,

Tqven giyvarT Sokoladis namcxvari. dilis aTi saaTia, Tqven sakmaod mSieri xarT da movida

adamiani, romelsac aqvs es namcxvari. Tqven mzad ara xarT gadaixadoT 3 dolarze meti TiTo

namcxvarSi da ar gsurT SeWamoT 4 calze meti. qvemoT mocemulia Tqveni moTxovnis cxrili:

120

fasi moTxovnis raodenoba

3 dolari 1

1,5 dolari 2

0,4 dolari 3

0,1 dolari 4

0,0 dolari 4

a) ramdens SeWamT, Tu fasi nulis toli iqneba?

b) dolarebSi gazomil ra saerTo sargebels miiRebT amiT?

g) ra iqneba TqvenTvis namcxvris saSualo sargebeli dolarebSi?

d) ra iqneba TqvenTvis namcxvris zRvruli sargebeli dolarebSi im momentSi, rodesac

Tqven SewyvetT Wamas?

er

Ti

na

ke

To

bi

s f

as

i T

ve

Si

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

standartizebuli xarisxis

nakeTobaTa raodenoba (aTasobiT)

D $1000

800

600

400

200

S

nax. 6-4 hipoTetiuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafiki gasaqiravebeli sacxovrebeli adgilisTvis.

15. 6-4 naxazze gamosaxul grafikze mocemulia qalaqSi sacxovrebel farTze moTxovna da miwo-

deba, amasTan, bazris gamawonasworebeli binis qira 600 dolars udris. SemdegSi adgili aqvs

or movlenas: 1) inflaciis Sedegad fulis msyidvelobiTi done erTi mesamediT ecema. 2) mu-

nicipaliteti da mTavroba mkveTrad amcirebs gadasaxads uZrav qonebaze da binis mesaku-

TreTa Semosavali erTi mesamediT izrdeba.

a) ras fiqrobT, rogor imoqmedebs es ori movlena gasaqiravebeli binebis miwodebasa da

moTxovnaze? ra daemarTeba binis qiras? ganasxvaveT moklevadiani da grZelvadiani

gavlenebi.

b) ra moxdeba, Tu sakuTrebaze gadasaxadis Semcireba mxolod sacxovrebel farTs Se-

exeba?

g) Tu binis qira am movlenebis sedegad gaizrdeba da, amis sapasuxod, municipaliteti

SemoiRebs kontrols binis qiraze, rogori iqneba grZelvadiani Sedegebi?

121

$60

50

40

30

20

10

mo

ms

ax

ur

eo

bi

s f

as

i

D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

eqimTa momsaxureobis raodenoba drois periodSi

(milionebSi)

S

nax. 6-5 eqimTa momsaxureobis moTxovna da miwodeba

16. 6-5 naxazze warmodgenilia samedicino momsaxurebis moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi. wmin-

da sabazro fasi aris 30 dolari.

a) ra mdebareobisken gadaixreba moTxovnis mrudi, Tu mTavroba daTanxmdeba gadaixa-

dos sawyisi gadasaxadi? ra mouva amis Sedegad wminda sabazro fass? (daxmareba: ra

raodenobas moiTxovs xalxi nulovan fasad?)

b) ra daemarTeba moTxovnis mruds da wminda sabazro fass, Tu mTavroba Tavis Tavze

airebs gadasaxadebis naxevars? (daxmareba: ra iqneba momxmareblis gadasaxadi, roca

daxmareba 30 dolaria? ra raodenobis SeZenas moisurveben isini am fasad?)

g) ra mouva wminda sabazro fass, Tu mTavroba gadaixdis gadasaxadis 80 procents?

17. azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesis Seswavla niSnavs moTxovnisa da miwodebis terminebiT sar-

geblobas. qvemoT savarjiSod mocemulia damatebiTi kiTxvebi. TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis

SegiZliaT aagoT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudi. Semdeg dasviT kiTxva, rogor imoqmedebs es

miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudze, saiTken waanacvlebs mrudebs da ra gavlenas moaxdens es

fassa da gacvlis raodenobaze. ar dakmayofildeT mxolod im pasuxiT, rom fasi moimatebs an

moiklebs. fasis an raodenobis rogor cvlilebas unda velodeT, didsa Tu mcires? mxedve-

lobaSi iqonieT, rom pasuxi xSirad damokidebulia im drois xangrZlivobaze, romelic saWi-

roa SemTxvevis dasaregulireblad. rogor zemoqmedebas varaudobT, moklevadians Tu

grZelvadians?

a) davuSvaT, rom mecnierebma daadgines, TiTqos soios Wama iwvevs kibosa da gulis daa-

vadebebs

(1) ra mouva soios fass?

(2) ra mouva sxva iseTi marcvlovani kulturis fass, romelic SeiZleba daitesos so-

ios nacvlad?

b) ra gavlenas iqoniebs Semdegi movlenebi adgilobrivi warmoebis bambis bazarze?

(1) neilonis gamogoneba,

(2) bambis manqanis gamogoneba,

(3) Teslis daRupva,

(4) bambis ucxoeli mwarmoeblebis mier didi mosavlis miReba.

g) davuSvaT, rom yvela Statma miiRo kanoni saavtomobilo avariebis Semdeg zaralis

arasavaldebulo anazRaurebis Sesaxeb da incidentebis Semdeg SeuZlebelia sarCe-

122

lis aRZvra.

(1) ra gavlenas iqoniebs es mosamarTleTa Semosavlebze?

(2) Tu mxolod erTi Stati SemoiRebs am kanons, rogor gavlenas iqoniebs es mosa-

marTleTa Semosavalze am StatSi? gaizrdeba Tu ara gavlena?

d) davuSvaT, rom stomatologebma yvelas mouwodes, dReSi samjer gaixexon kbilebi. ra

gavlenas iqoniebs es kbilis pastis fasze?

e) Tu im msxvilfexa saqonlis gamosakvebad, romelic dieturi miznebiT gamoiyeneba, xu-

Tjer meti xorbalia saWiro, vidre xorbliT adamianebis dasapureblad, xom ar war-

moadgenen isini, vinc xorciT ikvebeba, Raribi adamianebis SimSilis mizezs?

v) aq cota sxvanairi kiTxvebia dasmuli, romlebzec SeiZleba verc vupasuxoT sakuTari

gamocdilebidan gamomdinare. davuSvaT, aRmoaCineT, rom momxmareblebi 20-jer mets

yiduloben, vidre 10 wlis win. dRes ufro maRali iqneba fasebi, Tu 10 wlis winaT?

ratom fiqrobT, rom fasebi moimatebs? ra garemoebebis dros moiklebs fasebi?

z) rogor Seicvleba regionSi binebis fasi, Tu ramdenime axali biznesi gaCndeba?

T) Tu qalaqis meria saxlis mepatroneebs mosTxovs, rom gaakeTon manqanebis sadgomi Ti-

Toeuli apartamentisTvis, romelsac isini aqiraveben, rogor imoqmedebs es binis fa-

sze da gaqiravebuli binebis raodenobaze?

i) Tu qalaqis meria ar moiTxovs gasaCerebel sadgomebs, magram moiTxovs quCaSi gasaCe-

rebeli adgilebiT uzrunvelyofas, ra gavlenas iqoniebs es binebis fasze da gaqira-

vebuli binebis raodenobaze?

k) rogor Seicvleba benzinis fasi, Tu avtomobilis damamzadeblebi orjer gazrdian

erTi galoni benziniT gasasvlel manZils.

123

7informacia,

Suamavlebi da spekulantebi

gadawyvetilebaze moqmedi xarjebi da sargebloba, romlebic miwodebasTan an moTxovnasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, yovelTvis mosalodnel xarjebsa da sargeblobas warmoadgens. Tumca, moma-

vali gaurkvevelia da movlenaTa msvleloba xSirad molodins aqarwylebs. gadawyvetilebebi Se-

saZloa mcdari aRmoCndes. Secdomebi Zvirad gvijdeba, amitom adamianebi cdiloben, Tavi aari-

don maT. saubedurod Secdomebisgan Tavis aridebac Zviri siamovnebaa.

mcdari gadawyvetilebis Tavidan acilebis ZiriTadi saSualeba isaa, rom saWiro informacia

miRebuli iqnas manamde, sanam moqmedebas daviwyebT; magram informacia warmoadgens iSviaT pro-

duqts, romlis SeZena xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Sabolood, SeiZleba ise aRmoCndes, rom Sec-

doma ufro iafi dagvijdes, vidre informaciis SeZena misi Tavidan asacileblad. erT-erTi Sec-

doma, romlis Tavidan acilebac SegviZlia, es aris mcdari Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom

informacia warmoadgens ufaso produqts.

uZravi qonebis gayidvis agentebi, rogorc informaciis mwarmoeblebi

`rogor dazogoT 5000 dolari da dakargoT 15000... Tqvens sakuTar saxlze~ am saTauriT ga-

moaqveyna saSuamavlo firmebis erovnulma asociaciam gancxadeba, romelic mosaxleobas mouwo-

debda, saxlebis gayidvisas esargeblaT Suamavlebis momsaxurebiT. gancxadebaSi naTqvami iyo:

`nu gecinebaT. es, SesaZloa, swored ase moxdes. davuSvaT, rom saxlis gayidva damoukideblad

gadawyviteT. Tqven ggoniaT, rom is 80000 dolari Rirs da SeZeliT am fasad gayidva. Zalian kar-

gi, magram saidan iciT, rom is swored amdeni Rirs? es Tqveni mosazreba iyo, magram qonebis Se-

fasebisTvis saWiroa gacilebiT meti. saWiroa Suamavali, romelmac icis saxlebis fasi. davuS-

vaT, man Tqveni saxli 15000-iT metad Seafasa _ aseTia myidvelisa da gamyidvelisTvis samarTliani

fasi. ra Tqma unda, Tqven dazogeT sakomisio gadasaxadi, magram es sakmaod Zviri dagijdaT.

amitom, rodesac gadawyvetT saxlis gayidvas, isargebleT Suamavlis momsaxurebiT. is ar aris

SemTxveviTi adamiani. is profesionalia, romelic icavs mkacr eTikur normebs, gansakuTrebiT

maSin, Tu gsurT, rac SeiZleba ukeT gayidoT, an rac SeiZleba ukeT SeiZinoT~.

es gancxadeba warmoadgens SesaniSnav sabuTs Suamavlebis Sesaxeb Rrmad fesvgadgmuli im

Sexedulebisa, romelzec me-6 TavSi vsaubrobdiT. Tuki Suamavlebis asociaciam aseTi gancxade-

bis gamoqveyneba momgebianad CaTvala, es amtkicebs, rom xsenebuli eWvi arsebobs. masSi moyvani-

li argumentebic amis damatebiT dadasturebas warmoadgens. STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos

gancxadebis teqsti isea Sedgenili, rom Suamavlis funqciebi damalos im motiviT, rom myidveli

mzad ar aris simarTlis gasagebad.

ibadeba kiTxva _ vaiTu, Suamavalma Tqveni saxli 15000 dolariT naklebad Seafasa, raki aseTi

aRmoCnda `myidvelisa da gamyidvelisTvis samarTliani fasi~. magram, gana saxlis mepatronis

mier gayidvisas fasis momateba iseve SesaZlebeli araa, rogorc dakleba? SesaZloa, ufro savar-

124

audoc kia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saxlis mepatroneebisTvis damaxasiaTebel optimizms. am

SemTxvevaSi Suamavlis momsaxureba mepatrones orjer Zviri daujdeba. ra aris samarTliani

fasi? ufro metic, Tuki Suamavlebi cdiloben gamyidvelebi maRali fasiT daakmayofilon,

rogor unda uzrunvelyon myidvelebi dabali fasiT, rogorc ukanasknel abzacSi amtkiceben? am

msjelobaSi raRac mTlad ise ar unda iyos.

nu akritikebT Suamavlebis asociacias ase mkacrad. maT Zalian uWirT Tavisi funqciebis gan-

marteba, vinaidan adamianebis umravlesobas ar esmis, rom informacia iSviaT produqts warmoad-

gens da ar esmis am faqtidan gamomdinare Sedegebi. Tu Tqven gindaT saxlis gayidva rac SeiZleba

maRal fasad, maSin unda ipovoT msoflioSi is erTaderTi myidveli, romelic mzad iqneba umaR-

lesi fasis gadasaxdelad. TiTqos es naTelia, magram naTeli araa, rogor unda ipovoT es adamia-

ni. Tqven yvelaferis mcodne ara xarT, amitom, SesaZloa, verasdros gaigoT mravali potenciuri

myidvelis arsebobis Sesaxeb. rodesac saxls gayidiT, unda vivaraudoT, rom myidveli ar iqneba

is erTaderTi adamiani, romelic mzad iyo umaRlesi fasi gadaexada. gamomdinareobs Tu ara aqe-

dan, rom Zieba usasrulod unda gagrZeldes?

Rirs ar Rirs

informaciis

warmoebis

mosalodneli

zRvruli

danaxarji

informaciis

SeZenisagan

mosalodneli

zRvruli

Semosavali

danaxarjebisa da

sageblianobis

Sefaseba

informaciis moculoba

informacia iSviaTi produqtia, romelsac gaaCnia warmoebis xarjebi, raSic Sedis moqmedebis

gadadebis xarjebic. aramomgebiania moqmedebebis gadadeba informaciis gauTavebeli mogrove-

bis gamo ubralod. amitomac, racionaluri gamyidveli gaagrZelebs informaciis Sesyidvas ma-

nam, sanam aqedan miRebuli mosalodneli zRvruli sargebeli meti iqneba, vidre informaciis Se-

Zenis mosalodneli zRvruli xarji. racionaluri myidvelic zustad ase moiqceva. orives

SeuZlia moigos Suamavlis momsaxurebiT, vinaidan Suamavali saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul maT-

gans, ufro iafad iyidos damatebiTi informacia. Tu amaze davfiqrdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom swo-

red amaSi mdgomareobs Suamavlebis funqcia: iafad awarmoeben ra informacias, isini xels uwyo-

ben efeqtianobas da amiT zrdian simdidres. myidvelebs da gamyidvelebs Suamavlebi ukeTesi

variantebiT amarageben, roca damatebiT informacias awvdian. es fasiani momsaxurebaa. Tumca

sinamdvileSi saxlis gayidvisas Suamavals mxolod gamyidveli qiraobs, momsaxurebas iRebs aseve

myidvelic, razec metyvelebs is faqti, rom myidvelebic mimarTaven Suamavlebs da sargebloben

kartoTekebiT.

Ziebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcireba

davuSvaT, Tqven gaqvT `jeneral motorsis~ aTi aqcia, romlis gayidvac gsurT. Tqven SegeZ-

loT migemarTaT megobrebisTvis da romelime maTganisaTvis migeCeCebinaT es aqciebi, an gazeTSi

gamogeqveynebinaT gancxadeba, magram albaT met fass im SemTxvevaSi aiRebT, Tu isargeblebT Sua-

mavlis _ am SemTxvevaSi, brokeris momsaxurebiT. ra Tqma unda, Tu gancxadebebis gamoqveynebas

didi xnis manZilze ganagrZobT, ipoviT im myidvels, romelic iseTsave fass gadagixdiT, rogorc

brokeri. magram nakleb savaraudoa, rom Ziebis xarjebi ufro naklebi dagijdeT, vidre brokeris

sakomisio Tanxa.

`sabiTumo fasSi SeZena~ mravali iseTi adamianis gasarTobia, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom ekono-

125

mias akeTeben. SesaZloa es asec iyos. Tuki maT moswonT (da bevrs es moswons) Ziebis procesi, isini

SesaZloa mogebulni aRmoCndnen, magram adamianebis umravlesobisTvis sacalo gamyidvelebi

warmoadgenen faseuli informaciis mniSvnelovan da iaf wyaros. sacalo gamyidvelebis mier mo-

wodebuli saqoneli gaCvenebT arsebuli SesaZleblobebis diapazons, anu im informacias, rom-

lis miReba sxva gziT metad rTulia. ramdenjer givliaT maRaziebSi umiznod im imediT, rom sa-

qonlis Sexedvisas mixvdebiT, Tu ra gsurT? igive exeba SromiTi dasaqmebis saagentoebsac. bevri

sayvedurs gamoTqvams im uzarmazari sakomisioebis gamo, romelsac es saagentoebi samuSaos mo-

ZiebisTvis iReben, magram maT rom ar miaCndeT, rom is informacia, romelsac saagentoebis meS-

veobiT iReben, meti Rirs, vidre sakomisioebi, maSin arc isargeblebdnen am momsaxurebiT. damqi-

raveblebic mzad arian gadaixadon aseTi momsaxurebis xarjebi, zustad imave mizezebidan

gamomdinare. Suamavlebis cudi reputacia SeiZleba avxsnaT Cveni CveviT, SevadaroT realuri si-

tuacia raRac ukeTess, magram sinamdvileSi ararsebuls. Cvens mier Sesrulebuli gacvliTi ope-

raciebi iSviaTadaa iseTive warmatebuli, rogoric maSin iqneboda, Cven rom yvelafris mcodneni

vyofiliyaviT. aqedan vakeTebT daskvnas, rom Suamavlebi Cveni ucodinrobiT sargebloben. ma-

gram ratom unda SevxedoT movlenebs am kuTxiT? Tu aseTi logikiT vimsjelebT, SeiZleba da-

vaskvnaT, rom eqimebi sargebloben Cveni avadmyofobiT da ar unda miiRon anazRaureba, radgan

arafers miiRebdnen, Cven rom janmrTelebi vyofiliyaviT. es, ra Tqma unda, marTalia, magram Cven

yovelTvis janmrTelebi da yvelafris mcodneebi ara varT. aqedan gamomdinare, eqimebi da Sua-

mavlebi qmnian realur simdidres. msgavs momsaxurebas ewevian iseTi pativcemuli pirebi, rogo-

rebic arian iuristebi, maswavleblebi, mRvdlebi da korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi.

bazrebi qmnian informacias

am wignis erT-erTi mTavari Tezisi Semdegia: miwodeba da moTxovna, anu konkurentuli vaWro-

bis sabazro procesi, Sefasebas aZlevs arsebul resursebs da axdens faseulobaTa indeqsirebas

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi adamianebisTvis. bazris unari, iafad awarmoos maRalxarisxiani infor-

macia, mis erT-erT mTavar, Tumc ki naklebad aRiarebul Rirsebas warmoadgens. Suamavlebi am

procesis mniSvnelovan monawileebs warmoadgenen.

iseTi bazrebi, rogoricaa safondo da sasaqonlo birJebi, `kargad organize bulia~, anu po-

tenciuri myidvelisa da gamyidvelis moTxovna da miwodeba aq arsebuli aucilebeli informa-

ciis gaTvaliswinebiT erT mniSvnelze daiyvaneba. arsebobs daaxloebiT erTnair saqonelze er-

Tiani fasis dadgenis tendencia yvela garigebaSi, romelic am geografiul garemoSi mimdinareobs.

sxva bazrebi, magaliTad iseTi, romelsac SeiZleba daakvirdes yvelaze gamoucdeli mayurebeli

martoxelaTa barSi, gacilebiT naklebadaa organizebuli: yoveli garigebisas unda Catardes

specialuri molaparakebebi im produqtis zustad gansazRvrisaTvis, romlis gacvlac xdeba.

naxmari avejis bazari sakmaod cudadaa organizebuli _ garigebebi metad gansxvavebul fasebs

adgens, vinaidan gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kontaqtSi ar imyofebian. sak-

vebi produqtebis bazari ki, piriqiT, metad axlosaa `organizebul bazarTan~, ase rom, hamburge-

rebis fasi bevrad naklebad cvalebadia, vidre naxmari avejis fasi.

zogjer amboben, rom safondo sasaqonlo birJa gacilebiT ufro `sruylyofilia~, vidre sak-

vebi produqtebis da naxmari avejis bazrebi. gansxvave bebis aseT aRweras mivyavarT mcdar Sex-

edulebamde, vinaidan igulisxmeba, rom meore jgufis bazrebi unda Seicvalos (srulyofileba

sjobs arasrulyofilebas). aseT rekomendaciebs maSin eqneboda azri, Tu bazrebis gaumjobese-

bis xarjebi naklebi iqneba, vidre, gaumjobesebis Sedegad, ufro efeqtiani gacvliT miRebuli

mogeba. xSirad Cven ar viciT ama Tu im konkretuli bazris gaumjobesebis arcerTi xerxi, garda

imisa, romelic did xarjebs gulisxmobs da cvlilebas ar amarTlebs. ufro metic, saxelmwifos

Carevis saSualebiT bazris gaumjobesebis mcdeloba saeWvod waagavs viRacis daxmarebis mcdel-

obas. amis magaliTebs me-10 TavSi ganvixilavT.

xelmisawvdomi variantebis nakrebi izrdeba, rodesac restora-

ni menius Tavisi Semosasvlelis win gamokidebs.

126

yoveli fasi warmoadgens arsebuli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb potenciurad faseul informa-

cias. rac ufro meti aseTi fasi arsebobs, rac ufro naTlad da zustadaa isini dafiqsirebuli da

adamianebis rac ufro didi raodenobisTvisaa isini cnobili, miT ufro farTo iqneba im SesaZ-

leblobebis krebuli, romelic xalxi saTvis xelmisawvdomia. gana es is araa, rasac Cven simdidris

zrdas vuwodebT? es aris xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebis wris gafarToeba _ Sansi, ufro meti

vakeToT is, risi gakeTebac gvsurs.

Suamavlebi, brokerebi da profesionali gamyidvelebi informaciis Seqmnis specialistebi

arian. ufro sworad, isini specializdebian am saqmeSi, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom gaaCniaT Sedarde-

biTi upiratesoba informaciis marTvisas. rogoric ar unda iyos maTi motivebi, es adamianebi

gvawvdian momsaxurebas, romelzec damokidebulebi varT, magram vidre ar mivxvdebiT, Tu rogor

iSviaT produqts warmoadgens informacia, Suamavlebis momsaxurebas saTanadod ver vafasebT.

Cven maT damamcirebel saxelebs vuwodebT da vqmniT kanonebs maT sawinaaRmdegod. erT-erTi ase-

Ti saxelia `spekulanti~, anu gadamyidveli.

spekulaciis saxeebi

leqsikonSi sityva `spekulacia~ ganmartebulia, rogorc `vaWroba sabazro fasis cvlilebis-

gan mogebis miRebis mizniT~. es sakmaod viwro gagebaa, magram dasawyisisTvis gamodgeba. yvelaze

ufro cnobili (anu yvelaze saZraxisi) spekulanti _ es aris `daTvi~ uol-stritze, romelic

`yidis vadaze adre~, anu im pirobiT, rom myidvels momavalSi miawvdis aqciebs, romelic garige-

bis dros xelT ara aqvs. spekulants imedi aqvs, rom aqciebis fasi daiklebs myidvelisaTvis misi

miwodebis momentis dadgomisas da iafad nayids winaswar molaparakebul maRal fasad gayidis.

ufro mniSvnelovan spekulantebs warmoadgenen sasaqonlo birJis spekulantebi, romlebic

vaWroben iseTi saqonliT, rogoricaa xorbali, Roris xorci, xe-tye, Saqari, kakao da Tafli. am

tipis spekulantebi yiduloben da yidian `fiuCersebs~. fiuCersi SeTanxmebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom,

garkveuli momavali droisTvis, saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba amJamad dadgenili fasis

mixedviT iqneba miwodebuli.

naklebad cnobil spekulants Tqven Tavad warmoadgenT. Tqven yidulobT ganaTlebas nawilo-

briv imitom, rom momavalSi Tqvens mier miwodebuli SromiTi momsaxurebis fasis gazrdis imedi

gaqvT. magram momavali Tqveni momsaxurebis fasi, SesaZloa, metad dabali aRmoCndes da ar da-

faros dRevandeli investiciebi.

sxva cnobil spekulants warmoadgens momxmarebeli, romelmac gazeTidan Seityo Saqarze fasis

momatebis mosalodneli cvlilebis Sesaxeb da amitom Tavisi saxlis sardafi Saqris orwliani ma-

ragiT gaavso. Tu Saqris fasi mkveTrad gaizarda, es Tadarigiani xalxi moigebs, Tu arada, waagebs.

maT simdidre Senaxuli aqvT Saqris saxiT, romelmac gamoZeZga mTeli sardafi da am xalxs mouspo

saSualeba, iyidon ufro faseuli produqti, magaliTad, mogebis momtani sabanko angariSi.

rodesac mZRoli avsebs benzinis avzs, igebs ra, rom benzini am adgilas ori centiT naklebi

Rirs, isic spekulantobs, vinaidan SesaZlebelia, rom ori kvartlis iqiT fasi oTxi centiT nak-

lebi iyos. mZRoli, romelic carieli avziT mgzavrobs im imediT, rom fasi garkveuli manZilis

Semdeg ufro dabali iqneba, pirwavardnili spekulantia da is mZRolebic, romlebic bolomde

avseben avzebs, rogorc ki xma gavardeba, rom benzini unda gaZvirdes, aseve spekulantebi arian.

bevri ver grZnobs, rom Tavad spekulantia da kicxavs spekulantebs, roca maT gansakuTrebu-

li situaciebisa da udanaSaulo adamianebis `gamoyenebaSi~ sdeben brals. marTlac arian Tu ara

spekulantebi xalxis mtrebi, rogorc amas xSirad amtkiceben? amboben, rom spekulantebi igeben

stiqiur ubedurebebze manam, sanam es stiqiuri ubedurebebi moxdeba. es marTalia, magram esaa

simarTlis mxolod mcire nawili, romelsac mcdar daskvnebamde mivyavarT.

spekulaciis Sedegebi

davuSvaT, rom Sua dasavleTis raionebSi, sadac gazafxulze simindis mniSvnelovani nawili

mohyavT, gaCnda simindis daavadebis niSnebi. amis Sedegad SesaZloa daiRupos simindis mTeli

wliuri mosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili. vinc fiqrobs, rom es ase iqneba, moelis, rom momavalSi

simindis fasi gaizrdeba. es zogierT maTgans ubiZgebs imisken, rom wlevandeli mosavlis nawili

Seinaxos momavali moxmarebisTvis, rodesac, maTi azriT, fasi gaizrdeba. es spekulaciaa.

127

aseT spekulaciaSi bevri monawileobs _ fermerebi siminds sxva sakvebiT cvlian, inaxaven ra

wlevandeli simindis mosavlis maragebis nawils, raTa momaval wels aRar iyidon an ufro maRal

fasSi gayidon. samrewvelo momxmareblebi zrdian maragebs, sanam fasi ar gazrdila, vaWrebi,

romlebic simindsa da lobios erTmaneTisganac ver arCeven, cdiloben iafad SeiZinon axla, raTa

momavalSi Zvirad gayidon. arsebobs kargad organizebuli savaWro bazrebi, romlebic aadvile-

ben aseTi tipis garigebebs. aq adamianebs SeuZliaT dRevandeli fasiT SeiZinon da gayidon `fiuC-

ersebi~, anu kontraqtebi saqonlis momaval miwodebaze. am saqmianobis Sedegad mcirdeba simindis

mimdinare miwodeba da izrdeba fasi. kritikosebis azris Sesabamisad, fasi imatebs manam, sanam

ubedureba moxdeba.

magram es suraTis mxolod nawilia. spekulanturi qmedeba iwvevs simindis moxmarebis droSi

gadaadgilebas misi SedarebiTi siuxvis periodidan SedarebiTi iSviaTobis periodSi. momaval

wels, rodesac simindis daavadebis Sedegebi gamoCndeba, fasi ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre uami-

sod iqneboda. amgvarad, spekulantebi awonasworeben produqtis moxmarebul raodenobas da am-

cireben droSi fasebis ryevas. vinaidan fasebis ryeva risks uqmnis simindis mimwodeblebsa da

momxmareblebs, spekulantebi sinamdvileSi amcireben sxva xalxis risks. ufro zustad, isini

mogebis miRebis mizniT risks imaTgan yiduloben, vinc naklebadaa riskisTvis momzadebuli da

mzadaa raRac gaiRos mosalodneli mogebis Semcirebis formiT (maT, vinc amjobinebs riskis gay-

idvas, dazRveulebs uwodeben).

moTxovna

P

Q

aRebulia

II weli

gayidulia

P

Q

gayidulia aRebulia

I weli

moTxovna uxvmosavlian wels

Senaxva

cudmosavlian

wels gayidvis

mizniT, xels

uwyobs fasebis

st b z s

xels uwyobs fasebis stabilizacias

winaswarmetyvelni da danakargebi

yovelive es gulisxmobs, rom spekulantebi ar cdebian prognozebSi. magram ra moxdeba didi,

mosavali rom movides? am SemTxvevaSi spekulantebi simindis moxmarebas misi iSviaTobis perio-

didan siuxvis periodSi gadaadgileben da amiT gaaZliereben fasebis ryevas. es udavod auare-

sebs resursebis ganawilebas.

magram, es momgebiani arc spekulantebisTvisaa. isini dakargaven iq, sadac mogebas moelodnen.

128

ese igi, SeiZleba imis varaudi, rom isini ase mxolod ucodinrobis gamo moiqcevian. magram arian

ki isini uvicebi?

winaswarmetyveli aravinaa da spekulantebic uSveben Secdomebs. (sxvanairad, ratom dauZa-

xebdnen maT spekulantebs?)7, magram Cven vcxovrobT gaurkvevlobis samyaroSi da iZulebulni

varT, swored aseT pirobebSi miviRoT gadawyvetilebebi. ar SegviZlia Tavi avaridoT gaurkvev-

lobisa da uvicobis Sedegebs imiT, rom uars vityviT momavalze fiqrsa da moqmedebaze, xolo

Tuki miviCnevT, rom spekulantebze meti viciT, SegviZlia maT winaaRmdeg TamaSiT movigoT ki-

dec. saintereso da Wkuis saswavlebelia, rom isini, vinc akritikebs spekulantebs momavlis aras-

wori gansazRvrisTvis, iSviaTad iyeneben sakuTar, albaT ukeTes prognozebs, bazarze spekulan-

tebis winaaRmdeg vaWrobisas. prognozebi, ra Tqma unda, didi raodenobiT miewodeba ukana

ricxviT, Sesabamisad - nakleb fasad.

spekulantebi arian informaciis mimwodeblebi. yidvisa da gayidvis winadadebebi asaxavs moma-

valze awmyosTan mimarTebaSi maT Sexedulebas. amgvari qmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnili fasebi,

rogorc yvela fasi, warmoadgens Rirebule bebis maCvenebels informacias gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebi pirebisTvis, alternativebis dRevandeli da momavali realobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, es informacia konservatorebisTvisac imdenadve Rirebulia, rogorc

azartuli moTamaSeTaTvis. ra Tqma unda, rodesac spekulantebi cdebian, maT mier miwodebuli

informacia cudia, magram amaze yuradRebis SeCereba niSnavs imas, rom arsebuli situacia Seva-

daroT ukeTess, magram ararsebuls. xolo Tu migvaCnia, rom momavlis winaswarnetyveleba speku-

lantebze ukeT SegviZlia, ufleba gvaqvs gamovTqvaT Cveni rwmena fulis meSveobiT, miviRebT ra

mogebas Cveni varaudebidan da sargeblobas movutanT ra sxvebs.

jerjerobiT ki, adamianebi, romelTa yoveldRiuri saqmianoba im saqonelTanaa dakavSirebu-

li, romliTac spekulantebi vaWroben, praqtikaSi mudmivad sargebloben im informaciiT, ro-

melsac es spekulantebi awvdian. fermerebi orientirebad iReben sasaqonlo birJebis mier nawi-

naswarmetyveleb fasebs, aseve iqcevian mewarmeebi. isinic ki, vinc Cveulebriv im saqonels

gamoiyenebs, romelic spekulanturi vaWrobis sagans ar Seadgens, sargeblobs spekulantebis

mier miwodebuli informaciiT. yoveli Cvengani fass ise iyenebs, rogorc informacias, romelic

ZiriTadad momavlis (spekulantur) winaswarmetyvelebazea dafuZnebuli.

stiqiuri ubedurebebi, rogoricaa gvalva, sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis daavadebebi da

arasezonuri yinva, saocrad mcire gavlenas axdens xorblis, xilis da bostneulis fassa da xel-

misawvdomobaze. mogebas yovelive amisgan ufro spekulantebi iReben, romelTa windaxeduli

qmedebebi erTgvarad akavSirebs bunebis gaurkvevlobasa da maRaziebis damokidebulebas (am Ta-

vis damatebaSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT saqonlis spekulantebis funqciebs da fiuCersul

bazrebs)

Sida informaciiT movaWreTa sakiTxi

spekulantebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi undoblobisa da siZulvilis ZiriTadi wili albaT im

eWvs efuZneba, rom isini sargebloben informaciiT, romlis mopoveba ar aZlevT mogebis ufle-

bas. informaciis iSviaTobiTa da, aqedan gamomdinare, gaurkvevlobiT ganpirobebuli probleme-

bi xSirad garTulebulia konkretul movaleobebsa da uflebebze SexedulebaTa SeuTanxmeblo-

bis gamo. risi codnis ufleba aqvs myidvels? ra unda Seatyobinon gamyidvelebma myidvelebs?

ras niSnavs arasamarTliani upiratesoba, rodesac laparakia informaciaze? vin unda agos pasu-

xi saqonlis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informaciis miRebasa da gavrcelebaze?

rTuli sakiTxebia. Sua saukuneebSi iuristebi da moralistebi amtkicebdnen, rom gamyidvelebs

myidvelebisTvis unda miewodebinaT is informacia, rac Tavad gaaCndaT, Tuki amas SeeZlo fasis

dagdeba. rodesac vaWars Seaqvs xorbali moSimSile qalaqSi, moralurad an samarTlebrivad val-

debuli Tu ara is, momxmareblebs uTxras, rom gemi, romliTac damatebiTi xorbali moaqvT, ukve

gzazea? Tu man unda damalos es informacia da naxos damSeuli momxmareblebi rogor asweven misi

xorblis fass?

Tu Tqven migaCniaT, rom vaWari moralurad valdebulia aseT SemTxvevaSi Tavisi informacia

7 inglisur enaSi spekulanti niSnavs aseve adamians, romelic araswori da arasruli informaciis safuZvelze mcdar

daskvnebs akeTebs (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)

129

xalxs miawodos (sxvaTa Soris, es ar warmoadgens Sua saukune ebis moralistebis mier gakeTebul

universalur daskvnas), Tanaxma iqnebiT Tu ara, rom Cveulebrivma aqcionerma, romelic aqciebs

yidis, winaswar gamoacxados is arasasiamovno informacia, romelic mas xelTa aqvs? ra iseTi sx-

vaobaa am or SemTxvevas Soris, rac uflebas mogvcemda isini sxvadasxva sibrtyeebSi gangvexila?

aris Tu ara aqciebTan urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli damaxasiaTebeli niSani is faqti, rom ga-

myidvelma Cveulebriv ar icis, vin aris myidveli.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara sruli informaciis miwodeba,

Tu zogierTebi mas yuradRebas ar aqceven.

vidre `srul informacias~ icav, moralurad mimzidveli garemos koncefcia ise damajereb-

lad ver imuSavebs. zogjer adamianebisTvis miwodebuli informacia mcdaria. SesaZloa maT ver

gaigon, ar daujeron, naklebi yuradReba miaqcion, ar dainte resdnen, an saerTod daaviwydeT in-

formacia. mimarTavT ra adamianebis did jgufs, yovelTvis SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom nawils ma-

namde daaviwyda, Tu raze elaparakebodiT, sanam sxva nawilma es gaigo; nawili jer ar dainterese-

bula imiT, razec laparakobdiT, maSin, roca sxva nawils ukve mobezrda Tqveni mosmena. ufro

metic, erTi nawilisTvis saWiro informacia meores mxolod xmaurad eCveneba da Tu SevecdebiT

TiToeuls vuTxraT is, risi gagebac mas surs, amiT albaT imden arasainteresos ityviT, rom

TqvenTan urTierTobiT veravin ixeirebs. Tu Tqven SeecdebiT, rom SecdomaSi ar SeiyvanoT zo-

gierTi, ver moaxerxebT, sxvebs is informacia miawodoT, romlis miRebac maT surT.

rodis aris Sida informacia sasurveli da imavdroulad moraluri?

sruli informaciis nebismieri legaluri moTxovnis yvelaze seriozul winaaRmdegobas is

moTxovna warmoadgens, rom gamoacxadon yvelaferi, rac ician manamde, sanam raRac moqmedebebs

SeuZliaT ziani miayenon mastimulirebel, Zvir, magram mniSvnelovan informacias. Cven ar moviT-

xovT investorebisa da mwerlebisgan, rom uari Tq van TavianT ideebze. ratom unda movTxovoT

mas, vinc gaakeTa aRmoCena, romlis dapatenteba an kopireba SeuZlebelia, rom es informacia sx-

vebisTvis Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi gaxados? amasTan, metad mniSvnelovania is, rom sazoga-

doebrivi TamaSis wesebi xels uwyobdes patiosnebasa da wesierebas. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom es

wesebi xels uwyobdes axali codnis moZiebasa da riskze wasvlis mzadyofnas, rodesac arsebobu-

li codna Sorsaa sasurvelisagan.

gaclvis da usafrTxoebis komisiis mier Sefasdnen `Sida informaciiT movaWreni~, romlebic

iseT darRvevebSi monawileobdnen, rasac kanoni erTgulebis valdebulebas uwodebs. es aris

moraluri an samarTlis normebi, romlebic kontraqtebiT an sxva valdebulebiTaa gansazRvru-

li. rodesac `Sida informaciiT movaWre~ erTgulebis valdebulebebis darRvevaSi imxileba, is

dauyovnebliv unda iqnas gakicxuli. warmoidgineT sabrokero an iuridiuli firmis muSakebi,

romlebic daqiravebulebi arian imisTvis, rom daexmaron firmas, SeiZinos sxva firmis aqciebi,

xolo isini iyeneben maT xelT arsebul informacias imisTvis, rom SeiZinon aqciebi manam, sanam

gaerTianebis mcdeloba dafarulia.

vaWroba, romelic arRvevs erTgulebis valdebulebas, TaRliTobaa.

vinaidan maTi qmedeba gazrdis firmis mier navaraudev fasebs da upiratesobas gaaZvirebs,

isini damqiravebeli firmis interesebis winaaRmdeg gamodian. es situacia analogiuria imisa,

rodesac saolqo sabWos wevri iyenebs informacias axali gzis gayvanis Taobaze, raTa megobrebs

urCios, rom maT SeiZinon miwebi momavali gzis axlos. aman misi amomrCevlebisTvis SesaZloa gam-

oiwvios gzis daproeqtebis fasis gazrda, amitom misi megobrebis mier gakeTebuli Sesyidvebi

Sefasdeba, rogorc `Sida informaciiT vaWroba~, radgan informacia miwodebuli hqondaT erT-

gulebis valdebulebis darRveviT.

aseTive samarTlebrivi da moraluri azria imaSi, rom dagmobili iqnas Sroma, romliTac ir-

130

Rveva erTgulebis valdebuleba. absurduli iqneboda, aralegalurad CagveTvala `Sida infor-

maciiT vaWroba~, rogorc yvelanairi Sroma, rac xorcieldeba im informaciis safuZvelze,

romelic yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi araa. aseTi gansazRvreba Seicavs mosazrebas TiTqos in-

formacia ar aris iSviaTi produqti da bazrebs SeuZliaT uimisod moqmedeba.

davuSvaT, rom mecnieri xarT, muSaobT farmacevtul firmaSi da mixvediT im daskvnamde, rom

Tqvens gamokvlevebs didi warmateba elis, Tqvenma Zalisxmevam iqamde migiyvanaT, rom mzad xarT

kibos sawinaaRmdego vaqcinis dasamzadeblad. warmoidgi neT, ra mogebas moutans es Tqvens dam-

qiraveblebs, am garemoebebis gamo, TqvenTvis azri aqvs imas, rom SeiZinoT firmis aqciebis didi

raodenoba. Tu Tqven amas gaakeTebT, iqneba Tu ara es Sesyidvebi ukanono?

amgvari SemTxvevebis samarTlianoba jerjerobiT naTeli araa. SesaZloa dagebadoT kiTxva,

ratom ver unda Cados investiciebi mecnierma sakuTar samuSaoSi? vis avnebs es? is xalxi, vinc

miyidis mas aqciebs, icnoben im aRmoCenas, romelmac SesaZloa aqciebis fasi gazardos. imisaTvis,

rom suraTi ufro sruli iyos, davuSvaT, rom mecniers ukve hqonda SeZenili firmis aqciebi, rom-

lis gayidvasac apirebda. magram man Secvala gadawyvetileba, vinaidan kvlevebi imedismomcemi

gaxda. SeiZleba Tu ara igi davadanaSauloT gayidvis SeCerebaSi, mis mier miRebuli informaciis

safuZvelze? romeli uflebebis darRveva xdeba mecnieris mier yidvis (magram ara gayidvis) gad-

awyvetilebis miRebis Sedegad?

rodisaa informaciuli upiratesoba arasasurveli?

`Sida informaciiT movaWreTa~ mimarT mtruli damokidebuleba dafuZnebulia im mosazre-

baze, rom aravis SeiZleba hqondes arasamarTliani mogeba. problema isaa, Tu rogor unda iqnas

gansazRvruli arasamarTliani mogeba. ar unda davaskvnaT, rom yvelanairi mogeba arasa-

marTliania. Tu Cven SevignebT, rom informacia aris sakmaod deficituri produqti, pasuxi unda

gavceT kiTxvas, Tu rodis da ratom warmoadgens Sida informacia usamarTlo mogebis miRebis

saSualebas.

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi

ra unda gakeTdes im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qmedebebs ar mosdevs mosalodneli Sedegi? axali

proeqti, romelic ar muSaobs, wamali, romelsac ukuCveneba aqvs, an TviTmfrinavebi, romlebic

imsxvreva... vin unda agos pasuxi yovelive amaze?

ai, kargi pasuxi: man, vinc Tanaxmaa, aiRos pasuxismgebloba. advilia pausixmgeblobis aReba

qmedebebis Semdeg, gacilebiT rTulia amisi gakeTeba, vidre qmedeba moxdeba. Tu myidvelebs

surT, gaaCndeT defeqtebis sawinaaRmdego garantiebi an fuladi kompensaciis dapireba, yoveli

incidentis dros, maSin maT unda SeaCeron Sesyidvebi manam, sanam ar dadeben kontraqts gamyid-

velTan. gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT aseTi garantiebis micema mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca isini dam-

atebiTi gayidvebidan moelian mogebas, romelic aWarbebs mosalodnel xarjebs. unda vivarau-

doT, rom gamyidvelebi pasuxismgeblobis iseT saxes SearCeven, romelic maT kontrolis karg

saSualebas miscems, xolo myidvelebi airCeven iseT pasuxismgeblobas, romelic daujdebaT

ufro iafi, vidre gamyidvelebis imaSi darwmuneba, rom sakuTar Tavze aiRon pasuxismgebloba.

myidvelebic da gamyidvelebic erTnairad Seecdebian moipovon da gamoiyenon maT xelT arsebu-

li informacia, romelic SedarebiTi mogebis saSualebas miscems.

Cveni sasamarTloebi wina wlebSi gaemijnen pasuxismgeblobis problemisadmi iseT midgomas,

romelic gamomdinareobda rwmenidan, rom zogierT mxares aqvs arasamarTliani kontraqtebis

miRebisa da ganxorcielebis Zala. Cveulebrivi momxmarebeli advilad SeiZleba daiCagros,

rodesac igi aRmoCndeba didi korporaciebis da profesionali eqspertebis winaSe, romlebmac

kargad ician, rogor Seadginon kontraqtebi ise, rom Tavidan aicilon pasuxismgebloba. sa-

samarTloebma uaryves piradi SeTanxmebebi da ufleba misces mosamarTleebs, gansazRvron pa-

suxismgebloba, ra Tqma unda, faqtis damtkicebis Semdeg. mosamarTleebi Cveulebrivi momxmare-

blebis wridan arian. sakiTxis gadawyvetisas isini yovelTvis mimarTaven `sqeli jibis~ princips

_ `Cven ar viciT vin aris damnaSave, magram am Raribma xalxma izarala, da meore mxare sakmaod

mdidaria, raTa maT zarali aunazRauros~.

131

aseTi midgomis samarTlianoba marTlac saeWvoa. misi grZelvadiani Sedegebi Sesabamisad zia-

nis momtani aRmoCndeba. rodesac pasuxismgebloba regionSi `sqeli jibis~ principiT fasdeba, am

`sqeli jibis~ mepatroneebi datoveben regions. bevri produqti da momsaxureba, romlis gamoy-

enebac SesaZloa riskTan iyos dakavSirebuli, mogebis dakargvis SiSiT ar iqneba miwodebuli. qa-

laqebSi daixureba parkebi, vinaidan sabavSvo moednebze momxdar yovel SemTxvevas, SesaZloa,

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis wamoWra mohyves, farmacevtuli warmoeba aRar awarmoebs wamlebs

imis SiSiT, rom mouwevT pasuxismgeblobis aReba da didi Tanxebis gadaxda, firmebi Sewyveten

axali da usafrTxo teqnologiebis damuSavebas, radgan potenciuri pasuxismgeblobis xarjebi

metad maRali iqneba.

`sqeli jibis~ pasuxismgebloba xSirad mimzidvelia msajulebisTvis,

magram saSiSia yvela danarCenisTvis.

`Caveat emptor~ - niSnavs `eSinodes myidvels~. es iuridiuli principi, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi

erT dros farTod gavrcelebuli, niSnavs imas, rom gamyidvelebi, kanonis mixedviT, pasuxs age-

ben mxolod produqciis im maCveneblebze, romlebzedac isini specialur garantias iZlevian.

sxva SemTxvevaSi, SecdomiT nayid produqciaze pasuxismgebloba myidvels ekisreba. es doqtrina

amJamad praqtikulad mTlianad Sescvala principma `Caveat venditor~, anu `eSinodes gamyidvels~.

myidvelebi produqciis defeqturobis gamo, sul ufro metad iReben kompensacias gamyidvelebi-

sgan. gamyidveli pasuxs agebs im defeqtebze, romlebzedac mas warmodgena ar hqonda da im de-

feqtebzedac ki, romelic momxmareblis mier saqonlis araswori moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli. ga-

zonebis mWreli manqanis mflobelma, romelmac momuSave manqanis danebs Soris balaxis

gamoRebisas TiTi dakarga, SesaZloa, am agregatis Semqmnelisgan miiRos finansuri kompensacia,

Tu daamtkicebs, rom manqanaze ar iyo Sesabamisi aRniSvna.

adamianebi moqmedeben mosalodneli xarjebis Sesabamisad. Tu gamyidvelebs uxdebaT my-

idvelebis suleluri saqcielis gamo fulis gadaxda, isini Seecdebian Tavi aaridon aseT qmede-

bebs. rogor? imiT, rom gayidian absoluturad usafrTxo produqcias. ra vqnaT, taSi davukraT?

problema isaa, rom absoluturad usafrTxo saqoneli Zviri iqneba. Tu leibebis gamyidvelebs

ufleba aqvT gayidon mxolod iseTi leibebi, romlebic ar aaldeba, maSin axali leibis yovelma

myidvelma unda gadaixados im maxasiaTeblisTvis, romelic sasargebloa mxolod adamianTa um-

ciresobisaTvis, imaTTvis, visac uyvars mokidebuli sigaretiT daZineba. aseTi midgoma icavs um-

niSvnelo raodenobas da azaralebs mravals.

Tu Tavis droze principi `Caveat emptor~ aiZulebda myidvels TavdacvisTvis gamoeyenebina

Zvirad Rirebuli zomebi, sadReisod, principi `Caveat venditor~ aiZulebs gamyidvels, mimarTos

zogierT iseT zomas, romelsac myidveli namdvilad ufro iaf Semcvlels mouZebnida.

eqimebi da araswori mkurnalobis sakiTxi

analogiuri kiTxvebi warmoiSveba araswor mkurnalobaSi dadanaSaulebuli eqimebis winaaRm-

deg aRZruli saqmeebis garSemo da aseTi saqmeebis dazRvevis xarjebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT.

uwin araswori mkurnalobis qveS igulisxmeboda eqimis araswori an udieri qmedebebi, romlebsac

pacientis sikvdili an daxeibreba mohyva. dRes am cnebis qveS sul ufro xSirad igulisxmeba nebi-

smieri Secdoma, romelsac ziani moaqvs pacientisTvis im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saeqimo diagnozi da

mkurnaloba samedicino praqtikis yvelaze Tanamedrove standartebsac ki akmayofilebs. sad-

amde migviyvans aseTi praqtika?

Tu eqimebs, yoveli Secdomis gamo, araswor mkurnalobaSi dasdeben brals, isini Seecdebian,

ar dauSvan Secdomebi. gana es is araa, rac gvsurda? arc mTlad asea. sinamdvileSi, Cven gvinda,

rom eqimebma Tavis Tavze aiRon im Secdomebis riski, romlisgan Tavis acilebis xarjic pacien-

tisTvis aWarbebs am Secdomis xarjebs. daiviwyeT fuladi xarjebi, vinaidan amas diskusiaSi ara-

saWiro emociebi Seaqvs da ubralod SeadareT tkivils tkivili da sikvdils _ sikvdili. ramdeni

analizi unda gaakeTos eqimma, vidre is diagnozs dasvams? yoveli damatebiTi analizi amcirebs

mocemuli daavadebidan tkivilis an sikvdilis albaTobas, magram moaqvs axali tkivili da dam-

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atebiTi riski. mzada xarT Zvlis tvinis punqciis gasakeTeblad, raTa darwmundeT imaSi, rom ar

xarT daavadebuli momakvdinebeli seniT, romelic adre arasdros aravis Sexvedria iavis zRvaSi

kunZul maduris mkvidrTa garda?

gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, rom sicocxlisaTvis yvelaze patara riskic ki absoluturad miuRe-

belia, uazrobaa. mas kidev eqneboda azri, SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo, Tavi agveridebina saSiSroebi-

sTvis ise, rom sxva saSiSroeba ar dagvmuqreboda. ase mxolod is fiqrobs, vinc yovel momentSi erT

saSiSroebazea koncentrirebuli. mkacri sinamdvile ki isaa, rom sicocxlis gagrZelebis zogierTi

xerxi ar amarTlebs xarjebs. am mosazrebis moCvenebiTi simkacre maSinve qreba, rogorc ki gavix-

senebT, rom raime SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo sikvdilianobis raodenobis SesaCereblad gamoyenebuli

resursebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sxva SemTxvevaSi, raTa Tavidan aviciloT meti sikvdili.

Cven, magaliTad, SegviZlia Tavidan aviciloT sahaero katastrofebi, Tu avkrZalavT cud amindSi

frenas, magram, amave dros, es SesaZloa, gaxdes mravali mogzauris saavtomobilo katastrofaSi da-

Rupvis mizezi. mravalma adamianma, komerciuli aviaxazebiT frenisgan Tavdasacavad, SesaZloa, bev-

rad ufro saSiSi saavtomobilo mgzavroba airCios.

Cven arasdros vakeTebT mxolod erT rames!

sasargebloa aseve gvaxsovdes, rom saqme gvaqvs gaurkvevlobasa da albaTobasTan. Tu darCe-

nil saxsrebs sagzao ganyofileba imaze xarjavs, rom rekonstruqcia Cautaros e.w. `micvalebu-

lis mosaxvevs~, sadac leik roudze yovelwliurad sami kaci kvdeba, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom

ganyofileba amiT sam kacs sikvdils usjis. yovel mZRols saSualeba aqvs gaCerdes mosaxvevTan

da sifrTxile gamoavlinos. sinamdvileSi, am SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis gadarCenis yvelaze efeq-

tiani saSualeba fulis gadanawileba iqneboda _ gzis garemontebaze xarjis Semcireba da im xar-

jis gazrda, romelic wavidoda gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis damzadebaze, rac gamoiwvevs my-

idvelebis (mZRolebis) pasuxismgeblobis zrdas da gamyidvelebis (gzis mSeneblebis)

pasuxismgeblobis Semcirebas. usafrTxoeba warmoadgens kompleqsur da mravalsaxovan

produqts, romlis warmoeba SeiZleba mravali gziT. misi damzadeba ufro damakmayofilebeli

iqneba im sazogadoebaSi, romelSic TamaSis wesebi naTelia da myari, xolo xalxi mxars uWers mo-

laparakebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris ukeTesi.

damateba: sabirJo saqonliT spekulantebi da „fiuCersebis“ bazrebi

is spekulantebi, romlebic xorblis momavali fasiT spekulireben, adam smitma gemis im

windaxedul kapitans Seadara, romelmac, mixvda ra, rom mogzaurobis dasrulebamde sakvebi ar

eyofaT, ekipaJs mkacrad SeuzRuda racioni. smiti amtkicebs, rom xorbliT spekulantebi amci-

reben SimSilis saSiSroebas, vinaidan momxmarebels aiZuleben, ufro adre daiwyos dazogva. es

aris saqonliT spekulantTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva. amas SegviZlia davakvirdeT gadasa-

muSavebeli navTobiT spekulaciis magaliTze.

niu-iorkis savaWro birJa amzadebs bazars gadasamuSavebel navTobze momavali kontraqte-

bisTvis. TiToeuli kontraqti gulisxmobs momaval TveSi, gadasamuSavebeli navTobis 1000 bare-

lis miwodebas dRevandel SeTanxmebul fasSi. am bazars iyenebs orive mxare, rogorc gamyidveli,

romelsac surs darwmunebuli iyos, rom dazRveuli iqneba produqciaze fasebis momavali

daklebisas, ise navTobis momxmareblebi, romlebsac surT darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom dazRveu-

li iqnebian maT mier Sesasyidi navTobis fasis gaZvirebisagan.

magaliTad, aviakompaniebis mesveurebi ukve winaswar, maisidan emzadebian imisTvis, rom zaf-

xulis bumis dros fasebis zrdam SesaZloa daakargvinos mosalodneli mogeba. aviakompaniebs

SeuZliaT Tavi daizRvion imiT, rom maisSi SeiZinon gadasamuSavebeli navTobis zafxulis Tvee-

bisTvis gankuTvnili fiuCersebi. Tu isini maisSi 16,5 dolarad SeiZenen agvistoSi gamosayenebe-

li navTobis fiuCersebs, aman SesaZloa daicvas agvistoSi navTobis fasis zrdisgan. sawvavis fa-

sis 10 procentiT gazrda, romelic gamowveulia navTobis gaZvirebiT, Seamcirebs aviakompaniebis

mogebas, vinaidan gaizrdeba maTi xarjebi. magram mogebis es Semcireba gawonasworebuli iqneba im

mogebis xarjze, romelsac kompania miiRebs maisSi SeZenili navTobis agvistoSi gamoyenebisas,

vinaidan fiuCersuli kontraqtebi Secvlian saqonlisadmi dRevandel midgomas da imas, rac kon-

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traqtSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. yvelaferi ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos gamyidvelma, fiuCersuli

kontraqtis mixedviT, agvistoSi navTobi 16,5 dolarad miawoda, kontraqtis myidvelma ki agvi-

stoSi navTobi 18,15 dolarad gayida, anu 10 procentiT ufro Zvirad, vidre maisSi iyo gaTvalis-

winebuli.

dazRveva amcirebs risks, aviakompaniebi uars amboben navTobis produqciis gaiafebisagan ze-

mogebaze, raTa Tavidan aicilon danakargebi navTobis produqciis gaZvirebis SemTxvevaSi. nav-

Tobis gamyidvelebma, meores mxriv, agvistos fiuCersebis gayidvisgan maisSi unda daizRvion

Tavi. navTobis mwarmoeblebma maisSi unda SezRudon agvistos fiuCersebis fasi imden barelze,

rasac kontraqtebi iTvaliswinebs. isini iseve arian dazRveulebi fasebis klebisagan, rogorc

aviakompaniebi fasebis momatebisgan. Tu navTobis mompoveblebma agvistos fiuCersebi maisSi 16,5

dolarad gayides da agvistoSi fasi mosalodnelTan SedarebiT 10 procentiT gaizarda, isini

met mogebas miiReben, vidre moelodnen agvistoSi gayiduli mTeli navTobisagan. magram nawili

gawonasworebuli iqneba im fiuCersuli kontraqtebis danakargebiT, romlis mixedviTac fasi

18,15 dolaramde unda gazrdiliyo, rac moiTxovda maTgan, rom SeeZinaT erTi bareli navTobi

18,15 dolarad da Semdeg gadaeyidaT 16,5 dolarad. ra Tqma unda, gamyidvelebisgan dazogvis mi-

zans warmoadgens Tavis dazRveva im danakargebisgan, rac mohyveba maissa da agvistos Soris fase-

bis dacemas. isini kmayofildebian im mogebiT, romelic fasebis zrdisgan gamomdinareobs im-

denad, ramdenadac es maT daazRvevs danakargebisgan, romelTac fasebis klebisgan ganicdian.

ra rols TamaSoben profesionali spekulantebi yovelive amaSi? spekulantebi dasawyisSi

afarToeben bazars, isini xels uwyoben, rom adamianebma, visac surT fiuCersebis yidva-gayidva,

ipovon erTmaneTi. davuSvaT, rom navTobis mravali momxmarebeli, elis ra fasebis zrdas, cdi-

lobs fiuCersebis Sesyidvas. ar SeiZleba darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom navTobis gamyidvelebi

mzad iqnebian, xeli moaweron yvela kontraqts, romliTac surT navTobis Sesyidva, magram, ro-

gorc ki Seiqmneba gamyidvelebis deficiti, kontraqtebis fasi daiwyebs zrdas da miizidavs pro-

fesional spekulantebs. es is xalxia, vinc daxelovnebulia informaciis mopovebaSi im saqonlis

Sesaxeb, romlis fiuCersebiTac vaWroben. monawileobas iReben ra procesSi, isini mizandasaxu-

lad ewevian risks, vinaidan swamT, rom specialuri informacia, romelsac floben, saSualebas

miscems, sxvebze ukeTesad iwinaswarmetyvelon fiuCersebis fasi.

spekulantebi gacilebiT mets akeTeben, vidre dazRveulebis daxmarebaa. navTobis profesio-

nali spekulantebi Tvalyurs adevneben yvelafers, rasac ki SeuZlia gavlena iqonios navTobis

moTxovnasa da miwodebaze da, aqedan gamomdinare, _ mis fasze: magaliTebia axali aRmoCenebi,

samxedro dapirispireba, revoluciebi, navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciis wevrebs

Soris konfliqtebi an maT Soris miRweuli harmonia, Zlieri Stormebi navTobmwarmoebeli qvey-

nebis ofSorul zonebSi, politikuri cvlilebebi, ramac SeiZleba gavlena iqonios mTavrobis

energetikul politikaze, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seneleba, rac Seamcirebs moTxovnas nav-

Tobze, garemos mimarT midgomebSi cvlileba. rodesac maT swamT, rom navTobi ufro deficitu-

ri gaxdeba, isini yiduloben navTobis fiuCersebs, rac iwvevs fiuCersebis fasis zrdas. rogorc

ki sxvebi gaigeben, rom fiuCersebis fasi izrdeba, isinic akeTeben daskvnas, rom, Tuki didi in-

formaciis mflobelebi fuls deben momatebuli fasis fiuCersebSi, maSin Tavadac Sesabamisad

unda imoqmedon.

magaliTad, isini, visac didi investiciebi aqvT Cadebuli gadasamuSavebel navTobSi, Seamci-

reben mimdinare gayidvebs, raTa meti Seinaxon momavali gayidvebisTvis, rodesac fasi ufro ma-

Rali iqneba. mimdinare miwodebis raodenoba daiklebs. is, vinc momavalSi apirebs Sesyidvas,

Seecdeba daaCqaros Sesyidvebi im mizniT, rom daaswros fasebis zrdas da amis gamo mimdinare

moTxovna gaizrdeba. gaxsovdeT: spekulantebis mier gamowveuli fiuCersebis fasis zrda iqneba

navTobze fasis mimdinare zrda. fiuCersebiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi zrda axlave moxdeba da fa-

sebis es zrda Seexeba yvelas, vinc iyenebs navTobis produqtebs, milioni im adamianis CaTvliT,

romlebmac isic ki ar ician, Tu gazeTis romel gverdze ibeWdeba fiuCersebis fasi. navTobis

produqtebis saboloo momxmareblebi mimdinare fasis cvlilebas imiT upasuxeben, rom daiwy-

eben mis ekonomiurad moxmarebas.

kargia es Tu cudi? davuSvaT, rom spekulantebis qmedeba dafuZnebulia Sua aRmosavleTSi

samxedro daZabulobis winaswarmetyvelebaze, rasac SeuZlia seriozuli gavlena iqonios

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msoflio bazarze navTobis miwodebaze. ra sjobs? is, rom winaswar araferi vicodeT, araviTari

zomebi ar miviRoT da mxolod maSin daviwyoT moqmedeba, rodesac faqtis winaSe aRmovCndebiT?

Tu dazogva adreve daviwyoT da saWiro dros meti navTobi gvqondes xelT?

Zalian gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, rom pirveli scenari sjobs meores. ra Tqma unda, im SemTxvevis

garda, rodesac spekulantebi cdebian, rac savsebiT SesaZlebelia. Tu isini cdebian da maTi moq-

medeba xels uwyobs navTobis da misi produqtebis fasis zrdas im saSiSroebis gamo, romelic ar

arsebobs, Cven daviwyebT ekonomias maSin, rodesac amis mizezi ara gvaqvs da Cveni xelSewyobiT

navTobis produqciis fasi daiwevs imaze dabla, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi iqneboda. spekulantebis

Secdoma gaxdeba fasebis ryevebis mizezi, rac miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris balanss daarRvevs.

magram isini bevrad ufro xSirad marTldebian, vidre cdebian. maTi saqme koreqtirebaa da di-

dxans ver darCebian am biznesSi, Tuki xSirad Secdebian, ufro metic, rodesac isini cdebian, cdi-

loben swrafad gamoasworon Secdomebi da Secvalon midgoma. isini ar hgvanan imaT, vinc ar ixdis

sakuTari Secdomebis fass da jiutad ganagrZobs winaswarmetyevelebas mas Semdegac ki, rodesac

yvelaze miukerZoebeli da dauinteresebeli pirovnebac ki xvdeba, rom es sicruea.

profesionali spekulantebi warmoadgenen damcvel distanciur sistemas. isini krizisebidan Ta-

vis acilebaSi imiT gvexmarebian, rom ukeTes informacias gvawvdian da gvibiZgeben qmedebisken. maT

mier fiuCersuli kontraqtebis yidva da gayidva uzrunvelgvyofs mudmivad daregulirebuli wi-

naswarmetyvelebiT fasebis mosalodneli cvlilebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba ra, miviRoT ukeTesi ga-

dawyvetileba. SuamavlebTan erTad, spekulantebi Zalian saWiro resurss warmoadgenen. Tu politi-

kuri daZabuloba zogjer maT uqmnis saSiSroebas, rom momakvdav saxeobad iqcnen, fiuCersuli

bazrebis ukeTesi gageba da spekulanturi funqciebi uzrunvelyofen TviTgadarCenas.

135

mokled gavimeoroT

SesaZlebloba, romlis Sesaxebac Tqven araferi iciT, sinamdvileSi SesaZleblobas ar war-

moadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, informacia faseuli resursia, romelic mflobels saSualebas

aZlevs, gazardos sakuTari simdidre.

informacia warmoadgens iSviaT produqts, romlis warmoeba, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia

xarjebTan. pirovneba, romelic efeqtianad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, agrovebs damatebiT infor-

macias mxolod manamde, sanam mosalodneli zRvruli sargebeli zRvrul xarjze metia.

ekonomikuri moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani nawili imiT aixsneba, rom informacia warmoadgens

iSviaT produqts. Suamavali, romelsac ase xSirad da daumsaxureblad lanZRaven, ufro xSirad

informaciis warmoebis specialists warmoadgens. iseve, rogorc uZravi qonebiT movaWre broke-

ri exmareba potenciur myidvelsa da gamyidvels erTmaneTis povnaSi, Cveulebrivi sacalo ga-

myidveli awvdis informacias mewarmis mier damzadebuli saqonlis Sesaxeb da erTmaneTTan akav-

Sirebs mwarmoeblebsa da maT, visac sWirdebaT produqcia.

Suamavlis Sesaxeb iseTi warmodgena, TiTqos igi vaWrobis farTo Saraze gamosuli arafrismwar-

moebeli yaCaRia, gamomdinareobs informaciis nulovani fasis Sesaxeb mcdari Sexedulebidan.

yvela, vinc ki gadawyvetilebas iRebs ise, rom ar gaaCnia yvela SesaZlo variantis momavali

Sedegebis Sesaxeb sruli informacia, spekulantia, anu yvela adamiani spekulantia.

Tu adamians miaCnia, rom man sxvebze meti icis momavlis da awmyos Soris Tanafardobis Sesaxeb,

is moindomebs dRes iyidos, raTa xval gayidos. Tu is marTali aRmoCnda, miiRebs mogebas Tavisi

kargi winaswarmetyvelebis gamo da aseve gadaitans produqts naklebi iSviaTobis mdgomareobi-

dan meti iSviaTobis mdgomareobaSi. Tu is Secdeba varaudSi, maSin produqti meti iSviaTobis md-

gomareobidan naklebi iSviaTobis mdgomareobaSi iqneba gadatanili da winaswarmetyveli dais-

jeba Tavisi qmedebebis piradi xarjebiT.

vinaidan fasebi warmoadgens iSviaTobis ganzogadebul maCvenebels, isini saWiro informacias

gvawvdian. adamianebi, romelTa Sesyidvebi da gayidvebi ayalibebs fass, awarmoeben sxvebisTvis

sasargeblo informacias.

mas, visac SeuZlia SecdomasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli xarjebi sxvas gadaabralos, informa-

ciis mogrovebis naklebi stimuli gaaCnia. is, vinc iZulebulia Tavad aanazRauros sxva pirovne-

bebis mier daSvebuli SecdomebTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, Seecdeba, daicvas isini am Secdome-

bisgan. Secdomebis Tavidan acileba aseve xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram adamianebi, rogorc

wesi, did yuradRebas ar aqceven sxvebis xarjebs.

informaciis warmoebis xarjebi yvelasaTvis erTnairi ar aris. adamianebi erTvebian im tipis

informaciis warmoebaSi, romelSic maT SedarebiTi upiratesoba gaaCniaT.


1. studentebi xSirad gamoTqvamen sayvedurs dabali fasebis gamo, romlebsac studqalaqebis

wignis maRaziebi naxmar wignebSi sTavazoben.

a) maSin ratom yidian isini am wignebs?

b) rogor fiqrobT, wignis maRaziebi sasargeblo fuqncias asruleben Tu atyueben stu-

dentebs maTi naxmari wignebiT operirebisas?

g) ratom yidian universitetebis wignis maRaziebi yvela naxmari wignis erTnair aslebs

erTnair fasSi, miuxedavad maTi mdgomareobisa? naxmari manqanebiT movaWreebi ase ar

iqcevian. riTi SegiZliaT axsnaT gansxvaveba wignebis maRaziebisa da manqanebis gamy-

idvelebis politikas Soris?

2. SeafaseT sagazeTo statiis Semdegi nawyveti: `produqtebze ekonomiis gawevis saukeTeso

saSualebas warmoadgens Suamavlobis gamoricxva da produqciis SeZena uSulod fermeris-

gan an sxva mimwodeblisgan. swored ase moiqca socialurad motivirebuli da sakmaod dam-

Seuli adamianebis jgufi, Seqmna ra sasursaTo kooperativi~.

Tuki SesaZlebelia sasursaTo maRaziebSi pirdapir momwodeblisgan SeZeniT fulis dazogva,

136

ratom mimarTavs am saSualebas adamianebis ase mcire raodenoba?

3. Tu gaigebT, rom SegiZliaT axali tansacmlis yidvaze gaweuli xarjebis 10 procentiT Sem-

cireba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas katalogebidan gamoiwerT, moiqceviT Tu ara amgvarad? ratom

ambobs zogierTi uars aseT ekonomiaze? ras akeTeben adamianebi, rodesac sayidlebze dadi-

an? ramdenad xSirad poulobT imas, rasac eZebT, imis daTvalierebisas, rasac gamyidvelebi

gTavazoben?

4. osalodnelia Tu ara, rom daaxloebiT erTnairi xarisxis saqonlis fasi Cveulebriv sacalo

maRaziasa da bazrobaze didad gansxvavebuli iyos? niSnavs Tu ara fasebSi didi sxvaoba imas,

rom viRacas atyueben an usamarTlod iyeneben sakuTari miznebisaTvis?

5. aeroportis gadatvirTul darbazSi TqvenTan modis adamiani da 25 dolarad gTavazobT TiTqos-

da karg saaTs, romelic, misi TqmiT, 135 dolari Rirs. SeiZenT mas? yidvisTvis ufro metad iqne-

bodiT mzad, meti informacia rom gagaCndeT? ra ar iciT mocemul situaciaSi iseTi, rac gecod-

inebodaT maSin, saaTs rom Tqveni saxlis axlos mdebare maRaziaSi yidulobdeT?

6. SegimowmebiaT Tu ara odesme saswori im maRaziaSi, sadac xorcs yoveldRiurad yidulobT?

ratom xarT darwmunebuli, rom ar gatyueben?

7. ratom iafdeba axali avtomobili ase Zalian eqspluataciis pirvel wels? gamowveulia Tu

ara es amerikelebis araracionaluri miswrafebiT, hqondeT axali da uxmari manqana?

a) rTi wlis eqspluataciis Semdeg romeli manqana aRmoCndeba naxmari avtomobilebis

bazarze _ is, romelic kargad emsaxureboda patrons, Tu is, romelsac wamdauwum

garemonteba sWirdeboda?

b) gasayidad miwodebul romel manqanebs Soris iqneba ufro didi _ gamyidvelisTvis

cnobili, magram myidvelisTvis ucnobi defeqtebis mqone manqanebis wili, axlebSi Tu

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi naxmar manqanebSi?

g) ra daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi eqspluataciaSi myofi man-

qanebis fasebis Sesaxeb? rogor Seefardeba es im fasebs, romlebic dadgindeboda im

SemTxvevaSi, gamyidvelebsa da myidvelebs sruli informacia rom gaaCndeT?

d) ratom iZlevian naxmari manqanebis gamyidvelebi zogjer garantias, xolo sxva

SemTxvevaSi amboben _ `garantia araa. gayidva sabolooa~.

8. dekembris bolos igebT, rom SeZlebT 10000 dolaris Sovnas, Tu moigebT klientis guls imiT,

rom uSoviT safexburTo Cempionatis finaluri matCis bileTs. Tqven moaxerxebT, spekulan-

tisgan karg adgilas SegeZinaT ori bileTi 750 dolarad. gagZarcvaT Tu ara spekulantma?

Tu piriqiT, gixariaT, rom spekulantebi arseboben? ratom ver itans bevri bileTebiT speku-

lantebs?

9. ostonis universitetSi sagazafxulo gamoSvebis ceremonials eswrebodnen aSS-is preziden-

ti jorj buSi da safrangeTis prezidenti fransua miterani. 5600 studentidan TiToeuls

misces oTxi ufaso bileTi. bileTebis fasma 100 dolaramde aiwia.

a) migaCniaT Tu ara, rom is studentebi, romlebmac sakuTari bileTebi gayides, araeTi-

kurad moiqcnen (es operacia aralegaluri ar iyo)?

b) rogor ggoniaT, is xalxi, vinc ufaso bileTSi 100 dolari gadaixada eqspluataciis

msxverplia?

10. golfis erovnuli klubi yidis samkerde niSnebs, rogorc daskvniT Sejibrebaze dasaswreb bile-

Tebs. sami kviriT adre niSnebi gayidulia da siaSi jer kidev bevria Cawerili. erovnuli klubi

uyenebs moTxovnas samkerde niSnebis gamyidvelebs, rom maT ar gayidon bileTebi zedmet fasSi.

rodesac `uol sTriiT jornali~-s sportulma komentatorma dawera statia am Sejibrebis Sesa-

xeb, aRmoCnda, rom bileTebis fasi 15-jer meti iyo, oficialur fasTan SedarebiT.

a) ratom ar gazarda klubma samkerde niSnebis fasebi?

b) ratom undoda klubs zedmet fasSi samkerde niSnebis gayidvisgan Tavis dacva?

11. davuSvaT, rom dRes miemgzavrebiT Soreul mogzaurobaSi, romlis drosac saqmiani vizitebi

da dasveneba erTmaneTs unda SeuTavsoT. TviTmfrinaviT mifrinavT.

a) ra saxis spekulacias eweviT Cemodnis Calagebisas?

137

b) romel mxares girCevniaT Secdomis daSveba: waiRoT bevri tansacmeli da iZulebuli

gaxdeT aTrioT mZime Cemodani, Tu naklebi tansacmeli waiRoT da im nivTebis gareSe

aRmoCndeT, romlebic SeiZleba dagWirdeT.

g) damokidebuli iqneba Tu ara wina SekiTxvaze pasuzi imaze, Tu sad mifrinavT _ mdi-

dar qalaqSi Tu Soreul kurortze?

d) davuSvaT, rom Tqven waiReT gamosasvleli fexsacmlis erTi wyvili da mniSvnelovani

Sexvedris win melniT dasvareT. Tqven garbixarT maRaziaSi da axal fexsacmels yidu-

lobT. axseniT, rogor Seamcira Tqvens mier erTi wyvili fexsacmlis waRebis riski

gamyidvelis mier sakuTar Tavze riskis aRebam.

12. statiaSi, romelSic mocemuli iyo sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebis Sexedu-

lebebi aSS-is momxmarebelTa mier maragebis gakeTebis Sesaxeb, sociologi amtkicebda, rom

momxmareblebis mier benzinis maragebis gakeTeba racionaluri saqcieli ki ar aris, aramed

motivirebulia amerikelebis emociuri damokidebulebiT manqanebis mimarT. istorikosi

acxadebda, rom amerikelebs axasiaTebT maragebis mimarT siyvaruli. erTni maragebis dagro-

vebas `deficitis fsiqoziT~ xsnidnen, meoreni laparakobdnen àJitirebul moTxovnaze~.

erT-erTma sociologma gamoacxada, rom aseTi `konkurentuli qcevis~ aRsakveTad saWiroa

Zlieri lideri.

a) rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, Tu ras warmoadgens maragebis gakeTeba _ iracio-

nalur saqciels, fsiqiur movlenas, erovnuli xasiaTis niSans, aJiotaJisa da emocie-

bis Sedegs Tu gaurkvevlobis mimarT normalur reaqcias?

b) ra gansxvavebaa zedmeti maragebis gakeTebasa da maragebis aucilebel doneze Senar-

Cunebas Soris?

g) ratom aqvT maragebi ojaxebs da firmebs? rogor gansazRvraven isini TiToeuli cal-

keuli produqtis maragis saTanado dones?

13. eweviT Tu ara spekulacias, rodesac sakuTar saxls xanZrisgan azRvevT? SegiZliaT Tu ara

dazogoT fuli imiT, rom amxanagebTan gaerTiandebiT da SeqmniT sadazRvevo kooperativs,

aicilebT ra Tavidan SuamavlisTvis saWiro xarjebs? sasargeblo informaciis romel saxes

gvTavazoben sadazRvevo kompaniebi?

14. ramdenime wlis win mimomxilvelebma Caatares gamokiTxva momxmareblebs Soris, raTa See-

darebinaT maT mier eqimis, axali manqanis, naklebad Zviri supermarketis da tansacmlis maRa-

ziis SerCevaze daxarjuli dro. 34 procentma gamoacxada, rom isini umetes dros supermar-

ketis Ziebas andomeben.; 23 procenti tansacmlis maRaziebis SerCevas, mxolod 16 procenti

xarjavs drois yvelaze did nawils eqimis SerCevaze da 15 procenti _ axali manqanis Sesyid-

vaze. ratom ar warmoadgens es gamoqveynebuli cifrebi imis maCvenebels, Tu ra fardobiT

mniSvnelobas aZlevs xalxi produqtis faseulobas, rodesac eZebs sakvebs, Casacmels, eqi-

mebsa da manqanebs?

15. davuSvaT, Tqven migyavT avtomobili da cdilobT mouxvioT marcxniv, riTac aferxebT moZ-

raobas gadatvirTul trasaze. Tqven apirebT, mouxvioT maSinve, rogorc ki gaivlis Tqvens-

ken momavali satvirTo manqana. magram ukanasknel wuTs amCnevT, rom mas mosdevs manqanebis

grZeli mwkrivi. imwamsve iRebT gaadwyvetilebas da uxvevT satvirTo manqanis win.

davuSvaT, rom am momentSi mobrunebisas, Tqven dazogeT 2 wuTi maSin, roca sakuTari drois

erT saaTs 6 dolarad afasebT, xolo imis albaToba, rom satvirTo manqana gadagivliT da

daiRupebiT 0,0001-is tolia. ra Tanxad SeafaseT dajaxebis Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba,

rodesac moxveva gadawyviteT? SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos, rom Tqveni sicocxlis maqsi-

maluri fasi swored esaa?

16. adgilobriv gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statia, romelic exeboda maq-qinlis mwvervalze iapo-

neli mTamsvlelis asvlas, mTavrdeboda erTi fraziT: àlpinizmSi usafrTxoeba aris da yo-

velTvis unda iyos kanoni~. ras niSnavs ùsafrTxo alpinizmi~?

17. Cemi yofili mezobeli qirurgi-orTopedia, romelsac Zalian uyvars xidan sxvadasxva figu-

rebis gamoTla. man SeiZina cirkularuli xerxi, raTa Seemcirebina nakeTobebis damzadebis

dro, magram SemdegSi gadawyvita, rom ar uRirs riskis gaweva da xelis dazianeba, amitom es

138

xerxi me momyida. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom Cemi mezobeli ufro akuratuliad muSaobs,

vidre me, imis albaToba, rom is TiTs moiWris, bevrad naklebia, vidre Cemi travmis albaToba,

magram me mzad var gavrisko. gamoiyeneT alternativis Rirebulebis koncefcia imisaTvis,

rom axsnaT cirkularul xerxTan muSaobis riskis mimarT Cveni gansxvavebuli damokidebu-

leba.

18. rodesac samrewvelo firma amcirebs sazRvargareTuli filialis xarjebs imiT, rom gamoi-

yenebs teqnikuri usafrTxoebis naklebad mkacr standartebs, eqspluatacias uwevs Tu ara

igi ucxoel muSebs? ratom midian Zalian Rarib qveyanaSi potenciuri muSebi am riskze? vin

agebs amiT da egeb protestsac ki gamoTqvams, sazRvargareTul firmebSi usafrTxoebis

naklebad mkacri standartebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg?

19. iwvevs Tu ara Secdomebis ricxvis da xarjebis zrdas adamianebis dazRveva im xarjebisgan,

romlebic maTi sakuTari SecdomebiTaa gamowveuli?

a) sxva Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi, dazRveuli saxlebi ufro xSirad daiwveba Tu

dauzRveveli? ratom?

b) gaatareben Tu ara manqanebis mflobelebi met TavdacviT RonisZiebebs, Tu sadazR-

vevo kompaniebi aRar gayidian dazRvevas, romelic manqanis gatacebis kompensacias

iZleva?

g) adamianebs, romlebic samuSaos dakargvisas umuSevrobis kompensacias iReben, gaaCni-

aT rigi upiratesobebi, romlebic waagavs samuSaos dakargvis SemTxvevaSi dazRvevis

upiratesobebs. rogor fiqrobT, xom ar mivyavarT amas iqamde, rom aseT adamianebs

ufro xSirad iTxoven samuSaodan?

20. Tu sakvebisa da wamlebis sammarTvelo gazrdis axali wamlebis gamocdis periods im mizniT,

rom ukeTesad daicvas momxmareblebis janmrTeloba da sicocxle am wamlebis naadrevi ga-

moyenebisagan, migviyvans Tu ara es sinamdvileSi momxmareblis dacvamde? rogori iqneba si-

cocxlisa da janmrTelobis safrTxe, romelsac sammarTvelo gazrdis, miiRebs ra am gadawy-

vetilebas?

21. sakvebisa da wamlebis sammarTvelos ufrosma ganacxada, rom Tumca is mzadaa, komisiis poli-

tikis formirebisas, riski janmrTelobisgan miRebul mogebas Seadaros, magram kategori-

ulad winaaRmdegia imisa, rom janmrTelobis riski ekonomikur faqtorebTan iyos Sedarebu-

li. SeafaseT misi gancxadeba.

22. Cven SeiZleba SevamciroT wamlebis miRebiT gamowveuli bavSvebis sikvdilianoba, Tu wamle-

bis mwarmoeblebs movTxovT, rom momxmareblis, survilis SemTxvevaSi, boTlebi specialuri,

Znelad gasaxsneli saxuravebiT miawodon. SeiZleba Tu ara kidev ufro SevamciroT es alba-

Toba imiT, rom saerTod avkrZaloT aseTi saxuravis gareSe wamlebis gayidva? ras izamen is

avadmyofebi, romlebsac uZneldebaT aseTi saxuravebis gaxsna (magaliTad, visac arTriti

aqvs), Tu isini ver SeZleben gamowerili wamlis yidvas advilad gasaxsneli boTliT?

23. ekonomistebma riCard mak-qeinzma da jon yurnerma gamoTvales, rom gzebze sikvdilianoba yo-

velwliurad 150-iT gaizrdeba, Tu, usafrTxoebis regulirebis gamkacrebis gamo, 10 procentiT

gaizrdeba sahaero mogzaurobis Rirebuleba. sadamde migviyvans es (mak-keinsi da uorneri Cveu-

lebriv gulisxmoben, rom sahaero mogzaurobis moTxovnis elastikurobis fasi mxolod 0,1

udris da mxolod 40 procents Seadgenen isini, visac ar surs maRali fasis gamo frena da urCev-

nia manqaniT mogzauroba)? 1978 wlidan dawyebuli, sahaero katastrofebis ricxvi daaxloebiT

150-is tolia. komerciuli aviakompaniebis usafrTxoebis zomebis gamkacrebis kuTxiT risi

maCvenebelia es? Tu axali aRmoCenebi saSualebas miscems aviakompaniebs, gazardon usafrTxoeba

ise, rom ar gazardon fasi an mgzavrobis xarjebi, miiReben ki isini am siaxleebs da wavlen ki amaze

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kanoni ar moiTxovs maTgan amis gakeTebas?

24. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam gazarda aryis fasi, im mizniT, raTa

Seemcirebina alkoholizmi. ori wliT adre arayze fasi Seamcires im mizniT, rom Seemcirebi-

naT alkoholuri mowamvlis SemTxvevebi. romel kanons esadageba es SemTxveva, wamlis Znelad

gasaxsneli boTlisa Tu metad usafrTxo sahaero mgzavrobisa?

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25. kanoni, romelic kongresSi iqna wardgenili (magram ar iqna miRebuli) gadasaxadisgan aTavi-

suflebda federalur momxmareblebs im sastumroebSi gaCerebisas, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT

cecxlsaqrobebi an kvamlis deteqtorebi. mizans, ra Tqma unda, patronebis mier usafrTxoe-

bis zomebis gazrda warmoadgenda. SemovliTi meTodi arCeuli iqna imitom, rom, konstitu-

ciis mixedviT, federalur mTavrobas ara aqvs ufleba sakuTar Tavze aiRos regulireba.

migaCniaT, Tu ara, rom usafrTxoebis gaZlierebiT miRebuli mogeba sakmarisad didi iqneba

imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos sastumroebSi cecxlsaqrobebis dayeneba? TvliT Tu ara, rom xar-

ji gamarTlebuli iqneba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu erTi sicocxle gadarCeba?

26. sietlSi arsebobs municipalitetis dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mravalsarTulian avto-

farexebSi kedlebis simaRle 18 inCis toli unda iyos, raTa avtomobilebi ar gadavardnen. es

moTxovna usafuZvlo ar iyo, _ rodesac avtomobili gadmovarda im avtofarexis me-15 sar-

Tulidan, romelic moTxovnamde iyo aSenebuli da ar hqonda 15 inCis simaRle kedlebi, sami

adamiani daiRupa. adgilobrivi gazeTi amis Sesaxeb ase werda:

`es iyo ucnauri da amave dros tragikuli SemTxveva. magram miuxedavad amisa, es Turme SesaZ-

lebelia. qalaqis meriam ar unda iyoymanos, raTa yvela avtofarexi usafrTxoebis standar-

tebis dacviT aSendes~.

a) ra nakli aqvs redaqtoris arguments?

b) ratom moiTxoven xSir SemTxvevebSi maRal standartebs mxolod axal mSeneblobebze

da aTavisufleben amisgan ukve arsebulT? ganvixiloT magaliTad yvela saxlze

gamokruli gancxadeba _ `miwisZvrisgan daculia~?

27. zogierTma gamokvlevam gvaCvena, rom fexiT mosiaruleebi orjer ufro xSirad zaraldebian,

roca gadadian im adgilebSi, sadac specialuri aRniSvnebia gakeTebuli, vidre sxva adgileb-

is gadakveTisas. SegiZliaT Tu ara axsnaT es ucnauri faqti.

28. teqstSi mocemuli iyo Sida informaciiT sargeblobis sakiTxebi. scadeT, Tavad upasuxoT

amasTan dakavSirebul Semdeg kiTxvebs:

a) xelovnebaTmcodnem antikvariatis maRaziaSi aRmoaCina naxati, romelic pikasos na-

muSevars hgavs. Tu is marTlac geniosi pikasos nawarmoebia, maSin aTasobiT dolari

Rirs. arada, suraTis fasi 35 dolaria. rogor unda moiqces xelovnebaTmcodne, _

araferi Tqvas da SeiZinos naxati? uTxras maRaziis mepatrones, rom pikasos naxati

aqvs? iyidos suraTi da mogebis nawili misces maRaziis mepatrones, Tuki aRmoCndeba,

rom es marTlac pikasoa? SeuZlia Tu ara mas darwmunebuli iyos, rom maRaziis mepa-

trone gauyofs mogebas mas, visganac suraTi SeiZina?

b) tipografiis muSakma, romelic korporaciis masalebs amzadebs, Seityo korporaciis

miznebi. aqvs Tu ara mas ufleba, SeiZinos am kompaniis aqciebi?

g) navTobis kompania mzadaa gamoacxados, rom man aRmoaCina didi maragi braziliaSi.

aqvs Tu ara ufleba kompaniis muSaks, romelmac ukeT icis kargi axali ambebis Sesaxeb,

Seisyidos kompaniis aqciebi manam, sanam es saqveynod gamocxaddeba?

d) aqciebis brokerma, romelsac im klientebis grZeli sia aqvs, visac is investiciebs

aZlevs, Seityo, rom TiTqosda sando sadazRvevo kompania gakotrebis pirasaa. aqvs

Tu ara mas ufleba, uTxras Tavis klientebs, gayidon am sadazRvevo kompaniis aqciebi,

sanam es informacia gaJonavs? Tu man unda Seinaxos es informacia manam, sanam le-

galurad ar eqneba gamJRavnebis ufleba?

e) korporaciis aRmasrulebel direqtors swams, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli menej-

menti bevrad met mogebas moutans kompanias, vidre mosalodneli iyo. aqvs Tu ara mas

ufleba, SeiZinos kompaniis aqciebis didi raodenoba manam, sanam saqveynod gamoacxa-

debs Tavis varaudebs?

v) unda aiRon Tu ara moraluri pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze gamyidvelebma saxlebis

gayidvisas, rom myidvelebs uTxran im defeqtebis Sesaxeb, rac maT saxlebs gaaCniaT?

sardafebi, romlebic wvimisas wyliT ivseba, mezoblebi, romlebic yovelRame xmauri-

an wveulebebs marTaven, ciyvebi, romlebsac mansardSi budeebis gakeTeba uyvarT?

z) Tqven CaatareT mniSvnelovani kvlevebi XYZ kompaniaSi da es uflebas gaZlevT, imedi

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iqonioT, rom misi aqciebi uaxloes momavalSi mkveTrad gaizrdeba. aqedan gamomdina-

re, Tqven gsurT aqciebis didi nawilis Sesyidva. davuSvaT, rom dagirekaT amxanagma,

romelsac am kompaniis aqciebi aqvs da giTxraT, rom didi siamovnebiT mogyidiT 500

cals mimdinare fasad. iyidiT Tu ara am wils Tqveni amxanagisagan?

29. davuSvaT, rom arsebobs Zalian mZime, xSirad saSiSi da zogjer fataluri avadmyofobis

winaaRmdeg vaqcinis ori forma: virusis mkvleli vaqcina da cocxali virusis vaqcina, vaqci-

nis gareSe daavadmyofebis albaToba 1000-dan erTis tolia. virusis mkvleli vaqcinis gamoy-

enebisas, albaToba 100000-dan erTis tolia, xolo cocxali virusis gamoyenebisas, albaToba

1000000-dan 1-is tolia.

a) romel variants amoirCevT TqvenTvis an bavSvisTvis _ umoqmedobas, virusis mkvlel

vaqcinas, Tu cocxali virusis vaqcinas?

b) davuSvaT, rom avadmyofoba TavisTavad arasdros warmoiSveba virusis mkvleli vaq-

cinisgan, cocxali virusidan misi warmoSobis albaToba ki 1000000-dan 2-is tolia.

rac niSnavs, rom, cocxali virusis vaqcinis gamoyenebisas, daavadebis albaToba

1000000-dan sams udris. sami variantidan romels amoirCevT axla?

g) aqvs Tu ara ufleba vinmes, vinc icis es albaToba cocxali virusis vaqciniT warmoSo-

bili avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, warmoebas gulgrilobisTvis uCivlos?

d) ra unda qnas iman, visac surs gamoiyenos cocxali virusis vaqcina, magram fiqrobs,

rom mwarmoeblis sadazRvevo kompensacia arasakmarisia?

e) damatebiTi xarjebis gaweva iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom usafrTxoeba gaizardos.

ramdenad Sors wavalT? rodisaa damatebiTi usafrTxoeba aranakleb Rirebuli vidre

xarji? mzad xarT Tu ara gadaixadoT 250 dolari, nacvlad 25 dolarisa, cocxali

virusis vaqcinaSi, Tu es avadmyofobis warmoSobis albaTobas 1000000-dan 2-is nacv-

lad 1000000-dan 1-mde amcirebs?

v) davuSvaT, wina SekiTxvaze uaryofiTi pasuxi gaqvT. mosTxovT Tu ara vinmes, mwarmoe-

blebs gulgrilobisTvis uCivlos, im motiviT, rom damatebiTi 200 dolaris gaReba

orjer Seamcirebda daavadebis albaTobas?

30. warmoadgens Tu ara reklama informaciis saWiro wyaros? ras emsaxureba igi _ gvaZlevs in-

formacias, gvatyuebs, gvarwmunebs Tu gvmarTavs? ganixileT reklamis TiToeuli SemTxveva:

a) satelefono kompaniis yviTeli furclebi.

b) gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli gancxadebebi.

g) sasursaTo maRaziis reklama gazeTSi.

d) mdidari da janmrTeli adamianebis Cveneba sareklamo avtomobilSi da mis gareT.

31. mravali reklama Seicavs mcire informacias mwarmoeblis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom

aseTma reklamam mogeba moutanos momxmarebels? metyvelebs Tu ara is faqti, rom gamyidve-

li mzadaa gadaixados didi Tanxa produqciis saxelwodebis reklamaSi imaze, rom igi dar-

wmunebulia am produqciis xarisxSi?

32. uolton ristoni, korporacia `siti-korpis~ yofili prezidenti, gazeTebis redaqtorTa

amerikuli sazogadoebisadmi mimarTvaSi amtkicebda, rom mTavroba malavda informacias da

cenzuras awesebda axal ambebze, rodesac cdilobda aekrZala firmebisTvis fasebis momate-

ba. is amtkicebda, rom firmebi imdenad fasebs ki ar adideben, aramed ityobinebian, rom fase-

bi gaizrdeba. cenzuris romel saxes warmoadgens fasebze kontroli?

33. amerikul konstituciaSi uflebebis bili ukrZalavs mTavrobas kandidatebis winasaarCevno

dapirebebis cenzuras, rogori absurduli da upasuxusmgebloc ar unda iyos isini ratom ar

vrceldeba aseTi dacva komerciul reklamaze? xom ar aris gamowveuli es imiT, rom mcdar

komerciul gancxadebebs meti ziani moaqvT sazogadoebisaTvis da misi wevrebisTvis, vidre

mcdar politikur gancxadebebs? iqneb moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT ufro advilad da efeqtianad

Seafason politikuri gancxadebebi, vidre gancxadebebi gasayidi saqonlis Sesaxeb? Tu am mo-

sazrebebidan arcerTi ar geCvenebaT sworad, maSin ra axsnas moZebniT?

34. gazeTebi ityobinebian, rom floridaSi mkacri yinvebis gamo forToxlis mosavals safrTxe

daemuqra da sul male forToxlis wvenis miwodeba Semcirdeba. ras fiqrobT qvemoT CamoTv-

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lil SemTxvevebSi? airCieT erT-erTi varianTi _ daijerebT, SesaZloa daijeroT, ar daije-

rebT, SesaZloa ar daijeroT.

a) adgilobrivi sursaTis maRazia zrdis fasebs forToxlis wvenze maSinve, rogorc ki

axal ambavs gaigebs.

b) diasaxlisi mirbis maRaziaSi da yidulobs gayinuli forToxlis wvenis sami Tvis ma-

rags, rogorc ki axal ambavs Seityobs. forToxlis momyvani, romlis mosavals yonva

ar Sexebia, zrdis fasebs, rogorc ki axal ambavs Seityobs.

g) forToxlis momyvani, romlis mosavals yinvebma ziani miayena, zrdis fass yvela ci-

trusze maSinve, rogorc ki axal ambavs gaigebs.

d) forToxlis wvenis mwarmoeblebi garbian imdeni forToxlis SesaZenad maSinve, ro-

gorc ki axal ambavs gaigeben.

35. maisSi Tqven gadawyviteT, rom am wels simindis mosavali gacilebiT maRali iqneba da,

Sesabamisad, fasi bevrad ufro daiklebs, vidre amas adamianebis umravlesoba moelis.

a) Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisad, unda iyodoT Tu gayidoT simindze dekembris fiuCerse-

bi? (fiuCersi aris kontraqti garkveul daTqmul dros dRevandeli fasiT yidvis an

gayidvis Sesaxeb).

b) Tu saqmeSi Caxeduli adamianebis umravlesoba iziarebs Tqvens Sexedulebas momavali

mosavlis raodenobis Sesaxeb, ra daemarTeba dekembris fiuCersebs?

g) rogor imoqmedebs es informacia gadawyvetilebaze, Seinaxon simindi momavalSi

gayidvis an moxmarebis mizniT?

d) ogor imoqmedebs dekembris fiuCersebis fasebis cvlilebaze dafuZnebuli gadawyve-

tilebebi ivnisSi simindis moxmarebaze?

e) SeuZliaT Tu ara spekulantebs, gadaitanon simindis arnaxuli mosavali warsulSi.

naklebi iSviaTobis periodidan didi iSviaTobis periodSi?

36. ianvarSi samSeneblo kompania adgens kontraqts, romliTac valdebulebas kisrulobs,

oqtombris bolosTvis aaSenos 100 saxli im fasad, romelic kontraqtSia aRniSnuli. samSene-

blo kompanias surs daizRvios Tavi xis masalaze fasis mosalodneli mniSvnelovani zrdisa-

gan, rasac SeuZlia misi mogeba nulamde daiyvamos. Cikagos sasaqonlo birJaze SeiZleba iyi-

doT an gayidoT fiuCersebi xis masalaze, romliTac SesaZlebelia 80000 grZivi funti naZvis,

fiWvis an sxva masalis dRevandeli fasiT miwodeba. gayidvaSia ivlisis Tvis fiuCersebi.

a) gana kompania moindomebs, iyidos ivlisis TveSi misawodebeli xis masalis fiuCersebi

mas Semdeg, rac man ianvarSi xeli moawera kontraqts?

b) davuSvaT, rom ivlisSi misawodebeli xis masalis fiuCersebi ianvarSi iyideba, 280 do-

laris fasad 1000 grZiv funtSi. ivlisSi xis masalis fasma 308 dolaramde aiwia yovel

1000 grZiv funtSi. amis Sedegad samSeneblo firmas mouwevs xis masalaSi 10 procen-

tiT metis gadaxda, vidre is apirebda. rogor gamoiyenebs is Tavis fiuCersul kon-

tarqtebs am xarjebis dasafaravad?

g) davuSvaT, rom xis masalis fasi ki ar gaizarda 308 dolaramde, aramed piriqiT 252 do-

laramde daeca. ratom ar moutans es samSeneblo kompanias did mogebas?

37. samxreT-aRmosavleT afrikis qveynebSi ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleoba SimSi-

lobs.

a) am dros sudanis mTavroba gamoscems sakredito SezRudvebs im mizniT, `rom aiZulos

bankebi, SeaCeron im spekulantebis dafinanseba, romelTac surT xelis moTboba~.

moyvanilia aseve sudanSi momuSave konsultantis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom daxmareba yo-

velTvis Zalian gvian modis da aucilebelia `winaswari Setyobinebis sistemebi da sa-

rezervo fondebis Seqmna~. qmnian Tu ara spekulantebi wianswari Setyobinebis siste-

mas? acnobiereben Tu ara spekulantebi, romlebsac SimSilze gamdidrebis imedi aqvT

im ubedurebas, razedac xelis moTbobas apireben? amZimeben Tu ara isini am ubedure-

bas? Tu, piriqiT, amsubuqeben im ubedurebas, romelzedac xels iTboben?

b) aRwerili iyo agreTve produqtis uyairaTo gadazidvebi: satvirTo manqanebi, rom-

lebsac daxmareba `A~ punqtidan `B~ punqtSi gadaaqvT, gzaSi xvdebian manqanebs, rom-

142

lebsac igive tvirTi `B~ punqtidan `A~ punqtSi miaqvT. amasTan, moSimSileebma moTxo-

ves aSS-s rom Seewyvita produqciis gayidva da ufasod daerigebina es, vinaidan

gayidvis sistema azaralebs maT, vinc daxmarebas saWiroebs. amerikelma moxelem ga-

nacxada, rom produqciis gayidva SemoRebuli iqna adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier,

romelsac ar surda daeSva adgilobrivi bazrebis rRveva, magram miuxedavad amisa,

daTanxmda, dabruneboda ufaso darigebas. xedavT Tu ara kavSirs adgilobrivi baz-

rebis rRvevasa da uyairaTo gadazidvebs Soris?

g) davuSvaT, rom aSS-is da sxva qveynebis mTavrobebma, vinc monawileobs moSimSile qvey-

nebis daxmarebaSi, dauriges xalxs fuli da maT nebas aZleven, Tavad iyidon sakvebi.

migaCniaT Tu ara, rom aseTi sistemis dros sakvebi ufro swrafad moxvdeba moSimSi-

leebis xelSi, vidre maSin, rodesac dasavleTis qvelmoqmedi organizaciebi Seecde-

bian Tavad moagvaron sakvebis ganawileba?

d) maT, vinc maRaziis mepatroneebs da Suamavlebs brals sdebs imaSi, rom sazogadoebi-

sTvis sargebloba ar moaqvT da usindisoebi arian, albaT miaCniaT, rom ukve damzade-

buli produqciis fizikuri gavrceleba ar warmoadgens rTul sazogadoebriv pro-

blemas. afrikis saxelmwifoebs, romlebmac SemoiRes sikvdiliT dasja

spekulaciisTvis, albaT aseTive warmodgena aqvT yovelive amaze. geqnebodaT survi-

li, produqtebiT gevaWraT, rodesac spekulaciisa da gamdidrebisTvis, SesaZloa,

sikvdiliT daisajoT?

38. msoflio dakvirvebis instituti regularulad winaswarmetyvelebs momaval wels xorblis

deficitis gazrdas da ganicdis imas, rom msoflio sakvebis gareSe darCeba.

a) rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT gazeTis yviTeli furclebi am winaswarmetyvelebis Se-

sacvlelad?

b) Tu profesionali spekulantebi ar eTanxmebian am institutis Sexedulebebs, visi in-

formacia migaCniaT ufro sandod? ratom?

g) migaCniaT Tu ara, rom msoflio dakvirvebis institutis TanamSromlebi yiduloben

fiuCersebs im dros, rodesac Tavis mosazrebebs ayalibeben? unda moiqcnen Tu ara

isini ase?

143

8fasebis dadgena da

monopoliebis sakiTxi

rodesac vambobT, rom fasebis dadgena moTxovnisa da miwodebis mixedviT xdeba, Cven viyenebT

metaforas. Tu gvsurs, rom realistebi viyoT, unda vTqvaT, rom gamyidvelebi adgenen fase-

bis umravlesobas, myidvelebi adgenen darCenilis umetesobas da fasebis mcire raodenoba dgin-

deba gamyidvelsa da myidvels Soris molaparakebebis gziT. zogjer mTavroba adgens fasebis mi-

nimumsa da maqsimums, magram es saSualebas aZlevs myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs, daadginon fasebi

dakanonebul sazRvrebs Soris.

ramdenad Tavisuflebi arian myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi fasebis dadgenisas? es aris is Se-

kiTxva, romelsac vutrialebdiT wina TavebSi. Cveni msjeloba im farul postulats efuZneboda,

rom nebismier bazarze imdeni gamyidveli da myidveli moqmedebs, rom arc erT maTgans ar gaaCnia

Zala, raTa Tavisi individualuri saqcieliT gavlena moaxdinos fasze. dadga dro, ufro dakvir-

vebiT SevxedoT im problemebs, romlebic adre bolomde ar gamogvikvlevia.

vis SeiZleba vuwodoT monopolisti?

Cven viwyebT sityviT `monopolia~, romelic ori berZnuli sityvisgan warmodgeba, rac `erT-

aderT gamyidvels~ niSnavs. arseboben Tu ara monopolistebi am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT? ra

iciT iseTi, rasac mxolod erTi gamyidveli yidis?

mobiluri telefonebis Seqmnamde karg magaliTs warmoadgenda adgilobrivi satelefono

samsaxuri. magram ramdenad zustia es magaliTi? sinamdvileSi 1984 wels, AT&T kompaniis gayof-

amdec ki, aSS-Si arsebobda bevri damoukidebeli gamyidveli, romlebic satelefono kavSiris

momsaxurebas gvTavazobda. SesaZlebelia es sulac ar cvlis sakiTxis arss. rogorc wesi, nebis-

mier mocemul myidvelze mxolod erTi gamyidveli modis, vinaidan satelefono kompaniebi Cveu-

lebriv sargebloben garkveul raionebSi Tavisi momsaxurebis gayidvis gansakuTrebuli ufle-

biT. meores mxriv, myidvelebi ar arian valdebulebi, icxovron erT raionSi. maT SeuZliaT

Seicvalon sacxovrebeli adgili, Tu sxvagan miwodebuli produqti urCevniaT. isev moismis

mouTmeneli samarTliani xma _ `es saqmes ar exeba~. arada, amas mainc garkveuli kavSiri aqvs saq-

mesTan. sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvla sxva satelefono kompaniiT sargeblobis mizniT SeiZ-

leba dauSveblad Zviri aRmoCndes da Znelia warmoidgino adamianebi, romlebsac sacxovrebeli

adgilis gamocvla mxolod imitom surT, rom ar akmayofilebT adgilobrivi satelefono momsa-

xureba. da mainc, es warmoadgens Semcvleli produqtis miRebis saSualebas. Cveni magaliTi Tavi-

si absurdulobiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs sakiTxis arsze _ Semcvlelebis xelmisawvdomobaze.

davuSvaT, rom Cven sxvanairad ganvsazRvravT satelefono kompaniebis mier gayidul saqo-

nels da mas `kavSirgabmulobis momsaxurebas~ vuwodebT. es araviTar arsebiT SecdomebTan ar

migviyvans. bolosdabolos, adamianebi imitom yiduloben telefonebs, rom isargeblon kavSir-

gabmulobis momsaxurebiT. magram, Tu gasayidi produqti asea ganmartebuli, maSin satelefono

144

kompania, rogorc Cans, warmoadgens ara monopolists, aramed gamyidvels, romelic konkuren-

cias uwevs `vestern iunions~, fostas, korespondenciisa da amanaTebis mimwodebel mraval kerZo

samsaxurs, xmamaRal yvirils, sirbils da agreTve kompiuteruli kavSiris yvela saxeobas. yove-

live amis azri isaa, rom, Tu saqonels farTo gansazRvrebas mivcemT, aRmoCndeba, rom qveyanaSi

gayidul arcerT saqonels ar yidis monopolisti.

magram arsebobs medlis meore mxare. davuSvaT, saqonlis ganmarteba metad viwroa. Tu tele-

grama igive araa, rac satelefono zari, maSin erTi paketi rZe axlomdebare maRaziaSi, sulac araa

igive, rac aseTive rZis paketi supermarketSi, romelic saxlidan sami kvartlis daSorebiTaa. Tu

ara gaqvT manqana da gyavT mtirala bavSvi, romelsac Sia da ar dawynardeba, sanam rZes ar dalevs,

saxlSi ki mas veravis dautovebT, maSin ̀ Soreuli~ rZe sul sxva saqonelia, vidre igive rZe axlom-

debare maRaziaSi. amgvarad, iZulebulebi varT davaskvnaT, rom rodesac saqoneli sakmarisad vi-

wro gagebiTaa gansazRvruli, nebismieri gamyidveli SeiZleba monopolisti aRmoCndes, vinaidan

ori gamyidveli arasdros SesTavazebs myidvels absoluturad erTnair produqts.

sityva monopolia arazustia, vinaidan erTaderTi gamyidveli SesaZloa aRmoCndes an nebis-

mieri pirovneba, an aravin, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor ganvmartavT gasayid saqonels. amasTan, yo-

vel kerZo SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs kriteriumi imisTvis, rom gadavwyvitoT, ramdenad farTo an

viwro gageba SeiZleba mivuyenoT saqonels. binaTmflobelTa umravlesoba yidulobs eleqtro-

energias gamyidvelisgan, romelic eleqtrokompaniadaa cnobili. magram Tu isini gamoiyeneben

energobatareebs, maSin energias ara adgilobrivi kompaniidan, aramed sxva mimwodeblidan miiRe-

ben. yiduloben isini raime simZlavres adgilobrivi gazis kompaniidan? gazis kompania ar yidis

eleqtroenergias, magram gazi da eleqtroba mravali sayofacxovrebo miznisTvis substitu-

tebs, anu Semcvlelebs warmoadgens. ra warmoadgens saqonels am SemTxvevaSi? eleqtroba? ener-

goxazebidan mosuli eleqtroba, SevZlebT ki gavarCioT erTmaneTisgan momdinare xazebidan Se-

mosuli eleqtroba imisgan, romelsac kompania gvawvdis? arsebobs Tu ara alternatiuli

momwodebeli? marTlac rom arsebobs, an yovel SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes!

alternativebi, elastiuroba da sabazro Zalaufleba

modiT, saqmes sxvanairad mivudgeT. riTi iqneboda cudi erTaderTi gamyidveli? amaze pasuxs

gvaZlevs satelefono kompania, rodesac reklamaSi acxadebs: ̀ Cven SesaZloa erTaderTi kompania

varT qalaqSi, magram vcdilobT sxvagvarad moviqceT~, Tu gamyidveli erTaderTia myidvels ar-

Cevani ara aqvs. aravis surs, darCes alternativis gareSe. rac ufro mwiria Cveni alternativebi,

miT ufro sustia Cveni poziciebi da miT ufro advilia Cvens xarjze xelis moTboba.

magram me-2 Tavidan viciT, rom raRac alternativebi yovelTvis arsebobs. nebismier produ-

qts, adgilobriv eleqtronul momsaxurebasac, gaaCnia Semcvleli. bolosdabolos, adamianebi

aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi eleqtroenergiis gareSe cxovrobdnen. meores mxriv, eleqtroen-

ergia aucilebelia mravali firmisa da macxovreblisaTvis. aq unda gaviazroT iseTi ekonomiku-

ri cneba, rogoricaa fasis mixedviT moTxovnis elastiuroba.

Q

miTiuri mtacebeli?!

P

arc erTi gamyidveli ar warmoadgens monopolists, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, vinaidan ar ar-

sebobs iseTi movlena, rogoricaa absoluturad araelastikuri moTxovna. arc erTi myidveli ar

145

aris mTlianad damokidebuli gamyidvelis wyalobaze. meores mxriv, gamyidvelebis metad mcire

raodenobas aqvs saqme absoluturad elastikur moTxovnis mrudebTan.

Q

ara absoluturad

elastiuri moTxovna

P

nebismieri SemTxveva, garda absoluturi elastikurobisa, niSnavs imas, rom gamyidvelebi in-

arCuneben klientebis nawils, rodesac isini fasebs zrdian, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs, rom

gamyidvelebs xelT aqvT bazris Zalauflebis mcire nawili mainc. sad gadis sazRvari monopo-

liasa da mcire nawils Soris?

Q

kidev ufro naklebad

elastiuri moTxovna

P

mkafiod gamokveTili xazi aq ar arsebobs, ra Tqma unda, Tu ar movilaparakebT mis gatarebaze.

moTxovnis elastiuroba asaxavs Semcvlelebis xelmisawvdomobas: sxva Tanabari pirobebis dros,

rac ufro metad kargi Semcvlelebi gaaCnia romelime produqts, miT ufro elastiuria masze

moTxovna. amgvarad, cxadia, rom sabazro Zalauflebas SeiZleba sxvadasxva xarisxi gaaCndes da

rom igi moTxovnis elastiurobasTan ukukavSirSi iqneba.

amgvarad gansazRvruli termini _ `sabazro xelisufleba~ _ iseT mniSvnelobas iZens, rom-

lis gamoyeneba da masze msjeloba SesaZlebelia, magram Cven jer ver gvipovnia Sesabamisi dat-

virTva sityvisTvis `monopolia~

privilegiebi da SezRudvebi

SevecadoT, problemas sxva kuTxiT mivudgeT. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-Si xSirad

ar akeTebdnen gansxvavebas monopoliasa da korporacias Soris. mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom

korporaciebi yovelTvis mTavrobis specialuri brZanebulebebiT iqmneboda. revoluciamde me-

fisa da parlamentisagan, xolo revoluciis Semdeg erovnuli mTavrobebis, an Statebis mTavro-

bebisgan, isini iRebdnen specialur patentebs _ oficialur dokumentebs, romlebic maT aZlev-

da iseT uflebebs da privilegiebs, rac sxvebisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar iyo. amitom, korporaciebis

Seqmnis brZanebulebebs `monopoliur saCuqars~ uwodebdnen. aseT monopolias warmoadgenda, ma-

galiTad, ost-indoeTis kompania da misTvis 1773 wels miniWebulma gansakuTrebulma uflebam,

gaeyida Cai koloniur qveynebSi, Tavisi roli iTamaSa amerikis revoluciaSi.

arsebobs sityva `monopoliis~ wina mniSvnelobisagan gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, rac saxelm-

146

wifos qmedebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tu saxelmwifo raime saqmianobis nebas aZlevs erTs da

sxvebs ki sjis am saqmianobisTvis, an Tu zogierTi (da ara yvela) gamyidvelis moqmedeba SezRudu-

lia, an Tu erTni mfarvelobis qveS arian, xolo sxvebs aseTi mfarveloba ar eZlevaT, maSin sa-

xelmwifo qmnis gansakuTrebul privilegiebs. sityva `monopolia~ am SemTxvevaSi ara marto

istoriul, aramed Tanamedrove mniSvnelobasac iZens.

mravali saqmiani firma sargeblobs aseTi saxis monopoliuri privilegiebiT. mravali sxva-

dasxva _ erTi SexedviT, keTilSobiluri _ mizniT, rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, samarT-

liani konkurencia, stabiluroba, erovnuli usafrTxoeba, efeqtianoba. yvela xelisufleba

zRudavda firmebs, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. am SezRudvebisgan yovelT-

vis is igebs, viszec isini ar vrceldeba. es pirebi Cveulebriv ar amxelen, rom monopoliuri Zal-

auflebiT sargebloben. miuxedavad amisa, konkurenciis aseTi SezRudvis Sedegad, xdeba imaTi

CamoSoreba, vinc monawileobas miiRebda masSi.

survilis SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo sityva `monopolia~ gamogveyenebina yvela im piris, an organi-

zaciis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic sargebloben saxelmwifos mier miniWebuli specialuri pri-

vilegiebiT. ubedureba isaa, rom adamianebis umravlesoba am gagebiT ar moixmars am sityvas. mo-

cemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, monopolistia fosta, komunaluri meurneobis samsaxurebis

umravlesoba, maravli maRazia, romelic sasmelebiT vaWrobs, damkrZalavi biuroebi da qimikate-

bis gamavrcelebeli samsaxuri, amerikis eqimTa asociacia, advokatTa asociaciebi StatebSi,

profkavSirebi, fermerebi, romlebic saxelmwifosgan ijariT iReben damatebiT miwebs SeRava-

Tiani pirobebiT; licenziebis mqone parikmaxerebi da taqsomotoruli firmebi. marTlac rom

grZeli siaa.

amitom Cven gvsurs gadavdgaT gmiruli nabiji da amovagdoT muSa leqsikonidan sityva `mono-

polia~. mas Zalze bevri mniSvneloba aqvs da isini Zalze ganusazRvrelia. monopolia Tanamedro-

ve molaybeebis sayvareli sityvaa, amitom Cven mas ar gamoviyenebT. SevecdebiT, gamoviyenoT sxva

terminebi, romlebic, Cvenis azriT, ukeTesad gadmogvcemen im konkretuli situaciis azrs, ro-

melic mxedvelobaSi gavqvs.

Tu ase Znelia sityva ̀ monopoliis~ gansazRvra, raRa gveTqmis iseT sityvaze, rogoricaa ̀ oli-

gopolia~? sityva `oligopolia~ aseve berZnulidan warmodgeba da niSnavs ramdenime gamyidve-

lidan erT-erTs. magram risi ramdenime gamyidveli? ra aris es saqoneli, romelsac mxolod ram-

denime yidis? mas viwro gageba aqvs Tu farTo? oligopoliis saCvenebel magaliTs warmoadgens

amerikuli manqanaTmSeneblobis sami giganti. magram es iyo manam, sanam sazRvargareTuli saavto-

mobilo firmebi gvaCvenebdnen, Tu raoden viwroa gageba, romlis mixedviTac saavtomobilo war-

moeba ganisazRvreba, rogorc amerikis kerZo firmebis mier manqanebis gamoSveba. ra unda vTqvaT

did qalaqebSi gamomaval yoveldRiur gazeTebze? isini arcTu ise bevria niu-iorkSic ki. magram

maT konkurencias uweven sxva gazeTebi, romlebic SeiZleba mivawodoeT satvirTo manqanebiT an

TviTmfrinavebiT; ra gveTqmis navTobgasamarT sadgurebze? avtomobilebis gamyidvel dilereb-

ze? CogburTis Cognebze simebis gamWimav saxelosnoebze? ramdenia `cota~ yoveli SemTxvevis

ganxilvisas, ramdenad viwrod an farTod unda ganvsazRvroT gayiduli saqoneli? romel saqo-

nelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas mxolod ramdenime gamyidveli yidis? ar Rirs sxva magaliTebis

moyvana imisTvis, rom yvela problema, romelic dakavSirebulia monopolistis, rogorc erT-

aderTi gamyidvelis gansazRvrebasTan, isev Cvens winaSe aRmoCndes, rogorc ki oligopolias

ganvsazRvravT rogorc `gamyidvelebidan erT-erTs~.

mravalo ekonomisti sityva oligopolias gamoiyenebs gansakuTrebuli sabazro situaciis

ganmartebisTvis. am situacias Cven me-10 TavSi ganvixilavT da gavaanalizebT, magram Cven ar vi-

sargeblebT sityviT `oligopolia~, iseve rogorc sityviT `monopolia~, vinaidan es terminebi

gaugebrobas iwvevs, vidre sicxade da naTeli gageba Semoaqvs.

fasis mimRebi da fasis maZiebeli

davubrundeT imas, riTic es Tavi iwyeboda: _ realurad vin adgens fass da ramdenad Tavi-

sufalni arian isini?

Cveni qveyana, rogorc amboben, Tavisufali qveyanaa da Cveulebriv mewarmeebs Tavisuflad

SeuZliaT Tavad daadginon fasebi. USX korporacia, beWdavs ra fasis preiskurantebs, moqmedebs

147

Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT da kanzasel fermers SeuZlia sulac ar eSinodes sasamarTlosi,

Tu mis mier moyvanili xorblis erT buSels 5 dolarad gayidis. magram albaT aq aris mniSvne-

lovani gansxvaveba, romelic gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom qiraobs USX korporacia xalxs, raTa

gadawyvitos, Tu rogori fasebi daadginos, xolo fermerebi amas ar akeTeben. miuxedavad amisa,

Cven vamtkicebT, rom es gansxvaveba raodenobriv xasiaTs atarebs da ara xarisxobrivs.

jer ganvixiloT xorblis momyvani fermeris sakiTxi. Tu is gazeTebSi diliT gaecnoba fin-

ansur svetebs an SuadRes moismens radioSetyobinebas bazarze mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gaigebs,

rom 2 jiSis, standartuli kanzasuri xorblis erTi buSeli diliT 3,48 dolari da 3/4 centi Rir-

da. am ambavma SeiZleba aRafrTovanos, ar piriqiT, daaRonos igi. magram is TiTqmis verafers

gaakeTebs situaciis Sesacvlelad. Tu is fass SesaniSnavad miiCnevs da mTel Tavis mosavals ba-

zarze gaitans, am ukanasknels mxolod Zalian umniSvnelo talRa Tu gadaurbens. im SemTxvevaSic

ki, Tu es fermeri StatSi xorblis yvelaze didi mwarmoebelia, misi wili xorblis gayidvis saer-

To moculobaSi metad umniSvneloa, ase rom igi ver imoqmedebs fasze. mTel mosavals gayidis, Tu

mxolod mis naxevars, fasis cvlileba centis 1/4-is tolic ki ar iqneba.

fasi moTxovnis raodenoba

(am fermeris xorbalze)

3,5 dol.

3,48 dol.

3,46 dol.

nulovani

yvelaferi, rac fermers gaaCnia

yvelaferi, rac fermers gaaCnia

(rodesac sabazro fasi 3,48 dolaria)

amitom ekonomistebi xorblis momyvan fermers fasis mimRebs uwodeben. mas ar SeuZlia, saku-

Tari qmedebebiT Secvalos xorblis fasi. adgilobriv elevatorze xorblis fasis dadgena xdeba

mTel qveyanaSi mravali gamyidvelisa da myidvelis qmedebebis Sedegad. Tu fermeri, gamoiyenebs

ra Tavis kanonier uflebas da sabazro fasze 2 centiT maRal fass daawesebs, is verafers gayidis.

vinaidan mas SeuZlia mTeli xorblis gayidva arsebul fasad. amitom, mas ar gaaCnia stimuli,

miawodos xorbali im fasad, romelic arsebul fasTan SedarebiT dabalia. fasis mimRebebi xvde-

bian moTxovnis absoluturad elastikur mrudebs, anu mrudebs, romlebic yvela praqtikuli

miznebisTvis absoluturad elastikurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. arsebuli fasis doneze, moTxov-

nis mrudebs horizontaluri mimarTuleba aqvT.

absoluturaad elastiuri

moTxovnis grafiki

Q

P

$3.48 da ¾ centi

gamyidvelTa umravlesoba sxva mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. survilis SemTxvevaSi maT SeuZliaT

fasebis aweva ise, rom ar dakargon yvela muStari da, fermerisgan gansxvavebiT, maT yovelTvis

ar SeuZliaT yvelafris gayidva, rasac awarmoeben ise, rom fasi ar daaklon. ufro maRal fasad

isini naklebs gayidian, SedarebiT dabal fasad ki gayidian mets, amitom ekonomistebi maT fasis

maZieblebs uwodeben. yoymanoben ra ufro maRal fasad gayidvis survilsa da gayidvis moculo-

bis gazrdis survils Soris, maT unda moZebnon yvelaze misaRebi fasi an fasTa kompleqsi.

148

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Q

P

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fasis maZieblebis moTxovnis ramodenime mrudi

fasis maZieblebs miekuTvneba USX, kerZo universitetis mzrunvelTa sabWo, romelic swavlis

qiris gazrdis SesaZleblobas afasebs, sasursaTo maRaziis mepatrone da patara biWi, romelic

sicxeSi limonaTs yidis. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi arsebobs tradicia, rom yvela fasis maZiebels

`monopolisti~ uwodon. magram es sityvis teqnikuri gamoyenebaa, romelsac yvela SecdomaSi Se-

hyavs, garda profesionali ekonomistebisa. vinaidan patara biWi, romelic limonaTs yidis, ver

xvdeba absoluturad elastikur moTxovnis mruds, is aris ara fasis mimRebi, aramed fasis maZie-

beli. nebismieri adamiani, vinc ekonomikuri mecnierebis istoriaSi araa Cafluli, mas monopo-

lists ar uwodebs, amitom arc Cven moviqceviT ase. termini fasis maZiebeli warmoadgens im si-

tuaciis arss, romelic Cven gvainteresebs. yvela fasis maZiebels gaaCnia bazarze garkveuli

Zalaufleba, magram sxvadasxva xarisxSi, amasTan es xarisxi gamyidvelis produqciaze moTxovnis

elastiurobisa ukuproporciulia.

fasis mimRebTa bazrebi da resursebis optimaluri ganTavseba

ekonomistebma arasasiamovno termini `monopolisti~ ixmares imis mimarT, visac Cven `fasis

maZiebels~ vuwodebT ufro metad imitom, rom cdilobdnen, xazi gaesvaT fasebis dadgenis am ori

tipis SedegebisTvis. bazrebs, sadac yvela myidveli da gamyidveli warmoadgens fasis mimRebs,

mowonebis niSnad, `konkurentuli bazrebi~ uwodes. gvsurs gaCvenoT is upiratesobebi, romleb-

sac isini xedavdnen fasis mimRebTa bazrebSi ise, rom ar iyenebdnen monopoliisa da konkurenciis

dapirispirebis Sesaxeb mcdar warmodgenas, TiTqos fasis maZieblebi ar xvdebian konkurencias.

amisTvis gamoviyenebT grafiks (nax. 8.1), romelzedac mocemulia miwodebisa da moTxovnis mru-

debi zafxulSi prat-folzSi saxlebis mRebavebze.

samRebro samuSaoebis moTxovnili da miwodebuli saaTebis raodenoba damokidebulia saxlis

SeRebvis samuSaoebis erTi saaTis Rirebulebaze. vinaidan am sferoSi moRvawe adamianebis osta-

toba gansxvavebulia, Cven gavamartivebT midgomas da davuSvebT, rom horizontalur RerZze ga-

dazomili momsaxurebis yoveli saaTi warmoadgens erTnairi xarisxis samuSaos. Tu fredi fambl-

fingeris erTsaaTiani gamomuSaveba prat-folzis saSualo mRebavis gamomuSavebis mxolod 40%-s

Seadgens, maSin mas 2,5 saaTi dasWirdeba, raTa miawodos grafikze gamosaxuli produqtis `erTi

saaTi~. betsi braibraSi, romelic saSualoze samjer ukeTesad muSaobs, saxlis SeRebvis `erT sa-

aTs~ yovel 20 wuTSi awvdis.

pirveli, rac unda davimaxsovroT, isaa, rom miwodebis mrudebi warmoadgenen alternativis

zRvruli Rirebulebis mrudebs. SS mrudi, 8.1 naxazze warmogvidgens yvela alternatiuli Se-

saZleblobebis Rirebulebas, romelzedac uaris Tqma gvixdeba, rodesac prat-folzSi saxlebis

SeRebvis sul ufro didi moculobis samuSaoebi tardeba. adamianebs, romlebsac wvlili SeaqvT

mrudis qvemoTa marcxena nawilSi, gaaCniaT didi SedarebiTi upiratesobebi saxlebis SeRebvaSi,

vinaidan isini an gamocdili mRebavebi arian an, ubralod, sxva arafris gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT.

mrudis zemoTa marjvena nawili, maT Soris is monakveTebi, romlebic mrudze ar aris gamosa-

xuli, gviCvenebs, Tu rogor reagirebs miwodeba maTi mxridan, vinc imisTvis, rom mRebavi gaxdes,

149

uari unda Tqvas momgebian iuridiul praqtikaze; visac Tavbrusxvevebi ewyeba Svid futze maRal

simaRleze, an visac nebismieri sxva mizezis gamo mouwevs didi Rirebulebis alternativaze ua-

ris Tqma, raTa samRebro samuSaoebis erTi saaTi miawodos. ar dagaviwydeT, rom yoveli adamianis

zRvruli xarjebis mrudi aseve marjvniv da zemoT aiwevs. rac ufro met dros uTmobs adamiani

saqmianobis garkveul saxes, im alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis Rirebuleba, romelsac saqmia-

nobis es saxe gamoaZevebs, aucileblad gaizrdeba. es imitom xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavidan uars

amboben naklebad faseul SesaZleblobebze, xolo SedarebiT metad faseul SesaZleblobebze

uars mxolod Zlieri stimulis sapasuxod acxadeben.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SeRebvaze muSaobis saaTebi

$22

20

18

16

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12

10

8

6

4

1 s

aa

Ti

s f

as

i

nax. 8-1 saxlis SeRebvis moTxovnis da miwodebis grafiki preit-folSi

Tu fasi saaTSi 6 dolaris doneze dadgindeba ise, rom zafxulis ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSi

6000 saaTis produqti gadava, mravali ekonomistis guli sixaruliT aZgerdeba. ratom? imitom,

rom 6 dolaris SemTxvevaSi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mocemuli mrudebisas, ar xdeba produqtis

arc erTi erTeulis warmoeba, romlisTvisac miwodebis mrudiT warmodgenili alternativis

zRvruli Rirebuleba meti iqneba moTxovnis mrudiT warmodgenili zRvrul sargebelze. ufro

metic, nawarmi produqtis yoveli erTeulis zRvruli mogeba metia zRvrul xarjebze. ra SeiZle-

ba iyos amaze ukeTesi? tradiciulad, ekonomistebi amas resursebis optimalur ganTavsebas

uwodeben. optimaluri niSnavs saukeTesos, rac ra Tqma unda maRali Sefasebaa, magram, modiT,

yuradRebiT viyoT, raTa gavigoT, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme. davuSvaT, rom is adamianebi, romlebic

miawvdian 6000 saaTs 6 dolaris RirebulebiT, gadawyveten, rom ufro maRal anazRaurebas imsa-

xureben da garkveuli meTodebiT daarwmuneben qalaqis xelmZRvanelobas im kanonis aucileblo-

baSi, romelic saxlis SeRebvis erTi saaTis minimalur Rirebulebas 10 dolaramde gazrdis. da-

vuSvaT, rom es kanoni cxovrebaSi efeqtianad gatarda. ra moxdeba? axla moTxovna mxolod 4000

saaTze iqneba. imdenad, ramdenadac mxolod es raodenoba gaiyideba, swored aseTi iqneba miwode-

bac miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc grafiki gviCvenebs, mRebavebi moindomeben saaTSi 10 dolarad

produqtis daaxloebiT orjer meti raodenobis Seqmnas.

10 dolaris doneze fasebis dayeneba da iZulebiTi SenarCuneba gaaumjo besebs erTi nawilis,

magram gaauaresebs meore nawilis mdgomareobas. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom imaT Soris visi mdgo-

mareobac gauaresdeba, SesaZloa aRmoCndnen is mRebavebi, romlebic kanoniT dadgenili fasebis

zrdis gamo iZulebulebi gaxdebian nakleb sasurvel samuSaoze daTanxmdnen. ekonomistebs ar ga-

aCniaT SedarebiT damakmayofilebeli meTodi, romelic erTi adamianis mogebis da meoris dana-

kargis SedarebiT, saSualebas mogvcems, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis jamis gazrdasa da Sem-

cirebaze vimsjeloT

150

mRebavebis dakarguli

SesaZleblobebis

Rirebuleba

Q

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Sefaseba

MC

erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac maT SeuZliaT, isaa, rom miuTiTon, pratfolzis kanonebi xels

uSlis urTierTsasargeblo gacvlas. moTxovnis mrudze 4000 saaTsa da 6000 saaTs Soris mrudis

qveS farTobi warmoadgens dolarebSi gamosaxul im Tanxas, romlis gaRebazec Tanaxmani arian

momxmareblebi, raTa miiRon es produqti. miwodebis mrudis qveS farTi warmogvidgens dolareb-

Si Sefasebul im Tanxas, romlis gaRebazec Tanaxmani arian mimwodeblebi, raTa gayidon am raode-

nobis momsaxureba. am farTobebs Soris sxvaoba, romelic 8-1 naxazze daStrixulia, es aris

vaWrobidan miRebuli potenciuri mogeba, romelic sinamdvileSi ikargeba, radgan kanoni krZa-

lavs nebismier gacvlas 10 dolarze nakleb fasad.

ra kavSirSi aqvs yovelive amas fasis mimRebTa bazrebsa da maT upiratesobasTan, fasis maZie-

belTa bazrebTan SedarebiT? saqme isaa, rom fasebi, romlebic zRvrul xarjebze maRlaa dafiq-

sirebuli, gamoricxavs urTierTsasargeblo gacvlis zogierT SesaZleblobas. fasis mimRebTa

bazrebze gamyidvelebs ar gaaCniaT iseTi Zalaufleba, rom daadginon da SeinarCunon zRvrul

xarjebze maRali fasebi, xolo fasis maZiebelTa bazarze es Zalaufleba maT aqvT.

me-9 da me-10 TavebSi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad Cven ganvixilavT im sakiTxebsac, Tu ramdenad

seriozulia es problema da ramdenad maRali SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris xarjebi.

151

mokled gavimeoroT

sityvasityviT `monopolia~ _ niSnavs `erTaderT gamyidvels~. magram aris Tu ara romelime

gamyidveli marTlac erTaderTi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad viwro an farTo gagebas

vaZlevT produqts. sakmaod farTo gansazRvrebisas, arsebobs TiToeuli produqtis uamravi

gamyidveli. magram viwro gagebiT, nebismieri mocemuli gamyidvelis produqti gansxvavdeba sxva

gamyidvelis produqtisgan da yvela gamyidveli SeiZleba monopolistad miviCnioT. amitom sit-

yva `monopolias~ axasiaTebs ganuzRvreloba da momaval TavebSi mas ar gamoviyenebT.

sityva `oligopolia~ iseve ganuzRvrelia, rogorc `monopolia~. moiZebneba produqtis mxo-

lod ramdenime Tu bevri gamyidveli damokidebulia imaze, produqtis romel gansazRvrebas Se-

varCevT. amitom Cven uars vambobT sityva oligopoliaze sxva terminebis sasargeblood, romle-

bic ufro zustad asaxaven amgvar situacias.

negatiuri asociaciebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sityvasTan `monopolia~, warmoiSveba im

gagebisgan, rom erTaderTi gamyidvelisgan myidvels arCevani ar gaaCnia da amitom mTlianad mas-

zea damokidebuli. vinaidan moqmedebis nebismier saxes sinamdvileSi gaaCnia alternativebi, ami-

tom arcerT gamyidvels ara aqvs ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba myidvelze. sabazro Zalauflebas

SesaZloa mxolod garkveul xarisxSi flobde.

gageba `fasis mixedviT elastiuroba~ saSualebas gvaZlevs safuZvlianad SeviswavloT sa-

bazro Zalauflebis problema. moTxovnis elastiurobebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT nulidan

usasrulobamde ryeva, asaxaven Semcvlelebis xelmisawvdomobas. rac ufro mdidaria myidvelis

arCevani, miT ufro elastiuria moTxovnis mrudebi, romlebsac awydebian gamyidvelebi da miT

ufro SezRudulia gamyidvelebis Zalaufleba, maT mier momgebiani gayidvis pirobebis dadgenis

SesaZleblobebi.

aSS-is arsebobis adreul periodSi, monopolia Cveulebriv niSnavda iseT organizacias, ro-

melsac saxelmwifom raRac gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi mianiWa. amgvarad, monopolisti iyo

erTaderTi kanonieri gamyidveli. Tumca es sityva am gagebiT sazogadod aRar ixmareba, mas Tana-

medrove JReradobac gaaCnia, vinaidan federaluri, adgilobrivi da Statebis xelisufalni

farTod iyeneben specialuri privilegiebis praqtikas, rac konkurencias zRudavs.

vcdilobT ra gavigoT, rogor xdeba fasebis dadgena, sasargebloa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxva-

voT fasis mimRebebi da fasis maZieblebi. asis mimRebebi iZulebulebi arian miiRon bazris mier

nakarnaxevi fasebi. myidvelebs gaaCniaT iseTi SesaniSnavi Semcvlelebi, rom fasebis gazrdis an

gayidvis pirobebis nebismieri mcdeloba, gamyidvels saerTod klientis gareSe datovebs. meo-

res mxriv, fasis maZiebels SeuZlia, produqtis sxvadasxva raodenobebi sxvadasxva fasad gayi-

dos, amitom unda eZebos yvelaze momgebiani fasebi.

rodesac fasi zRvrul xarjebze metia, zogierTi produqtis warmoeba da gayidva Sewydeba

miuxedavad imisa, rom myidvelis mier maTi SeZenis SesaZlebloba ufro maRali iqneba, Tu produ-

qts xelmisawvdoms gaxdidnen fasis mimRebebis bazrebze. konkurencia warmoebas im wertilisken

ubiZgebs, sadac fasi zRvruli xarjebis tolia.


1. CamoTvaleT ramdenime saqoneli an momsaxureba, romelsac mxolod erTi gamyidveli yidis.

Semdeg CamoTvaleT am produqtebis ramdenime Semcvleli. ramdenad Zlieria is sabazro Za-

laufleba, romelsac Tqvens mier dasaxelebuli erTaderTi gamyidvelebi floben.

2. warmoadgens Tu ara monopolias firma, Tu is gamoscems erTaderT dilis gazeTs romelime

qalaqSi? Tu is gamoscems erTaderT yoveldRiur, dilis an saRamos gazeTs? Tu is gamoscems

erTaderT yoveldRiur gazeTs da mis sakuTrebaSia qalaqSi erTaderTi satelevizio arxi?

ra aris is produqti, rasac awvdis yoveldRiuri gazeTi? romel sxva produqts uwevs is kon-

kurencias?

3. Cveulebriv eleqtroenergiis mwarmoebel kompaniebs saxelmwifo aZlevs gansakuTrebul

uflebas, gayidon energia zogierT raionebSi. uweven Tu ara isini konkurencias sxva gamyid-

152

velebs, vinc sxva produqts yidis? uweven Tu ara isini konkurencias im eleqtrul kompa-

niebs, romlebTac sxva raionebze garkveuli uflebebi aqvT?

4. warmoadgens Tu ara monopolias aSS-is safosto samsaxuri?

a) vis uwevs konkurencias safosto samsaxuri pirveli klasis momsaxurebis miwodebisas

(korespondenciis miwodebisas)? meore klasis momsaxurebis miwodebisas (garkveuli

Jurnal-gazeTebis miwodebisas)? mesame klasis momsaxurebis miwodebisas (reklamis

miwodebisas)? amanaTebis miwodebisas? eqspres-fostiT miwodebisas (meore dRes

miRebis garantiiT)?

b) Tu safosto momsaxurebas gaaCnia fasebis dadgenis Zalaufleba ise, rom yuradReba

ar miaqcios miwodebas da moTxovnas, ratom aris is Cveulebriv wamgebiani? ratom ar

aswevs is fasebs da ar aicilebs Tavidan danakargebs?

g) rodesac safosto momsaxurebam 1994 wels pirveli klasis momsaxurebis fasi 10 procen-

tiT, 29 centidan 32 centamde gazarda, am saxis momsaxurebidan miRebuli mogebac gaiz-

arda Tu ara 10 procentiT? ra SeiZleba iTqvas pirveli klasis safosto momsaxurebis

moTxovnis elastikurobis Sesaxeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mogeba 10%-iT gaizrdeba?

5. warmoadgens Tu ara monopolias sarkinigzo kompania Amtrak? Tu moisurvebT amerikis qa-

laqebs Soris matarebliT mgzavrobas, aRmoaCenT, rom aseT momsaxurebas mxolod Amtrak awv-

dis. miuxedavad amisa, ratom ar SeiZleba igi monopolistad CavTvaloT? warmoadgens Tu ara

rkinigziT mgzavrTa saqalaqTaSoriso gadayvanebi iseT produqts, romelsac kargi Semcv-

lelebi ar gaaCnia?

6. mravali adamiani kanoniT valdebulia moixmaros produqti, romlis mimwodeblebs saxelm-

wifo skolebi warmoadgenen. ufro metic, vinaidan konkurentebs akrZaluli aqvT ga-

dasaxadebis meSveobiT sakuTari saqmianobis finansireba, maT uxdebaT ufro maRali fasebis

dadgena, vidre saxelmwifo skolebs. warmoadgenen Tu ara monopolistebs saxelmwifo

skolebis sistemebi?

7. kanoniT akrZalulia iseTi sasoflo-sameurneo saqonliT vaWroba, rogoricaa Tambaqo da

Wvavi, Tu is ar aris moyvanili im miwaze, romelic saxelmwifom specialurad am produqtebi-

sTvis gamohyo. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom is fermerebi, romlebsac es kulturebi mohyavT,

monopolistebi arian? isini fasis maZieblebi arian Tu fasis mimRebebi?

8. Tu monopoliebi arasasurvelia, rogorc es zogierTs miaCnia, xSirad ratom cdilobs sax-

elmwifo, daicvas gansazRvruli gamyidvelebi konkurenciisgan, romelsac adgili eqneboda

am dargSi damatebiTi mwarmoeblebis gamoCenisas?

a) ratom ukrZalavs aSS-is mTavroba adamianebs, konkurencia gauwion safosto momsax-

urebas pirveli klasis safosto miwodebaSi?

b) ratom cdiloben TiTqmis yovelTvis qalaqebis xelisufalni, SemoiRon mkacri Sez-

Rudvebi imaT saqmianobaze, rac konkurencias gauwevs qalaqis saavtobuso momsax-

urebas, romelic qalaqis xelisuflebas, an maT ekuTvnis, vinc mis mier gacemuli li-

cenziis safuZvelze muSaobs?

9. zogierTi ekonomisti amtkicebda, rom is xarisxi, romliTac monopolistebi da oligopoliste-

bi akontroleben amerikis ekonomikas, SeiZleba Sefasdes sxvadasxva dargebSi koncentraciis

koeficientebis ganxilvis Sedegad. aRweris biuros mier gamoTvlili es koeficientebi asaxavs

sxvadasxva dargebSi gayidvebis saerTo moculobis im procents, romlebic modis TiToeul

dargSi 4 udides, 8 udides, 20 udides da 50 udides kompaniaze. 8.1 cxrilSi moyvanilia arCeuli

dargebis koeficientebi, romlebic warmoebebis aRweris biuros mier gamoTvlilia 1987 wels.

153

gayidvebis procenti, romelic modis aSS-s

msxvil samrewvelo kompaniebze

cxrili 8-1

dargi4

umsxvilesi

8

umsxvilesi

20

umsxvilesi

50

umsxvilesi

navTobgadamuSaveba 32% 52% 78% 95%

avtoZravebis da Zarebis

damzadeba90 95 99 99+

brZmedebis da liTonCamo-

sasxmeli qarxnebis warmoeba44 63 81 94

aviamSenebloba 72 93 99 99+

xorckombinatebi 32 50 66 80

rZiswarmoeba 21 32 48 67

gazeTebi 25 39 55 71

samxerxao 15 21 31 44

plastikuri da rezinis

masalebi20 33 61 89

saponi da sarecxi

saSualebebi65 76 84 89

a) ratom warmoadgens avtomanqanebis Zravebis da sabargulebis warmoebis dargSi kon-

centraciis koeficienti maCvenebels, rac seriozulad zrdis avtomobilebis

amerikeli mewarmeebis sabazro Zalauflebas?

b) `xorckombinatebis~ da `rZis~ dargebis koncentraciis koeficientebi erTmaneTis

msgavsia. magram did gzaze rZis gadatana bevrad ufro Zviria, vidre gadamuSavebuli

xorcis gadatana. raze metyvelebs es gansxvaveba, Tu koncentraciis dargobrivi koe-

ficientis mixedviT SevecdebiT gavakeToT daskvna sabazro Zalauflebis xarisxis

Sesaxeb?

g) ratom ar aris `gazeTebis~ da `xorckombinatebis~ dargebis koncentraciis koefici-

entebis msgavseba mniSvnelovani?

d) metyvelebs Tu ara xe-tyis damzadebis plastmasebis da sapnis warmoebis (cxrilSi 8, 9

da 10 striqonebi) dargebis koncentraciis mzardi koeficientebi sabazro Zalau-

flebis Sesabamis zrdaze? ramdenad didia xe-tyis, plastmasis an sapnis geografiuli

bazrebi garkveuli samrewvelo sawarmosTvis?

e) navTobis mopoveba ufro metad koncentrirebulia, vidre misi warmoeba, an gavrcele-

ba. metyvelebs Tu ara es imaze, rom navTobmompovebel kompaniebs SeuZliaT maT mier

SerCeuli nebismieri fasebis dadgena?

10. xSirad SeiZleba waikiTxoT, rom dargSi moqmedebs mxolod sami (cxra, xuTi an rva) firma da

rom es metad mcire ricxvia imisaTvis, raTa konkurencia efeqtiani iyos. rogor gansaz-

RvravdiT `dargs~? uweven Tu ara erTmaneTs konkurencias is firmebi, romlebic (nebismieri

klasifikaciis mixedviT) sxvadasxva dargebs miekuTvnebian? uweven Tu ara erTmaneTs

konkurencias erTi dargis firmebi (nebismieri klasifikaciis mixedviT)?

11. uweven ki rodesme konkurencias erTmaneTs xidebis liTonis karkasebis mwarmoebeli firma

iutaSi da karkasebis firma merilendSi? SegiZliaT axsnaT, Tu rogor unda gauwios konkuren-

cia xis nawarmma liTonis Zelebs?

12. warmoadgens Tu ara is koleji, sadac Tqven swavlobT, fasis maZiebels? ramdenad Tavisu-

falia is im fasis dadgenisas, romelsac Tqven ixdiT? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom am kiTxvas

154

gansxvavebuli pasuxi gascen pirvelkurselma, romelic axlaxan miiRes da ufroskurselma,

romelic sadacaa daamTavrebs swavlas? sargeblobs Tu ara Tqveni koleji kanoniT miniWebu-

li raime gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT?

13. adam smiti naSromSi `xalxebis simdidre~ werda: `monopoliebis fasi yvela SemTxvevaSi

yvelaze maRalia im fasebidan, romelTa amoReba SesaZlebelia myidvelisgan, an risi gadax-

disTvisac igi mzadaa savaraudod~. aqvs Tu ara am gamonaTqvams mkafio da gamarTlebuli ax-

sna, Tu unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom ekonomikuri mecnierebis damaarsebelic ki zogjer si-

tyvebs udierad eqceoda.

14. iTvleba, rom mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi rkinigzebis ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad Seam-

cire mravali amerikuli firmis sabazro Zalaufleba. axseniT, ratom.

15. davuSvaT, rom sanam Tqven ukana ezoSi pionebs rgavdiT, iq navTobma amoxeTqa. yoveldRiurad

SesaZlebelia 20 bareli navTobis amoReba. ramdenad unda SezRudoT yoveldRiuri mopoveba,

raTa ar misceT fasebs dacemis saSualeba? ratom fiqrobs TqvenTan SedarebiT gacilebiT

mets navTobis mopovebis SezRudvaze saudis arabeTis navTobis ministri?

16. gazeTis saTauri gvamcnobs: `navTobis fasis monacemebi gvauwyeben zamTris siciveebis dros

gripis gazrdili saSiSroebis Sesaxeb~. Tu zamTris siciveebisas xalxis gasaTbobad fasebi

izrdeba, niSnavs Tu ara es, rom mas, vinc gasaTbob navTobs yidis, bazarze didi Zalaufleba

aqvs?

17. rodesac amerikis aviaxazebma Seamcires gadaxdebi, samogzauro saagentoebisTvis mravalma

samogzauro saagentom daiwyo momxmareblebidan fulis aReba iseT momsaxurebaSi, rasac

adre ufasod akeTebda. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom samogzauro saagentoebs gaaCniaT sabazro

Zalaufleba? zogjer, mas Semdeg, rac gamyidvelebi zrdian fasebs, isini kvlav swrafad amci-

reben maT, ratom?

18. 8-2 naxazis marcxena nawili gviCvenebs mocemul wels aSS-Si xorbalze moTxovnis (D) da gaer-

Tianebuli zRvruli xarjebis (S) mrudebs.

a) daxazeT marjvena mxares. samxreT dakoteli fermeris ferdinand elizeris xorbal-

ze moTxovnis mrudi;

b) rogor gadaadgildeba ferd elizeris xorbalze moTxovnis mrudi, Tu mTavroba

gadauxdis fermerebs 1.5 dolars TiTo buSelSi?

g) ras daemsgavseba ferd elizeris xorbalze moTxovnis mrudi, Tu mTavroba TiToeuli

gayiduli buSelidan fermerebs 1 dolars mosTxovs?

19. mas Semdeg, rac 1975 wels sietlSi miRebuli iqna kanoni sanapiro zonis marTvis Sesaxeb, nav-

sayudlebis raodenoba kanoniT 440-mde SeizRuda. amJamad yvela navsayudeli dakavebulia.

navebis mflobelebma, romlebsac sakuTari navsayudlebi ara aqvT, mimarTes adgilobriv xe-

lisuflebas TxovniT, rom daawesos kontroli navsayudlebis gadasaxadebze. maT ganacxades,

rom vinaidan carieli navsayudlebis raodenoba nulis tolia, maT mflobelebs aqvT monop-

olia da aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZliaT nebismierad maRali fasis dadgena.

a) Semdeg naxazze mocemulia navsayudlebze moTxovnis warmosaxviTi mrudi, romelic aRniSnu-

lia DD-Ti. zemoT moyvanili monacemebis mixedviT, aageT miwodebis mrudi. am problemaze

msjelobisas (`i~ punqtamde), CaTvaleT, rom navsayudlebi 440 sxvadasxva adamians ekuTvnis.

b) ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mepatroneebi TveSi 275 dolars moiTxoven?

g) ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mepatroneebi TveSi 225 dolars moiTxoven?

d) marTalia Tu ara, rom carieli navmisadgomebis ararseboba mflobelebs saSualebas

aZlevs daaweson maTTvis sasurveli nebismieri gadasaxadi? raze metyvelebs sacxo-

vrebel an samuSao SenobebSi carieli farTobebis dabali wili?

e) Tqvenis azriT, rogor imoqmedebda gadasaxadze navebze cxovrebis popularobis

zrda sietlSi? ra moxdeboda Tu navebze cxovrebis popularoba daecemoda? romelia

is faqtorebi, rasac SeuZlia moTxovnis aseTi zrdisa Tu Semcirebis gamowveva?

155

D

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milionobiT buSeli weliwadSi

$6

5

4

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uS

el

is

Ri

re

bu

le

ba

S

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

aTasobiT buSeli weliwadSi

$6

5

4

3

2

1

1 b

uS

el

is

Ri

re

bu

le

ba

nax. 8-2 bazris moTxovna da moTxovna erTi mwarmoeblisaTvis

v) Tu sanapiro zolis marTvis gegmis cvlilebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba navsayu-

dlebis ricxvis 40-iT gazrda, ra gavlenas moaxdens es gadasaxadze?

z) rogor imoqomedebs gadasaxadze navsayudelis mflobelebisTvis sakuTrebis ufle bis

yovelTviuri gadasaxadis 50 dolariT gazrda? warmoadgineT pasuxi grafikis saxiT.

D

0 100 200 300 400 500

navTsayudlebis raodenoba

$500

400

300

200

100 er

Te

ul

i f

ar

To

bi

s q

ir

is

ga

da

sa

xa

di

D

nax. 8-3 hipoTetikuri moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi

mcuravi saxlebis navsayudelebisaTvis

T) rogor imoqmedebda gadasaxadze navebis mflobelebisTvis yovelTviuri gadasaxadis

50 dolariT gazrda? pasuxisTvis gamoiyeneT grafiki.

i) metyvelebs Tu ara Tavisufali adgilebis ararseboba monopoliur Zalauflebaze?

davuSvaT, rom yvela 440 misadgomi erT pirs ekuTvnis, romelic amgvarad warmoad-

gens sietlSi navsayudlebis erTaderT mimwodebels. SeZlebs es mepatrone daadgi-

nos iseTi maRali fasi, rac mas surs? rogor fiqrobT, ra daemarTeba carieli adgi-

lebis ricxvs, Tu navsayudlebis gamyidveli erTi pirovneba iqneba?

k) rogor fiqrobT, ratom airCies sityva `monopolia~ navebis mepatroneebma im mimarT-

vis Sedgenisas, romelic maT gadasaxadebis regulirebis moTxovniT, qalaqis mmarT-

velebs gaugzavnes?

156

20. sabazro Zalaufleba ar aris Zalauflebis erTaderTi saxe, romelic xelT aqvT da romlis

gamoyenebac SeuZliaT saqmian firmebs. sabazro Zalaufleba aucileblad damokidebulia

firmis zomaze. egeb moisurvoT dafiqreba Zalauflebis qvemoT CamoTvlili tipebis buneba-

ze, wyaroebsa da Sedegebze, an imaze, Tu rogor arian (an ar arian) isini dakavSirebulebi sa-

bazro ZalauflebasTan. Zalauflebis saxeebia:

a) sasurveli Sedegebis miRwevis unari.

b) avlena arCevnebis Sedegebze.

g) gavlena sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze.

d) gavlena saxelmwifo marTvis organoebze.

e) adamianebze gavlena reklamis saSualebiT.

v) garemos dabinZureba, dabinZurebis Semcireba.

z) dasaqmebis politikaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis da qalebis mimarT diskriminaciis

gatareba: wamaxalisebeli programebis gatareba.

T) sxva xalxebis saqmeebSi Careva.

i) adamianebis umniSvnelovanesi Sexedulebebis da azrebis formireba.

ras ityodiT im Zalauflebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Cveni warmodgeniT sxvebs vaniWebT mxolod

imitom, rom Tavi uZlurad migvaCnia? marTalia Tu ara, rom adamians yovelTvis aqvs SesaZle-

bloba gamoiwvios an Tavidan aicilos arasasurveli movlenebi?

21. kongresma kavSirgabmulobis federalur komisias daavala, daakvirdes radiosa da televi-

ziis gadacemebis Sinaarss da CamoarTvas licenziebi im sadgurebs, romlebic ar emsaxure-

bian xalxis interesebs. kongresis arcerT wevrs azrad ar mouva aseTive kurireba gauwios

gazeTebs, gansakuTrebiT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis uflebaTa bilidan

gamomdinare. Cveulebriv, gadacemebis Tavisuflebis kontrolis ori gamarTleba arsebobs.

erTi isaa, rom kongress aqvs ufleba areguliros radio da satelevizio sadgurebis muSao-

ba, vinaidan sahaero talRebi sazogadoebrivi kuTvnilebaa. meore isaa, rom gadacemebis six-

Sireebi bunebrivad SezRudulia da gadamcemebi daculi unda iyvnen Zalauflebis gadamete-

bisgan, romelic maT miecemaT SezRuduli bunebrivi resursebis kontrolis saSualebiT.

a) ratom ekuTvnis sazogadoebas sahaero talRebi? SegiZliaT Tu ara gviCvenoT sazoga-

doebisTvis sakuTrebaze uaris Tqmis efeqtiani da samarTliani gza imisTvis, rom

kongress ar gaaCndes gadacemebis kontrolis Zalaufleba?

b) aSS-Si 1500-ze meti satelevizio sadguri da 10000-ze meti radiosadguria. aSS-is mo-

saxleobis 95 procentze mets SeuZlia 5 satelevizio signalis miReba, kabelebi ki am

ricxvs usasrulod zrdis. radiosadgurebis miReba SesaZlebelia umravles raioneb-

Si da SeuZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac garemos mxridan SezRudvebi arsebobs. ramdenad

did Zalauflebas aZlevs gadacemebis sixSireebis bunebrivi deficiti gadamcemebs?

g) SegiZliaT Tu ara dafiqrdeT im mizezebze, Tu ratom surT kongresis wevrebs imis

damtkiceba, rom radio da satelevizio gadamcemebs aqvT monopolia?

157

9fasis ZiebaSi

rogor pouloben fasis maZieblebi imas, rasac eZeben da ra xdeba, rodesac Zebna damTavre-

bulia? am TavSi vapirebT vaCvenoT, rom isini adgenen zRvrul danaxarjebs da zRvrul Se-

mosavlebs, Semdeg ki irCeven im fass, romelic saSualebas miscems gayidon TavianTi produqtis

yvela is erTeuli, romlebzec, maTi azriT, zRvruli Semosavlebi zRvrul danaxarjebze meti

iqneba. rTulad JRers? magram swored amaSi mdgomareobs mogebis _ mTliani Semosavlisa da

mTliani danaxarjis sxvaobis _ maqsimizaciis procesis logika. iyeneben Tu ara sinamdvileSi

am proceduras firmebi? yvelaferi es metad Teoriulad JRers - rogorc raRac iseTi, razec

SeuZlia iocnebos ekonomistma, magram rasac TiTqmis vercerTi realuri gamyidveli ver war-

moidgens.

wminda Semosavali = mTlian Semosavals – mTliani danaxarjebi

fasdadebis gavrcelebuli Teoria

ra Tqma unda, adamianebis umravlesobas fasebis dadgena ase ar warmoudgenia. Cveulebriv,

gamoiyeneba martivi Teoria _ `danaxarjebs plus danamati~. firmebi danaxarjebs angariSoben

da garkveul procents umateben. mravali fasis maZiebeli fasebis dadgenis praqtikas am saxiT

aRwers. maTi Cvenebebi seriozul midgomas imsaxurebs, magram es ar aris gadamwyveti mtkicebu-

leba. mraval adamians ar SeuZlia sworad axsnas is, rasac regularulad da warmatebiT ake-

Tebs. magaliTad, vinc velosipeds atarebs, ar icis, rogor inarCunebs velosipeds wonasworo-

baSi. Tu sTxovT, rom amaze dafiqrdes, is ityvis, rom velosipeds dacemis saSualebas ar aZlevs

imiT, rom win, an, velosipedis gadaxris SemTxvevaSi, sapirispiro mxares ixreba. wonasworobas

aseTi meTodiT rom inarCunebdes, velosipedisti erT kvartalsac ver gaivlida. sinamdvileSi

is wonasworobas saWis trialiT inarCunebs da ara sxeulis gadaxriT. is wina borbals mimarTu-

lebas ucvlis, ris Sedegadac centriskenuli Zala velosipeds dacemis saSualebas ar aZlevs.

imis gauazrebloba, rasac sinamdvileSi akeTebs, velosipedists tarebaSi xels ar uSlis. mi-

xveul-moxveuli traeqtoriiT moZraobisas, romlis TiToeuli xveulis simrude velosipedis

siCqaris kvadratis ukuproporciulia, velosipedisti wonasworobas mxolod saWis trialiT

inarCunebs, arada, maTematikis mravali ucodinari kargi velosipedistia.

ratomaa procentulad avejis fasis danamati meti, vidre

kvebis produqtebis fasebis danamati?

158

arsebobs imis mtkice safuZveli, rom eWvi SevitanoT TeoriaSi `danaxarjebs plus danamati~.

eWvis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom es Teoria arafers ambobs danamatis sidideze. ratom irCeven

25%-ian danamats da ara 50%-ians? ratom umateben sxvadasxva firmebi TavianT produqts sx-

vadasxva procents? ratom SeuZlia firmas, gamoiyenos sxvadasxvanairi saprocento danamati

sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva produqtis mimarT da sxvadasxva adamianebTan vaWrobis SemTxveva-

Sic ki? ratom adgens gamyidveli zogjer ufro nakleb fasebs, vidre misi saSualo danaxarje-

bia?

ratom kotrdeba zogjer esa Tu is avejis maRazia,

rodesac fasis danamati ase didia?

garda amisa, Tuki danaxarjebis zrdisas firmebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT fasebis proporci-

ulad gazrda, ratom ar zrdian fasebs winaswar, danaxarjebis gazrdamde? ratom kmayofildebi-

an, naklebi mogebiT, rodesac metis miReba SeuZliaT? es ar Seesatyviseba fasis maZiebelTa mier

gamoTqmul sayvedurs imis Sesaxeb, rom isini sakmao mogebas ver iReben. garda amisa, viciT, rom

firmebs danaxarjebis zrdis gamo zogjer TavianTi saqmianobis Sewyveta uwevT. es ar moxdeboda,

yvela firmas fasebis zrdisa da am gziT sakuTari danaxarjebis dafarvis SesaZlebloba rom

hqondes.

gavrcelebuli Teoria `danaxarjebs plus danamati~, rogorc Cans, arasworia. is ubralod ar

iZleva im movlenebis damajerebel axsnas, romelTa mowmec xSirad varT. Cven kidev vimsjelebT

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iziarebs am Teorias mravali adamiani, maT Soris gamyidvelebi. manamde ki,

unda gavecnoT ekonomistebis Tvalsazriss fasebis Ziebis procesis Sesaxeb.

gaicaniT _ ed saiki

umniSvnelovanes principebs yvelaze kargad ubralo magaliTebi warmogviCens. ganvixiloT

warmosaxviTi situacia, romelic ed saiks, meore kursis students ukavSirdeba. is aivi kolejSi

swavlobs da Tavi imiT gaaqvs, rom kolejis studentTa asociaciaSi kulturul RonisZiebebs

xelmZRva nelobs. edis erT-erTi movaleobaa yovel paraskevs studentebisa da maswavleblebi-

saTvis filmebis Cvenebis organizeba, xolo am saqmianobis mniSvnelovan nawils bileTebze

fasebis dadgena warmoadgens.

davuSvaT, rom yovelTvis, rodesac edi films aCvenebs, misi danaxarjebia:

filmis daqiravebis Tanxa _ 1800 dolari

darbazis ijaris Tanxa _ 250 dolari

kinomeqanikosi _ 50 dolari

bileTebis kontroliori _ 100 dolari

sul 2200 dolari

bileTebis gayidvidan aRebuli mTeli Tanxa edis biujetSi gadairicxeba. darbazSi 700 adgi-

lia. edma rogorRac moaxerxa mis mier naCveneb filmebze zusti moTxovnis gamoTvla (SemdgomSi

mis gamoTvlebze uars vityviT). moTxovna, rac unda sakvirveli iyos, yvela filmze erTnairia da

9-1 naxazzea warmodgenili. ra fass daawesebs aseTi informaciiT `SeiaraRebuli~ edi? am kiTxvas

ver vupasuxebT, sanam ar davadgenT, Tu risken miiswrafvis edi. Tu misi mizania darbazis mTlia-

nad gavseba, Tanac ise, rom arc erT msurvels uari ar eTqvas, saukeTeso fasi iqneba 3 dolari.

aseT fasad moTxovnili bileTebis raodenoba darbazSi adgilebis ricxvis tolia. magram am fa-

sis erT-erTi SesaZlo kontrargumenti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi yoveli kinoseansi

wamgebiani iqneba. mTliani danaxarji 2200 dolaria, xolo mTliani Semosavali _ mxolod 2100

dolari.

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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

bileTebis raodenoba

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moTxovna

nax. 9-1 yovelkvireuli moTxovna kinos bileTebze

fasi ($)moTxovnis

r-ba

mTliani

Semosav. (S)mogeba (S)

3,00 700 2100 -100

2,5 750 1750* -450

* gaxsovdeT, kinoTeatrSi mxolod 700 adgilia.

es kontrargumenti SeiZleba damajerebeli sulac ar iyos. magaliTad, studentur asocia-

cias SeuZlia filmebis subsidireba, vinaidan iTvleba, rom kino did rols asrulebs humanitar-

ul ganaTlebaSi. Tu edi valdebuli araa zarali dafaros, maSin mis xelTaa mravali SesaZle-

bloba. magaliTad, mas SeuZlia bileTs 2,5 dolari daados. moTxovna miwodebas gadaaWarbebs, edi

ki gaxdeba studqalaqSi metad popularuli adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia paraskevs saRamos giSo-

voT bileTi kinoseansze, romlis yvela bileTi gayidulia.

momavalSi kvlav davubrundebiT am SesaZleblobas, rodesac ufro yuradRebiT ganvixilavT, Tu

rogor muSaoben `aramomgebiani~ organizaciebi. axla ki davuSvaT, rom edma ara marto danaxarjebi

unda dafaros, aramed maqsimaluri mogebac unda naxos. rogor fass daawesebs am SemTxvevaSi edi?

mogebis maqsimizaciis ZiriTadi wesi

kidev erTxel miaqcieT yuradReba am Tavis pirvel abzacSi mocemul wess, romlis mixedviTac,

rogorc adre aRvniSneT, moqmedebs nebismieri gamyidveli, Tu mis mizans mogebis maqsimizacia war-

moadgens _ daaweseT iseTi fasi an fasebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT, gayidoT is da mxolod is

erTeulebi, romlebisTvisac zRvruli Semosavali, savaraudod, meti iqneba zRvrul danaxarjze.

Tu mogebis maqsimizacia gsurT, daaweseT fasi, romelic saSualebas mogcemT,

gayidoT saqonlis yvela is (da mxolod is) erTeuli, romelTa gayidviT miRebuli

zRvruli Semosavali, Tqveni varaudiT, zRvrul danaxarjebze meti iqneba.

160

zRvruli danaxarjis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT. esaa ama Tu im konkretuli qmedebisas mo-

salodneli damatebiTi danaxarji. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ̀ qmedeba~ kidev erTi bileTis gayidvaa. Sexe-

deT ed saikis danaxarjebis monacemebs. ras udris mis mier kidev erTi bileTis gayidvis damate-

biTi danaxarji? ramdeni bileTic ar unda gayidos, edma 2200 dolaris danaxarji unda dafaros,

amitom kidev erTi bileTis gayidvis zRvruli danaxarji, Cveni daSvebebidan gamomdinare, nulis

tolia. 9-1 naxazze zRvruli danaxarjis mruds Tu avagebT, es iqneba nulovan wertilSi gamavali

horizontaluri wrfe.

zRvruli Semosavali

ras niSnavs zRvruli Semosavali? esaa ama Tu im konkretuli qmedebis Sedegad mosalodneli

damatebiTi Semosavali. ed saikis zRvruli Semosavali kidev erTi bileTis gayidvidan miRebuli

Semosavalia

fasi (S)moTxovnis

raodenoba

mTliani

Semosavali (S)

7 300 2100

6 400 2400

5 500 2500

4 600 2400

3 700 2100

Tu 9-1 naxazze naCveneb moTxovnis mruds ganvixilavT, advilad mivxvdebiT, rom ed saikis

zRvruli Semosavali damokidebuli iqneba im fasze, romlis dawesebasac is gadawyvets. 3 dolaris

SemTxvevaSi mTliani Semosavali 2100 dolaris tolia, ase rom, mogeba minus 100 dolaria. 6 dola-

ris SemTxvevaSi, mogeba 200 dolaris tolia _ mTlian Semosavals (2400) minus danaxarji (2200). 4

dolaris SemTxvevaSic mogeba 200 dolaris tolia. romeli fasis dros iqneba mogeba maqsimaluri?

pasuxi: 5 dolaris SemTxvevaSi. am fasad gaiyideba 500 bileTi. mTliani Semosavali 2500 dola-

ria, xolo mogeba _ 300 dolari. ukeTes Sedegs ed saiki verafriT miaRwevs.

saidan viciT es? pasuxis povnis erT-erTi saSualeba yvela SesaZlo fasis ganxilvaa, magram

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT fasdadebis procesis logika, umjobesia sxva xerxis gamoyeneba. davadgi-

noT bileTebis iseTi raodenoba, romlis drosac zRvruli Semosavali zRvruli danaxarjis

toli iqneba, Semdeg ki davadginoT fasi, romlis drosac swored aseTi raodenoba gaiyideba.

logika aq metad martivia. pirveli 500 bileTidan, romelsac ed saiki yidis, yoveli bileTi mis

Semosavlebs ufro metad zrdis, vidre danaxarjebs (gaxsovdeT, rom mis danaxarjebs araferi

emateba da zRvruli danaxarji, ramdeni bileTic unda gaiyidos, nulis tolia.). magram 500-ze

zemoT gayiduli nebismieri bileTidan danaxarjebs ufro meti emateba, vidre Semosavals. ufro

sworad, danaxarjebs araferi emateba, magram mTlian Semosavals `araferze~ naklebi emateba, vi-

naidan mas Semdeg, rac gayidulia 500 bileTi, zRvruli Semosavali uaryofiTi xdeba.

ratomaa zRvruli Semosavali fasze naklebi?

dasawyisSi SeiZleba mogeCvenoT, rom es arasworia. radgan 500-s zemoT gayidul yovel bileT-

Si edi kvlavindeburad iRebs fuls, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kidev erTi gayiduli bileTis zR-

vruli Semosavali dadebiTi unda iyos. magram ase mxolod gveCveneba. aq ar viTvaliswinebT erT

metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas. imisaTvis, rom damatebiTi bileTebi gayidos, edi iZulebulia

fasi Seamciros, xolo rodesac is amas akeTebs, fasi mcirdeba ara marto im damatebiTi mayure-

blisTvis, romlis mozidvasac am gziT cdilobs, aramed yvela im mayureblisTvisac, vinc mzad

iyo ufro maRali fasis gadasaxdelad. axali mayureblebisgan miRebuli Semosavali nulamde

mcirdeba im Semosavlis dakargvis Sedegad, rasac eds Zveli mayureblebi moutandnen. mas Semdeg,

rac 500 bileTi gaiyida, aseTi danakargebi gadaaWarbebs miRebul damatebiT Semosavals, amitom

zRvruli Semosavali uaryofiTia.

161

A-dan B-mde fasis Semcirebas moaqvs garkveuli Semosavali gayidvis zrdis

Sedegad da, amave dros, Semosavlis danakargebic, rac imis Sedegia,

rom myidvelebi amjerad ufro dabal fass ixdian.

P

Q

B

A

D

Semosavlis

kleba

Se

mo

sa

vl

is

zr

da

A-dan B-mde fasis daweva gazrdis gayidvas, magram Seamcirebs

Semosavals, radgan yvela myidveli ixdis nakleb fass

modiT, SevamowmoT es daskvna, risTvisac yuradRebiT unda ganvixiloT grafiki. davuSvaT, rom edma

bileTs 5 dolari daado. am fasad gaiyideba 500 bileTi da mTliani Semosavali 2500 dolaris toli iqneba.

ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu edi 550 bileTis gayidvas gadawyvets? amis misaRwvad is fass 4,5

dolaramde Seamcirebs. es yoveli damatebiTi mayureblidan 4,5 dolars, anu mTlianobaSi 225

dolars moitans. magram eds es TiToeuli Zveli mayureblis mier gadauxdel 50 centad daujde-

ba. Zveli mayureblebi mzad iyvnen, bileTSi 5 dolari gadaexadaT, sanam edma maT bileTebi 4,5

dolarad ar SesTavaza. xuTasjer 50 centi 250 dolaria. Sedegad mTliani Semosavali ki ar gaiz-

arda, aramed 25 dolariT Semcirda, rodesac edma bileTebis raodenoba 500-dan 550-mde gazarda.

am monakveTSi zRvruli Semosavali uaryofiTia.

SeiZleba ufro zustadac iTqvas _ vinaidan damatebiTi 50 bileTis gayidvidan miRebuli dam-

atebiTi Semosavali minus 25 dolaria, amitom rodesac edi cdilobs gayiduli bileTebis raode-

nobis 500-dan 550-mde gazrdas, yoveli bileTis gayidvidan miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali minus

50 centis tolia. es rom 9-1 naxazze vaCvenoT, zRvruli Semosavali unda gamovsaxoT, rogorc

minus 50 centi 525 bileTis gayidvisas.

raTa SevamowmoT, sworad gavigeT Tu ara ZiriTadi idea, davfiqrdeT, ra moxdeba, Tu edi bi-

leTebis raodenobas 450-dan 500-mde gazrdis. moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs, rom eds SeeZlo 450

bileTis gayidva 5,5 dolarad. imisTvis, rom 500 bileTi gayidos, fasi 5 dolaramde unda Seam-

ciros. amgvarad, misi mTliani Semosavali iqneba 2475 dolari 450 bileTis gayidvis Sedegad da

2500 dolari 500 bileTis gayidvis Sedegad. rodesac edi bileTebis raodenobas 450-dan 500-mde

gazrdis, damatebiTi anu zRvruli Semosavali TiToeuli damatebiTi bleTidan 50 centis toli

iqneba, amitom 50 cents aRvniSnavT, rogorc zRvrul Semosavals 475 bileTis dros.

Tu am or wertils swori xaziT SevaerTebT, miRebuli zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi gadakveTs

zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds zustad 500 bileTis doneze. ese igi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom, Tu edi

500-ze naklebi bileTis gayidviT kmayofildeba, amiT uars ambobs potenciur mogebaze, vinaidan

ar yidis bileTebis garkveul raodenobas, romlis zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjze me-

tia. Tu edi 500 bileTze mets yidis, is uars ambobs potenciur zRvrul Semosavalze, romelsac

im bileTebis gayidviT miiRebda, romelTa zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjze naklebia.

amitom is axdens mogebis maqsimizacias 500 bileTis gayidviT. es bileTebis is raodenobaa, rom-

lis drosac zRvruli danaxarji zRvruli Semosavlis tolia. moTxovnis mrudic gviCvenebs, rom

500 bileTis gayidva SesaZlebelia 5 dolaris fasis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi.

162

zRvruli danaxarjis toli zRvruli Semosavlis dadgena

ZiriTadi idea aviTviseT, Tuki SegviZlia davadginoT, ra moxdeba, Tu filmebis gamqiraveble-

bi fass Secvlian da erTiani 1800 dolaris nacvlad 800 dolarsa da TiToeul gayidul bileTSi

damatebiT 2 dolars moiTxoven.

mogebis namati mogebis danaklisi

MR mogebis nazrdi P

mogebis danaklisi

Q

MC

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba aq isaa, rom edis zRvruli danaxarji nulidan 2 dolaramde gaizarda.

TiToeuli gayiduli bileTi mTlian danaxarjs 2 dolariT zrdis: zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi 2

dolaris Sesabamis wertilSi gamavali horizontaluri wrfe iqneba. vinaidan mogebis maqsimizaci-

isTvis edma yvela is bileTi unda gayidos, romlis zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebze me-

tia da arc erTi is bileTi, romlis zRvruli danaxarji zRvrul Semosavalze metia, amitom man unda

daadginos iseTi fasi da raodenoba, rodesac zRvruli Semosavali zustad 2 dolaris toli iqneba.

zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi 9-1 naxazzea naCvenebi. mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zrdis mTlian

Semosavals erTi damatebiT gayiduli bileTi, gayidvebis sxvadasxva SesaZlo moculobis SemTx-

vevaSi. zRvruli Semosavali 4 dolaris tolia 300 bileTis gayidvis dros, swrafad ecema gayiduli

bileTebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad da uaryofiTi xdeba mas Semdeg, rac gayidulia 500 bileTi.

cxadia, rom filmebis gaqiravebis axali politikis dros edi 400 bileTis gayidvas moisurvebs. es

is raodenobaa, romelic erTmaneTs utolebs zRvrul danaxarjebsa da zRvrul Semosavals. imis-

aTvis, rom 400 bileTi gayidos, edma bileTs 6 dolari unda daados. irkveva, rom filmebis gaqi-

ravebis axali politikis dros edis saqmeebi ukeT midis, vidre adre. mTliani Semosavali axla 2400

dolars udris, xolo mTliani danaxarjebi _ 2000 dolars. ase rom, mogeba 400 dolars Seadgens.

zRvruli

Semosavali

zRvruli

danaxarjebi

bi

le

Ti

s f

as

i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

bileTebis raodenoba

$7

6

5

4

3

2

moTxovna

nax. 9-2 kinos bileTebze yovelkvireuli moTxovna da bileTebis gayidvis zRvruli danaxarjebi

163

am grafikze aklia horizontaluri sxivi, gamomavali zRvruli danaxarji=2 donidan

gamqiravebelTa rogorc Zveli, ise axali politikis pirobebSi, darbazSi adgilebi `uyaira-

Tod~ gamoiyeneba. es sityva brWyalebSi imitomaa Casmuli, rom, rogorc me-6 TavSic vTqviT, uyai-

raToba subieqturi cnebaa. is, rac mayurebelTaTvis uyairaTobaa, SeiZleba efeqtianobas niSna-

vdes imisi SefasebiT, vinc filmebs aCvenebs. Tumca am situaciaSi uyairaToba mainc realurad

arsebobs. arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac surT filmis naxva da mzad arian ed saiks gadauxadon

Tanxa, romelic mis zRvrul danaxarjebze metia, Tuki edi maT darbazSi SeuSvebs, magram, miuxe-

davad amisa, gareT rCebian. kinos moyvarulebi kargaven filmis naxvis SesaZleblobas, risTvisac

mzad arian zRvruli danaxarjis toli Tanxa gadaixadon, xolo edi verafers iRebs im carieli

adgilebidan, romelTaTvisac xalxi mzadaa gadaixados meti, vidre zRvruli danaxarjebia. iqm-

neba STabeWdileba, TiTqos ikargeba gacvlis Sedegad mniSvnelovani mogebis SesaZlebloba (es

situacia gvagonebs me-8 TavSi ganxilul mRebavebis SemTxvevas, romelTa xelfasis minimumi kano-

niT iyo dadgenili, es ki resursebis `araoptimaluri~ gamoyenebaa).

ra Tqma unda, aseTi situaciebi Zalian xSiria. beisbolis umaRlesi ligis gundebis nebismieri

matCis dros, stadionze aris carieli adgilebi da gareT arian adamianebi, romlebic gadaixdid-

nen garkveul Tanxas, raTa am adgilebze aRmoCeniliyvnen. vinaidan kidev erTi mayureblis dama-

teba arafers amatebs matCis Catarebis danaxarjs, organizatori miiRebs damatebiT mogebas yo-

veli damatebiTi mayureblidan, romelic bileTs nuls zemoT nebismier fasSi SeiZens. magram es

ase iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu matCis organizatori moaxerxebs bileTebze fasis Semcire-

bas axali mayureblisTvis imgvarad, rom ar Seamciros fasi maTTvis, vinc mzadaa, meti gadaixa-

dos am TamaSze dasaswrebad.

fasismieri diskriminaciis dilema

ai, raSi yofila saqme. edisTvis (misi azriT) umjobesia 200 an 300 Tavisufali adgilis datove-

ba, vinaidan bileTebis potenciur myidvelebs Soris diskriminaciis ganxorcielebis danaxarje-

bi metia, vidre is damatebiTi mogeba, romelic diskriminaciis Sedegad SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli.

vnaxoT, ras niSnavs es.

davuSvaT, edi filmis gamqiraveblebs erTian ganakveTs _ 1800 dolars uxdis bileTs 5 do-

lars adebs, yovel seansze 500 bileTs yidis da kviraSi 300 dolars Soulobs. erTxel, paraskevs

saRamos, edi sakuTar Tavs eubneba: `me SemiZlia gavzardo Cemi mogeba, Tuki am 200 cariel adgils

Sevavseb. amisTvis mxolod fasis 3 dolaramde Semcirebaa saWiro, magram es fasdakleba unda Se-

exos mxolod maT, vinc kinoTeatrSi ar modioda, Tu ufro maRal fass davawesebdi. iseT SemTxve-

vaSi, kviraSi 600 dolars mec damatebiT miviRebdi da kidev 200 kaciT meti isiamovnebda am filme-

bis naxviT~.

brwyinvale ideaa? meore dRes edi studqalaqis sareklamo farze akravs gancxadebebs, ro-

melSic naTqvamia: `bileTis fasi _ 5 dolari~, qvemoT ki wvrili SriftiT damatebulia: `3 dola-

ri maTTvis, vinc metis gadaxdisTvis mzada araa~. ra moxdeba? rodesad bileTis 3 dolarad yidva

SeuZliaT TiTqmis yvela mayurebeli gadaixdis 3 dolars, vinaidan `metis gadaxdisTvis mzad ar

iqnebian~, saqme imiT damTavrda, rom am kviraSi edis Semosavali 2100 dolari iqneba, xolo zarali

_ 100. bolos da bolos, es idea arc iseTi brwyinvale aRmoCnda.

magram Secdoma, ZiriTadad, ufro ideis ganxorcielebaSi iyo daSvebuli, vidre TviT ideaSi.

Tu eds surs, Tavidan aicilos carieli adgilebis uyairaToba da mogebis dakargva, maSin unda

moZebnos potenciuri myidvelebis gansxvavebis mciredanaxarjiani meTodi. mas unda hqondes imis

SesaZlebloba, rom SesTavazos dabali fasebi maT, vinc winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi arafers iyidis,

Tanac ise, rom es dabali fasebi maT ar exebodes, visac metis gadaxda SeuZlia. edma am saqmeSi aivi

kolejis xelmZRvanelobas unda mibaZos.

koleji _ fasebis damdgeni

kolejebis administratorebi xSirad acxadeben, rom maTi danaxarjebi Zalian didia da saWi-

roa saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulobebi, raTa daifaros danaxarjebis daaxloebiT 50%, romelsac

swavlis qira ver anazRaurebs. arasdros gifiqriaT, ratom aZleven kerZo kolejebi stipendiebs

xelmokle studentebs? Tu kolejebi ise Raribebi arian, rom qvelmoqmedTa daxmarebas iTxoven,

164

Tavad ratom ewevian qvelmoqmedebas? saqme isaa, rom sinamdvileSi isini qvelmoqmedebi ar arian.

xelmokle studentebisTvis gacemuli stipendiebi imis miRwevis met-naklebad warmatebuli mc-

delobaa, rasac ed saikma ver miaRwia.

9-3 naxazze warmodgenilia aivi kolejis xelmZRvanelobis mier gamoTvlili moTxovna. davu-

SvaT, kidev erTi studentis miRebis zRvruli danaxarji nulis tolia. es mTlad ase ar aris, ma-

gram sakmaod axlosaa sinamdvilesTan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, msjelobis logikaze gavlenas ar

axdens. aivi koleji cdilobs daadginos swavlis qiris iseTi sidide, romelic kolejis Semosa-

vlis maqsimizacias moaxdens.

$ 6000

stipendia gadaxdili swavlis safasuri

studentebis raodenoba

Tu koleji yvelasTvis erTiani fasis dawesebas gadawyvets, maSin daawesebs 3000 dolars we-

liwadSi, miiRebs 3000 students (raodenoba, romlis drosac zRvruli Semosavali zRvruli da-

naxarjebis tolia) da Semosavali 9 000 000 dolari iqneba.

moTxovna

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

axali studentebis raodenoba (weliwadSi)

$6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

sw

av

li

s w

li

ur

i g

ad

as

ax

ad

i

Ti

To

eu

li

st

ud

en

ti

sa

Tv

is

zRvruli

Semosavali

nax. 9-3 `aivi kolejSi~ swavlaze moTxovnis mrudi

SeniSvna: arsebobs martivi meTodi, romelic moTxovnis nebismieri wrfivi mrudis Sesabamisi

zRvruli Semosavlis mrudis swrafad agebis saSualebas iZleva. moTxovnis mrudidan fasebis

RerZamde aageT fasebis RerZis perpendikularuli monakveTebi, miRebuli monakveTebis Suawer-

tilebi ki swori xaziT SeaerTeT. moTxovnis mrudis nebismieri wertilis Sesabamisi zRvruli

Semosavali iqneba am axali wrfis (zRvruli Semosavlis mrudis) is wertili, romelic moTxovnis

mrudis xsenebuli wertilis qvemoT mdebareobs. magaliTad, rodesac studentebis raodenobaa

1500, zRvruli Semosavalia $3000, xolo fasi _ $4500.

am SemTxvevaSi studentebis erT nawils, romelTa miReba momgebiani iqneboda, ara aqvs es Tan-

xa, xolo zogierTi studentisgan, romelic mzadaa meti gadaixados, mxolod 3000 dolars iRe-

ben. aivi kolejis jelmZRvaneloba moxaruli iqneboda, aeRo TiToeuli studentisgan zustad is

Tanxa, risi gadaxdisTvisac is mzadaa. maT rom SeeZloT imis gageba, Tu rogor maqsimalur Tanxas

gadaixdida studenti (an misi mSoblebi) kolejSi miRebis sanacvlod, maSin SeZlebdnen weliwad-

Si 6000 dolaris toli qiris dawesebas, Semdeg ki gascemdnen stipendiebs (fasdakleba) TiToeu-

li studentisaTvis. stipendia 6000 dolarsa da im maqsimalur Tanxas Soris sxvaobis toli iqne-

boda, romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa TiToeuli studenti.

165

P

$6000

stipendia

gadaxdili

qira

Q

Caricxuli

D

problema isaa, Tu rogor miiRon informacia gadaxdisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb. studentebi

an maTi mSoblebi ar gamotydebian, Tu ramdenad afaseben aivi kolejSi swavlis SesaZleblobas,

vinaidan ician, rom gulaxdiloba maT swavlis qiris gazrdiT emuqreba. magram, Tu gadaxdisTvis

mzadyofna simdidresTanaa dakavSirebuli, problemis nawilobrivi gadawyveta SesaZle belia.

aivi koleji acxadebs, rom stipendiebi mxolod xelmokle studentebs miecema. siRaribe damow-

mebuli unda iqnas ojaxis Semosavlebis Sesaxeb deklaraciis safuZvelze. imisTvis, rom stipen-

dia miiRon, ojaxebma unda Seavson anketebi da kolejs miawodon informacia, romelic mas Seu-

Zlia gamoiyenos diskriminaciisTvis. Tu Semosavali da gadaxdisTvis mzadyofna zustad

Seesabameba erTmaneTs da Tu ojaxebi anketebs sworad avseben, aivi kolejs SeuZlia Caataros

srulyofili diskriminacia da Sesatanebi 18 000 000 dolaramde gazardos (moTxovnis mrudis

qveS mdebare aris farTobi). zRvruli Semosavali swavlis qiris toli iqneba, miuxedavad imisa,

rom koleji am sidides Tavad daawesebs.

nu iCqarebT aivi kolejis dadanaSaulebas! yuradReba miaqcieT fasismieri diskriminaciis po-

litikis zogierT Sedegs. upirveles yovlisa, aivi koleji met Semosavals iRebs. Tu aivi kolejis

moqmedebas amarTlebT, gazrdili Semosavlis ratomRa gSurT? gana ukeTesi iqneboda, rom aivi

kolejis yovelwliuri deficiti filantropebsa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs daefaraT da ara

studentebs (an maT mSoblebs), romlebic ixdian im maqsimalur Tanxas, romlis gadaxdisTvisac

mzad arian? imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, rom srulyofili diskriminaciis dros im 3000 students,

romelTac aivi koleji ver miiRebda, swavlis SesaZlebloba miecema. maT kolejis mimarT sayve-

duri namdviled ar eTqmiT.

fasismieri diskriminaciis zogierTi strategia

gamyidvelebma SeimuSaves mravali xerxi, romlebic maT imis saSualebas aZlevs, ris miRweva-

sac cdilobs aivi koleji stipendiebis dawesebis programis meSveobiT. isini cdiloben, moZeb-

non mciredanaxarjiani meTodebi, raTa gamoarCion is myidvelebi, romlebic mzad arian Zviri ga-

daixadon, Semdeg ki fasdakleba SesTavazon im myidvelebs, romlebic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,

arafers iyidian.

magaliTad, sasursaTo maRaziebSi xSirad fasdaklebiT aZleven produqts imas, vinc warmoad-

gens gazeTebSi gamokruli sareklamo gancxadebebis kuponebs. ratom iqcevian ase? fasdakleba

xorcieldeba im myidvelebis misazidad, romlebic iaffasian produqcias eZeben da winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi am maRaziis momsaxurebiT ar isargebleben. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu salarosTan mi-

svlisas myidveli kupons ar warmoadgens, es imas niSnavs, rom iaffasian produqts ar eZebs, ami-

tom met fass gadaixdis.

Tu aviakompaniebi bileTis fass Seamcireben, SeZleben carieli adgilebis garkveuli raode-

nobis Sevsebas SvebulebaSi mimavali im mgzavrebis xarjze, romlebic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi man-

qaniT imgzavrebdnen. magram aviakompaniebs ar surT fasebis Semcireba biznesmenebisTvis, rom-

166

lebic saqmian mivlinebaSi miemgzavrebian da mzad arian Zviri gadaixadon, raTa dro dazogon.

rogor unda ganasxvavos aviakompaniam mgzavrTa es ori kategoria da fasdakleba misces mxolod

imaT, vinc ar gafrindeba, Tu fass ar daukleben?

mTliani fasi

biznes-mgzavrebi

biznes

mgzavrebi

Q

P

mT

li

an

i g

ad

as

ax

ad

i

turistebi

SeRavaTiani fasi

damsvenebeli

mgzavrebi

Q

P

fa

sd

ak

le

ba

D

amis erT-erTi SesaZlo xerxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom fasdakleba Seexos mxolod im mgzavrebs,

vinc ukan dasabrunebel bileTsac yidulobs da adgilze erT kviraze mets an gamosasvlel dRee-

bSi rCeba. biznesmenebs, Cveulebriv, sawarmoebis mitoveba ase xangrZlivad ar SeuZliaT. es ar

aris diskriminaciis sruliad uSecdomo xerxi, magram aseTi sistema mcirexarjiania da, rac unda

sakvirveli iyos, kargad muSaobs.

Cveulebriv, bavSvebs, studentebsa da moxucebs sxvadasxva saxis gasarTobebze fasdaklebas

sTavazoben. aris Tu ara es sulgrZeloba am RonisZiebebis sponsorebis mxridan? ufro mosalod-

nelia, rom maT surT ise, rom danarCenebisTvis fasi ar Semcirdes, im damatebiTi klientebis

mizidva, vinc ufro mgrZnobiarea fasebis mimarT. ufro elastiuri moTxovnis mqone potenciuri

myidvelebi specialuri fasdaklebebis mTavari samiznea, Tu gamyidvels SeuZlia didi danaxar-

jebis gareSe ganasxvaos ufro elastiuri moTxovnis mqone adamianebi da aRkveTos maT mier nay-

idi saqonlis im adamianebisTvis miyidva, visac naklebad elastiuri moTxovna aqvs.

167

ed saiki gamosavals poulobs

davubrundeT ed saiks, davuSvaT, rom bileTebze moTxovnis gamokiTxvis monacemebma mas saSu-

aleba misca, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos studentebis moTxovna kolejis TanamSromlebis

moTxovnisgan. 9-4 naxazze gamosaxulia studentebisa da maswavleblebis moTxovnis mrudebi

paraskevisTvis (Tu am or mruds SekrebT, SeajamebT ra sxvadasxva fasis dros TiToeuli jgu-

fisTvis moTxovnis sidides, miiRebT 9-1 naxazze gamosaxul mruds). Cveni kiTxva aseTia: SeuZlia

Tu ara eds gazardos mogeba studentebisa da maswavleblebisTvis sxvadasxva fasebis dawesebiT,

iqidan gamomdinare, rom igi icnobs studentebisa da kolejis TanamSromlebis moTxovnis

mrudebs?

intuicia gvkarnaxobs, rom es SesaZlebelia. students, rogorc wesi, maRali Semosavali ara

aqvs da amitom fass yuradRebas aqcevs. naklebad savaraudoa, rom, fasis umniSvnelo cvlilebis

gamo, maswavlebelma filmis naxvaze uari Tqvas. eds SeuZlia ukeTesi Sedegis miRweva, Tu studen-

tebisTvis fass Seamcirebs, xolo kolejis TanamSromlebisTvis _ gazrdis.

Ti

To

eu

li

bi

le

Ti

s f

as

i

$7

6

5

4

3

2

kolejis

TanamSromlebis

moTxovna studentebis

moTxovna

zRvruli

Semosavali

studen-

tebisaTvis

bileTebis

miyidvidan

zRvruli

Semosavali

kolejis

TanamSrom-

lebisTvis

bileTebis

miyidvidan

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

bileTebis raodenoba

nax. 9-4 yovelkvireuli moTxovna kinos bileTebze

gaixseneT, rom, rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi nulis toli iyo, edma Tavisi mogebis maqsimi-

zacias miaRwia, risTvisac bileTs 5 dolari daado da 500 bileTi gayida. axla mas surs myidvel-

Ta yoveli calkeuli jgufisTvis zRvruli danaxarjis toli zRvruli Semosavali daawesos.

studentebisTvis miyiduli bileTebidan miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali nulis (zRvruli da-

naxarjis) tolia maSin, roca 175 bileTi iyideba. imisaTvis, rom studentebs 175 bileTi miyidos,

edma bileTs 3,5 dolari unda daados.

kolejis TanamSromlebisTvis miyiduli bileTebidan miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali nulis

tolia maSin, rodesac iyideba 325 bileTi. imisaTvis, rom TanamSromlebs am raodenobis bileTebi

mihyidos, edma bileTs 6,5 dolari unda daados. is Zveleburad gayidis 500 bileTs, magram misi

mTliani Semosavali 2725 dolari iqneba da ara 2500, xolo mogeba 300 dolaridan 525 dolaramde

gaizrdeba. ratom? saqme isaa, rom erTnairi, 5-dolariani fasis SemTxvevaSi studentebis moTxo-

vna bileTebze gacilebiT elastikuri iyo, vidre TanamSromlebisa. studentebisTvis (romlebic

metad reagireben fasebis cvlilebaze) fasis SemcirebiTa da TanamSromlebisTvis (romlebic

naklebad reagireben) fasis gazrdiT, edma SeZlo, efeqtianad amoeRo TiToeuli jgufidan is,

168

risi gadaxdisTvisac es jgufebi mzad arian.

yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom mTel am proeqtSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs edis unars, ga-

nasxvaos am ori jgufis warmomadgenlebi da xeli SeuSalos maT Soris bileTebis xelaxal gayid-

vas. is verafers miaRwevda, Tu studentebi bileTebs 3,5 dolarad SeiZendnen da maswavleblebsa

da TanamSromlebs miyiddnen. fasismieri diskriminaciis sistema, romelic edma moigona, albaT

mainc imuSavebda, vinaidan eds SeeZlo, mcire Tanxad daebeWda sxvadasxva feris bileTebi da moe-

Txova, rom darbazSi Sesvlisas, bileTebis Semowmebis dros, warmoedginaT studentisa Tu kole-

jis TanamSromlis mowmoba.

aRSfoTeba da logikuri dasabuTeba

ra Tqma unda, eds mouwevda maswavleblebisa da TanamSromlebis `eqspluata ciisTvis~ gamar-

Tlebis moZebna. mocemul SemTxvevaSi es rTuli ar iqneboda. mas SeeZlo eTqva, rom `sinamdvile-

Si~ bileTi 6,5 dolari Rirs da rom studentebisTvis 3,5 dolaris daweseba mxolod specialuri

subsidiis daxmarebiTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic gamoiyofa humanitaruli ganaTlebisTvis. amas

garda, aseTi saxis fasismieri diskriminacia edis mogebas zrdis da aravis aiZulebs gadaixados

imaze meti, ris gadaxdisTvisac mzad araa. magram edis mimarT SesaZloa didi ukamyofileba iqnas

gamoTqmuli maTi mxridan, visac fasdakleba ar exeba.

warmatebuli fasismieri diskriminaciis sami piroba:

gamyidvels unda SeeZlos ganasxvaos moTxovnis sxvadasxva

elastiurobis mqone myidvelebi; Tavidan aicilos

SeRavaTiani bileTebis xelmeored gayidva gazrdil fasad;

Tavidan aicilos momxmarebelTa ukamyofileba.

magaliTad, gaixseneT im aviaxazebis mgzavrebis aRSfoTeba, romlebic qveynis erTi bolo-

dan meoreSi dafrinaven, rodesac ramdenime wlis win aRmoCnda, rom frenis TiToeuli milisTvis

maT uwevT meti Tanxis gadaxda, vidre im mgzavrebs, romlebic los-anjelessa da niu-iorks Soris

dafrinaven. ratom unda Rirdes niu-iorksa da Cikagos Soris bileTi ufro Zviri, vidre niu-io-

rkisa da los-anjeless Soris, miT umetes, rom Cikago ufro axlosaa niu-iorkTan? amis mizezi

qveynis am ori udidesi qalaqis damakavSirebel uamrav aviakompanias Soris arsebuli Zlieri

konkurenciaa. es konkurencia nebismieri saxis bileTisaTvis kargi Semcvlelebis arsebobas

uzrunvelyofs, TiToeuli aviakompaniis moTxovnis mrudis elastiurobas zrdis da xels uwyobs

fasis iseT doneze SenarCunebas, romelic axlosaa zRvrul danaxarjebTan. magram Cikagosa da

niu-iorks Soris mgzavrobis msurvelTa TvalsazrisiT, isini axdendnen los-anjelessa da niu-

iorks Soris mgzavrobis msurvelTa subsidirebas, rac, cxadia, maT ukmayofilebas iwvevda.

moTxovna Cikagos

bileTebze

Q

P

los-anJelesis

bileTebze moTxovna

169

sadilisa da vaxSmis fasi

magaliTad, SegviZlia movitanoT restornebi, sadac kerZebis fasi saRamos metia, vidre dRisiT.

ratom aweseben restornebi gacilebiT maRal fass vaxSamze? Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriidan

gamomdinare, pasuxi dakavSirebulia moTxovnis sxvadasxva elastiurobasTan. klientebi dRisiT

gacilebiT mtkivneulad reagireben fasebis awevasa Tu dawevaze, vidre saRamos. sadilis dros

SeTavazebuli kerZis 10%-iani gaZvireba restorans SesaZloa ufro meti klientis dakargvad

daujdes, vidre amave kerZis 30%-iT gaZvireba saRamos. saamisod bevri mizezi arsebobs.

erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom klientebi bevrad ufro xSirad sadiloben saxlis gareT. im adamianebs,

romlebic kviraSi xuTjer restoranSi sadiloben, fardobiTi fasebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrove-

bis kargi saSualeba aqvT. imis gamo, rom Tvis ganmavlobaSi maT bevrjer uwevT 50 centiT metis an

naklebis gadaxda, maT aqvT SesaZlebloba, moZebnon ufro momgebiani adgili, sistematurad isarge-

blon am adgiliT da Secvalon arCevani, Tu ukeTesi varianti gamoCndeba. amave dros, vaxSami saxlis

gareT _ mravali adamianisTvis gacilebiT ufro iSviaTi movlenaa da, amitom, maT naklebi SesaZle-

blobebi gaaCniaT imisTvis, rom moagrovon informacia fardobiTi fasebis Sesaxeb.

saRamoobiT moTxovnis naklebi safaso elastiurobis meore mniSvnelovani mizezi isaa, rom,

maT mier saWmelSi gadaxdili Tanxa, Cveulebriv, mcire nawilia im danaxarjisa, rac saxls gareT

vaxSamTanaa dakavSire buli. meuRleebi, romlebic restoranSi vaxSmoben, 8 dolars uxdian bavS-

vebis momvlels, 2 dolars ixdian manqanis gasaCerebeli adgilisTvis, 10 dolars _ Rvinosa da

koqteilSi. amitom, Tu vaxSamSi 10 dolars gadaixdian, es maTi danaxarjebis mxolod naxevari iq-

neba. amgvarad, meniuSi fasebis ocprocentiani zrda maTTvis saRamos Rirebulebis ormocpro-

centian zrdas Seesabameba.

amdenad, mosalodnelia, rom restornebis menejerebi sadils nakleb, xolo vaxSams _ met fass

daadeben. imisTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon mosalodneli ukmayofileba da aRSfoTeba, maT Seu-

ZliaT gaakeTon imaze meti, vidre saRamos londonur mwvadze fasis ubralo gazrdaa 8 dolari-

dan 12 dolaramde. saRamoobiT klients sTavazoben, agreTve, ufaso wvnians an salaTs da, Sesa-

Zloa, yavas (rasac sadilis dros ar akeTeben). amgvarad, fasis 6 dolariT gazrda `gamarTlebu-

lia~ zRvruli danaxarjebis 40 procentiT gazrdiT, magram fasebs Soris sxvaobis namdvili

mizezi dRisa da saRamos klientebis moTxovnis sxvadasxva elastiuro basTanaa dakavSirebuli.

man, vinc avtomaturad iwunebs fasebis diskriminaciis yvela calkeul SemTxvevas, ufro farTod

unda Sexedos amas praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. warmatebuli diskriminaciis Sedegad, ra Tqma unda,

gaizrdeba gamyidvelebis Semosavlebi, magram es aseve gazrdis keTildreobas im myidvelebisa, vis-

Tvisac fasebis diskriminaciis meSveobiT xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba produqcia, romelic sxva SemTxve-

vaSi maTTvis ar iqneboda xelmisawvdomi. fasebis diskriminacia gamoricxavs `flangvis~ zogierT

SemTxvevas, rasac adgili aqvs, rodesac A-sa da B-s ar SeuZliaT SeTanxmebis miRweva, miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom A-s surs is, rasac sTavazobs da mzadaa gadaixados imdeni, ramdenic B-s surs.

fasebis diskriminacia, savsebiT samarTlianad SegiZliaT ganixiloT myidvelsa da gamyidvels

Soris kooperaciad, rodesac transaqciuli danaxarjebi sakmaod dabalia. fasebis diskrimina-

ciis SemTxvevaSi, es fasebi principulad gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva momxmareblisTvis, rac zRu-

davs maT Soris gacvlas da akontrolebs nebismier ukmayofilebas, romelmac, SesaZloa, ubiZgos

potenciur myidvels, sxvasTan daiWiros saqme. rom ar arsebobdes transaqciuli danaxarjebi,

Cven SegveZleboda fasebis diskrimi naciis bevrad ufro meti SemTxvevis ganxilva, vidre amas

Cveulebriv vakeTebT.

davubrundeT Teorias _ `danaxarjebs plus danamati~

amgvarad, rogor aweseben gamyidvelebi fasebs? a) isini adgenen zRvrul danaxarjebs da

zRvrul Semosavals, 2) adgenen produqciis moculobas, raTa gayidon produqciis mxolod is

erTeulebi, romlebisTvisac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebze metia da 3) aweseben

iseT fasebs, romlebic maT saSualebas miscems, gayidon mTeli warmoebuli produqcia. es rTu-

lad JRers da marTlac sakmaod rTulia, Tumca logika naTelia. Znelia, zustad gansazRvro

zRvruli danaxarjebi da, gansakuTrebiT, moTxovna da zRvruli Semosavali. swored amitom ewo-

daT gamyidvelebs `fasis maZieblebi~.

fasis Ziebis amocanis sirTule gvexmareba avxsnaT „danaxarjebs plus danamati“ Teoriis po-

170

pularoba. nebismieri Zieba rogorRac unda daiwyos. ratom ar daviwyoT, magaliTad, mocemuli

saqonlis damzadebis sabiTumo xarjebs plus procentuli danamatidan, romelic sakmarisia

zednadebi xarjebis dasafaravad da sakmao mogebis misaRebad? Tu danaxarjebi izrdeba, ratom

ar davuSvaT, rom konkurentis danaxarjebic izrdeba da SevecadoT, gazrdili danaxarjebi momx-

marebels davakisroT? xom ar dagvewyo im varaudiT, rom momavali warsulis msgavsi iqneba da

rom is, rasac warsulSi kargi Sedegi mohqonda, aseTsave Sedegebs mogvitans momavalSi? am SemTx-

vevaSi, saWiroa fasebis metnaklebad proporciuli zrda danaxarjebis nebismieri zrdis

Sesabamisad. unda movelodeT, rom TandaTan, konkurenciis Sedegad, mogviwevs fasebis Semcireba

danaxarjebis nebismieri Semcirebis proporciulad.

principi `danaxarjebs plus danamati~ gamyidvelisTvis cnobili ubralo wesia, romelic gv-

Tavazobs Ziebis sawyis wertils, igi pirveli nabijia mouxelTebeli miznisken mimaval gzaze.

oRond, am principiT fasebis dadgena mxolod Ziebisa da mxolod Secdomis daSvebamde xdeba.

zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli Semosavlis analizi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aanalizeben Sec-

domebs gamyidvelebi da ra kriteriumebiT sargebloben yvelaze ufro momgebian fasTa sistema-

ze gadasvlisas.

171

mokled gavimeoroT

fasis maZieblebi eZeben fasdadebis iseT struqturas, romelic saSualebas iZleva, swrafad

gaasaRon produqciis is erTeulebi, romlebisTvisac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjeb-

ze metia.

Teoriis (`danaxarjebs plius danamati~) popularoba emyareba mis moxerxebu lo basa da faqts,

rom adamianebs xSirad ar SeuZliaT im procesebis sworad axsna, romlebSic regularulad da

warmatebiT monawileoben.

fasis maZieblisTvis mniSvnelovania misi unari, daawesos maRali fasebi pro duqciis im erTeu-

lebze, romlebzedac maRali moTxovnaa da dabali fasebi im produqciaze, romelic sxvagvarad

ar gaiyideboda. amasTanave, man ar unda dauSvas, rom iafi produqciis gayidvam uaryofiTad imo-

qmedos maRali fasis mqone produqciis bazarze.

fasebis warmatebuli Ziebis wesi, romelsac ekonomistebi xSirad imeoreben, aseTia _ daawe-

seT iseTi zRvruli Semosavali, romelic zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia, anu ganagrZeT produq-

ciis gayidva manam, sanam gayidvidan miRebuli damatebiTi Semosavali damatebiT danaxarjebze

metia. kvalificiuri fasis maZieblebi swored isini arian, vinc am wesiT sargeblobs (Tumca zog-

jer bolomde arc ki esmiT, rom mas iyeneben). SesaZleblobebi usasruloa da swored es aqcevs

fasis Teorias sain teresod maTTvis, visac Tavsatexi uyvars.

sinamdvileSi gamyidvelebs ara aqvT zustad gansazRvruli moTxovnis mrudebi, romelTa sa-

fuZvelze SesaZlebeli iqneboda zRvruli Semosavlis mrudebis ageba zRvruli danaxarjebis

mrudebTan Sedarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, aseT mrudebTan muSaoba kargi savarjiSoa stu-

dentebisTvis, visac ainteresebs konkurenciis gavlena im arCevanze, romelsac adamianebi ake-

Teben.


1. mogebis (mTlian Semosavals minus mTliani danaxarjebi) maqsimizaciis wesi Semdegia: imoqme-

deT manam, sanam mosalodneli zRvruli Semosavali mosalodnel zRvrul danaxarjebs gad-

aametebs. ras niSnavs zRvruli Semosavali? rogoraa is dakavSirebuli moTxovnasTan? Tu

ramdenad kargad gaigeT es mniSvnelovani cneba, SegiZliaT SeamowmoT iaxtebis gamyidveli

morin saflaizis magaliTze. mas xuTi potenciuri myidveli hyavs da icis, ra Tanxis gadasax-

deladaa mzad TiToeuli maTgani:

morgani 13 mln. dolari

rokfeleri 11 mln. dolari

evingi 9 mln. dolari

peni 7 mln. dolari

kenedi 5 mln. dolari

a) qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis meore svetSi CawereT am monacemebis Sesabamisi moTxo-

vnebi.

b) mesame svetSi CawereT morinis mTliani Semosavali iaxtebis sxvadasxva fasebis Sem-

TxvevaSi.

g) meoTxe svetSi CawereT morinis mier miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali, romelsac is yo-

veli damatebiTi iaxtis gayidvidan miiRebs, Tu fass daaklebs.

d) ramdeni iaxtis gayidvis survili eqneba morins, Tu misi mizani mTliani Semosavlis

maqsimizaciaa? (sxvadasxva myidvelisTvis iaxtis sxvadasxva fasad miyidvaze jerje-

robiT nu vifiqrebT. amas momavalSi ganvixilavT. davuSvaT, rom amJamad morins ar

SeuZlia erT myidvels iaxta meoreze met fasSi miyidos) ra fasis dadebas moisurvebs

morini?

172

sruli fasismieri

diskriminaciisas

iaxtis fasimoTxovnis

raodenoba

mTliani

Semosavali

zRvruli

Semosavali

zRvruli

Semosavali

mTliani

Semosavali

$ 13 mln.

11

9

7

5

e) davuSvaT, rom morinis mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba da rom iaxtis gayidvis

zRvruli danaxarji 6 mln dolaria. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yovel damatebiT gay-

idul iaxtas misTvis damatebiT 6 mln dolari moaqvs. ramdeni iaxtis gayidvis survi-

li eqneba mas amjerad? ra fasis dadebas moisurvebs?

v) u mdgomareobas sworad afasebT, maSin aSkarad igrZnobT morinis imedgacruebas. ev-

ingi da peni mzad arian, iaxtebSi gayidvis danaxarjebze meti gadaixadon, magram iax-

tebs morini verc erTs ver miyidis ise, rom misi mogeba ar Semcirdes. ratom?

z) davuSvaT, rom myidvelebi erTmaneTs ar icnoben da, aqedan gamomdinare, morins Seu-

Zlia TiToeulisgan aiRos is maqsimaluri Tanxa, romlis gadaxdisTvisac klienti

mzadaa. aseT viTarebaSi, rasac SeiZleba sruli fasismieri diskriminacia vuwodoT,

rogori iqneba morinis zRvruli Semosavali? es monacemebi mexuTe svetSi CawereT.

T) ramdeni iaxtis gayidvis survili eqneba axla morins?

i) SeavseT morinis mTliani Semosavlis grafa sruli fasismieri diskriminaciis Sem-

TxvevaSi.

2. `fasis maZiebelma unda daawesos iseTi zRvruli Semosavali, romelic maqsimalurad gadaa-

Warbebs zRvrul danaxarjebs~. axseniT, ratomaa es mtkiceba mcdari. ra Secdomas uSvebs ada-

miani, romelsac miaCnia, rom Tu zRvruli Semosavali zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia, maSin

mogeba nulis toli iqneba?

3. gviCveneT yvelaze ufro momgebiani erTiani fasi, romlis dawesebac SeuZliaT gamyidvelebs

9-5 naxazze asaxul yvela situaciaSi da agreTve produqciis is moculoba, romlis warmoebi-

sa da gayidvis survilic gauCndebaT. daStrixeT farTobi, romelic aseTi safaso politikis

Sedegad miRebul mogebas Seesabameba. ra daemarTeba mogebas yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi,

Tu fass movumatebT? da Tu SevamcirebT (dafiqrdiT, ra moxdeba, Tu gamyidveli, romlis

zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi moTxovnis mruds emTxveva, fass moumatebs)?

4. WianWvelaWamiebis mwarmoebeli firmebis `Anchorage Aardvark Breading ~ da `Houston Aardvark Breading~ zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi erTnairia, magram moTxovnis mrudebi sxvadasxvaa,

rasac 9-6 naxazze vxedavT.

a) ra fasis dawesebas moisurvebs TiToeuli firma?

b) davuSvaT, rom, garkveuli mizezis gamo, TiToeuli firmis zRvruli danaxarjebi 20

dolaramde aiwevs, sxva ki araferi Seicvleba. ra fass daawesebs amjerad TiToeuli

firma?

g) ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan moTxovnis elastiuroba da procentuli danamati, romel-

sac maqsimaluri mogeba moaqvs?

173

MR

er

Te

ul

is

fa

si

MC

D

erTeulis raodenoba drois monakveTSi

er

Te

ul

is

fa

si

MC

D=MR

erTeulis raodenoba drois monakveTSi

nax. 9-5 yvelaze momgebiani gasayidi fasis Zieba

moTxovna `hiusTon

aardvarqis~

WianWvelaWamiebze

`hiusTonis~

zRvruli

Semosavali

0 100 200 300 400

WianWvelaWamiebis raodenoba TveSi

$40

30

20

10

wl

iu

ri

xe

lf

as

i (

aT

as

ob

iT

do

la

rS

i) moTxovna `anqorij aardvarqis~

WianWvelaWamiebze

`anqorijis~

zRvruli

Semosavali

zRvruli danaxarjebi

nax. 9-6. ori kompaniis zRvruli Rirebulebisa da moTxovnis mrudi

5. arasdros dafiqrebulxarT imaze, Tu ratom Rirs sqelydiani wigni gacilebiT Zviri, vidre

aseTive, magram Txelydiani wigni? sqelydiani wignis damzadebis danaxarjebi namdvilad ar

aris amdenad meti. es kiTxva dagexmarebaT zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli Semosavlis

ideis ukeT gagebaSi.

axali wignebis zogierT potenciur myidvels surs dabeWdvisTanave maTi SeZena da mzadaa,

wignSi maRali fasi gadaixados. is, visac wigni sxvisTvis saCuqrad unda, mzad iqneba, gadai-

xados ufro meti sqelydian wignSi, vinaidan, misi azriT, es wignis maRal xarisxze metyve-

lebs. sxva potenciur myidvelebs, magaliTad, biblioTekebs, surT sqelydiani wignebis Se-

Zena, vinaidan isini ufro gamZlea. biblioTekebs surT popularuli wignebis SeZena

dabeWdvisTanave, raTa TavianTi mkiTxvelebis moTxovna daakmayofilon. arsebobs mravali

potenciuri myidveli, romlisTvisac sulerTia, sqeli yda aqvs wigns Tu Txeli, da wignis

iafad yidva surs. 9-7 naxazze mocemuli grafikis marcxena nawilSi mocemulia moTxovnis

mrudi amgvari midgomis SemTxvevaSi. (sazogadod, moTxovnis mrudebs ar axasiaTebT wrfi-

voba, magram wrfeebTan muSaoba ufro advilia, vidre sxva wirebTan). mrudis zeda segmenti

warmoadgens imaT moTxovnas, vinc mzadaa, meti gadaixados, raTa swrafad waikiTxos wigni,

174

an sqelydiani wignis yidva surs. mas mere, rac fasi 20 dolars Camoscdeba, `mTavari myidve-

lebi~ mzad arian aslis SesaZenadac

davuSvaT, rom erTi wignis dabeWdvis da akinZvis zRvruli danaxarji 4 dolaris tolia.

a) romeli fasis daweseba iqneba gamomcemlisTvis yvelaze momgebiani? zRvruli Semo-

savlis mrudebi, romlebic moTxovnis mrudis TiToeul segments miekuTvneba, age-

bulia 9-3 naxazze gamoyenebuli xerxiT.

b) yvelaze momgebiani fasi isaa, romelic gamomcemels saSualebas aZlevs, gayidos

yvela asli im da mxolod im fasad, romlisTvisac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul da-

naxarjebze metia. am SemTxvevaSi problema isaa, rom 16000-dan 24000-mde wignis

gayidvis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebze metia,

gamomcemelma unda gayidos wignebis is raodenobac, romelic 12000-sa da 16000-s

Sorisaa, xolo am monakveTSi zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebze naklebia.

ra raodenobaa yvelaze momgebiani? ra ajobebs gamomcemlisTvis, 28 dolari daados

da 12000 wigni gayidos, Tu 16 dolari daados da 24000 gayidos?

g) davuSvaT, gamomcemelma wigni Tavdapirvelad sqel ydaSi gamosca, Semdeg Seisvena

eqvsi an rva Tve da igive wigni Txel ydaSi da ufro dabal fasad gamosca. ra fasi

unda daawesos TiToeul gamocemaze? gaazrebul midgomas SeuZlia gvaCvenos, rom

isini, visac mocda ar surT an sqelydiani wigni moswonT, mzad iqnebian 20 dolarze

meti gadaixadon, xolo danarCenebs SeuZliaT daelodon Txelydian gamocemas,

romelic 20 dolarze naklebi eRireba. TiToeuli gamocemis fasis gamoTvlisas,

unda ganacalkevoT moTxovnis ori mrudi. CamoaWeriT moTxovnis mruds zeda se-

qciis qvemoTa nawili da gadaitaneT is marcxniv ise, rom fasebis RerZidan iwyebo-

des. es mrudi gviCvenebs Txelydian wignebze moTxovnis raodenobas sxvadasxva fa-

sis dros. es ukve gakeTebulia 9-7 naxazis marjvena grafikze. daxazeT zRvruli

Semosavali TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudisTvis, daadgineT, sad gadakveTs zRvruli

Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebs TiToeuli bazrisTvis da daaweseT Sesabamisi

fasi.

6. 9-8 naxazze warmodgenilia dRiuri moTxovna aviakompania `transkonti nental earlainis~

mier sent-luissa da niu-iorks, agreTve, los-anjelessa da niu-iorks Soris TviTmfrina-

vis bileTebze. davuSvaT, kompaniis danaxarjebi damatebiTi mgzavris erTi mimarTulebiT

gadayvanisas 25 dolars udris, xolo ormxrivi gadayvanis zRvruli danaxarji _ 50 do-

lars.

a) kompaniis ra xarjebisgan Sedgeba ormxrivi mimarTulebiT gayidvis danaxarjebi?

b) TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudisTvis aageT zRvruli Semosavlis mrudebi, risTvisac

isargebleT imave xerxebiT, romelTa daxmarebiTac agebulia 9-3 naxazi.

g) TiToeuli saxeobis ramdeni bileTis gayidvas isurvebda kompania `transkontiten-

tali~, raTa sakuTari mogebis maqsimumisTvis mieRwia?

d) ra fass daawesebda TiToeuli marSrutisTvis?

e) axdenen Tu ara sent - luisis mgzavrebi los-anjelesis mgzavrebis subsidirebas?

ra fass daawesebda kompania `transkontinentali~ sent - luisis bileTebze, Tuki

los-anjelesis mimarTulebiT frenis momsaxurebas Sewyvetda? ra fass daaweseb-

da los-anjelesis bileTebze, Tuki Sewyvetda sent - luisis frenas? aris Tu ara

sent - luisis bileTebis maRali fasi los-anjelesis bileTebis dabali fasis Se-

degi?

175

zRvruli danaxarjebi

moTxovna

moTxovna

zRvruli

Semosavali

zRvruli Semosavali

wi

gn

is

fa

si

$40 32

24

16

8

0

-8

-16

0 8 16 24 32 40 48

tiraJi (aTasi)

zRvruli danaxarjebi

moTxovna magarydian

wignebze

wi

gn

is

fa

si

$40 32

24

16

8

0

-8

-16

0 8 16 24 32 40 48

moTxovna rbilydian

wignebze

nax. 9-7. gamomcemlis zRvruli xarjebisa da moTxovnis mrudebi

v) SesaZloa Tu ara, rom sent - luisis bileTebis fasma iklos mxolod imitom, rom kom-

pania `transkontinentalis~ TviTmfrinavebi sent - luisis dafrinavs? imis gamo, rom

los-anjelesSi mgzavrebis gadayvaniT `transkontinentali~ Tavis mogebas zrdis, sa-

vsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom los-anjelesis frenebis momsaxureba mas funqcionirebis

gagrZelebis saSualebas aZlevdes. ranairad SeuZlia amas, xeli Seuwyos sent - luisis

mgavrobis gaiafebas?

176

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba dReSi (aTasi)

sent-luisi

los-anJelesi

Ti

To

eu

li

bi

le

Ti

s f

as

i

$500

400

300

200

100

nax. 9-8. bileTebi reisebze sent-luisi _ niu-iorki da los-anjelesi _ niu-iorki

7. axali produqtis fasis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas mravali firma iyenebs e.w. miznobrivi

fasebis dadgenis proceduras. miznobrivi fasi is fasia, romelic firmas saSualebas aZlevs, ai-

nazRauros warmoebis danaxarjebis garkveuli procenti. danaxarjebis Sesaxeb informaciis gar-

da, ra unda icodes gamyidvelma, raTa gamoTvalos is mogeba, rasac mas esa Tu is konkretuli fasi

moutans? unda gazardos Tu ara fasi firmam, Tu produqtis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavali sa-

survelze naklebi aRmoCndeba? unda Seamciros Tu ara fasi, Tu Semosavali mosalodnelze metia?

8. rogor unda gaiTvaliswinon zebgeriTi siCqaris satransporto avialainer `konkordis~ ingli-

selma da frangma mwarmoeblebma TviTmfrinavis Seqmnis danaxarjebi fasebis dadgenisas? unda

Sewyviton Tu ara TviTmfrinavis warmoeba, Tuki ver xerxdeba iseTi fasis dadgena, romelic war-

moebis danaxarjebs dafaravs.

9. rodesac universitetis sportuli ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli samomavlod fexburTis bileTebis

gaZvirebis Sesaxeb acxadebs, igi ambobs, rom es xarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli iZulebiTi nabijia. am

xarjebs Sorisaa qalTa sportis ganviTarebis xarjebic. rogor moqmedebs qalTa sportis ganviTa-

rebis xarjebi fexburTis bileTebis gayidvis zRvrul xarjebze? Tu am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar gaqvT,

dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebs CempionatSi gamarjvebis imedi fexburTis bileTebis gayid-

vis xarjebze. ra asrulebs ufro mniSvnelovan rols fexburTis bileTis yvelaze momgebiani fasis

gansazRvrisas _ qalTa sportis ganviTarebaze sportuli biujetidan gamoyofili Tanxa Tu br-

wyinvale gundi?

10. safexburTo matCis dros universiteti avtosadgomis fass 1,5-dan 10 dolaramde zrdis. tran-

sportis komitetis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, es imitom keTdeba, rom avtosadgomebis mudmiv momxma-

reblebs ar mouwios fexburTis gulSematkivre bisTvis avtosadgomebis uzrunvelyofis dana-

xarjebis subsidireba. afinanseben Tu ara avtosadgomebis mudmivi momxmareblebi fexburTis

moyvarulebs, rodesac avtosadgo mebis fasi safexburTo dRes ucvleli rCeba?

11. moqmedebs Tu ara sareklamo danaxarjebi reklamirebuli produqciidan miRebul maqsimalur mo-

gebaze?

a) wevT Tu ara ludis moyvarulebs metis gadaxda imis gamo, rom ludis qarxnebi uamrav fuls

xarjaven reklamaze?

b) rodesac kompania milionobiT dolars uxdis cnobil aTlets, raTa misi foto dilis sau-

zmisTvis gankuTvnili burRulis kolofze moaTavsos, iwvevs Tu ara es am produqtis fa-

sis zrdas?

12. SeuZlia Tu ara navTobis kompanias, gazardos navTobis fasi, raTa dafaros navTobis daRvriT ga-

mowveuli xarjebi, razec TviTonvea pasuxismgebeli? ra moxdeba, Tu, magaliTad, kompania `eqsoni~

177

benzinis rafinirebis fass gazrdis maSin, roca sxva gadamamuSavebeli kompaniebi amas ar gaakeTeben?

13. ratom aweseben patara, mosaxerxebel adgilebSi ganTavsebuli maRaziebi ufro maRal fasebs, vi-

dre didi supermarketebi? imitom xom ara, rom patara maRaziebs meti zednadebi danaxarjebi aqvT

produqciis erTeulze? rogor SeuZlia gamyidvels, daiTanxmos myidveli sxvasTan SedarebiT ma-

Rali fasis gadaxdaze?

14. SeuZlia Tu ara Rorebis mepatrones, gazardos Roris fasi, rodesac izrdeba sakvebis fasi?

a) Rorebis sakvebis fasis zrda iwvevs im fermerebis danaxarjebis zrdas, romlebic Rorebis

gamokvebas gaangrZoben. rogoria Rorebis gamokvebis gagrZelebis alternativa? ratomaa,

rom sakvebis fasis zrda droebiT Roris xorcis gaiafebas iwvevs?

b) aRwereT procesi, romlis Sedegadac Roris sakvebis fasis zrda Roris fasis TandaTano-

biT zrdas gamoiwvevs.

15. rodesac sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT, misuris StatSi komerciuli sawarmoebis qo-

nebis Sefaseba daiwyes, masze daaweses `samarTliani sabazro Rirebulebis~ ufro maRali procen-

ti, vidre moqalaqeTa qonebaze. xuT da metbiniani sacxovrebeli saxlebi komerciul qonebas mia-

kuTvnes. Sedegad, amgvar Senobebze dawesebuli qonebis gadasaxadebi swrafad gaizarda maSin,

rodesac oTx an nakleb biniani Senobebis gadasaxadebi ar Secvlila.

a) gamoiwvevs Tu ara es cvlilebebi binis qiris zrdas xuT da metbiniani sacxovrebeli sax-

lebis mobinadreebisTvis, im qirasTan SedarebiT, romelsac oTx da naklebbiniani saxle-

bis mobinadreebi ixdian? moqmedebs Tu ara gadasaxadebis zrda binaTmflobelis zRvrul

danaxarjebze, romlebic dakavSirebulia binis gaqiravebas Tan, an binis damqiravebelTa

moTxovnasTan?

b) rogor imoqmedebs es sagadasaxado cvlilebebi arsebul SenobebSi binebis saSualo zomeb-

ze? rogor imoqmedebs axlad agebuli saxlebis saSualo zomebze?

g) rogor Secvlis Sefasebis axali meTodi binis qiras?

d) sent-luisis binaTmflobelTa asociaciis prezidentma ganacxada, rom Tu arc erTi bi-

naTmflobeli ar gadaixdis gazrdil gadasaxadebs, ufro savaraudoa, rom binis qira

gaizrdeba. Tu qonebis gadasaxadebis gazrdisas binaTmflobelebs SeuZliaT binis qiris

gazrda, ratom ar zrdian qiras da sakuTar Semosavals gadasaxadebis gazrdamde? Tu bi-

naTmflobelebs SeuZliaT, gadasaxadebis zrda mobinadreebs gadaabaron, ratom gaiRes

misuris Statis binaTmflobelebma damatebiTi xarjebi, romlebic qonebis axali Sefase-

bis gauqmebis sasamarTlo procesebs moxmarda?

16. maRaziis erT-erT filialSi firma `uolson CempionSipis~ CogburTis zegamZle yviTeli burTebi

3,49 dolari Rirs. imave maRaziis sxva filialSi firma ̀ uilson CempionSipis~ CogburTis zegamZle

yviTeli burTebi 2,99 dolari Rirs. ratom xdeba ase? ratom iyidis vinme burTebs pirvel filial-

Si? rogor fiqrobT, ratom gavimeoreT meore winadadebaSi burTebis grZeli dasaxeleba nacvlad

imisa, rom mokled gveTqva: `iseTive burTebi~?

17. xSirad ratom yidian fotoaparatebs sabiTumo fasad, xolo aqsesuarebis _ yuTebis, damatebiTi

linzebis, filtrebis da a.S. _ fasebs 100 procentiT da metiT zrdian?

18. manhetenze zogierTi restorani eqsperiments atarebda sauzmis ori menius gamoyenebiT. erTs,

romelSic SedarebiT maRali fasebi iyo miTiTebuli, sTavazobdnen im momxmareblebs, romlebic

turistebs hgavdnen, xolo meores, SedarebiT dabali fasebiT, sTavazobdnen maT, vinc samsaxurSi

miiCqaroda. rogor SeeZlo am ormag menius gaezarda restornebis mogeba?

19. CineTSi im turistebs, romelTac kinoteatrSi wasvla, taqsiT, rkinigziT an TviTmfri naviT mgza-

vroba surT, orjer meti fasis gadaxda uwevT, vidre Tavad Cinelebs. mravali samrewvelo nivTi,

romelic turistebisTvis gankuTvnil maRaziebSi iyideba, honkongis bazrobaze SeiZleba naxevar

fasad iyidoT. SegiZliaT Tu ara amis axsna?

Cinelebi aseve Zalian maRal fasebs adeben ucxoeli diplomatebisTvis gankuTvnil binebs, Tumca

Raribi, ̀ mesame qveynebis~ diplomatebs gacilebiT naklebs axdevineben. aris Tu ara dabali gadasa-

xadi, romelsac `mesame msoflios~ warmo madgenlebi ixdian, politikuri gadawyvetileba? an, iq-

neb, es mogebis maqsimizaciis cdaa?

178

20. erT dros profesiuli sportuli gundebi awyobdnen e.w. `qalTa dReebs~, rodesac qalebs bile-

Tebs nakleb fasad sTavazobdnen. iyo Tu ara es mamakacebis diskriminacia imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom `mamakacis dReebi~ arasodes mouwyviaT? rogor axsniT `qalTa dReebis~ arsebobas?

21. qalaqSi, sadac TiTqmis yvela kinoTeatri seansze dasaswrebad 5 dolars an mets awesebs, arsebobs

ramdenime kinoTeatri, romelTac SeRavaTian kinosaxlebs uwodeben. aq bileTi 1 an 2 dolari Rirs,

Tumca igive filmebs uCveneben, rasac did kinoTeatrebSi, oRond ramdenime Tvis dagvianebiT.

a) aqvT Tu ara adreuli Cvenebis kinoTeatrebs ufro maRali danaxarjebi, rac bileTebis Se-

darebiT maRal fass ganapirobebs?

b) studiebSi, romlebic kinoTeatrebs filmebs awvdian premieris dRidan erTi an ori kviris

ganmavlobaSi, gasamrjelod xSirad salaros Semosavlis 90 procents iTxoven, ris Sedega-

dac safasuri mkveTrad mcirdeba. im droisTvis, roca filmi SeRavaTian kinosaxlebs aRwevs,

studiebis wili SeiZleba mxolod 35 procenti iyos. aris Tu ara es fasTa sxvaobis mizezi?

g) ratomaa, rom studiebi mTliani Semosavlis 90 procents iReben adreuli Cvenebis kinoTe-

atrebidan, magram mzad arian, SeRavaTian kinoTeatrebs filmebi mxolod 35 procentad

dauTmon?

d) kinoTeatrebi filmebis Cvenebisas mnaxvelebis mier tkbileulsa da sasmelze daxarjul

TiToeul dolarze 75 cents igeben. gvexmareba Tu ara es imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom arian

mzad, uari Tqvan Semosavlis 90 procentze filmebis pirveli Cvenebis uflebis sanacvlod

(axla xom xvdebiT, ratom ukrZalaven mnaxvelebs saWmel-sasmelis garedan Setanas `klien-

tebis usafrTxoebasa da komfortze zrunvis mizniT~?)

e) Tu studiebi SeRavaTiani kinosaxlebis gadasaxads yoveli bileTidan 1 dolaramde an bi-

leTebidan Semosuli Tanxis 35 procentamde gazrdian, ramdeniT gaizrdeba, Tqvenis azriT,

SeRavaTiani kinosaxlebis mier dawesebuli 1 dolariani fasi?

22. zogierTi Teatri atarebs eqsperiments, romlis drosac yidis bileTebs principiT _ `gadaixa-

deT imdeni, ramdenic SegiZliaT~. eqsperimentis Sedegad, im bileTebis fasi, romlebic, Cveule-

briv, 18 dolaridan 28 dolaramde Rirda, san-diegoSi 25 centidan 18 dolaramde meryeobda.

a) rogor unda moaxerxos Teatrma, rom yvela msurvelma dabali fasiT ar isargeblos?

b) ratom gadaixdis vinme 18 dolars bileTSi, romelic SeuZlia 25 centad SeiZinos?

g) fiqrobT Tu ara, rom aseTi sistemis pirobebSi adamianebi realurad gadaixdian imas, rac

SeuZliaT? rogor fiqrobT, mdidrebi mets gadaixdian, Tu Raribebi?

f) mravali Teatri warmodgenis dRes bileTebs Cveulebrivze bevrad ufro iafad yidis.

rogor unda moaxerxon am Teatrebma, rom mnaxvelebma bileTebi mxolod warmodgenis dRes

ar iyidon?

23. niu-iorkSi arsebobs miTiTeba, romelic moiTxovs, rom gamyidvelebma yvela gasayidi nivTis fasi

gamoakran. rodesac momxmareblebis saqmeTa departamentma am gankargulebis Sesruleba saga-

mofeno darbazebsac mosTxova, aman mepatroneebis protesti gamoiwvia. ratom?

24. sagazeTo statia iuwyeboda ̀ saocari SemTxvevis Sesaxeb~. Txilamurebis mwarmoebeli firmis ̀ hedis~

warmomadgenlebi da gasaRebis regionuli menejeri cdilobdnen Txilamurebis mTeli im maragis Se-

syidvas, romelzec fasdakleba iyo gamocxadebuli. erT-erT maRaziaSi SeZenili Txilamurebi maT

gareT gamoitanes da iqve, maRaziis avtosadgomze daamsxvries. SegiZliaT am saocrebis axsna?

axsnisas scadeT Semdegi informaciis gamoyeneba: sportuli saqonlis maRaziis menejerma ganacxa-

da, rom gamsaReblis es qmedeba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, raTa defeqturi Txilamurebi bazridan

amoeRoT. fasdaklebis maRaziis xelmZRvanelma ki ganacxada, rom es iyo standartuli modelebi,

romlebic Tavdapirvelad saeqspor tod iyo gamzadebuli. ris gakeTebas cdilobdnen mwarmoebe-

li da gamsaRebeli da ra Secdoma dauSves?

25. gazeTis mimomxilvelma ana landerma Tavis reportaJebSi ramdenjerme gailaSqra tansacmlis ma-

RaziebSi arsebuli praqtikis winaaRmdeg. maRaziebis xelmZRva nelebi anadgureben tansacmels,

romlis gayidvac ar surT, imis nacvlad, rom pro duq cia TanamSromlebs, an dabalSemosavlian

momxmareblebs daurigon. ana gakvirvebuli iyo amgvari saqcieliT. misi azriT, erTaderTi misaRe-

bi axsna iyo erT-erTi nebraskeli mkiTxvelis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba: maRaziebi cdiloben,

Tavi daicvan im xalxisgan, vinc am saqonels ufasod miiRebs, Semdeg ki kvlav maRaziaSi daabrunebs,

179

raTa garkveuli gamorCena miiRos. xom ver moifiqrebT am movlenis sxva axsnas?

26. gaizrdeba Tu Semcirdeba satelefono kompaniebis mogeba, Tu isini adgilobrivi momsaxurebis ga-

dasaxads zarebis raodenobis mixedviT daaweseben? aageT momxmareblis moTxovnis tipuri mrudi

da SeadareT SesaZleblobebi. moigebs Tu ara satelefono kompania, Tuki TiToeuli individua-

luri zarisTvis daawesebs im maqsimalur fass, romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzadaa momxmarebeli, Sem-

deg ki momxmareblebs SeuzRudavi raodenobis `ufaso~ zarebis nebas miscems? ratom xdeba, rom

adgilobrivi zarebi ̀ ufasoa~, xolo saqalaqTaSoriso zarisTvis momxmarebelma damatebiTi gada-

saxadi unda gadaixados?

27. aTletTa erovnuli studenturi asociaciis mier miRebuli kanonis Tanaxmad, sezonis damTavre-

bisas gamarTuli boulingis Cempionatis sponsorebma minimum 500000 dolari unda gadauxadon im

kolejebs, romelTac safexburTo gundebi hyavT. zogjer am Tanxis sidide kolejis mier bileTe-

bis didi raodenobiT SeZenis mzadyofnis proporciulia.

a) ramdens gadauxdian kolejs, Tu is miiRebs 500000 dolars im pirobiT, rom 20-dolarian

10000 bileTs SeiZens?

b) daTanxmdeba Tu ara koleji aseT pirobas, Tu mxolod asiode bileTis gayidvis imedi aqvs?

28. am Tavis bolos ganxilul magaliTSi, romelic vaxSmisa da sadilis fasebs Seexeboda, zogierTi

mniSvnelovani momenti gamogvrCa. sadilze klientebi yvelgan yovelTvis met dros xarjaven, vid-

re vaxSamze. xom ar zrdis es sadilis danaxarjebs? ra SemTxvevaSi ar gaizrdeba sadilis fasi? Tu

xangrZlivi sadilebi restornebs Zviri ujdebaT, isini aseTi sadilebis xangrZlivobis SezRudvas

unda cdilobdnen, magram amiT momxmareblebis gaRizianebas gamoiwveven. moisurveben Tu ara re-

stornebi sadilebis xangrZlivobis SezRudvas? rogor?

29. rodesac korporacia `hobleinma~ `popovis~ markis aryis fasi 8%-iT gazarda, kompaniis warmo-

madgenelma ganacxada, rom kompania amiT `popovisTvis~ bazarze `saTanado poziciis~ mopovebas

cdilobda. fasis 8-procentiani matebis pirobebSi gayidvebi mxolod 1 procentiT Semcirda.

a) miuxedavad imisa, rom arays arc suni aqvs, arc feri da arc gemo, ratom arian mzad momx-

mareblebi garkveuli markis araySi gacilebiT meti fuli gadaixadon?

b) rogor fiqrobT, ris miRwevas cdilobda korporacia `hobleini~ `popovis~ markis ary-

isTvis `saTanado poziciis~ miniWebiT?

g) marketingis specialistebi zogierT saqonels `prestiJuls~ uwodeben da miuTiTeben,

rom momxmareblebi upiratesobas aniWeben maRal fasebs. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom aseTi

saqonlis gamyidvelebs fasebis momatebiT yovelTvis SeuZliaT meti mogebis miReba?

30. davuSvaT, mzada xarT gadaixadoT 60 centi funTuSaSi, romelsac diliT yavasTan erTad miirT-

mevT da 30 centi _ momdevno funTuSaSi. funTuSebis gamyid velma es icis. icis isic, rom meore

funTuSis gayidvis xarji 20 centia. Tu mas sakuTari mogebis maqsimizacia surs, ramdenad unda

mogyidoT funTuSa _ 60 Tu 30 centad? ras ityodiT, erTi funTuSa rom 60 centi Rirdes, ori

funTuSa ki _ 90 centi?

31. ratom iZlevian gamyidvelebi aseT winadadebas: `iyideT ori giganturi pica Cveulebriv fasad da

damatebiT miiRebT picas erT dolarad~.

32. Tu qirurgi naRvlis buStis amokveTis operaciaSi iRebs 2500 dolars mdidari pacientisgan da 750

dolars _ sxva pacientisagan, uwevs Tu ara is eqspluatacias pirvels, xolo meores fasdaklebas

sTavazobs? ra uSlis xels meore pacients, rom SeiZinos ramdenime iaffasiani operaciis ufleba

da momgebianad, zedmet fasad miyidos isini mdidar pacientebs?

33. Tqven gsurT auqcionze Zveleburi avejis gayidva. misi SeZena surs sam adamians, Sesabamisad, 8000,

6000 da 4000 dolarad. Tqveni minimaluri fasi 5000 dolaria. aravin icis, ra Rirebuleba aqvs am

avejs sxvebisTvis.

a) daaxloebiT ra fasad gaiyideba Tqveni aveji?

b) davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT e.w. `holandiur~ auqcions. wamyvani asaxelebs iseT Tanxas,

romelic bevrad metia im fasze, romlis gadaxdisTvisac vinme mzadaa, Semdeg ki fass Tan-

daTan amcirebs, vidre ar gamoCndeba myidveli, romelic mzadaa am dasaxelebul fasad ave-

jis SeZenisTvis. daaxloebiT ra fasad gaiyideba aveji?

180

g) ratom umateben reklamas gamoTqmas _ ̀ saqoneli SeiZleba SeiZinoT manam, vidre is gvaqvs~?

34. Tqven da Tqveni sacole beWdebs irCevT. nimuSebis Cvenebis Semdeg iuveliri gekiTxebaT _ ra fasis

gadaxdisTvis xarT mzad?

a) ratom svams is am kiTxvas?

b) Tu eubnebiT, rom ar apirebT 200 dolarze metis daxarjvas, im beWdebis moZebnaSi exmare-

biT, romlebic unda mogyidoT, Tu im beWdebis fasis dadgenaSi, romlebic mogwonT?

g) ra xerxiT gaarkvevT yvelaze dabal fass, romelzec Tanaxma iqneba gamyidveli?

35. ualkoholo sasmelebis ori gamyidveli molaparakebas awarmoebs aivi kolejis administracia-

sTan da cdilobs, kolejSi sasmelebis gayidvis eqskluziuri ufleba moipovos. kolejs surs es

ufleba ufro maRali fasis SemTavazebels mianiWos, magram studenturi asociaciis prezidenti

iTxovs, rom aivim akrZalos eqskluziuri uflebis gacema da, amis nacvlad, sasmelis gayidvis

ufleba orive gamyidvels darTos. daexmareT administracias, gadawyvitos, rogor moiqces 9-9

naxazze mocemuli informaciis meSveobiT. wrfe, romelsac aweria `erTi gamyidveli~ war-

mogvidgens moTxovnas, romelic Seesabameba eqskluziuri uflebebis mflobels. wrfe `ori gamy-

idveli~ gviCvenebs moTxovnas, romelic iarsebebs ori gamyidvelis situaciaSi. erTi boTlis

zRvruli fasi 0,25 dolaria.

a) ra fasi unda gadaixadon studentebma eqskluziuri uflebebis SemTxvevaSi da ramdeni

qila unda iyidon kviraSi?

b) ra Tanxa unda gadaixadon studentebma, Tu administracia gayidvis uflebas orive gamyid-

vels miscems da ramdeni boTli gaiyideba ase kviraSi?

g) rogori mogeba eqneba yovelkvireulad eqskluziuri uflebis mqone gamyidvels?

d) rogori mogeba eqnebaT gamyidvelebs konkurenciis pirobebSi?

e) ra SeiZleba gadaaxdevinos aivim eqskluziuri uflebebis miniWebisTvis?

v) ra SeiZleba gadaaxdevinos aivim TiToeul gamyidvels, Tu gadawyvets, rom kolejSi orive

gamyidveli dauSvas?

z) Tqven ras urCevdiT?

36. me-5 TavSi mocemulia metad moxerxebuli wesi, romelic fasebis cvlilebebis ganxilvisas gvexma-

reba _ esa Tu is movlena saqonlis fass ar cvlis, Tu ar Seicvala moTxovnisa da miwodebis raode-

noba. es wesi exeba rogorc fasis maZiebelTa, aseve fasis mimRebTa bazars.

a) ra gansazRvravs fasis maZiebelis mier dawesebul fass?

b) atom ara aqvs fasis maZiebels miwodebis mrudi?

Ti

To

eu

li

bi

le

Ti

s f

as

i

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

erT kviraSi gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba (aTasi)

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80

60

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20

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erTi gamyidveli

ori gamyidveli

zRvruli danaxarjebi

nax. 9-9. yovelkvireuli moTxovna ualkoholo sasmelebze

181

10konkurencia

da mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika

gaqreba Tu ara ekonomikuri konkurencia, Tu saxelmwifo aqtiurad ar imoqmedebs mis Sesanar-

Cuneblad? Tu is Tavad inarCunebs Tavs, miuxedavad saxelmwi fos mxridan misi SezRudvis

aqtiuri mcdelobebisa?

uWers Tu ara saxelmwifo mxars konkurencias, rodesac xels uSlis ufro did, ufro nayo-

fier da, SesaZloa, naklebsindisier firmebs, romlebic TavianTi dargebidan sxva firmebis gaZe-

vebas cdiloben? Tu konkurentebis dacva konkurenciis SezRudvas iwvevs?

rodesac saxelmwifo Serwymas krZalavs, uSlis Tu ara amiT xels konkuren tebis mier mowina-

aRmdegeebis Tavidan moSorebas? an iqneb konkurentunariani da efeqtiani saorganizacio firme-

bis ganviTarebas abrkolebs?

Tu gamyidvelebi imdenad mcire konkurencias awydebian, rom maT SeuZliaT danaxarjebze be-

vrad meti fasis daweseba, SeZlebs Tu ara saxelmwifo, eqspluataciisgan momxmareblis dacvas

fasebis regulirebiT?

ras vgulisxmobT konkurenciaSi da rogor unda davadginoT, sakmarisad konkurentulia Tu

ara ekonomika, an misi calkeuli seqtori? ris mixedviT unda vimsjeloT dargSi konkurenciis

Sesaxeb _ konkurentebis raodenobis, maTi qmedebebis Tu fasebis, danaxarjebis, mogebis, qcevisa

Tu inovaciuri procesebis monacemTa mixedviT?

mocemul kiTxvebs am TavSi saboloo pasuxi ar gaecema. magram vimedovnebT, rom rodesac

konkurenciis wyaroebsa da Sedegebze, agreTve saxelmwifo politikis warmoSobasa da Sedegebze

msjelobas davasrulebT, am sakiTxebis arss ukeT CavwvdebiT!

konkurentuli zewola

is gamyidvelebi, romelTa nawarmzec moTxovna klebulobs, mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT war-

moebis moculobasa da gasayidi saqonlis raodenobas amcireben da zRvrul danaxarjebze maRal

gasayid fass inarCuneben (garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maT SeuZliaT sruli fasismieri

diskriminaciis ganxor cieleba). wina TavSi vimsjeleT, Tu rogor da ratom xdeba ase.

rodesac fasi zRvrul danaxarjze metia, gamyidvelis winaSe Cndeba problema _ fasi konkurenciis

zrdas iwvevs. Tu vaSlis Rvezlis naWeri kafes mepatrones 50 centi ujdeba da 1,5 dolarad iyideba,

maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom mepatrone ganacxadebs, TiTqos 1-dolariani sxvaoba mogeba ki araa, aramed

is Tanxaa, romelic mas exmareba, dafaros kafes Senaxvis yvela danarCeni danaxarjebi _ xelfasebi,

gadasaxadebi, ijaris gadasaxadi, mowyobilobebis eqspluataciis danaxarjebi, dazianebebiTa da qur-

dobiT gamowveuli zarali da sxva. SeiZleba es asecaa. miuxeda vad amisa, Rvezelis yoveli damatebiTi

naWeri, romelic 1,5 dolarad iyideba, mepatronis qonebas 1 dolars umatebs. Tu es sxva kafeebis mepa-

troneebsac Seexeba, maSin TiToeuli maTganis gulwrfeli survili iqneba, rac SeiZleba metma mSierma

adamianma Tqvas uari sxva kafeSi Sesvlaze da vaSlis Rvezeli mxolod masTan iyidos.

182

fasi

Q

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cduneba

zRvruli danaxarji

$1.50

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aseTi survilebi adamianebs xSirad qmedebisken ubiZgeben. SegviZlia sami saaTis Semdeg fasi

odnav SevamciroT, raTa zogierT momxmarebels, romelic sadilis Semdeg erTi Wiqa yavis dasa-

levad Semova, namcxvris mirTmevis survili gauCndes, an, SegviZlia gavakraT gancxadeba, rom mas,

vinc erT naWer namcxvars SeiZens, yavas ufasod miarTmeven. aseTi strategia saSiSia. mravali

momxmarebeli sauzmis dros uars ityvis Rvezelze, Tu ecodineba, rom SeuZlia sam saaTze is

ufro iafad miiRos. konkurent restornebs SeuZliaT klientebis misazidad gaweuli Zalisxmeva

nulze daiyvanon, risTvisac klientebs sakuTari stimulebi unda SesTavazon. amgvarad, imis na-

cvlad, rom damatebiTi momxmareblebi miizidos, yoveli mepatrone gayidis imden namcxvars, ra-

mdensac adre yidda, oRond amjerad ufro dabal fasad.

wina TavSi davuSviT, rom ed saikma da zogierTma sxva gamyidvelma, romelTa politikasac ganvixi-

lavdiT, zustad ician, Tu ra moTxovnaa maT produqciaze. es daSveba sasargebloa, vinaidan saSuale-

bas gvaZlevs aRvweroT fasis Ziebis martivi procesi. Cveulebriv, gamyidvelebs uxdebaT informa-

ciis Segroveba produqciaze moTxovnis Sesaxeb. isini cdiloben, reklamisa da saimedo momsaxurebis

SeTavazebiT, stimuli miscen momxmarebels. ufro metic, rodesac bazarze erTi da imave saqonlis

ramdenime gamyidveli arsebobs, TiToeuli gamyidvelis moTxovnis mrudi damokide buli iqneba mis

qcevaze da agreTve konkurentebis safaso politikaze. kinoseansebze moTxovnis mrudi qvemoT da

marcxniv gadaadgildeba, Tu mezobel kinoTeatrebSi ukeTes filmebs aCveneben, an fass daakleben, an

Tu kolejis kalaTburTis gundi paraskevobiT gamarTavs TamaSebs da zedized gaimarjvebs.

vaSlis Rvezelis fasi, romelsac kafeebi qalaqis centrSi daaweseben, Secvlis sxva restornebSi ar-

sebul moTxovnas. vinaidan TiToeuli restorani moTxovnis sakuTari monacemebis mixedviT daawesebs

fasebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas moaxdens sxva restornebSi arsebul moTxovnaze, es situacia

ufro Wadraks an pokers daemsgavseba da ara maqsimizaciis amocanas. saukeTeso fasi, romelic SeiZleba

dadgenil iqnas momdevno momentSi, Wadrakis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia damokidebuli iyos manamde dadge-

nil fasze. me-9 TavSi moyvanili patara samyaro, Tavisi mkafiod gansazRvruli mrudebiT, simkveTres

kargavs da bundovandeba. samwuxarod (an iqneb sabednierod), analitikosis TvalsazrisiT realuri sa-

myaro ise zustad ar aris dasuraTebuli, rogorc lamazi wignis furclebi.

D

Q

P

gamyidvelis mier aRqmuli moTxovnis mrudi

183

me-8 TavSi gavecaniT termins òligopolia~, romelic `ramdenime gamyidvelis~ upiratesobas

aRniSnavs. iq gadavwyviteT, rom cneba `ramdenime gamyidveli~ iseve bundovania, rogorc èrTa-

derTi gamyidveli~ da es bundovaneba dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad farTod an viwrod

ganisazRvreba gasayidi saqonlis cneba. zogierTi ekonomisti termins òligopolia~ gansaku-

Trebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs _ esaa situacia, rodesac erTi gamyidvelis moTxovnis mrudi da-

mokidebulia sxva cnobili gamyidve lebis reaqciaze, romelTac zogjer `metoqeebs~ uwodeben.

imis miuxedavad, gadavwyvetT Tu ara termin òligopoliis~ gamoyenebas, romelsac, udavod,

Secdoma Si SevyavarT, amgvari situaciebi, rodesac sxvadasxva gamyidvelTa moTxovnis mrudebi

arsebiTad erTmaneTzea damokidebuli, sakmaod xSiria da didad mniSvnelovanicaa. yovelive es

aZlierebs konkurentul zewolas, rac gamyidvelebis did ukmayofilebas iwvevs.

konkurenciis marTva

kartelis winaSe wamoiWreba ori problema _ SezRudos

Tavisi wevrebis konkurentuli qmedebebi da aseve SezRudos

dargSi axali firmebis SeRweva

ratom ar SeTanxmdebian gamyidvelebi konkurenciis Semcirebis, an, sulac, Sewyvetis Taobaze,

an bazris iseT dayofaze, rac yvelasaTvis misaRebi iqneba? amas siamovnebiT gaakeTebdnen da xSi-

rad cdiloben kidec, magram es arc ise iolia, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. radganac saoperacio

danaxarjebi xels uSlis mimwodeb lebisa da momxmareblebis efeqtian kooperirebas, isini xSirad

abrkolebs mimwode bel Ta SeTanxmebuli qmedebebiT momxmarebelTa iZulebas. konkurent gamyid-

velebs Soris miRweul SeTanxmebas fasebis SenarCunebisa da bazris gayofis Sesaxeb, rogorc

wesi, iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia. ufro metic, mraval StatSi es kanoniT akrZalulia. Tundac

mxolod es faqti mniSvnelovnad zrdis konkurirebis uaryofis transaqciul danaxarjebs. gar-

da amisa, Zalian Znelia iseTi SeTanxmebis miRweva, romelic yvelasaTvis misaRebia, iTvaliswi-

nebs yvela variants da SeiZleba misi efeqtianad amoqmedeba. konkurenciis stimulebi imdenad

myaria, rom sul male romelime monawile Seecdeba, gverdi auaros SeTanxmebis pirobebs. da bo-

los, kartelis8 monawileTa warmatebuli SeTanxmeba usaTuod miipyrobs autsaiderebis yura-

dRebas, romlebic Seecdebian SeaRwion am sferoSi, raTa mogebis wili miiRon.

amitomaa, rom kartelebs axasiaTebT aramdgradoba, rac xSirad akvirvebs im adamianebs, visac

ar esmiT, ramdenad yovlismomcvelia konkurencia. imisaTvis, rom miaRwios Tavisi wevrebis sim-

didris zrdas, kartelma unda gadawyvitos ori problema.

pirvel rigSi, man xeli unda SeuSalos wevrebs Soris konkurencias, rasac SeuZlia dagegmili

SeTanxmebuli mogebis mospoba (rogorc arsebuli gasayidi fasebis SemcirebiT, ise gayidvis

xarjebis zrdiT), meorec, kartelma ar unda dauSvas, rom bazarze axali konkurentebis Semosv-

lam uazrobad aqcios maTi SeTanxmeba.

swored amitom icaven ase medgrad konkurenciis sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs fasis maZieblebi

da fasis mimRebni. gamyidvelebi xSirad Zalian maxvilgonivrul mizezebs igoneben, raTa mTavro-

bam fasebis dakleba arakanonierad gamoacxados da axal gamyidvelebs bazarze SesaRwevi gzebi

gadauketos. qvemoT mogvyavs Sesatyvisi nawyvetebi gazeTebidan. Zalian sainteresoa dafiqreba

imaze, Tu vin aRmoCndeba wagebuli an mogebuli yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi.

`vaSingtoni. samedicino sazogadoeba kviras atarebs farTomasStabian kampanias im kanonpro-

eqtis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic samedicino praqtikis nebas rTavs eqTnebs, fsiqiatrebs, orTo-

pedebs da sxva medpersonals, romlebsac eqimis diplomebi ara aqvT. samedicino sazogadoeba

amas standartebis daqveiTebad miiCnevs da Tavis yovelkvireul biuletenSi gamoTqvams mosaz-

rebas, rom Zalian male boiskautebs nebas darTaven, Jangiani danebiT operaciebi akeTon~.

`yvela santeqnikosma xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi weliwadSi 140-saaTiani kursebi unda gaiaros

maTematikaSi, fizikaSi, hidravlikasa da mxazvelobiT geometriaSi~.

8 karteli aris gamyidvelTa jgufis SeTanxmeba fasebis an produqciis moculobis regulirebis Sesaxeb. arsebobs

agreTve myidvelTa kartelebi. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi ganxiluli iyo kalaTburTis profesionaluri gundebis mepa-

troneebis karteli, romelic moTamaSeTa daqiravebis xarjebis dabal doneze SenarCunebas cdilobs.

184

`Salis nawarmis mwarmoeblebi acxadeben, rom, vinaidan Salis nawarmis warmoeba mniSvnelova-

nia erovnuli TavdacvisaTvis, amitom mTavrobam unda daawesos qvotebi sazRvargareTidan mis

importze~.

`kosmetologebisTvis da dalaqebisTvis licenzirebis mospoba Cveni Statis momxmareblebs

araprofesionali kosmetologebisa da dalaqebis xelSi Caagdebs. amis daSveba ar SeiZleba, vinai-

dan isini janmrTelobisTvis saSiS tuteebsa da mJaveebs iyeneben~.

`televizorebis gayidvisa da momsaxurebis adgilobrivi centris cnobilma mepatronem ga-

nacxada, rom miesalmeba saxelmwifo gamoZiebas televizorebis saremonto sferoSi da moiTxovs

am dargis regulirebis SemoRebas _ `Cven unda gavTavisufldeT damlageblebis, mexanZrebisa da

sxva diletantebisgan, romlebic momxmareblebs atyueben da dabali xarisxis momsaxurebas mci-

re fasad sTavazoben~.

`guSin senatis janmrTelobis dacvis komitetma uaryo kanoni, romelic nebas rTavda araspe-

cializebul poliklinikebsa da firmebSi Tvalis sneulebaTa diagnos ti kisa da saTvaleebis Ser-

Cevis Catarebas. ofTalmologebi, romlebsac kerZo praqtika aqvT, amtkiceben, rom maT sakuTari

pacientebi qiraoben. Tu ofTalmologi muSaobs firmaSi, maSin is emsaxureba Tavis ufross~.

`pinei-vudis kerZo klinikis mepatronem da licenzirebuli kerZo klinikebis saxelmwifo aso-

ciaciis mdivanma guSin brali dasdo janmrTelobis dacvis saxelmwifo sammarTvelos, rom is

amarTlebs axali kerZo samkurnalo dawesebule bebis mSeneblobas ise, rom saTanadod ar arkve-

vs, arsebobs Tu ara damatebiTi samkurnalo dawesebulebebis saWiroeba da an rogori kvalifika-

cia aqvT kandidatebs. xalxs, visac ara aqvs Sesabamisi profesiuli momzadebis done, maT Soris

qveynis sxva raionebidan Camosul Sarlatanebs, imedi aqvT, rom did mogebas miiReben~ _ Tqva man.

`saavadmyofo sawolebis didi raodenoba sastik konkurencias gamoiwvevs da kerZo saavadmyofo-

ebs mouwevT xarjebis Semcireba bevr aucilebel momsaxurebaze, rac gaauaresebs mkurnalobis

xarisxs pacientebisa da mTeli sazogadoebis sazianod~.

`zogierTi saxelmwifo moxele moiTxovs, rom ZaRlebis kbilebis wmendis ufleba mxolod li-

cenzirebul veterinarebs mieceT, vinaidan ramdenime Tvis win aseTi aralicenzirebuli veteri-

naris mier Catarebuli operaciis Sedegad ZaRls kbilebi dauzianda. qveynis saveterinaro samsa-

xuris ufrosma ganacxada, rom zogi veterinari SeiZleba ZaRlis tkivilis mizezi gaxdes (rogor

fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara ZaRlis tkivilis mizezi gaxdes is, vinc ZaRls pirSi xels uyofs?)

saxelmwifo politikis ambivalenturoba

konkurenciaze zrunva igive ar gaxlavT, rac konkurentebze zrunva.

brZen xalxs uTqvams, mgeli faraSi ar unda SeuSvao. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ekonomikaSi konku-

renciis SesanarCuneblad saxelmwifos imedi viqonioT? ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifoe-

brivi Carevis istoria gviCvenebs, rom konkurentebis individualur interesebze zrunva aranak-

leb rols TamaSobda, vidre konkurenciaze zrunva. es erTi da igive sulac araa, Tumca kamaTis

dros amas xSirad iviwyeben.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi gviCvenebs, ra qmedebebs axorcielebs (an iZulebu lia ganaxor-

cielos) saxelmwifo, raTa xeli SeuSalos potenciur gamyidvelebs, raTa maT momxmareblebs

ufro misaRebi pirobebi an ufro mimzidveli SesaZleblobebi SesTavazon. miuxedavad gamyidve-

lebis dasacavad motanili argumentebisa, es qmedebebi konkurencias zRudavs. konkurenciis ga-

rkveuli SezRudvebis saboloo Sedegi SeiZleba iyos konkurenciis SenarCunebac, Tu SenarCune-

bulia im konkurentebis sakmarisad didi raodenoba, romlebic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dargidan

gaZevebulebi aRmoCndebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, mohyveba Tu ara aseT qmedebas grZelvadiani

efeqti, konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikis Sefaseba yovelTvis erTi prin-

cipis aRiarebiT unda daviwyoT _ kanoni, romelic zRudavs konkurentebs, zRudavs konkuren-

ciasac.

aseTi kanonebis sasargeblod yvelaze xSirad motanili argumenti isaa, rom es kanonebi `mta-

ceblur~ qmedebebs zRudavs.

185

gayidva danaxarjebze nakleb fasad

imisaTvis, rom davicvaT Cveni konkurentuli ekonomikuri sistema, gvWirdeba kanonebi, rom-

lebic krZalavs usindiso qmedebebs, magaliTad iseTebs, rogoricaa danaxarjebze nakleb fasad

gayidva. msxvil firmebs SeuZliaT, Tavs sakuTari produqciis aseT fasad gayidvis ufleba mis-

cen, sanam maTi metoqeebi iZulebulebi ar gaxdebian, dargidan gavidnen. Tu maT kanoni ar Seakave-

bT, advilad Seiqmneba iseTi viTareba, roca ekonomikaSi mxolod ramdenime uzarmazari korpora-

cia ibatonebs.

amerikelebis umravlesoba am azrs iziarebs. amerikis federaluri da adgilobrivi kanonebi

savsea muxlebiT, romlebic fasebis Semcirebas zRudavs an krZalavs. mraval StatSi dRemde moq-

medebs kanonebi, romlebic xarjebze iafad gayidvas krZalavs da romelTac xSirad `arakeTil-

sindisieri qmedebebis amkrZalav aqtebs~ uwodeben. maregulirebeli komisiebi, romlebic komu-

naluri momsaxurebis fasebis zedamxedvelobisaTvis iqmneba xolme, xSirad fasebis dasaSveb

qveda zRvars aweseben, riTac abrkoleben calkeuli firmebis mier ufro dabali fasis arCevis

yovelgvar mcdelobas. saukeTeso magaliTia aseTi komisiebis mamamTavari _ regionTaSoris va-

Wrobis komisia, romelic kongresma 1887 wels Seqmna.

savsebiT cxadia, Tu ratom uWers mxars aseTi tipis kanonebs zogierTi firma _ maT konkuren-

ciisgan dacva surT. magram, ratom ar gamoTqvams protests momxmarebeli da mTeli sazogadoe-

ba? sazogadoeba TiTqos eTanxmeba im arguments, rom fasebis Semcirebas SeuZlia `monopolie-

bis~ Seqmna da konkurentebis bazrebidan gaZeveba gamoiwvios. monopolia ki, ra Tqma unda,

saSinelebaa!

am Tavis pirvel abzacSi mniSvnelovani argumentebi iyo motanili. ramdenad samarTliania isi-

ni? SeiZleba Tu ara iseTi kanonebis mxardaWera, romlebic krZalavs `gayidvas xarjebze nakleb

fasad~? amasTan dakavSirebiT mravali kiTxva Cndeba.

ras niSnavs `saTanado danaxarjebi~?

ramdenia is danaxarjebi, romlebzec naklebi fasis daweseba ar SeiZleba? yidis ki vinme sina-

mdvileSi Tavis saqonels xarjebze dabal fasad? ganvixiloT supermarketis mepatrone matil-

das magaliTi: davuSvaT, igi 1000 funt mwife banans ukveTavs. biTumad movaWre, romelsac mwife

bananebis swrafad gayidva surs, Tanaxmaa, matildas erTi funti 5 centad mihyidos. uqme dReebSi

matilda bananebs uCveulod dabal fass _ funtSi 10 cents adebs, magram orSabaT dilisTvis mas

500 funti banani gauyidavi rCeba, arada, bananebi ukve fuWdeba. sadamde SeuZlia matildas fasis

dakleba ise, rom es fasi danaxarjebze naklebi ar iyos? pasuxi _ 5 centamde erT funtze _

arasworia. es dakarguli xarjia da mTlian danaxarjebSi saerTod ar unda CaiTvalos! Tu samSa-

baT diliT matildas fulis gadaxda mouwevs, raTa gauyidavi bananebi moiSoros, maSin gamodis,

rom misTvis orSabaTis xarjebi izrdeba. iqneb am SemTxvevaSi misTvis ufro momgebiani iyos bana-

nebis ufasod darigeba? Tu nulovani fasi matildasTvis momgebiania, maSin rogor SeiZleba is

`danaxarjebze naklebi~ iyos?! sxvaTa Soris, SeiZina Tu ara matildam bananebi danaxarjebze da-

bal fasad?

an, davuSvaT, rom matildam 1000 qila yava iyida, 1 girvanqa 750 dolarad. am yavis dasaxeleba

momxmareblisTvis ucnobia, amitom adgilobrivma biTumad gamyidvelma yava mimzidvel fasad

mihyida, magram aRmoCnda, rom momxmareblebs es yava ar ainteresebT. matilda fass funtSi 80

centamde amcirebs, magram yavas mainc ver yidis da erTi kviris Semdeg mas kidev 987 qila yava rCe-

ba gasayidi. Tu fass 75 centamde Seamcirebs, gana yavas danaxarjebze nakleb fasad gayidis? ara.

mas ar SeuZlia biTumad movaWres yava daubrunos, amitom yoveli qilis gayidvas damatebiT ram-

denime centi da Taroze gamoTavisuflebuli adgili moaqvs. erTi funti yavis misaRebi xarji

SeiZleba ganuldes kidec.

modiT, ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi da Semdeg isev matildas davubrundeT. SeiZleba mar-

Tlac azri hqondes mozvris gamozrdis danaxarjebis Sefasebas, magram ra azri aqvs beWisa da

barklebis gamozrdis danaxarjebis cal-calke Sefasebas? unda faravdes Tu ara barklidan da-

mzadebuli bifSteqsis fasi am barklebis warmoebis danaxarjebs, xolo moxarSuli xorcis fasi

_ beWis warmoebis danaxarjebs? es uazro kiTxvaa. Tu beWisa da barklebis cal-calke warmoeba

186

SeuZlebelia, maSin cal-calke TiToeulis warmoebis danaxarjebze saubaric ar SeiZleba. beWi

da barklebi, anu bifSteqsi da moxarSuli xorci, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia saerTo xarje-

biT. Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT erToblivi produqtebis warmoebis zusti xarjebi an `mar-

Tebulad~ gavanawiloT mTliani xarjebi.9

davubrundeT matildas. SegviZlia Tu ara sworad gamovyoT mis maRaziaSi TiToeuli saqon-

lis gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi? dafiqrdiT, magaliTad, gayinul produqtebze.

sayinuleebis Senaxvis da gamoyenebis xarjebis ra nawili modis bostneulze, ra nawili _ Cinur

saWmelze da ra nawili _ forToxlis wvenze? ra Tqma unda, matilda gayinul yvavilovan kombos-

tos ver Seinaxavda, sayinule rom ar hqondes. magram, Tu CaTvlis, rom ufro momgebiania mxolod

forToxlis wvenis Sesanaxad sayinulis gamoyeneba, rom SemdgomSi gayidos da gamoTavisufle-

bul adgilze yvavilovani kombostos yuTebi daawyos, maSin azri ar eqneba imas, rom sayinulis

gamoyenebis xarjebi yvavilovani kombostos Senaxvis xarjebs mieweros.

danaxarjebze naklebi? vis danaxarjebze? ris danaxarjebze?

warmatebul biznesmens ar ainteresebs iseTi danaxarjebis ganawilebis sakiTxebi, romelTac

araviTari kavSiri ara aqvT gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan. man icis, rom warmoeba _ gamyidveli

xom igive mwarmoebelia _ Cveulebrivi procesia, erToblivi produqtebiTa da erToblivi dana-

xarjebiT. saqmian adamians ainteresebs gadawyveti lebasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi (zRvru-

li) xarjebi da is damatebiTi (zRvruli) Semosavali, romelsac igi am gadawyvetilebidan moelis;

xolo, meores mxriv, ar ainteresebs iseTi uazro problemebi, rogoricaa saerTo danaxarjebis

gadanawileba gasayidad gankuTvnil garkveul produqtebze. Tu salaros gverdiT Jurnalebis

stendis adgilicaa, maSin Cndeba kiTxva: ramdens moumatebs stendis dadgma mTlian danaxarjebs

da ramdens _ mTlian Semosavals? Tu ukanaskneli sWarbobs, maSin stendis dadgmas azri aqvs da

aucilebeli sulac araa, gasayidi Jurnalebis fasi iseTi iyos, rom calke man mTlianad dafaros

komunaluri momsaxurebis, ijaris, salaros aparatebis amortizaciis, an Tundac am Jurnalebis

biTumad SeZenis xarjebi.

yuradReba miaqcieT gaxazul sityvebs. Jurnali SeiZleba sarfianad gayido 10 centad, im Se-

mTxvevaSic ki, Tu biTumad movaWrisagan misi SeZena 15 centi jdeba. ratom? imitom, rom Jurnale-

bs SeuZlia moizidos axali myidvelebi, romlebic sxva saqonelsac iyidian da maRaziis mogebas

gazrdian. matilda dainteresebulia ara erTi romelime saqonlis gayidvidan miRebuli mogebiT,

aramed mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris sxvaobiT. gamyidvelebi sigaretebiT

vaWroben ara aqedan miRebuli Semosavlis miRebis, aramed sxva saqonlis gayidvidan miRebuli Se-

mosavlis gazrdis mizniT, rasac swored sigaretiT vaWroba Seuwyobs xels. swored aseve, rkina-

kaveulobis patara maRaziebi, romlebic calobiT yidian WanWikebsa da qanCebs, danakargebs gani-

cdian, magram karg reputacias iqmnian da amiT srulad inazRaureben am danakargebs.

`mtaceblebi~ da konkurencia

albaT yovelive amaze saubari arc Rirda, rom ara gavrcelebuli miTi `danaxarjebze nakleb

fasad gayidvis~ Sesaxeb. Cveni argumentebi imaze metyvelebs, rom danaxarjebze nakleb fasad

gayidvis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravali gamonaTqvami dakavSirebulia cnebebis _ `Seuqcevadi dana-

xarjebi~ da `saerTo danaxarjebi~ _ Tavisufal interpretaciasTan. firmebi xSirad sayvedurs

gamoTqvamen danaxarjebze dabal fasad gayidvebis gamo, magram es imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom

maT ar moswonT konkurencia da surT, rom saxelmwifom isini daicvas.

konkurentebis dacva igive araa, rac konkurenciis SenarCuneba!

magram xom ar emuqreba saSiSroeba konkurencias, Tuki firmebs neba miecemaT, rogorc surT,

ise daaklon fasebi? ucnauria, magram arc Tu ise gasakviria, rom adamianebi konkurentebis

9 Tu SesaZlebelia iseTi mozverebis gamozrda, romlebsac ufro didi barklebi da patara beWebi eqnebaT, an piriqiT,

maSin SeiZleba gamoCndes danaxarjebis gancalkevebis SesaZleblobac.

187

dacvas xSir SemTxvevaSi konkurenciis SenarCunebasTan aigiveben. sinamdvileSi ki, es sruliad

sapirispiro ramaa. Cveulebriv, konkurentebis dasacavad SemoRebulia iseTi kanonebi, romle-

bic sinamdvileSi abrkolebs konkurencias. rogorc wesi, aseTi kanonebi zRudavs momxmarebleb-

sa da Cveulebrivi mwarmoeblebis umetesobas, xolo gansakuTrebiT maRali mogeba moaqvs cal-

keuli privilegirebuli mwarmoeblebisaTvis.

amis gasamarTleblad xSirad iyeneben gamoTqmas `mtacebluri fasdak leba~, rac `fuliT savse

tomris~ asociacias iwvevs. `mtacebluri fasdakleba~ niSnavs iseTi fasebis dadgenas, romlebic

danaxar jebze naklebia, raTa iniciatorebma dargidan gamoaZevon metoqe an xeli SeuSalon axali

metoqeebis gamoCenas, Semdeg ki fasebi gazardon da danakargebi ainazRauron. swored es aris im

didi firmebis sayvareli taqtika, romelTac SeuZliaT gauZlon xangrZliv, an droebiT danakar-

gebs, vinaidan didi finansuri resursebi, anu `fulis didi tomrebi~ gaaCniaT. ekonomikuri Teo-

ria ar uaryofs mtacebluri fasdaklebis SesaZleblobas, magram zrdis skeptikuri kiTxvebis

nusxas da, pirvel yovlisa, danaxarjebis swor gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebul im kiTxvebs, rom-

lebzec zemoT vimsjeleT.

ramden xans unda ganxorcieldes aseTi politika, raTa man mizans miaRwios? rac ufro did

xans iqneba ase, miT ufro didi iqneba mtacebluri firmis mokle vadiani danakargebi da, aqedan

gamomdinare, miT ufro meti unda iyos grZelvadiani mogeba, raTa politikam gaamarTlos.

ra mouva dargidan gaZevebuli firmebis fizikur aqtivebsa da SromiT resursebs? es mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxia, vinaidan Tu es aqtivebi arsebobas ganagrZobs, gana ra SeuSlis xels, rom vinmem

isev daiwyos maTi gamoyeneba mas Semdeg, rac mtacebeli firma fasebs gazrdis, raTa Tavisi qmede-

bebis nayofiT isargeblos? da Tu asea, rogorRa SeuZlia firmas hqondes imis imedi, rom moigebs

Tavisi mtacebluri politikiT? meores mxriv, SeiZleba SromiTi resursebi warmoebis sxva sa-

xeobebze gaifantos da maTi dabrunebisTvis mniSvnelovani saxsrebis daxarjva gaxdes saWiro.

unda movelodeT Tu ara, rom mtacebeli firma SesZlebs Tavisi metoqeebis sakmarisi rao-

denobis ganadgurebas, raTa xelSi Caigdos sabazro Zalaufleba, romelic imisTvis sWirdeba,

rom grZelvadiani mogeba miiRos da amiT gaamarTlos moklevadian zarali? fasebis mtaceblur

politikaSi brals xSirad msxvil maRaziebsa da supermarketebs sdeben, magram es maRaziebi ebrZ-

vian ara mxolod patara, damoukidebel konkurentebs, aramed sxva did maRaziebsa da supermarke-

tebsac. supermarketebis romelime qsels SeeZlo, sakmarisad dabali fasebi daewesebina da didi

xnis manZilze SeenarCunebina isini, raTa matilda biznesidan gamoeZevebina, magram es ar imoqme-

debda sxva supermarketebze, xolo matilda sruliadac ar aris supermarketebis mflobelTa

uZilobis mTavari mizezi.

Cven ar uarvyofT biznesSi fasebis mtacebluri politikis arsebobis SesaZleblobas. Tumca

dokumenturad dasabuTebuli magaliTebis moZieba Znelia, magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia. mini-

maluri fasebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebi ganapirobebs ufro maRali fasebis aucileblobas,

raTa gamoiricxos ufro maRali fasebis SesaZlebloba. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Sem-

Txveva, roca cnobili da mosalodneli borotebis Secnoba aris moulodneli da ucnobi boro-

tebis Tavidan acilebis gza. sazogadoebisTvis es kanonebi SesaZloa sasargeblo an, piriqiT, sa-

ziano aRmoCndes da radgan firmebi, romlebic aqedan sargeblobas iReben, maT ase xSirad uWeren

mxars, amitom maT argumentebs mainc skeptikurad unda mivudgeT.

fasebis regulireba

ra SeiZleba iTqvas im gamyidvelebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Zalian mcire konkuren ciis pirobebSi

moqmedeben da maRali fasebis dawesebiT didi mogebis miReba SeuZliaT? amis standartul maga-

liTs eleqtroenergiisa da satelefono momsaxure bis mimwodeblebi warmoadgenen. SeuZlia Tu

ara mTavrobas eqspluataciisgan momxmareblis dacva im fasebis regulirebiT, romelsac firme-

bi aweseben, Tu es firmebi kerZo investorebi arian?

rogor gansazRvraven maregulirebeli sawarmos marTvis danaxarjebs?

rogor unda gansazRvron maregulireblebma aseT SemTxvevebSi `swori~ fasi? ra Tqma unda,

danaxarjebis mixedviT. fasebi iseTi unda iyos, rom danaxarjebi dafaros da zomieri mogeba moi-

188

tanos. magram, rogorc ukve iciT, danaxarjebi bunebis ubralo movlenebi araa. isini administra-

ciuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegia. Tu warmoebis menejerebma ician, rom maTi fasebi SeiZleba da-

regulirebul iqnas xarjebis nebismieri cvlilebisas, raRa stimulebi unda hqondeT imisaTvis,

rom xarjebi Seamciron an maTi dabali done SeinarCunon? ra stimulebi unda hqondeT cvlilebe-

bisaTvis? ratom unda wavidnen riskze aseT pirobebSi?

maregulireblebi mudmivad gaakontroleben menejerebis gadawyvetilebebs. imisTvis, rom

efeqtianad imoqmedon, maT firmebis Sesaxeb imdenive unda icodnen, rac TviT menejerebma ician.

es ki imas niSnavs, rom sabolood yvela regulirebad firmas menejerebis ori gundi eyoleba. aqvs

ki amas azri? droTa ganmavlobaSi xom ar SeuerTdeba maregulirebelTa gundi menejerTa arCe-

vans? vin unda areguliros maregulireblebi? mrewvelobis istorias axsovs maregulirebeli

komisiebis wevrebs Soris warmoqmnili saSiSi tendenciebi, rodesac TandaTan `emorCilebodnen~

maT, visac aregulirebdnen ara korufciisa da qrTamis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom, rom maregu-

lirebeli komisiebi xSir SemTxvevaSi lmobierebi arian im sawarmoebis mimarT, romlebzec pasuxs

ageben.

1980 wlamde aSS-is sabanko institutebi Zalian mkacrad regulirdeboda mTavrobis mier. sa-

mTavrobo SezRudvebi maT konkurenciisgan icavda. bankebi 10 saaTze iReboda da 3 saaTze ikete-

boda. aq klientebs arc erT im momsaxurebas ar sTava zobd nen, romlebic 1980 wlis Semdeg gaCnda,

bankomatebiT dawyebuli da satelefono transferebiT damTavrebuli.

ukeTesi iyo Tu ara regulirebis pirobebSi momxmarebelTa mdgomareoba

a. sabanko saqmeSi?

b. sahaero transportSi?

g. satelefono momsaxurebaSi?

1978 wlamde mTavroba aregulirebda fasebs komerciul aviareisebze da zRudavda dargSi

SeRwevas. regulirebis dros momsaxureba gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo, mgzavri ki – gacilebiT nakle-

bi. aviaxazebi awesebdnen maRal fasebs, romlebsac mTavroba karnaxobda da momxmarebelTa mcire

raodenobisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. momxmareblebisTvis arsebobda iseTi fufuneba, rogoricaa

Tavisufali adgilebi, kargi saWmeli da sasmeli, momxiblavi gamcileblebis momsaxureba.

1980-ian wlebSi, konkurenciis gamo saxelmwifo kavSirgabmulobis sistemaSi saxelwodeba re-

gulireba moixsna, da mravali axali winadadeba gaCnda. aqamde es industria sando iyo, magram

statikuri, yovelgvari inovaciurobis gareSe da uceb man aRmoaCina telefonis gamoyenebis

sxvadsxva axali saSualebebi, romelis Sesaxebac adre aravis fiqrobda.

fasebis saxlemwifo regulirebis mxardamWeri pozicia, rogorc wesi, ambobs rom mTavrobam

unda daareguliros is sferoebi, sadac konkurencia araa. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblebi

xarbi gamyidvelebis wyalobaze unda iyvnen damokidebulni. es argumenti xSirad blokavs kiTxvebs,

realurad zRudavs Tu ara konkurencia firmebis qcevas tradiciulad regulirebad warmoebaSi.

Cven upirobod miviReT, rom konkurencia ar iqneba efeqtiani transportis, komunikaciebis, finan-

suri momsaxu rebisa da sxva mraval dargSi, ise, rom arc SevamowmeT es debuleba. bolo ori aTw-

leulis ganmavlobaSi deregulaciis ganviTarebam yvela sakiTxi ver gadawyvita, magram dagvanaxa,

rom konkurencias gacilebiT meti SeuZlia, vidre warmogvedgina da mas, rogroc bazris gaZliere-

bis meTods, mkveTrad gamoxatuli upiratesoba aqvs samTavrobo komisiebTan SedarebiT.

`antimonopolisturi~ politika

me-14 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu ratom xdeba, rom mTavroba momxmareblebs ase xSirad azaralebs konku-

renciis SezRudviT, imis miuxedavad, rom momxmareblebi da konkurencia yovelTvis advilad imar-

jveben sityvier debatebSi. adgilobrivi, Statebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, federaluri mTavrobebi

xSirad iseT politikasac axorcieleben, romelic konkurenciis SenarCunebiskenaa mimarTuli.

aseT politikas xSirad imiT amarTleben, rom konkurencia ekonomikuri saqmianobis efeqtiani ko-

ordinatoria, magram imisaTvis, rom is saTanado doneze SevinarCunoT, saWiroa garkveuli saxel-

mwifoebrivi mxardaWera. am kanonebis Sefaseba, maTi gamoyeneba da Sedegebi Zalian sainteresoa ara

189

marto ekonomikuri analizisaTvis, aramed isto riuli da iuridiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac. amje-

rad SevecdebiT, mxolod ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxiT davkmayofildeT.

aseTi saxis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani kanonia Sermanis kanoni, romelsac xSirad `Sermanis

antimonopolistur aqtsac~ uwodeben. es kanoni kongresma TiTqmis msjelobis gareSe miiRo 1890

wels (saxeli dakavSirebulia mecxramete saukunis mwarmoeblebis mcdelobasTan, konkurenciis

Tavidan asacileblad gamoeyenebinaT kanoniT dadgenili satresto SeTanxmebebi). yovlismomcve-

lobis gamo mas konkuren tuli sistemis konstituciasac uwodebdnen. is krZalavs nebismier kon-

traqts, gaerTianebas da farul SeTanxmebas, romlebic Statebs Soris vaWrobis SezRudvad da

aseve vaWrobis am sferos monopolizaciis mcdelobad aRiqmeba. sinamdvileSi, kanonis ena imde-

nad deklaraciulia, rom misi mravali detali dazustebas moiTxovs. am kanonis mixedviT, nebis-

mieri ori partniori, romelic saqmis erTad warmoebas Seecdeba, SeiZleba CaiTvalos gaerTiane-

bulad im mizniT, raTa konkurentebs vaWroba gauZnelos da am gziT xelSi Caigdos bazris didi

nawili. amis Sedegad, federaluri sasamarTloebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom gaerTianebis da

monopolizebis sxva mcdelobebi SeiZleba aikrZalos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseTi qme-

debebi `aragonivrulia~, an seriozul safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebis keTildReobas.

Sermanis aqtis interpretacia da gamoyeneba

imisaTvis, rom mosamarTleebs Sermanis aqtis normebis SesrulebaSi daxmareboda, kongresma

miiRo damatebiTi kanonebi, maT Soris, kleitonisa da federaluri savaWro komisiebis kanonebi,

romlebic ZalaSi Sevida 1914 wels. ukanaskneli kanonis mixedviT Seiqmna federaluri savaWro ko-

misia, rogorc saeqsperto organo da daevala konkurenciis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva `usamarTlo~

qmedebebis aRkveTis gziT. kleitonis kanonis (da momdevno Sesworebebis) mTavari debuleba calke

ganixilavs Serwymis sakiTxs da krZalavs nebismier Serwymas, romelsac SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Se-

asustos konkurencia. amave dros, gadauwyveteli rCeba rTuli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.

horizontaluri Serwyma: ori navTobgadamamuSavebeli kompania

ra SemTxvevaSi iwvevs Serwyma konkurenciis mniSvnelovnad Sesustebas? SeuZlia Tu ara Serwy-

mebs konkurenciis gaZliereba? davuSvaT, Serwyma surs or metalurgiul firmas. amas, Cveule-

briv, horizontalur Serwymas uwodeben. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom Serwyma mniS-

vnelovnad Seamcirebs konkurencias im dargSi, romelic isedac SedarebiT mcire raodenobis

msxvili firmebisagan Sedgeba, magram, ra moxdeba, Tu es ori firma sxvadasxva regionebSi vaWro-

bs? Tu isini sxvadasxva saxeobis liTonis produqcias awarmoeben? Tu orive gakotrebis pirasaa

da mxolod Serwyma gadaarCens?

konglomeratuli Serwyma: navTobgadamamuSavebeli da foladis mwarmoebeli

ukanasknel xanebSi didi kamaTia gaCaRebuli e.w. konglomeratul SerwymebTan dakavSirebiT.

esaa iseTi firmebis Serwyma, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebul produq cias awarmoeben. Tu avto-

mobilebis gamqiravebel firmas SeiZens eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebeli firma, gaizrdeba Tu ara

manqanebis gamqiravebeli firmis konkurent unarianoba? gamoiwvevs Tu ara es axali urTierTobe-

bis damyarebas da konkurenciis Semcirebas eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoeblebs, maT mimwodeblebsa

da im gamqiravebel firmebs Soris, romlebic avtomobilebis gaqiravebis bazris nawils floben?

gamoiwvevs Tu ara konglomeratuli Serwyma finansuri Zalauflebis iseT koncentra cias, rome-

lic Zalian saxifaTo da arasasurvelia, konkurenciaze misi zegavlenis miuxedavad?

vertikaluri Serwyma: navTobgadamamuSavebeli da benziniT sabiTumo vaWrobis qseli

ra SeiZleba iTqvas vertikaluri Serwymis, anu im firmebis Serwymis Sesaxeb, romlebic Serwy-

mamde mimwodeblisa da momxmareblis rols asrulebdnen, rogorc, magaliTad, supermarketebis

qseli da kvebis produqtebis mwarmoebeli firma? ra mohyveba amas _ efeqtianobis Semcireba, Tu

190

konkurenciis Semcireba, kvebis produq tebis sxva mwarmoeblebisTvis sawarmoo SesaZleblobe-

bis SezRudvis Sedegad?

usamarTlo vaWrobis romeli meTodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanoniT akrZa lulad? Tu msxvili

firma Tavisi mimwodeblebisgan fasdaklebas moiTxovs, iqneba Tu ara es usamarTlo qmedeba?

Tuki mimwodeblebi erT myidvels fasdaklebas sTavazoben, xolo sxvebs _ ara, CaiTvleba Tu ara

es usamarTlobad? ra SeiZleba iTqvas rekla mis Sesaxeb? sargebloben Tu ara msxvili firmebi

usamarTlo upiratesobebiT, romelTac maT reklama aZlevs? unda iyos Tu ara reklama gulwr-

feli, raTa igi samarTliani iyos? ra Tqma unda, magram ra aris samarTlianoba? yvela, vinc di-

dxans seriozulad fiqrobs am problemaze, iZulebulia aRiaros, rom federaluri savaWro ko-

misiis mier `cru~ reklamis regulireba komisias aucileblad aiZulebs reklamis efeqtianobisa

da mizandasaxulobis rTuli sakiTxebis kvlevas mihyos xeli da gamoitanos mravali daskvna,

romlebic xSirad sakmaod araTanmimdevruli iqneba.

sabolood, kvlav ZiriTad problemas vubrundebiT - konkurentebis SezRudva maT konkuren-

tunarianobas amcirebs. konkurencia, arsebiTad, damatebiTi SesaZleblo bebis SeTavazebaa,

xolo damatebiTi SesaZleblobebi ufro did arCevans da, aqedan gamomdinare, met simdidres gu-

lisxmobs. magram im xerxebs, romelTa meSveobiTac firma mis mier SeTavazebuli SesaZleblobe-

bis nusxas zrdis, SeuZlia Seamciros im SesaZleblobebis nusxa, romelTa SeTavazebac sxva fir-

mas SeuZlia. rodisaa gamarTlebuli erTi firmis konkurentuli Zalisxmevis saxelmwifoebrivi

SezRudva konkurentuli viTarebis gaumjobesebis ufro xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT? unda gvax-

sovdes, rom mTavrobis ekonomikur politikaze ZiriTad gavlenas axdenen ara momxmareblebi,

aramed mwarmoeblebi. am politikis formireba Zalian xSirad gamomdinareobs mewarmis survili-

dan, Tavi daicvas konkurentuli cxovrebis cieb-cxelebebisgan.

vertikaluri SezRudvebi _ konkurentuli Tu antikonkurentuli?

dava konkurenciis vertikaluri SezRudvis Sesaxeb, mraval urTierTsawina aRmdego argu-

mentsa da interesebis konfliqts asaxavs, romlebic ase arTulebs antimonopolisturi politi-

kis ganxorcielebas. 1937 wlidan 1976 wlamde federaluri kanonmdebloba mwarmoeblebsa da ga-

myidvelebs aTavisuflebda Statebs Soris fasebis fiqsirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis Sermanis

aqtisagan. kongresma uaryo es SeTanxmebebi, ramac isini avtomaturad aralegaluri gaxada. vi-

dre sasamarTloebma, didi gaWirvebiT ar miiRes SeniSvnebi, rom mwarmoeblebi ar unda Seecadon

gaakontrolon konkurencia sabiTumo doneze. SemdgomSi kongresi Seecada aekrZala is, rasac

adre mxars uWerda. kanonmdeblebma araerTxel axsnes, rom mkacrad SezRudavdnen mwarmoebelTa

mcdelobebs, gaekontrolebinaT produqciis gamavrce lebelTa qceva.

ratom unda surdes mwarmoebels biTumad movaWris mier maRali fasis

daweseba (da, Sesabamisad, naklebi saqonlis gayidva)?

arsebobs Tu ara raime Sansi, rom momxmareblebma miiRon sargebloba mwarmoebelTa boikoti-

dan imaT winaaRmdeg, romlebic rekomendebul minimalur fasze iafad vaWroben, an im gadawyveti-

lebidan, rom Semcirdes sacalo vaWrobis wertile bis raodenoba, TiToeul regionSi? iqmneba

STabeWdileba, TiTqos aseTi qmedebebi waaxaliseben maRal fasebs da naklebi xarisxis momsaxu-

rebas. es daskvna saeWvo xdeba, rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas, Tu ratom unda surdes zogierT mwarmo-

ebels Tavidan aicilos gamyidvelebis mxridan fasebis kleba, an Seamciros im maRaziebis raode-

noba, romlebic maTi produqciiT vaWroben.

ratom unda surdes mwarmoebels misi saqonliT biTumad

movaWreTa raodenobis Semcireba?

mwarmoeblebi zogjer fiqroben, rom ver SeZleben sakuTari produqciis warmatebiT gayid-

vas, Tuki momxmarebeli, gayidvamde da gayidvis Semdgom, uzrunvelyofili ar iqneba momsaxure-

bis mniSvnelovani kompleqsiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Sei-

191

Zleba produqciis momgebiani moxmareba, instruqciebis gamoyeneba sayofacxovrebo teqnikis

xmarebisas, an misi swrafi da saimedo mimdinare remonti. aseTi saxis momsaxurebis miwodebas

gamyidve lebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moisurveben, Tu es maT pirad mogebas da gayidvebs sak-

marisad gazrdis, xolo momsaxurebis danaxarjebs srulad dafaravs.

aseTi saxis momsaxureba SeTavazebuli ar iqneba da, aqedan gamomdinare, mwarmoebelTa produ-

qcia warmatebiT ver gaiyideba, Tu gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT ùbileTod imgzavron~ sxva gamyidve-

lebis mier miwodebuli momsaxurebis xarjze. ganvixiloT personaluri kompiuterebis magali-

Ti. es produqcia ofisebsa da binebSi ase swrafad ar dainergeboda, gayidvebs Tan rom ar xleboda

saganmanaTleblo Zalisxmevis sruli kompleqti. saganmanaTleblo Zalisxmeva, SesaZloa, gayid-

vebis Zalisxmevis yvelaze efeqtiani saxea. swored esaa mniSvnelovani. gamyidvelebi, romlebic

xarjs ewevian, raTa adamianebs personaluri kompiuterebis erT-erTi nairsaxeobis efeqtiani

gamoyeneba aswavlon, SeiZleba advilad daamarcxon im konkurentebma, romlebic aseT sagan-

manaTleblo momsaxurebas ar ewevian, magram akmayofileben sxvebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad warmo-

qmnil moTxovnas.

is mwarmoeblebi, romlebic aweseben gasayidi fasebis minimalur dasaSveb sazRvrebs, an am-

cireben regionSi maRaziebis raodenobas, SesaZloa swored imas cdiloben, rom sakuTari distri-

butorebi daicvan ùbileTod mgzavrobis~ moyvaruli distributorebisgan. SesaZloa, isini

dainteresebulebi arian sakuTari produqciis efeqtiani gayidviT da ara – konkurenciis Sem-

cirebiT. ra Tqma unda, mwarmoebelTa aseT qmedebas konkurenciis Semcirebac SeuZlia, magram

maT gareSe, SeiZleba, konkurenciam kidev ufro iklos, Tu produqcia efeqtianad ar iqneba mi-

wodebuli.

unda daerTos Tu ara mwarmoebels neba, konkurencia SezRudos, sacalo gayidvebis doneze,

raTa sakuTari produqciis gayidvas Seuwyos xeli? wina wlebSi sasamarTloebi amgvari moqmede-

bis uflebas iZleodnen `vertikaluri~ SezRudvebisaTvis, saqmidan, konteqstidan da SesaZlo

efeqtiani gamomdinare. magram amas yvelasTvis rodi mohqonda xeiri. distributorebma, rom-

lebic SezRudes an mwarmoeblebs Camoaciles, kongresSi iCivles, rasac kongresis zogierTma

wevrma upasuxa mkacri kanonproeqtebiT, romlebic mwarmoebelTa uflebebs zRudavda. am kanon-

proeqtebis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom maT konkurenciis gaZliereba surdaT. oponentebi pas-

uxobdnen, rom amis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad SeizRudeboda mwarmoebelTa qmedebebi da Semcirde-

boda konkurencia, xolo distributorebi axal savaWro strategiebs gamoigonebdnen da

SeTanxmebulad imoqmedebdnen.

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

iqneb àntimonopolisturi~ kanonmdeblobis mTeli sistema xelSewyobis nacvlad mxolod

zRudavs konkurencias? arseboben adamianebi, romlebic ase fiqroben. arseboben sxvebi (ZiriTa-

dad ekonomistebi), romlebic mxars uWeren Sermanis aqtis da kleitonis kanonis Serwymebis am-

krZalavi debulebebis SenarCunebas. zogierTi maTgani acxadebs, rom Sermanis da kleitonis ka-

nonebma didi wvlili Seitana konkurentuli ekonomikis SenarCunebaSi. sxvebi acxadebdnen, rom

am kanonebs gacilebiT didi wvlilis Setana SeeZloT, maT Sesrulebas met yuradRebas rom

aqcevdnen. zogerTebi am kanonebs, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, uwyinar ritorikad ganixilaven, uares

SemTxvevaSi ki, rogorc iaraRs, romelsac ucodinari politikuri moRvaweebis xelSi ekonomi-

kisTvis didi zianis motana SeuZlia.

am wignis avtori aRiarebs, rom ar icis, am SemTxvevaSi vin aris marTali. cxadia, àntimonopo-

listuri~ politika savsea winaaRmdgobebiTa da iseTi situaciebiT, rodesac marjvena xelma ar

uwyis, rasa iqms marcxena. saxelmwifo kanonebi iSviaTad icaven konkurencias, gacilebiT xSirad

ki isini calkeul konkurentTa mfarvelebis interesebs ufro icaven, vidre konkurenciis dam-

cvelTa interesebs. Sermanisa da kleitonis kanonebis Sesrulebisas, mTavrobis moxeleebi did

yuradRebas uTmoben wvrilmanebs da mxedvelobis miRma rCebaT mTavari. firmebi, romlebsac ar

SeuZliaT efeqtiani konkurencia gaswion ise, rom momxmareblebs SedarebiT dabal fasad ukeTe-

si xarisxis produqcia SesTavazon, sasamarTloebisgan moiTxoven, rom maTma konkurentebma fasi

moumaton, an xarisxi gaauareson. meores mxriv, Sermanis kanoni, romelic kicxavs fiqsirebuli

fasebis dasaweseblad dadebul farul SeTanxmebebs, SesaZloa, xels uSlida aSS-Si sakartelo

192

SeTanxmebebis ganviTarebas, romlebic esoden xSirad gvxvdeba evropasa da iaponiaSi. ekonomist-

ma jorj sTiglerma erTxel ganacxada, rom `senator Sermanis aCrdili yoveli msxvili kompaniis

direqtorTa sabWos araoficialuri wevria~. es, ra Tqma unda, empiriuli WeSmariteba ar gax-

lavT, magram istoria zusti mecnierebisagan sakmaod Sorsaa.

Sejameba

is daskvnebi, romlebsac am Tavis bolos gavakeTebT, bevrad ufro mokrZalebuli iqneba im

kiTxvebTan SedarebiT, romlebiTac daviwyeT. daskvnebis raodenoba ors ar aRemateba.

SerzRudvebi, romlebic potenciur konkurentebs exeba, zRudavs Semcvleli saqonlis rao-

denobas da gamyidvelebs saSualebas aZlevs gazardon sakuTari simdidire sxvebis SesaZleblo-

bebis SezRudvis xarjze. konkurencia procesia da ara koniunqtura. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, kon-

kurenciis danaxva mxolod kinofirze SeiZleba da ara fotosuraTze. magaliTad, is faqti, rom

garkveuli produqtis fasi yvela gamyidvelisTvis absoluturad erTnairia, sruliadac

arafers metyvelebs imaze, sakmarisad konkurentulia Tu ara is dargi, romelic am produqts

awarmoebs. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor gaxda es fasebi erTnairi. saocaria, magram xSiria SemTx-

veva, roca saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, romlebic TiTqos ukeTesad unda erkveodnen yovelive amaSi,

konkurenciis arsebobis Sesaxeb daskvnebs akeTeben erTnairi fasebis safuZvelze. amgvari Sec-

domis Tavidan asacileblad Tundac mxolod is unda gavixsenoT, rom xorblis momyvani yvela

fermeri erTnair fass awesebs.

meore daskvna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela araadekvaturi situacia unda SevadaroT im sa-

survel viTarebas, romelic realurad miRwevadia. Secdomas davuSvebT, Tu araidealur situa-

cias idealur, magram miuRwevad situacias SevadarebT. amas garda, sabazro struqturebisa da

sawarmoo praqtikis cvlileba garkveul danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, maT Sorisaa gamoZie-

bis, sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis danaxarjebi.

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es zRvruli danaxarjebi naklebia zRvrul Semosavalze, SegviZlia

vamtkicoT, rom Cveni keTildReoba gaizrdeboda, Tuki aRvZravdiT sasamarTlo process, raTa

Segvemcirebina fasis maZieblebis sabazro Zalaufleba, SegveCerebina firmebis Serwyma, an ag-

vekrZala iseTi qceva, romelsac konkurenciis Semcireba SeuZlia.

193

mokled gavimeoroT

produqtis fassa da misi warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris gansxvaveba potenciuri upi-

ratesobis wyaroa. ekonomikaSi konkurencia maSin arsebobs, rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebas

xedaven da damatebiTi saqonliT maT aRmofxvras cdiloben.

konkurencias ufro meti forma aqvs, vidre SegviZlia CamovTvaloT da imaze metic, vidre kon-

kurentebs SeuZliaT ivaraudon da Tavidan aicilon.

vinaidan konkurencias axasiaTebs produqciis miwodebidan miRebuli sargeblo bis gadanawi-

leba myidvelebsa da sxva mimwodeblebs Soris, amitom firmebi konku ren tebis mosacileblad

xSirad cdiloben miiRon mTavrobis mxardaWera da saamisod gansakuTrebul gamomgoneblobas

iCenen, avlenen ra sofistikaSi did sofistikaSi gawafulobas.

firmebi adgilobriv da ucxoel konkurentebs xSirad adanaSauleben imaSi, rom isini `dana-

xarjebze dabal fasad yidian~ da mimarTaven saxelmwifos, raTa man akrZalos aseTi mtacebluri

qmedebebi. amgvar braldebebs azri aqvs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTSi laparakia produqciis

erTeulze gaweul danaxarjebze, rac araa dakavSirebuli im gadawyvetilebebTan, romelTa sa-

winaaRmdegodac mimarTulia es braldebebi. gavixsenoT, rom, rogorc wesi, gamyidvelebs nakle-

bi konkurencia urCevniaT.

mTavroba rom mtacebeli monopoliebisgan konkurenciis damcvelad warmovidginoT, albaT

mTlad swori ar iqneba. federalurma, adgilobrivma da Statebis xelisuflebam mravali fir-

misTvis Seqmnes specialuri privilegirebuli mdgomareoba, ris Sedegadac izRudeba konkuren-

cia da mcirdeba momxmareblebis SesaZleblobebi.

jer kidev ar gamoqveynebula im kanonebis, dadgenilebebisa da iuridiuli normebis swori da

Sewonili Sefaseba, romlebic federaluri antimonopoluri politikis Semadgeneli nawilebia.

konkurencia iseTi procesia, romelSic konkurentebi monawileoben. cxadia, konkurencia ar

SeiZleba arsebobdes konkurentebis gareSe, magram adamianebs aseve naTlad ara aqvT warmodgeni-

li, rom konkurencia SeuZlebelia, Tu konkurentebs ekrZalebaT iseTi qmedebebi, romelTa mi-

zans bazarze maTi wilis gazrda Seadgens.

sakiTxebi gansjisTvis

1. mas Semdeg, rac mTavrobam aviabileTebis fasebis regulireba Sewyvita, erT-erTma msxvilma

aviakompaniam mgzavrebis gamokiTxva daiwyo da `gamokiTxul mgzavrTa~ grZeli sia Seadgina.

marketingis dargSi kompaniis vice-prezidenti aRniSnavda, rom mgzavrebs SeuZliaT didi

daxmareba aRmouCinon aviakompaniebs, raTa maT SeZlon `saukeTeso momsaxurebis miwodeba~.

kiTxvebi exeboda mgzavrobis miznebs, frenis sixSires, bileTebis Rirebulebis gadaxdis ti-

pebs, SeRavaTiani bileTebis uqonlobisas mgzavrebis sasargeblod miRebul zomebs, bileTe-

bis SeZenis xerxebsa da mgzavrebis Semosavals, ris gakeTebas cdilobda aviakompania?

2. rogor axsniT im faqts, rom, miuxedavad mravali damkvirveblis azrisa, romlis Tanaxmad,

amerikul ekonomikaSi konkurencia mcirdeba, yvela saqmiani firma amtkicebs, rom is mZafri

konkurenciis pirobebSi muSaobs?

3. gadaikiTxeT termin `oligopoliis~ teqstSi mocemuli ganmarteba. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad,

warmoadgenen Tu ara oligopolistebs sigaretis mwarmo eblebi? warmoadgenen Tu ara oli-

gopolistebs patara qalaqSi benzogasamarTi sadguris mepatroneebi? daasaxeleT ramdenime

sxva gamyidveli, romlebic ganmartebis mixedviT, arian, an ar arian oligopolistebi.

4. seqtemberSi, Svebulebebis sezonis damTavrebisas, Tu erT-erTi komerciuli aviakompania am-

cirebs fasebs ori kviriT adre SeZenil bileTebze, romlebic SabaTi Ramis gaTevas gulisxmobs,

rogor Seicvleba gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba? moxdeba Tu ara igive cvlileba im SemTxveva-

Si, rodesac sxva aviakompaniebi am qmedebas bileTebis fasis daklebiT upasuxeben? davuSvaT,

aviakompaniam icis, rom mis mier fasebis cvlilebas yvela msxvili konkurenti upasuxebs. Tu,

miuxedavad amisa, is mainc gadawyvets mgzavrobis Rirebulebis Semcirebas, es mis bileTebze

moTxovnis cvlilebis mizezi iqneba, Tu mxolod maTi raodenobis cvlilebis mizezi?

194

5. gamyidvelebis mcdelobas saimisod, TavianTi saqoneli momxmareblisTvis ufro mimzidveli

gaxadon, zogjer saqonlis diferenciacias uwodeben.

a) aris Tu ara saqonlis diferenciacia mflangveloba, rodesac is gamyidve lebs ufro

met xarjebs akisrebs, vidre momxmareblidan miRebuli mogebaa? moiyvaneT magaliTe-

bi, rodesac es iqneba, an ar iqneba gamflangveloba.

b) SeafaseT Semdegi msjeloba: `gamyidvelebis mier saqonlis diferenciaci isTvis ga-

dadgmuli axali nabijebi, sazogadoebis azriT, gamflangvelobaa, vinaidan isini ma-

Ral zRvrul danaxarjebsa da dabal zRvrul sargeblianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

magram es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom mwarmoeblebma ukve isargebles saqonlis difer-

enciaciis mcirexarjiani da maRalsargebliani meTodebiT. es ar amtkicebs, TiTqos

saqonlis diferenciaciis mTeli procesi gamflangveloba iyos~.

6. niu-iorkis sareklamo saagentos mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvisas gamoirkva, rom, mravali

momxmareblis azriT, zogierTi kategoriis saqonlis Zalian bevri nairsaxeoba iyideba. ma-

galiTad, gamokiTxulTa 72% Tvlida, rom burRulis nairsaxeobaTa raodenoba Zalian didia,

60%-s ki miaCnda, rom sapnis nairsaxeobebia Warbi. Tqveni azriT, ras niSnavs `Zalian bevri~,

Tuki zustad iciT, ra gsurT? ramdenia `Zalian cota~, Tuki ver poulobT imas, rasac eZebT?

7. ratom unda Seicavdes fiqsirebuli fasebis Sesaxeb gamyidvelebs Soris miRweuli efeqtiani

SeTanxmeba gayidvebis iseT SezRudvebs, rogoricaa produqciis moculobis Semcireba, an

gayidvebis teritoriul-geografiuli danawileba?

8. es kiTxva unda dagexmaroT kartelebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis SefasebaSi.

davuSvaT, 10-1 naxazze D aris navTobze moTxovna, xolo MC _ navTobis yvela mwarmoeblis

zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis jami. jerjerobiT, yuradRebas nu miaqcevT H mruds.

a) Tuki imis gamo, rom navTobis mwarmoeblebi aTasobiTaa da maT ara aqvT efeqtiani

sakartelo SeTanxmebebi, isini fasis mimRebebs warmoadgenen, maSin ratom miiwevs nav-

Tobis fasi erT barelSi 9 dolarisken? ra moxdeba, Tu fasi 9 dolarze bevrad meti,

an naklebi iqneba?

b) davuSvaT, erTi firma awesebs kontrols yvela moqmed WaburRilze da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, warmoebis moculobis kontrolis saSualebiT, fasis kontrolic SeuZlia,

ramdeni milioni bareli iqneba warmoebuli dReSi (mb/dR), Tu firmis mizani mogebis

maqsimizaciaa? ra fasi dadgindeba?

g) odnav SevcvaloT daSveba. navTobis WaburRilebi pirad sakuTrebaSia da aTasobiT

Tavdapirveli mepatronis kontrolqveS rCeba, magram TiToeuli mepatrone iZleva

Tanxmobas, gayidos mxolod im fasad, rasac `momxmarebelTa eqspluataci isTvis

fasebis organizatori~ daadgens.10 navTobis mwarmoeblebi qiraoben am saagentos,

raTa man gansazRvros da gamoacxados navTobis iseTi fasi, romelic maqsimalurad

momgebiani iqneba navTobis yvela mwarmoeblisaTvis. organizacia acxadebs, rom aseTi

fasia barelSi 29 dolari. ra moxdeba, Tu es fasi SenarCundeba?

d) ratom moisurvebs navTobis individualuri mwarmoebeli imdeni navTobis gayidvas,

rom jamSi gaiyidos bevrad meti, vidre 13 mln. mb/dR?

e) rogor SeuZlia OPEC-s (navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacias) Tavidan ai-

cilos dReSi 13 mln barelze metis warmoeba da, Sesabamisad, navTobis fasebis Sem-

cireba? Tu OPEC navTobis TiToeuli mwarmoeblisTvis warmoebis moculobis

kvotebs daawesebs, rogor unda uzrunvelyos man, rom yvela mewarme am kvotebiT dak-

mayofildes? rogor SeuZlia mas imis garantireba, rom individualuri mwarmoeblebi

ar gadaaWarbeben TavianT kvotebs?

10 am organizaciis Semoklebuli dasaxeleba inglisurad iseve JRers, rogorc navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis orga-

nizaciis _ OPEC (Organizer of Prices to Exploit Consumers) _ mTargmn. SeniSvna

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milioni bareli navTobi dReSi

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nax. 10-1. sabazro moTxovna navTobze da mwarmoebelTa

erToblivi zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi

v) SeiZleba Tu ara, vivaraudoT, rom navTobze moTxovnis arsebuli mrudi ar Seicvle-

ba, Tu navTobis fasi barelSi 29 dolaramde gaizrdeba da, rogorc mosa lod nelia,

wlebis ganmavlobaSi am maRal doneze darCeba? ra saxis movlenebs SeuZliaT moTxov-

nis mrudis droSi gadaadgileba? ra gavlenas iqoniebs es navTobis mwarmoeblebze,

romlebmac OPEC daaarses?

z) OPEC-is wevrebisaTvis seriozul safrTxes, albaT is axali mwarmoeblebi Seqmnian, vinc

navTobis fasis zrdam miizida. navTobis mwarmoebeli qveynebis organizaciis 13 wevris

mier 1980-85 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli gayidvebi 30 mb/dR-dan 15 mb/dR-mde Semcirda, na-

wilobriv, erToblivi moTxovnis Semcirebis gamo, ZiriTadad ki, am organizaciis gareT

darCenili qveynebis mier navTobis mopovebis gazrdis gamo. davuSvaT rom H iyo navTob-

ze moTxovna OPEC-is arsebobis dasawyisSi. SeadareT am organizaciis wevrebis fasi, war-

moebis moculoba da mTliani Semosavali, rodesac moTxovna H mrudiTaa warmodgenili

da fasi, warmoebis moculoba da mTliani Semosavali, rodesac moTxovna D mrudiTaa war-

modgenili. davuSviT, rom kartelis monawileebi SeTanxmebas ar arRveven.

9. mTavrobis daxmarebis gareSe, rac SeTanxmebis damrRvevTa dasjas gulisxmobs, kartelebi

xSirad iSleba. ratom xdeba ase? gana kartelis TiToeuli wevris interesebSi ar unda iyos,

Seasrulos yvela SeTanxmeba da amiT xeli Seuwyos kartelis mogebis maqsimizacias? ratom

unda aiZulebdes mTavroba kartelis wevrebs maTive SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas? imis gasagebad,

Tu ratom iSleba kartelebi, vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, Tu oTxi adamiani Semdeg TamaSs TamaSobs:

TiToeul moTamaSes aqvs ori baraTi, erTs aweria L, meores _ S. niSnis micemisas TiToeuli mo-

TamaSe erT-erTs baraTs magidaze debs da iReben prizs, imis mixedviT, vin ra baraTs Camodis.

Tu oTxive S baraTs Camova, maSin TiToeuli moTamaSe igebs 5 dolars.

Tu magidaze sami S da erTi L baraTia, maSin, vinc S-s Camova, 5 dolars agebs, xolo is, vinc L-s

Camova, 15 dolars igebs.

Tu magidaze ori S da ori L baraTia, maSin is, vinc S baraTs Camova, 10 dolars kargavs, xolo

is, vinc L baraTs Camova, 10 dolars igebs.

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Tu magidaze erTi S da sami L baraTia, maSin is, vinc S baraTs Camova, 5 dolars kargavs, xolo

is, vinc L baraTs Camova, 5 dolars igebs.

Tu oTxive moTamaSe L baraTs Camova maSin TiToeuli 5 dolars kargavs.

a) rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeba, Tu davuSvebT, rom TiToeuli moTamaSe Tavisuflad da

damoukideblad moqmedebs da cdilobs, maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos?

b) ratom iqneba moTamaSeebisTvis ufro Zneli, Tavidan aicilon wageba, vidre moigon

`meTvalyuris~ gareSe, romelic sjis yvelas, vinc L-s Camodis?

g) davuSvaT, oTxi `moTamaSe~ sinamdvileSi dargis oTxi wamyvani mwarmoevelia, `L bara-

Tis Camosvla~ produqciis moculobis gazrdas niSnavs, xolo ` S baraTis Camosvla~

_ mis Semcirebas. kidev erTxel gadavxedoT moTamaSeTa mier miRebul Tanxebs. es

iyos am mwarmoeblebis mogeba, romelic damokidebulia, imaze 1) iReben Tu ara isini

individualurad gadawyvetilebas produqciis moculobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, maRa-

li fasebis SenarCunebis mizniT an 2) sxvebis aseTive gadawyvetilebebze. ratom iRebs

mwarmoebeli met mogebas produqciis moculobis zrdisas, sxva mwarmoebelTa ga-

dawyvetilebis miuxedavad?

d) ris gakeTeba SeuZliaT monawileebs, raTa TiToeulma mwarmoebelma produqciis mci-

re moculobis SenarCuneba gadawyvitos da amiT xeli Seuwyos mTeli dargis mogebis

maqsimizacias?

10. wina or kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas Cndeba Semdegi sakiTxi: ase didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ratom

axerxebda navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia navTobze msoflio fasebis zrdas?

am kiTxvaze gacemuli nebismieri pasuxi, mniSvnelovanwilad, navTobis warmoebisa da gayid-

vis zRvrul danaxarjebs Seexeba, arsebuli sabadodan navTobis mopovebis danaxarjebi xSi-

rad iseTi mcirea, rom SesaZlebelia maTi ugulvebelyofa. agram, Sesabamisi zRvruli dana-

xarjebi _ es aris mopovebisa da gayidvis danaxarjebi. 70-ian wlebSi mravali pativsacemi

adamiani gviwinaswarmetyve lebda, rom, vinaidan, navTobproduqtebze moTxovna metad arae-

lastiuria, xolo msoflio maragi swrafad mcirdeba, amitom barelis fasi saukunis bolosT-

vis, SesaZloa, 1000 dolaramde gaizardos. rogor moqmedebs momavali maRali fasebi navTo-

bis alternatiul Rirebulebaze? rogor daexmareboda aseTi molodini navTobis

eqsportiori qveynebis organizacias `TaRliTobis~ problemis gadaWraSi? ratom gaqra 80-

ian wlebSi zogierTi sakmaod eqstravagantuli prognozi, romelic ase xSirad gamoiTqmebo-

da 70-ian wlebSi?

11. uZravi qonebiT movaWre erTsa da imave raionSi, Cveulebriv, gayidul saxlebze erTnair sa-

komisio Tanxas iRebs. esaa fasis garkveuli procenti, romelsac Sesabamisi asociacia awe-

sebs da yvela Suamavali icavs, rogorc erTgvar `eTikur normas~.

a) ratom iqneba araeTikuri, Tu gamyidveli Tqveni saxlis gayidvis Semdeg moiTxovs 5

procents da ara 6-s? vis mimarT iqneboda es araeTikuri?

b) rogor uweven erTmaneTs konkurencias uZravi qonebis gamyidvelebi?

g) mosalodnelia Tuara, rom dargSi iqneba Zalian bevri firma, Tu moxerxdeba saqonel-

ze maRali minimaluri fasis daweseba? rogor fiqrobT, Zalian bevri adamiani xom ar

aris dakavebuli uZravi qonebis gayidviT? ra faqtebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT amis da-

sasabuTeblad?

12. JurnalSi `harvard biznes reviu~ gamoqveynebuli iyo Sedegebi gamokiTxvisa, romelSic biz-

nesmenebs Txovdnen, aReweraT sakuTar dargebSi arsebuli is araeTikuri qmedebebi, romelTa

aRmofxvrac yvelaze metad surdaT. gamokiTxulTa 62 procentma daasaxela `fasebis usa-

marTlo daweseba~, `usamarTlo reklama~, `konkurenciis usamarTlo meTodebi~ da `momxma-

rebelTa motyueba~. riT axsniT am pasuxebs? rogor ganmartavdiT im qmedebebs, romelsac

gamokiTxuli biznesmenebi akritikeben?

13. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqstis is abzaci, romelSic warmodgenilia kerZo saavadmyofos

xelmZRvanelis saCivrebi. ramdeni mcdari mtkicebuleba SegiZliaT daiTvaloT am abzacSi?

14. msxvili Statis sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba cota xnis win ganixilavda kanontproeqts, ro-

melic aiZulebda spirtiani sasmelebiT movaWre yvela sasursaTo maRaziasa da jixurs, spir-

197

tiani sasmelebis ganyofilebisTvis calke Sesasvleli moewyo. am kanonproeqtis momxreebi

amtkicebdnen, rom es aucilebelia, raTa mozardebi ar Sediodnen im ganyofilebaSi, sadac

spirtiani sasmelebi iyideba. rogor fiqrobT, vin lobirebda am kanonproeqts? ratom?

15. gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom aSS-is centraluri nawilis erT-erT mWidrod dasaxlebul StatSi

licenzirebadi profesiebis warmomadgenelTa 73 procents licenziebis gacemisas uyenebd-

nen iseT moTxovnas, rogoricaa `kargi xasiaTi~, ratom? rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros kargi

xasiaTi? vis SeuZlia yvelaze kargad gansazRros, aqvs Tu ara kargi xasiaTi damkrZalavi biu-

ros mepatrones, raTa mas licenzia mieces?

16. sietlis saqalaqo sabWom 1979 wlis maisSi taqsiT mgzavrobis gadasaxadis regulireba Sewyvi-

ta. SemdgomSi ramdenjerme scades eiZulebinaT sabWo, raTa mas ganeaxlebina regulireba.

gagikvirdebaT Tu ara, roca SeityobT, rom am mcdelobas afinansebdnen da mxars uWerdnen

taqsis mepatroneebi? gjeraT Tu ara maTi, roca amboben _ `Cven amas vakeTebs imisaTvis, rom

xalxi ar moatyuon~?

17. rodesac Statis kanonmdeblebi ganixilavdnen kanonproeqts, romelic ofTalmologebs

avadmyofis mxedvelobis gasinjvisas Tvalis wveTebis gamoyenebis nebas rTavda, 50 ofTal-

mologma kongress mosTxova, mxari ar daeWira am kanonproeqtisTvis. ofTalmologiis sa-

xelmwifo akademiis Tavmjdomarem reportiors ganucxada: `Cven aqedan araviTar ekonomi-

kur mogebas ar viRebT~. ofTalmologebis erTaderTi mizani is iyo, rom, Tuki kanonproeqts

daamtkicebdnen, àdamianebis ufro met raodenobas moutandnen zians wamlebis araswori ga-

moyenebiT~. gjeraT Tu ara, rom es 50 specialisti sazogadoebis janmrTelobaze imdenad

zrunavda, rom erTdroulad Tqva uari erTi dRis samuSaoze, raTa gavlena moexdinaT saka-

nonmdeblo xelisuflebaze?

18. ùol sTriT jornelSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom `saavtomobilo gadazid-

vebis dargSi ekonomikuri regulirebis SenarCuneba sazogadoebis interesebSia~. saavtomo-

bilo gadazidvebis amerikuli asociaciis prezidentis mier xelmoweril werilSi ki naTqvami

iyo, rom gadazidvebis gadasaxadis koleqtiuri dadgena da SezRudvebi aucilebelia, raTa

Tavidan iqnas acilebuli arasaimedo momsaxureba, patara qalaqebis momsaxurebis Sewyveta,

fasebis mtacebluri dadgena da mcire tvirTebis gamgzavnTa diskrminacia. gakvirvebT Tu

ara is, rom saavtomobilo gadazidvebis amerikuli asociaciis wevrebs surT, rom saxelmwi-

fom areguliros maTi saqmianoba, raTa TviTonve ar moqmedebdnen sazogadoebis interesebis

sawinaaRmdegod?

19. floridis saolqo samedicino sazogadoebis prezidentma adgilobrivi eqimebi gaafrTxila,

rom Tu isini Tundac patara sareklamo furcels gamoaqvey nebdnen, `maSinve gamoZaxebuli

iqnebodnen adgilobrivi asociaciis aRmasrulebel komitetSi, raTa ganmarteba miecaT Ta-

vianTi saqcielis gamo~ da daumata, rom satelefono wignis sareklamo nawilSi msxvili Srif-

tis gamoyeneba àraprofesiuli saqcielia~.

a) rogor fiqrobT, yvelaze naklebad romeli eqimebi moisurvebdnen reklamis ganTav-

sebas? vin moisurvebs amas yvelaze metad?

b) rogoria klientis interesi am SemTxvevaSi? gaaumjobesebs Tu gaauaresebs eqimebis

mier reklamis gamoyeneba pacientebis momsaxurebas?

20. kosmetologebisa da dalaqebis saqmianobis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis erT-erTi momx-

re acxadebda, rom Statis kosmetologiurma saagentom gasul wels miiRo 756805 dolaris

Semosavali, mxolod 589014 dolari daxarja da, amgvarad, Statis Semosavali gaizarda. arse-

bobs Tu ara raime damatebiTi danaxarjebi, romlebic saagentoebis saqmianobasTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli?

21. vaSingtonis Statis transportisa da komunaluri momsaxurebis komisia drogamoSvebiT mka-

crad krZalavs binebidan aralicenzirebul gadasvlas.

a) komisiis Tavmjdomarem ganacxada, rom am akrZalvis mizezi isaa, rom momxmareblebi

sayvedurs gamoTqvamen dazianebuli nivTebisa da fasebiT manipulirebis gamo, xolo

licenzirebuli gadamzidvelebi ukmayofiloni arian aralicenzirebuli gadamzid-

velebis mxridan mzardi konkurenciiT. rogor fiqrobT, romeli saCivari ufro daar-

198

wmunebs komisias? ramdenma momxmarebelma da ramdenma licenzirebulma gadamzid-

velma icis raime am komisiis Sesaxeb?

b) Statis oficialurma pirebma ganacxades, rom kanonmdeblobam daawesa moTxov nebi ga-

dazidvebis sferoSi. Zveli moTxovnebi me-20 saukunis 1930-iani wlebidan arsebobs,

rodesac kanonmdeblebi SiSobdnen, rom `araregulirebadi konkurencia gamoiwvevda

momsaxurebis gauaresebas, usafrTxoebis problemebs, Zlier konkurencias qalaqebSi

da cud momsaxurebas soflebSi~. rogor fiqrobT, iarsebebs Tu ara es problemebi

regulirebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic? iwvevs Tu ara konkurencia momsaxurebis

gauaresebas? rodisaa konkurencia `zedmetad intensiuri~ da `damaxrCobeli~? Tu am

kiTxvas im adamianebs davusvamT, romlebic gadazidvis sferoSi moRvaweoben, ra pa-

suxs miviRebT?

g) arsebobs `moxerxebulobisa da aucileblobebis zusti testi~ nebismieri axali fir-

misTvis, romelsac surs gadazidvebis licenziis mopoveba. testi firmebisagan moi-

Txovs, daamtkicon maTi momsaxurebis saWiroeba. SeiZleba Tu ara amis damtkiceba?

d) Statis satransporto komisiis direqtori acxadebs, rom `rac Seexeba momsaxurebas

da ara fasebs, arsebobs bevrad meti licenzirebuli gadamzidveli, vidre aucilebe-

lia~. ra kavSiria maRal tarifebsa da momsaxurebis sakmaris raodeobas Soris?

e) rogor exmianeba StatSi aTobiT aralicenzirebuli gadamzidvelis arsebobis faqti

direqtoris am gancxadebas?

22. avtomobilebis mwarmoeblebma mimarTes aSS-is vaWrobis departaments, iaponel mwarmoe-

blebTan Caetarebina `konsultacia~ qveynis bazarze kompaqturi satvirTo avtomobilebis

`dempingTan~ dakavSirebiT. savaWro kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, aralegaluri `dempingi~ ma-

Sin xorcieldeba, rodesac ucxouri firmebi saqonels aSS-Si imaze nakleb fasad yidian, vi-

dre sakuTar bazarze, rac, Sesabamisad, amerikeli konkurentebis mogebisa da samuSao adgi-

lebis Semcirebas iwvevs.

a) ratom surT iaponur firmebs satvirTo manqanebis gayidva aSS-Si ufro nakleb fasad,

vidre iaponiaSi?

b) saCivris Setanas `didi sameulis~ satvirTo manqanebis gayidvebis rekorduli done

daemTxva. Sesabamisad, arc Semosavlebi da arc samuSao adgilebis raodenoba ar Sem-

cirebula. amis miuxedavad, amerikeli mwarmoeblebi saubrobdnen `dakarguli Se-

saZleblobebis Sesaxeb~ _ TiTqosda, 140 000 damatebiTi avtomobili gaiyideboda,

iaponias rom aSS-Si avtomobilebis `dempingi~ ar ganexorcielebina. Tu dakarguli

SesaZleblobebi aseT zarals iwvevs, arsebobs Tu ara imis safuZveli, rom mxari dau-

Wiron avtomobilebis Semotanis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmul saCivrebs?

23. aSS-is iusticiis departamenti daTanxmda im valdebulebebis moqmedebis SeCerebas, romelic

man 25 wlis win miiRo kompania `seifueisgan~ da, romlis Tanaxmadac, `seifueis~ ekrZaleboda

vaWroba saqonlis Sesyidvis danaxarjebze dabal fasad an `aragonivrulad dabal fasad~,

romelic, SesaZloa, danaxarjebze maRali yofiliyo. es valdebuleba samTavrobo sarCelis

Sedegi iyo, romliTac `seifueis~ brali edeboda imaSi, rom cdilobda saqoneli gaeyida da-

naxarjebze nakleb fasad, raTa moepovebina monopolia kvebis produqtebiT vaWrobaze te-

xassa da niu-meqsikoSi.

a) rogori iqneba imis albaToba, rom ̀ seifuei~ an vinme sxva SeZlebs kvebis produqtebiT

sacalo vaWrobis bazris monopolizacias am or StatSi?

b) `seifueis~ mcdelobam, moepovebina monopolia, samomxmareblo fasebis Semcireba ga-

moiwvia. Tqveni azriT, vin Cioda iusticiis departamentSi ̀ seifueis~ saqcielis gamo?

g) ra xerxi unda gamoviyenoT imisTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT kvebis produqtebTan dakav-

Sirebuli xarjebi? yidis Tu ara gamyidveli qaRaldis paketebs danaxarjebze nakleb

fasad, rodesac momxmareblebs maT ufasod sTavazobs? gascems Tu ara gamyidveli

subsidias qaRaldis paketebze (ufro dawvrilebiT `subsidiebis~ Sesaxeb saubaria

26-e kiTxvaSi, kerZos ki, mis d) nawilSi)?

24. Semdegi produqtebidan romeli iyideba danaxarjebze nakleb fasad? romel sxva produqtebs

199

uweven isini konkurencias? `usamarTloa~ Tu ara es konkurencia?

a) yava, romelsac banki klientebs ufasod sTavazobs;

b) imdeni Wiqa yava, yovelgvari safasuris gareSe, ramdensac moiTxovs restornis klien-

ti sadilis Semdeg;

g) sareklamo satelevizio programebi;

d) fotofiri, romelic gadaecema piceriis yvela xandazmul stumars piceriis gaxsnis

pirveli kviris ganmavlobaSi.

25. Tu firma CarTulia mtacebluri fasebis dadgenis procesSi, aucilebeli fasebi dgindeba: a)

danaxarjebze naklebi, 2) metoqeTa ganadgurebis mizniT, 3) danakargebis anazRaurebis miz-

niT, im varaudiT, rom fasebi momavalSi gaizrdeba. romeli faqtorebi uSlis xels am pro-

cesSi ukanaskneli safexuris ganxorcielebas? ra garemoebebis drosaa amis gakeTeba Sedare-

biT ioli? SeiZleba Tu ara iseTi magaliTebis motana, realuri cxovrebidan?

26. imisaTvis, rom ufro naTeli warmodgena SegiqmnaT zogierTi problemis Sesaxeb, gTavazobT

amocanas `fasebis mtacebluri dadgenis~ Sesaxeb.

sarkinigzo kompania `midvesternis~ mier tvirTebis gadatanis momsaxurebaze moTxovna 10-2

naxazze D mrudiTaa warmodgenili. kompaniis zRvruli danaxarjebi tvirTis gadatanisas Se-

adgens 1 dolars tona-milze. zRvruli danaxarjebis garda, kompania yovelTviurad xarjavs

480000 dolars, raTa dafaros is danaxarjebi, romlebzedac ar moqmedebs rkinigziT gadata-

nili tvirTebis moculoba _ sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, aRWurvilobis giraos gadasaxadebi,

xelfasebi da sxv.

a) Tuki, sarkinigzo gadazidvebiT miRebuli mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT, `midvester-

ni~ moisurvebs zRvruli danaxarjebis toli zRvruli Semosavlis miRebas, ra fass

daawesebs tona-milze? ramden tona-mils gadazidavs erT TveSi? ra danakargebi eqne-

ba yovelTviurad?

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nax. 10-2. moTxovna `midvesternis~ sarkinigzo gadazidvebze

b) davuSvaT, rom moTxovnis mrudiT 2 dolars zemoT warmodgenilia qvanaxSi ris mwar-

moebelTa moTxovna, xolo 2 dolars qvemoT _ xorblis gadamzidvelTa moTxovna. Tu

`midvesterni~ daawesebs sxvadasxva fass qvanaxSirisa da xorblis gadatanaze, ra Tan-

xa unda daadginos man yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi, raTa maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos?

ramden tona-mil xorbalsa da qvanaxSirs gadazidavs `midvesterni~ yovelTviurad?

risi toli iqneba misi mTliani danaxarjebi da mTliani Semosavali?

g) davuSvaT, is kompaniebi, romlebic dakavebuli iyvnen satransporto gadazid vebiT

ohaios, ilinoisis da misisipis mdinareebze, xorblis gadatanaze ufro dabali fasis

dadgenamde, erT tona-milze 2 dolars awesebdnen. ratom darCnen ukmayofilo es

kompaniebi, rodesac Seityoben `midvesternis~ mier dawesebuli orgvari fasis Sesa-

200

xeb? Tu isini moisurveben protestis gamoTqmas kompania `midvesternis~ mier dana-

xarjebze dabali fasis dawesebis gamo, ra mtkicebulebebis moyvana dasWirdebaT sa-

Civris dasamtkiceblad? ras udris `midvesternis~ mTliani danaxarjebi erT

tona-milze tvirTis gadatanisas?

d) Tu ̀ midvesterns xorbali ̀ danaxarjebze dabal fasad~ gadaaqvs, axdens Tu ara is sub-

sidirebas im `Warbi mogebis~ meSveobiT, romelsac qvanaxSiris mwarmoeblebisgan

iRebs? an iqneb mas qvanaxSiric danaxarjebze dabal fasad gadaaqvs? rogor axerxebs

`midvesterni~ miiRos mogeba, Tu yvela saxis tvirTis gatanaze `danaxarjebze dabal

fass~ awesebs (situacia rom naTeli gaxdes, SegiZliaT grafikze daitanoT `midve-

sternis~ sruli danaxarjebi, romlebic tvirTis erTeulze modis da SeadaroT, Tu

rogor Seefardeba erTmaneTs fasebi da danaxarjebi erTiani fasebis SemTxvevaSi,

xolo Semdeg, _ orgvari fasis SemTxvevaSi)?

e) gaamarTlebdiT Tu gaamtyunebdiT `midvesternis~ orgvari fasebis politikas, Tu im

maregulirebeli komisiis wevri xarT, romlis movaleobacaa tvirTis gamgzavnTa eq-

spluataciisa da fasebis mtacebluri politikis aRkveTa da, amave dros, rkinigzis

Semosavalebze zrunva?

27. rkinigzis Sesaxeb 1980 wels miRebulma stegersis kanonma mniSvnelovnad Sekveca federalu-

ri savaWro komisiis uflebamosileba sarkinigzo gadazidvebis fasebis kontrolze.

a) qvanaxSiris mwarmoebelTa erovnuli asociaciis prezidentma gaakritika sistema,

romelic `nebas rTavs rkinigzas, daawesos nebismieri fasi, ris saSualebasac mas sar-

kinigzo moZraoba miscems~ da mouwoda misi regulirebis aRdgenisken, magram tvir-

Tis mravalma sxva gamgzavnma mxari dauWira rkinigzis regulirebas. ratom dauWires

mxari qvanaxSiris mompoveblebma gadasaxadis regulirebas maSin, rodesac tvirTis

gamgzavnebis umravlesoba amis winaaRmdegia?

b) `xorbleulis sartyelis~ StatebSi Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi, romelic xor-

blis gatanaze sarkinigzo momsaxurebis moTxovnis fasismier elastiurobas exeboda,

elastiurobis koeficienti Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc 3,75. daaxasiaTeT konkurencia,

romelic aseT maRal elastiurobas qmnis.

g) ra moxdeba, Tu sarkinigzo, samdinaro da avtosatransporto firmebi, miuxedavad sa-

xelmwifo regulirebisa, TavianTi fasebis dawesebas SeZleben _ `klientebis gayvle-

fa~ (ufro maRali fasebi) Tu ̀ gamakotrebeli fasebis Semcireba~ (ufro naklebi fase-

bi)? ra xdeba ekonomikis sxva dargebSi, sadac saxelmwifo fasebs ar aregulirebs _

magaliTad, kvebis produqtebiT an avtomobilebiT vaWrobaSi?

28. ra gansxvavebaa klientebis mozidvis mizniT fasebis Semcirebasa da monopoliis damyarebis

mizniT fasebis Semcirebas Soris?

29. ramdenime wlis win frankfurtidan Cikagomde TviTmfrinavis bileTis fasi 1313 dolari iyo, xolo

aTenidan Cikagomde tranzituli mgzavroba, frankfurtSi gaCerebiT, mxolod 839 dolari Rirda.

a) ratom Rirda ufro iafi ufro xangrZlivi frena?

b) mgzavrebma, romlebmac icodnen fasebs Soris am sxvaobis Sesaxeb, daiwyes bileTebis

SeZena aTenidan Cikagomde. isini TviTmfrinavSi frankfurtSi sxdebodnen, aTeni-

frankfurtis bileTs ki agdebdnen. aviakompaniebma SemoiRes wesi, romelic nebas

rTavda saagentoebs, gaeyidaT bileTebi mxolod gzis sawyis qveyanaSi, am SemTxvevaSi,

saberZneTSi. aSS-is transportis departamentma gamosca am wesis sawinaaRmdego kano-

ni, romelic mgzavrebis dasjas krZalavda. aviakompaniebma, droebiT mainc, ukan dai-

xies. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom frankfurtidan CikagoSi mimavali is mgzavrebi, vinc aTe-

nis bileTebs iyenebdnen, usamarTlod iqceodnen? iyo Tu ara kanoni, romelsac

aviakompaniebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen, usamarTlo? samarTliania Tu ara transportis

departamentis mier dawesebuli akrZalva (gaiTvaliswineT, rom transportis depar-

taments Seswevs imis Zala, rom aviakompaniebs cxovreba gaurTulos, an gauiolos.)?

usamarTloa Tu ara aviakompaniebis mier aTenidan frenaze naklebi fasis daweseba?

g) rogori iqneba saboloo Semosavali, Tu transportis departamenti aviakompaniebs

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aiZulebs, daicvan sawyis qveyanaSi bileTebis aucilebeli gayidvis akrZalvis wesi?

d) transportis departamentis romeli politika Seuwyobs xels konkurencias ufro me-

tad? unda daerTos Tu ara aviakompaniebs neba, Tavad daadginon bileTebis fasebi da

gayidvis wesi, Tu unda aikrZalos im wesebis miReba, romlebic bileTebis ufro iafad

yidvas SezRudavs?

30. rodesac mTavroba aregulirebs maqsimalur fasebs, romelTa dawesebac zogierT dargSi mo-

qmed firmebs SeuZliaT, Cveulebriv is eyrdnoba im azrs, rom konkurencias ar SeuZlia fase-

bis adekvaturad regulireba, vinaidan dargis specifika efeqtiani konkurenciis saSualebas

ar iZleva. fasebis regulirebas, Cveulebriv, Tan axlavs firmebis dacva bazarze axali fir-

mebis Semosvlisagan. amis naTeli magaliTia sakabelo televizia.

a) davuSvaT, sakabelo televizias romelime did qalaqSi specifikuri saxis momsaxure-

bis eqskluziuri ufleba aqvs. ra sazRvrebSi gavrceldeba konkurencia?

b) ra unda moimoqmedon firmebma, raTa gazardon sakuTari mogeba, Tu mareguli re beli

komisiebi maT amis uflebas ar aZleven?

g) ar arsebobs iseTi standartuli saqoneli, rogoricaa `sakabelo televiziis momsa-

xureba~. maregulirebelma komisiebma, romlebic aweseben maqsimalur fasebs, sakmao

sizustiT unda miuTiTon is realuri saqoneli, romelic gaiyideba. ra sirTuleebs

vawydebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme sakabelo televizias exeba?

d) sworia Tu ara, rom sakabelo televiziebs unda mieniWoT eqskluziuri uflebebi, vi-

naidan regionSi erTze meti qselis Seqmna sakmaod Zviria? arsebobs Tu ara sakabelo

televiziis momsaxurebis miwodebis sxva gzebi, regionSi axali sakabelo qselebis Se-

qmnis garda?

e) vin iRebs sargeblobas sakabelo televiziisgan, im sakabelo satelevizio kompaniebis

garda, romlebsac qalaqSi eqskluziuri uflebebi aqvT?

31. rogor SeiZleba receptiT gamowerili wamlebis fasis regulireba? im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

wamlebi ar aris patentiT daculi, Cveulebriv, arsebobs sakmaod didi konkurencia wamlebis

im damamzadebelTa mxridan, romlebic fasebis `misaRebi~ donis SenarCunebas cdiloben. ma-

gram ra mosdis im wamlebs, romlebzec sapatento mfarveloba ar vrceldeba?

a) sapatento mfarvelobis mizani konkurenciisgan dacvaa, aris Tu ara es politika sa-

davo?

b) farmacevtuli firmebi iZenen patentebs, vinaidan patenti amcirebs konkurencias,

rac maRali fasebis dawesebisa da didi mogebis saSualebas iZleva. rogor SegviZlia

gavigoT farmacevtuli firmis mogebis WeSmariti sidide? ramdenia `sakmarisi~, ma-

gram `arcTu Zalian bevri~?

g) zogierTi wamali ise iSviaTad kurnavs avadmyofobas, rom farmacevtul firmebs maTi

warmoebis danaxarjebis dafarvis imedi TiTqmis ara aqvT. ratom unda vidardoT amaze?

d) gaizrdeba Tu ara wamlis fasi, Tu mTavroba gadawyvets, rom, maRali fasis gamo, Ta-

vad mTavrobam unda dafaros pacientis yvela danaxarji an danaxarjebis umetesoba?

32. federaluri kanonis mixedviT, komerciul aviakompanias ufleba aqvs, SeRavaTian samogzau-

ro saagentoebs bileTebis gayidvaze uari uTxras. SeRavaTiani samogzauro saagentoebi, sa-

kuTari sakomisio gadasaxadebis Semcirebis xarjze, bileTebs aviakompaniebis mier dawese-

bul fasebze iafad yidian im mgzavrebze, romlebmac zustad ician, romeli bileTebi

sWirdebaT. es saagentoebi mgzavrebs ar exmarebian mogzaurobis dagegmvaSi.

a) rogor SeuZliaT mzavrebs, miuxedavad informaciis saWiroebisa, SeRavaTiani fasebis

upiratesobiT isargeblon?

b) rogor Seuqmnis safrTxes Tavad distributorebis arsebobas mTavrobis Zalisxmeva, dai-

cvas distributorebis damoukidebloba mwarmoeblebTan maTi saqmiani urTierTobis dros?

33. kanonieria Tu ara mTavrobis mier damoukidebuli firmebis dacva iseTi SeTanxmebisgan, ro-

melic dawesebulze nakleb fasad saqonlis gayidvas krZalavs? aseve, misaRebia Tu ara mTa-

vrobisTvis, daicvas firmebi SeTanxmebisagan, romelic garkveul fasze Zvirad Sesyidvebs

krZalavs? da Tu es akrZalva momxmareblebs Seexeba? ratom SeiZleba momxmareblisTvis ka-

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nonieri iyos is, rac ukanonoa firmebisTvis? ras ityviT im mSromelTa Sesaxeb, vinc Tanaxmaa,

ar imuSaos dawesebulze dabali gasamrjelosTvis? SegiZliaT Tu ara SeusabamoT firmebis

diskriminacia princips: `kanonis winaSe yvela moqalaqe Tanasworia~?

34. komerciuli aviakompaniebis deregulirebamde samoqalaqo aviaciis sabWom `rifabliq ai-

rlainzsa~ da `norTuest airlainzs~ erTnairi fasebis daweseba mosTxova. deregulacis Sem-

deg maT fasebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis dadeba ekrZalebodaT, Serwymis Semdeg ki am kompaniebs

fasebis daweseba ukve sakuTari interesebiT SeeZloT. Tu romelime es faqti samarTliania,

rogor unda daicvan sxvebma sakuTari uflebebi?

35. vaWrobis federaluri komisiis TanamSromlebi warumateblad cdilobdnen antimonopoli-

sturi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT aRZrul saqmeebSi `udanaSaulo~ firmebis winaaRmdeg samxi-

lebis moZebnas. aseTi midgomis Sedegad, mTavrobam ver SeZlo imis damtkiceba, rom ama Tu im

msxvilma firmam Tavisi saqcieliT ziani moutana konkurencias. mxolod imis damtkiceba mo-

xerxda, rom firma realurad akontrolebda bazris did nawils. amcirebda Tu zrdida es

konkurencias bazarze?

36. daufiqrdiT ekonomist m.a. adelmanis mier gamoTqmul azrs _ `konkurenciis intensiurobis

sasargeblo, Tumca arcTu zust maCvenebels uiRblo konkurentebis aRSfoTeba warmoad-

gens~. rogor SeafasebdiT kompiuteruli programebis mwarmoebeli dargis firmebis mtkice-

bas, rom IBM usamarTlo konkurentul brZolas awarmoebs?

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11mogeba

`SesaZloa, arc erT ekonomikur termins an cnebas ar iyeneben iseTi damabnevlad gansxvave-

buli mniSvnelobebiT, rogorc `mogebas~. am fraziT daiwyo enciklopediis is nawili, ro-

melic mogebas Seexeboda, cnobilma mecnierma frenk naiTma 75 wlis win. misi sinonimia `wminda

Semosavali~. mas Semdeg, rac firmam yvela xarji gaiRo, rCeba mogeba anu wminda Semosavali. in-

tuiciurad am termins TiTqmis yvela ase gansazRvravs da dRemde swored am mniSvnelobiT iyene-

bs. es sakmaod martivi da naTelia. maS, ratom Tvlis naiTi am terminis gamoyenebas damabnevelad?

ra unda Sediodes danaxarjebSi?

mflobelis drois gamoyenebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba mogeba ar aris

problemebi iwyeba sityvidan `danaxarjebi~. fuladi xarjebi igive araa, rac saerTod xarjebi.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea alternatiuli Rirebulebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare. es naTeli xde-

ba maSin, rodesac mflobeli Tavad uZRveba warmoebas: danaxarjebis nawils misi sakuTari Sroma

warmoadgens, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is mimdinare danaxarjebSi ar iTvaliswinebs sakuTar xelfass

da sakuTar saxelze yovelkvireul qviTrebsac ar gascems. im SesaZleblobebis Rirebuleba, ro-

melzec mflobeli uars ambobs sakuTar sawarmoSi Sromis sanacvlod, ra Tqma unda xarjia.

manqana-danadgarebis qiris sidide mogeba ar aris

mravali adamiani mogebas kapitals ukavSirebs da fiqrobs mogebaze, rogorc Semosavalze,

romelsac kapitalis mflobeli Rebulobs. termini `kapitali~ ekonomikaSi niSnavs `warmoebul

saqonels, romelic gamoiyeneba momavali saqonlis warmoebisTvis~. manqana-danadgarebi amis

standartuli magaliTia. magram Semosavali, romelsac kapitalis mflobeli iRebs imisgan, visac

sakuTrebis gamoyenebis nebas aZlevs, aris renta, anu qira. esaa Tanxa, romelsac vixdiT, magali-

Tad, xelsawyoebis gamqiravebel maRaziaSi raime xelsawyos daqiravebisas. es warmoebis garkveu-

li saxis danaxarjia da, aqedan gamomdinare, sruliadac ar aris mogeba. gamoyenebuli kapitalis

floba, naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre warmoebis dros gamoyenebuli Sromis floba. kapitalis,

an Sromis araoptimalurad gamoyenebis gamo dakarguli Semosavali alternatiuli Rirebulebaa

da ara mogeba.

miwisa da Senobebis qiris sidide mogeba ar aris

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Senobebi, romlebic sawarmoo miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba, iseTive kapitalia, rogorc gamoyene-

buli manqana-danadgarebi. gamouyenebeli qira warmoebis realuri danaxarjia, rodesac Senoba

sawarmos mflobelis sakuTrebaSia, iseve, rogorc maSin, rodesac is Senobas sxvisgan qiraobs.

msyidvelobiTi unaris mqone aqtivis SesaZenad

gadaxdili fuli mogeba ar aris

amgvarad, kapitalis gamoyenebis gadasaxadi mogeba ar gaxlavT, iseve, rogorc miwis an Senobis

gamoyenebis gadasaxadi. ra SeiZleba iTqvas fulis gamoyenebis gadasaxadis anu, rogorc mas uwo-

deben, sargeblis Sesaxeb? mkacrad rom vTqvaT, Cven ar vixdiT safasurs fulis gamoyenebisTvis,

razec qvemoT visaubrebT. rodesac firma sargebels ixdis, is ixdis msyidvelobiTi unaris ga-

moyenebis safasurs. firmas SeuZlia sargeblis gadaxda kapitalis qiris gadaxdiaT. vTqvaT, mas

surs konkretuli manqana-danadgarebis an Senobis gamoyeneba, magram ar awyobs pirobebi, ris ga-

moc iRebs gadawyvetilebas SeZenis Sesaxeb. amisTvis mas msyidvelobiTi unari unda hqondes. Tu

sawarmos mflobeli msyidvelobiT unars sakuTari danazogebidan iRebs, is kargavs im sargebels,

romelsac es danazogi moutanda. is alternatiul Rirebulebas ixdis. Tu mwarmoebels danazogi

ara aqvs, maSin unda isesxos, raTa saWiro msyidvelobiTi unari hqondes da sargebeli unda ixa-

dos. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sargebeli danaxarjia da ara – mogeba.

ratom ixdian sargebels?

sargebeli ar aris `fulis fasi~ an fulis

gamoyenebis sanacvlod gadaxdili Tanxa

sargeblis idea iTxovs vrcel axsna-ganmartebas, ris Semdegac kvlav mogebis mniSvnelobis

axsnas davubrundebiT. mcdari iqneba saqmis warmodgena ise, TiTqos sargebeli fulis gamoy-

enebis gadasaxadi iyos, rogorc, magaliTad, manqanebis gamqiravebeli firmisTvis manqanis gam-

oyenebisTvis gadaxdili Tanxaa. Cemi damqiravebeli fuls mixdis Cems mier misTvis gaweuli sam-

saxuris sanacvlod. me am fuls gadavcem sasursaTo maRaziebs, komunaluri momsaxurebis

kompaniebs da sxva adamianebs, raTa miviRo is produqti, rasac isini yidian da rac me mWirdeba.

isini, Tavis mxriv, Cemgan miRebuli fuliT xelfass uxdian mosamsaxureebs da a.S. arc erTi

Cvengani ar ixdis sargebels im fulze, romelic xelidan xelSi gadadis. ufro metic, im SemTx-

vevaSi, Tu me gadavwyvet Savi dRisTvis leibis qveS ori ocdolariani banknotis Senaxvas, xolo

es `Savi dRe~ ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dadgeba, federaluri sarezervo banki ar mom-

Txovs am periodSi fulis gamoyenebis sargebels. SeadareT es avtomobilebis gamqiravebeli

firmis SesaZlo reaqcias, romelic mas maSin eqneboda, me rom misi manqana Savi dRisTvis Cems

avtofarexSi gameCerebina.

sargebels vixdiT mxolod maSin, rodesac fuls vsesxulobT. sesxi aris im fulis miRebis sa-

Sualeba, romelic Cven ar gamogvimuSavebia. msesxebels fuli dResve sWirdeba, Tumca mimdinare

momentSi mis sanacvlod verafers gaiRebs. is arwmunebs gamsesxebels, misces fuli dResve da

hpirdeba, rom momavalSi daubrunebs. dabrunebuli Tanxisa da sesxad aRebuli Tanxis Sefardeba

gansazRvravs swored sargeblis ganakveTs.

sargebeli fasia, romelsac adamianebi ixdian imisTvis, rom resursebi dResve miiRon da ar

elodon, rodis gamoimuSaveben imden fuls, rom am resursebis SeZena SeZlon. yvelafers ajo-

bebs, sargebeli ganvixiloT, rogorc danamati imisTvis, rom gvqondes saSualeba, resursiT

dResve visargebloT.

adamianebi sargebels imisTvis ixdian, rom

dResve SeZlon resursebiT sargebloba

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mimdinare resursebi, Cveulebriv, ufro Zvirad fasobs, vidre samomavlo resursebi, vinaidan

mocemul momentSi resursebis floba adamianis SesaZleblobebs zrdis. resursebis mimdinare

gamoyeneba xSirad saSualebas gvaZlevs ise vimoqmedoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi gavzardoT Se-

mosavlis miRebis Cveneuli SesaZleblobebi da, amis Sedegad, momavalSi gvqondes meti resurse-

bi, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda. rodesac aseT SesaZleblobas vxedavT, gvsurs fulis ses-

xeba da mzad varT, gadavixadoT danamati _ sargebeli, sanam es sargebeli naklebia imasTan

SedarebiT, ris mogebasac vapirebT sesxis aRebis SemTxvevaSi.

resursebiT dRes sargebloba, Cveulebriv, ufro meti Rirs,

vidre amave resursebiT sargebloba momavalSi

davuSvaT, robinzon kruzo, romlis magaliTsac ekonomistebi xSirad iyeneben, yoveldiur

sakvebs imiT Soulobs, rom frCxilebiT zRvispira qvebidan moipovebs lokokinebs. amgvari muS-

aobiT mas SeuZlia dReSi xuTi lokokina moipovos, rac Zlivs yofnis imisTvis, rom SimSiliT ar

mokvdes da amitom mudmivad SimSiliT sikvdilis pirasaa. niCabi rom hqondes, dRiuri racionis

gasammagebas da 15 lokokinis mopovebas SeZlebda. saubedurod, saWiro niCbis dasamzadeblad

erTi Tvis muSaoba dasWirdeba, am xnis ganmavlobaSi ki ver SesZlebs lokokinis mopovebas da Sim-

SiliT mokvdeba.

ramden lokokinas miscemda robinzoni momavalSi imisaTvis, rom dRes 150 lokokina hqondes,

an, ufro zustad, yoveldRiurad 5 lokokina rom hqondes im ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi,

romelsac is niCbis damzadebas moandomebda? mas SeuZlia Tavs ufleba misces momdevno da yove-

li Semdegi Tvis bolos 300 lokokina daabrunos, vinaidan dRevandeli krediti, 150 lokokinis

saxiT, momavalSi mis mwarmoeblurobas swored am sididiT gazrdis. savaraudod, robinzoni mzad

iqneba, gasces amaze naklebi nebismieri raodenoba, Tu niCbis damzadebis sxva saSualeba ar ga-

mouCnda.

Tu ki dRevandeli lokokinebiT sargebloba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, gazardos maTi moma-

vali warmoeba, maSin dRevandeli lokokinebi meti Rirs, vidre momavali lokokinebi. proporcia,

romlis mixedviTac, dRevandeli lokokinebi momaval lokokinebze icvleba, warmoadgens sarge-

blis ganakveTs robinzon kruzos samyaroSi da mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs fulTan. aqedan

gamomdinare, sargebeli ar aris mxolod kapitalisturi ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mov-

lena da misi arseboba kidev ufro naklebad SeiZleba aixsnas bankirebisa da sxva gamsesxeblebis

sixarbiTa da ZalauflebiT. upirveles yovlisa, es ar aris iseTi ram, risi gamoricxvac SesaZle-

belia fulis raodenobis ubralo gazrdiT. fulis raodenobis zrda mxolod Seamcirebs fulis

msyidvelobiT unars. Cven ki swored imas vusvamT xazs, rom msesxeblebs ara imdenad fuli, aramed

msyidvelobiTi unari sWirdebaT. Cveulebriv, sargeblis ganakveTs fulis nasesxeb Rirebule-

basTan mxolod imitom aigiveben, rom fuli dRevandeli saqonlis SeZenis ZiriTadi saSualebaa,

magram sargebeli im ekonomikaSic iarsebebda, romelic ufulod funqcionirebs, vinaidan Tavisi

arsiT igi warmoadgens sxvaobas dRevandeli da momavali saqonlis RirebulebaTa Soris.

droiTi upiratesobebi

ar unda SegeqmnaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos dRevandeli resursebis meti Rirebuleba, momavlis

romeliRac momentSi maTs RirebulebasTan SedarebiT, mxolod kapitalis mwarmoeblurobiTaa

gansazRvruli. momxmareblebsac axasiaTebT is, rasac ekonomistebi `droiTi preferenciebis

dadebiT normas~ uwodeben: rogorc wesi, adamianebi axlo momavalSi moxmarebas met Rirebule-

bas aniWeben Soreul momavalSi moxmarebasTan SedarebiT.

ai, patara testi, romelic SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT imis gasarkvevad, miekuTvnebiT Tu ara kaco-

briobis umravlesobas, romelsac droiTi preferenciebis dadebiTi norma axasiaTebs. warmoid-

gineT, rom uricxv gzavnilebs Soris miiReT werili, romelzedac didi da myvirala warweraa –

“Tqven, SesaZloa, ukve moigeT 45 000 dolaris Rirebulebis sportuli avtomobili.” Tqvenda

gasaocrad, werilis gaxsnisas aRmoaCineT, rom marTlac mogigiaT es didi prizi. ra Tqma unda,

Tqvens bednierebas sazRvari ara aqvs. Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom manqanas mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg

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miiRebT. Tqven mainc bednieri xarT, magram ufro naklebad, vidre maSin iyaviT, rodesac war-

moidgineT, rom erT kviraSi axali sportuli avtomobiliT iseirnebdiT. faqtobrivad, mzad

xarT gadaixadoT garkveuli mniSvnelovani Tanxa, raTa manqana axlave miiRoT da ar icadoT kidev

erTi weli. Tu yovelive amas eTanxmebiT, es imas niSnavs, rom droiTi upiratesobebis dadebiTi

norma gaxasiaTebT.

Tu dRevandel 1000 dolars imave Rirebulebas aniWebT, rasac

momavali wlis 1250 dolars, maSin Tqveni droiTi upiratesobebis

mimdinare norma 25 procentis tolia

zogierTi mowinaaRmdege droiTi upiratesobebis dadebiT normas araSors mWvretelobis da-

dasturebad miiCnevs, an imiT xsnis, rom ar gagaCniaT unari, Soreuli momavali axlo momavaliviT

naTlad da xatovnad warmoidginoT, anda imiT, rom adamiani Tavisi bunebiT optimistia da moma-

valsac gadametebuli optimizmiT uyurebs. nebismieri aseTi axsna droiTi preferenciebis `ra-

cionalobas~ eWvqveS ayenebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adamiani mokvdavia da cxovrebaSi yvela-

feri mosalodnelia, dRevandeli kvercxis nacvlad xvalin deli qaTami sulac ar mogveCveneba

araracionalurad, an araSorsmWvretelurad. ufro metic, Tu adamianebs imis imedi aqvT, rom

droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi Semosavali gaizrdeba, maSin maT SeuZliaT sruliad logikuri daskv-

nis gamotana _ dRes raimeze uaris Tqma ufro met subieqtur msxverpls gamoiwvevs, vidre imave

saqonlis gacilebiT met raodenobaze uaris Tqma momavalSi, rodesac maTgan Semosavali, sava-

raudod, dRevandelze meti iqneba.

axla ki SegviZlia davubrundeT am Tavis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvas. sargeblis gadaxda imis-

Tvisaa saWiro, rom adamianebma uari Tqvan resursebis mimdinare gamoyenebaze. es aris fasi, ro-

melic gamsesxeblebs unazRaurebs dakarguli SesaZleblobebis fass da fasi, romlis gadaxdis-

Tvis mzad arian msesxeblebi im SesaZleblobebis sanacvlod, romelsac maT sesxi aZlevs.

sargeblis ganakveTTan dakavSirebuli riski

sargeblis ganakveTebi, romlebsac iReben bankebi korporaciuli msesxeblebisgan, maRaziebi

_ im momxmareblebisgan, romlebsac Ria sakredito angariSebi aqvT, xolo individebi _ finansu-

ri institutebisgan, sazogadoebis droiTi upiratesobebis mimdinare normas asaxavs. amas garda,

isini Seicaven sxvadasxva sididis premiebs riskisTvis da im danaxarjebs, romlebic sesxebasTan

dakavSirebul molaparakebebs Tan axlavs. rogorc wesi, komerciuli bankisgan TiToeuli dola-

ris sesxeba individebs ufro Zviri ujdebaT, vidre msxvil, warmatebul korporaciebs. magram es

ar niSnavs, rom individebi sargeblis ufro maRal ganakveTs ixdian. isini anazRaureben bankis im

danaxarjebs, romelsac banki maTi finansuri mdgomareobisa da angariSebis Sesaswavlad eweva.

garda amisa, isini ixdian erTgvar sadazRvevo premias, romelsac banki msesxeblebisgan iRebs im

riskis sanacvlod, rac sesxis dabrunebasa da msesxeblis SesaZlo gakotrebasTanaa dakavSirebu-

li. banks rom am premiis miReba ar SeeZlos, is ar dainteresdeboda im individTaTvis sesxis mice-

miT, romelTac riskis maRali faqtori aqvT. amitom, rodesac kanonmdeblebi afiqsireben `wliu-

ri sargeblis~ zeda zRvars, isini ara imdenad sargeblis ganakveTs amcireben, aramed msesxeblebis

zogierT kategoriebs arTmeven sesxis miRebis SesaZleblobas. vinaidan msesxeblebi sesxs araso-

des aiReben, Tu is maT mdgomareobas ar gaaumjobesebs, Znelia imis dadgena, Tu ra sargebloba

unda moutanos maqsimaluri sargeblis ganakveTis SemzRudavma kanonebma mcire Semosavlis mqo-

ne msesxeblebs.

es mniSvnelovani momentia da ara mxolod imitom, rom uaryofs zogierT gavrcelebul da

mcdar warmodgenas sargeblis ganakveTis sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebze. Semosavali, romelsac

iTxovs gamsesxebeli sesxis gacemis sanacvlod, damokidebulia imaze, Tu risi miReba SeeZlo mas,

sesxi sxva msesxeblisTvis rom mieca da, agreTve, am konkretul sesxTan dakavSirebul riskze.

komerciuli gamsesxeblebi, am mxriv, unikaluri movlena ar gaxlavan. warmoidgineT ori korpo-

raciis sasesxo Tamasuqebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, obligaciebs uwodeben. erT-erTi korpora-

ciaa `proqter end gembeli~, xolo meore _ gakotrebis piras mdgari komerciuli aviakompania.

207

orive korporaciis obligaciebis Rirebulebaa 1000 dolari, xolo ganaRdebis vada _ erTi we-

liwadi. ra fasad gaiyideba es obligaciebi bazarze?

davuSvaT, `proqter end gembelis~ obligaciebi iyideba 917 dolarad. Tu sargeblis ganakveTi

9%-ia, dRevandeli 917 dolari Rirs imdenive, rac 1000 dolari ganaRdebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg

(erTi wlis Semdeg). es fasi _ 917 dolari _ sinamdvileSi imas niSnavs, rom adamianebi mzad arian

Seinaxon `proqter end gembelis~ obligaciebi wliuri 9%-iani Semosavlis gamo, vinaidan 917 ga-

mravlebuli 1,09-ze (ZiriTadi Tanxa plus sargebeli) udris 1000 dolars.

$917 x 1,09 = $1000aviakompaniis obligaciebi gacilebiT iafad gaiyideba maSinac ki, Tu maT igive adamianebi Sei-

Zenen, romlebic `proqter end gembelis~ obligaciebs yiduloben. am obligaciebis gaunaRde-

blobis albaToba imdenad didia, rom myidvelebis darwmuneba, rom aseT riskze wavidnen, mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu maT Zalian maRali mogebis miRebis SesaZlebloba miecema. Tu aviakom-

paniis obligaciebi 714 dolarad gaiyideba, es imas niSnavs, rom myidvelebi wliur 40 procents

moiTxoven.

$714 x 1,40 = $1000Tu yvelaferi kargad damTavrda, myidvelebi miiReben 203 dolariT mets, vidre `proqter end

gembelis~ obligaciebiT miiRebdnen, magram amas axlavs didi gaurkvevloba da arsebobs imis al-

baToba, rom gadaxdili Tanxis didi nawili, an, SesaZloa, mTliani Tanxac, daikargeba. amgvarad,

ufro maRali sargebeli unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc wminda sargebeli, aramed premia riskis-

Tvis. vidre sargeblis maqsimalur ganakveTs daaweseben, kanonmdeblebma sakuTar Tavs unda hki-

Txon, iyiddnen Tu ara isini odesme obligaciebs didi fasdaklebiT?

sargeblis realuri da nominaluri ganakveTebi

sargeblis ganakveTebi kidev erT komponents Seicavs, romelic realurad sargebeli arc aris.

am komponentma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevridan SeiZina. sarge-

blis ganakveTSi Sedis damatebiTi Tanxa fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris mosalodneli Semcirebis

SemTxvevaSi gamsesxeblis sakompensaciod.

1981 wels aSS-is mTavroba daTanxmda gadaexada 14 procentiani wliuri sargebeli, raTa mosaxle-

obisgan xuTi wliT sesxi aeRo. imis riski, rom federaluri mTavroba vals ar gadaixdis, Zalian mci-

rea, vinaidan, rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, federalur mTavrobas SeuZlia fulis warmoeba valebis

dasafaravad. am sesxebisTvis iseTi ganviTarebuli bazrebi arsebobs, rom sesxebis transaqciuli da-

naxarjebi aSS-s xazinisTvis aseve umniSvneloa. maS, ratom iyo sargeblis wliuri ganakveTi 14%-is

toli? iyo Tu ara resursebis marTva 1981 wels 14%-iT ufro Zviri, vidre imave resursebis marTva

1982 wels? sruliadac ara. iseTi didi ganakveTi imas niSnavda, rom 1981 wels gamsesxeblebi momavali

xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi seriozul inflacias moelodnen. vinaidan fasebis done weliwadSi 10%-ze

metad izrdeboda, gamsesxeblebi varaudobdnen, rom maT mier miRebuli fulis Rirebuleba yove-

lwliurad 10%-iT Semcirdeboda. amitom isini umatebdnen 10%-s im sargeblis ganakveTs, romlis

miRebac msesxeblebisgan surdaT. msesxeblebi mzad iyvnen, gadaexadaT amdeni, vinaidan isinic varau-

dobdnen, rom dolaris Rirebuleba yovelwliurad 10 procentiT Semcirdeboda, rac imas niSnavs,

rom dolaris gamomuSaveba yovelwliurad 10 procentiT ufro ioli gaxdeboda. gacvla-gamocvla

xdeba ara fuliT, aramed msyidvelobiTi unariT. sargeblis sabazro ganakveTi, romelic gamoqveyne-

bulia gazeTebSi, aris `realuri~ ganakveTisa da inflaciis mosalodneli donis jami.

sargeblis realuri ganakveTi sabazro (nominaluri) ganakveTisa da

inflaciis mosalodneli donis sxvaobis tolia

ekonomistebi sargeblis sabazro ganakveTs xSirad nominalur ganakveTs uwodeben, raTa war-

moaCinon is faqti, rom inflaciis kompensaciisTvis gadaxdili damatebiTi sargeblis ganakveTi

realuri sargebeli ar gaxlavT. 1970 wlidan maRali rangis korporaciebis (magaliTad, `pro-

qter end gembelis~) obligaciebis saSualo ganakveTi weliwadSi 7%-ze naklebidan 14%-ze metam-

de meryeobs. es meryeoba ZiriTadad inflaciis mosalodneli donis cvlilebebis Sedegia. igive

208

iTqmis uZravi qonebis sargebelzec. msesxeblebs, romlebmac gadaixades 15%-ze meti, raTa 1982

wels aRebuli sesxiT uZravi qoneba SeeZinaT (maSin axal saxlebze sargebeli saSualod 15,1%

iyo), sacxovrebeli farTis axlandeli mflobelobisTvis odnav miaxloebuli sargebelic ki ar

gadauxdiaT. realuri sargebeli, romelic maT gadaixades, daaxloebiT 3 procenti iyo. Sesa-

Zloa, 2 procents Seadgenda sesxis aRebasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebis danaxarjebi da va-

lis gadauxdelobis riskis sazRauri. danarCeni asaxavda inflaciis im maRal dones, romelic

1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arsebobda.

ganuzRvreloba _ mogebis aucilebeli piroba

droa, davubrundeT kiTxvas, romelic adreve davsviT. ra aris mogeba? Cven SevTanxmdiT, rom

es aris mTliani Semosavlisa da mTliani danaxarjebis sxvaoba. mTliani danaxarjebi alterna-

tiuli Rirebulebaa, amitom Seicavs ara mxolod imas, rac firmam sxvas gadauxada saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis gamoyenebisTvis, aramed TviT firmis mier miwodebuli yvela saqonlis _ Sromis,

kapitalis, miwis, piradi danazogis _ Rirebulebas. rodesac mTliani danaxarjebis daangariSe-

bisas viTvaliswinebT yvela am alternatiul Rirebulebas, iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos firmas

aRar sWirdeba danaxarjebze met Semosavalze zrunva. firmebs SeuZliaT hqondeT nulovani mo-

geba da mainc ganagrZobdnen funqcionirebas. isini warmatebul firmebadac ki SeiZleba CaiTva-

lon, romelTac sruli SesaZlebloba aqvT, isesxon damatebiTi saxsrebi warmoebis gasafarToe-

blad manam, sanam maTi Semosavali yvela danaxarjs faravs.

`sarfiani saqme~, romelsac `naRdi mogeba~ moaqvs, aRar iqneba iseTi

`sarfiani~, rodesac mis Sesaxeb sxvebic Seityoben

sinamdvileSi, Tuki firmas danaxarjebze meti Semosavlis miReba SeuZlia, gana am dargs imdeni

xalxi ar miawydeba, rom maT Soris konkurenciam nulze daiyvanos Semosavalsa da danaxarjebs

Soris sxvaoba? garantirebuli Semosavali, romelic danaxarjebze metia, aucileblad miizidavs

axal firmebs. dargSi maTi SeRweva produqciis moculobas gazrdis da, moTxovnis kanonis Tana-

xmad, saqonlis fass Seamcirebs, riTac Semcirdeba sxvaoba mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian dana-

xarjebs Soris. es sxvaoba SesaZloa Semcirdes meore mxrivac, Tu axali firmebi gazrdian moTxo-

vnas da danaxarjebs im resursebze, romlebic am konkretuli saqonlis warmoebas sWirdeba.

rodesac sxvaoba mTlian danaxarjebsa da mosalodnel mTlian Semosavals Soris gaqreba, anu ro-

desac mogeba ganuldeba, axal firmebs mocemul sferoSi SeRwevis stimulebi aRar eqnebaT.

realur, cvalebad da arastabilur samyaroSi aseTi ram ar xdeba. adamianebi xedaven, rom zo-

gierTi dargi momgebiania, magram ar ician, rogor daidon wili am mogebaSi. bevrma, informaciis

deficitis gamo, SesaZloa, arc ki icis aseTi mogebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, amitom mogeba arsebobs

da iarsebebs konkurenciis Sedegad misi Semcirebis tendenciis miuxedavad. magram es xdeba ganu-

zRvrelobis gamo, uromlisodac yvelaferi, rac ki mogebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, yvelasTvis

cnobili gaxdeboda. adamianebi mogebis miRebis yvela SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebdnen da, aqedan

gamomdinare, mogeba TandaTan yvelgan ganuldeboda.

aseve SegviZlia vimsjeloT danakargebzec. aravin daiwyebs komerciul saqmianobas, Tu ecodi-

neba, rom mTliani Semosavali mTlian danaxarjebze naklebi iqneba. magram momavali gaurkveve-

lia _ movlenebi yovelTvis ise ar viTardeba, rogorc Cven vvaraudobT. gadawyvetilebebi da

qmedebebi zogjer mcdaria. yovelive amis Sedegad Cndeba danakargebi.

ganuzRvreloba rom ar arsebobdes, arc mogeba iqneboda da arc danakargebi. amitom SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom mogeba (an danakargebi) ganuzRvrelobis Sedegia. amgvarad, mogeba ar gaxlavT ama Tu

im resursebis dauflebis safasuri. es aris naSTi, anu is, rac rCeba Semosavlidan, roca yvela dana-

xarji dafarulia. es aris sxvebze zuti samomavlo prognozis mixedviT moqmedebis Sedegi.

mogebisadmi swrafva

ganvixiloT martivi magaliTi. erT-erTi sareklamo gancxadeba mogiwo debT, Tanxebi flori-

daSi mdebare uZrav qonebaSi daabandoT, radgan uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba aq yovelwliurad

209

30%-iT izrdeba. ocdaaTprocentiani wliuri Semosavali bevrad metia, vidre is, rasac sxva in-

vesticiebidan moeliT, amitom 30 aTas dolars orlandosTan mdebare daumuSavebel miwis nakveT-

Si abandebT, momaval wels ki nakveTis 39 aTas dolarad gayidvas gegmavT. savsebiT mosalodne-

lia, rom imedebi gagicruvdeT.

Tu marTlac mosalodnelia, rom floridaSi uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba weliwadwi 30%-iT

izrdeba, iq miwis nakveTebis SeZenas bevri moisurvebs. aseTi miswrafeba nakveTebis fass manamde

gazrdis, sanam maTSi dabandebuli fuli zustad iseT mogebas ar moitans, rogorc sxva arsebuli

sainvesticio SesaZleblobebi. Tu sareklamo dapirebebs bevri investori daujerebs, maT mier

didi mogebis miRebis survili gamoiwvevs nakveTebis fasis kidev ufro gazrdas, ris Sedegadac

momavalSi es fasi ki ar gaizrdeba, aramed Semcirdeba.

veravin moigebs im aqtivebSi an sawarmoebSi fulis dabandebiT, romelTac, gavrcelebuli

azriT, SeuZliaT sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTze maRali Semosavlis motana. aseTi investireba

CaiTvleba `sarfian saqmed~, xolo moTxovna `sarfian saqmeze~ ise gazrdis masSi SeRwevis dana-

xarjebs, rom es `saqme~ sxva aqtivebsa da SesaZleblobebze momgebiani aRar iqneba.

amis Sesaxeb yvela investorma icis. iseTi kompaniebis aqciebis SeZena, rogorebicaa `qseroq-

si~, `polaroidi~ da `maikrosofti~, manamde iyo momgebiani, sanam isini saxels gaiTqvamdnen. in-

vestorebma, romlebmac xsenebuli aqciebi amis Semdeg SeiZines, mogeba ver miiRes. yvelaze meti,

risi imedic maT SeiZleba hqondeT, aris Cadebul investiciebze iseTi Semosavlis miReba, rome-

lic daaxloebiT mainc gautoldeba sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTs. adamianebi, romlebic cdi-

lobdnen mieRoT `qseroqsis~, `polaroidisa~ da `maikrosoftis~ Semosavlebis nawili, am kompa-

niebis aqciebis sabazro Rirebulebas manamde zrdidnen, sanam Semosavlis im TanxasTan Sedarebam,

romelic unda gadaexadaT, raTa kompaniebis mogebaSi wili daedoT, es aqciebi Tavisi mimzidve-

lobiT urisko sesxebs ar gautola.

amgvarad, gavrcelebuli azri, rom SesaZlebelia gamdidreba warmatebuli kompaniebis aqcie-

bSi fulis CadebiT, mcdaria. `inteli~ samarTlianad iTvleba maRali mogebis mqone korpora-

ciad, magram `intelis~ aqciebis sabazro fasi didi xania ise gaizarda, rom masSi sruladaa gaTva-

liswinebuli kompaniis yvela samomavlo mogeba. aqedan gamomdinare, ̀ intelis~ aqciebi saukeTeso

SenaZeni ar gaxlavT im kompaniebis aqciebTan SedarebiT, romelTa mogeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi

aseTive maRali ar yofila.

qonebis dagroveba SeiZleba iseTi saqonlis warmoebiT, romelic warmoebis danaxarjebze ga-

cilebiT met fasad gaiyideba, an iseT sawarmoSi investirebiT, romelic mogebas moitans. magram,

metad mniSvnelovania, rom Sedegi ganuzRvreli iyos. maRali mogebis imedi rom gqondeT, sxvebze

meti unda icodeT, an ukeT unda SegeZloT momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,

mTlianad bedis anabara rCebiT. magram, Tu beds miendeT, arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom ar gagi-

marTlebT da didad izaralebT. iRblis mniSvnelovani Tviseba isaa, rom is araprognozirebadia.

investori, romelic Tanamimdevrulad iRebs mogebas, rogorc arsebuli sainvesticio SesaZleb-

lobebidan miRebuli ukugebis Cveulebriv doneze met wminda Semosavals, sxvebze ukeT unda

Wvretdes momavals.

mewarme

wina msjelobam, albaT, SegiqmnaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos adamianebi mogebas mxolod imis Sede-

gad iReben, rom sxvebze ukeTesad Wvreten momavals, xolo mogeba sxva araferia, Tu ara warmate-

buli gansjis Sedegi. es mcdari Sexedulebaa. mogebis metad mniSvnelovani Semadgneli nawili

Sromis aqtiuri da SemoqmedebiTi mxarea. adamianebi usaqmod ki ar sxedan da sxvis Semosavals ki

ar akvirdebian, aramed cdiloben _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi maTgani _ saqmeebi sxvebisgan

gansxvavebulad warmarTon. maT imis rwmena amoZravebT, rom ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi dana-

xarjebze met Semosavals moutans. aseT adamianebs antrepreniorebi anu mwarmoeblebi ewodebaT.

`mewarme~ frangulad `pasuxismgebels~ niSnavs. mewarmeebi is xalxia, vinc pasuxismgeblobas

kisrulobs socialuri cxovrebis erT-erTi segmentis gardaqmnaze. mewarmed anu `pasuxismge-

blad~, da ara _ ubralo monawiled, maT aqcevs is, rom sakuTari aqtivobis Sedegebze pasuxs age-

ben. isini TavianT proeqtebSi monawileebs eubnebian: `mogebas me miviReb, samagierod, danakarge-

bsac Cems Tavze aviReb~. mewarmeebi pretenzias acxadeben im naSTze, romelic yvela SeTanxmebis

210

Sesrulebis Semdeg darCeba. isini am pozicias irCeven, vinaidan fiqroben, rom SeuZliaT amocanis

gadawyveta. isini darwmunebulebi arian sakuTar moralur, fizikur da saorganizacio SesaZle-

blobebSi. is, rasac adam smiti komerciul sazogadoebas uwodebda, xolo adamianebis umetesoba

kapitalistur sazogadoebas uwodebs, zogjer SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc mewarmeTa sazoga-

doeba. is, vinc am saxels amjobinebs, amiT xazs usvams mewarmeTa gadamwyvet rols.

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT mewarmis roli da misi pretenzia mogebaze, davsvaT kiTxva _ ̀ vin xdeba

xelmZRvaneli?~ rogor unda SeTanxmdes mravali adamiani, romelTa gaerTianebac aucilebelia

garkveuli saqonlis sawarmoeblad, Tu vin ra konkretul amocanas Seasrulebs? es metad mniSvne-

lovani kiTxvaa, vinaidan adamianTa Sexedulebebi da interesebi xSir SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis mi-

zezi xdeba. meqanikur sawarmoSi, romelic aRmosavleT industriul aveniuze mdebareobs, aqile-

vsi amtkicebs, rom eqvsi moqloni sakmarisia nakeTobis dasamagreblad, xolo heqtors miaCnia,

rom cxraze naklebi ar ivargebs. ra Tqma unda, cxra ukeT daamagrebs nakeTobas, magram, amave

dros ufro Zviric dajdeba. ufro myari nakeToba momxmarebels miizidavs, magram ufro maRali

zRvruli danaxarjebis dasafaravad dawesebulma maRalma fasma, SesaZloa, zogierTi maTgani da-

afrTxos. heqtors miaCnia, rom gadawyvetileba man unda miiRos, vinaidan sainJinro ganaTleba

aqvs, magram aqilevsi arafrad dagidevT kolejis ganaTlebas da sakuTar SromiT gamocdilebaze

miuTiTebs. Sexedulebebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, SesaZloa, absoluturad gulwrfeli iyos, ma-

gram isic SesaZlebelia, rom heqtors meti samuSao undodes, xolo aqilevss SromiTi datvir-

Tvis Semcireba surdes. vin iRebs saboloo gadawyvetilebas? ufro zustad, vin iRebs gadawyve-

tilebas imis Taobaze, Tu vin gaakeTebs saboloo daskvnas?

saboloo gadawyvetilebisaTvis mzadyofna gadawyvetilebis

miRebis uflebamosilebas gulisxmobs

ZiriTadi pasuxi Semdegia: es unda iyos saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi. Tu Tqven gindaT,

iyoT ufrosi, unda gaxdeT saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi. amas maSin SeZlebT, Tu gundis yve-

la wevris Tanxmobas miiRebT. mwarmoebeli acxadebs, rom yvela pirobas Seasrulebs. ra Tqma

unda, am dapirebas unda endon. sxvebi unda darwmundnen, miawodon saukeTeso winadadebebi da-

Zlion SiSi da SeuTanxmebloba, daTanxmdnen imaze, rasac mwarmoebeli gadawyvets. amisaTvis, swo-

red man unda warmoadginos sando garantiebi.

sad mTavrdeba winaaRmdegoba?

davuSvaT, aqilevsma da heqtorma, romelTac erTmaneTTan kargi urTierToba aqvT, xelovne-

bis galereis gaxsna gadawyvites. aqilevsi kargad erkveva marketingSi, heqtori _ xelovnebaSi.

maT miaCniaT, rom kargad iTanamS rom leben. TiToeuli maTgani am saqmeSi 1000 dolars abandebs da

Tanaxmaa kviraSi 40 saaTi imuSaos. SemdgomSi megobrebma aRmoaCines, rom ver aRweven SeTanxmebas

im sakiTxSi, Tu rogor unda Seafason mxatvarTa namuSevrebi. heqtors miaCnia, rom saboloo ga-

dawyvetileba man unda miiRos, vinaidan aqilevss araferi esmis xelovnebaSi. aqilevss ki miaCnia,

rom saboloo gadawyvetilebis ufleba mas ekuTvnis, vinaidan heqtors araferi esmis marketing-

Si. Tu isini ver SeTanxmdnen, maSin partniorobis dasasrulis aRlternativa is iqneba, rom erT-

erTi maTgani sruluflebiani xelmZRvaneli gaxdeba.

heqtori ambobs: `modi, gadawyvetilebas me miviReb. garantias gaZlev, rom saaTSi 15 dolars

da, amas garda, Seni investiciebidan 10%-ian mogebas miiReb~. Tu aqilevsi mzadaa sagamofeno dar-

bazSi saaTSi 15 dolarad imuSaos da miiRos Tavisi investiciebidan 10%-iani mogeba, amasTan, Tu

mas miaCnia, rom heqtori sakuTar valdebulebebs Seasrulebs, maSin, SesaZloa, ase upasuxos _

`kargi, mase iyos, Tumca me mainc vfiqrob, rom Sen cdebi. icode, Tu Sen amas ver gaakeTeb, es Sen-

Tvis sikvdilis tolfasi iqneba~. amrigad, aqilevsma heqtori xelmZRvanelad cno. heqtorma kon-

traqti dado aqilevsis momsaxure baze da saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi gaxda. Tu misi va-

raudi amjerad ar gamarTlda, mTlian danakargebs is ganicdis, xolo Tu gamarTlda, mTlian

mogebas iRebs.

ganvixiloT sxva magaliTi. maRaziaSi naxeT mSvenieri Camofasebuli svitri, romelmac Tvali

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mogWraT da gadawyviteT misi SeZena. saxlSi dabrunebisas aRmoCnda, rom is odnav patara gaqvT.

svitri maRaziaSi daabruneT da aRmoaCineT, rom mxedvelobidan gamogrCaT warwera: `fasdakle-

bis dros saqonlis dabruneba da gacvla akrZalulia~.

gamyidveli Zalian wuxs, magram svitris dabruneba an gacvla ar SeuZlia. Tqven aRSfoTebuli

eubnebiT, rom am maRaziis mudmivi klienti xarT da aq sakmao fuls xarjavT. gamyidveli kidev

ufro metad wuxs, magram ambobs, rom amis ufleba ara aqvs. Tqven kidev ufro cxardebiT, is ki

geubnebaT _ `Cems ufross daelaparakeT~.

ufrosic wuxs, magram gpasuxobT, rom fasdakleba imitom Caatara, rom svitrebis mTlianad

gayidva surda, ris gamoc svitrs imave fasad ver daibrunebs. Tan swored amitom brZana, gamafr-

Txilebeli gancxadeba gamoekraT. saerTodac, maRazia SeRavaTian fasad gayidul saqonels ara-

sodes ibrunebs. Tqven sastikad brazdebiT da eubnebiT, rom yovelwliurad am maRaziaSi asobiT

dolars xarjavT. ufrosi gnebdebaT da nebas grTavT, rom svitri gadacvaloT, magram, samwuxa-

rod, Tqveni zomis svitris feri ar gawyobT. ufrosi geubnebaT, rom fulis dabruneba mxolod

sakuTari jibidan SeuZlia, vinaidan kompiuteriT amis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. `es maRaziis poli-

tikaa da me verafers Sevcvli~ _ wuxs igi.

saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi erTaderTia, visac aqvs imis

stimuli, rom gaiTvaliswinos yvelaferi, rac ki dakavSirebulia

danaxarjebTan da SemosavalTan

`es araswori politikaa, damalaparakeT maRaziis mflobelTan~, _ pasuxobT Tqven. magram ra-

tom gsurT maRaziis mflobelTan saubari? imitom, rom es aris is, sadac winaaRmdegoba mTavrde-

ba. is ar mTavrdeba `maRaziis politikasTan~ dapirispirebiT. maRaziis politikas viRac marTavs.

Tu es politika ufro didi politikis Semadgeneli nawilia, maSin am ukanasknelsac viRac sxva

marTavs. Tqven swored am didi politikis ganmsazRvrelis naxva gsurT. Tqven gsurT, miaRwioT im

pirovnebamde, romelsac saboloo pasuxismgebloba akisria. Tqven gsurT daumtkicoT, rom

Tanxa, romelsac ar gibruneben, bevrad naklebia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac dakargaven, Tu Tqven

ukmayofilo darCebiT. pirovneba, visTvisac amis damtkiceba gsurT, aris is, vinc maRaziasTan

dakavSirebul yvela danaxarjsa da mogebas ganagebs. swored isaa saboloo gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebi.

`damalaparakeT mflobels~ _ niSnavs nawilidan mTelze gadasvlas. Tqven gsurT daelapara-

koT pirovnebas, romelsac amoZravebs stimuli, ganixilos yvelaferi, rac mis saqmianobas Seexe-

ba, ivaraudos momavali Sedegebi, Seadgi nos mogebisa da danakargebis balansi. mxolod mas aqvs

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis upiratesoba da am aRweras mxolod saboloo gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebi Seesatyviseba.

aramomgebiani institutebi

saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebebi yvela im sazogadoebis mTavari moqmedi pirebi arian,

romelTac axasiaTebT maRali specializacia da gacvla. is institutebi, romlebsac ara hyavT

saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebni, uaresad funqcionireben, vidre isini, romelTac amgvari

xalxi hyavs. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, rigSi mdgomi myidvelebis SemTxveva. rogorc me-4 TavSi

aRvniSneT, rigSi dgomisas myidvelebi ganicdian drois danakargs, magram arc gamyidvelebi iRe-

ben mogebas. rigSi dgomis gamo mcirdeba moTxovnis raodenoba, vinaidan es myidvelTa realur

danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ramdenjer gamobrunebulxarT da sxvagan wasulxarT, rodesac

didi rigi daginaxavT? ratom ar iReben gamyidvelebi zomebs rigebis Sesamcireblad? SesaZloa

es imitom xdeba, rom rigis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebi mosalodnel zRvrul Semosavals

gadaaWarbebs. magram es SeiZleba imis bralic iyos, rom aseT dros saboloo gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebi adgilze ar imyofeba. aq aravinaa iseTi, visac imis stimuli aqvs, rom Seafasos yvela danax-

arji da Semosavali da Sesabamisad marTos situacia.

swored amitomaa grZeli rigebi safosto ganyofilebebSi da ara sasursaTo maRaziebSi.

fostis TanamSromlebi daaxloebiT iseve ixarjebian, rogorc sasursaTo maRaziebis molareebi.

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gansxvaveba ki imis Sedegia, rom sasursaTo maRaziis politikas awesebs saboloo gadawyvetilebis

mimRebi, romelsac imis stimuli aqvs, rom gamoTvalos grZeli rigebis da damatebiTi molaree-

bis daqiravebis danaxarjebi da imoqmedos am danraxarjebis Sedarebis safuZvelze. safosto gan-

yofilebebSi da, saerTod, safosto momsaxurebaSi aseTi saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi ar

arsebobs.

aramomgebian institutebs ar hyavT saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi da xSirad amitomacaa

maTi mdgomareoba savalalo. Tu amis magaliTi gsurT, gaixseneT TqvenTvis nacnobi koleji an

universiteti. kolejebi da universitetebi bevr `sisuleles~ sCadian, vinaidan aravin aris ise-

Ti, visac aqvs stimuli, rom erTmaneTs Seadaros mimdinare politikisa da misi SecvlisTvis

saWiro qmedebebis danaxarjebi. sityva `sisulele~ mxolod yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT

gamoviyeneT. sinamdvileSi, kolejebs da universitetebs ar hyavT saboloo gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, ara aqvT gonivrulad mmarTveli centrebi.

`sisulelis~ kidev erTi standartuli magaliTia is, ris Sesaxebac icis yvelam, visac saqme

hqonia aramomgebian institutebTan. es aris sabiujeto periodis dasrulebisas atexili faci-

fuci, rodesac departamentis menejerebi cdiloben biujetis TiToeuli centis daxarjvas; ra-

tom xdeba es? `Tu ar davxarjeT, davkargavT~ _ ismis pasuxad. departamenti, romelsac sabiu-

jeto wlis bolos 1000 dolari aqvs, kargavs ori adamianis sasiamovno mogzauro bis

SesaZleblobas. es fuli SeiZleboda, friad saWiro SesyidvebisTvis sxva departaments gamoey-

enebina, magram pirveli departamentis xelmZRvanelobisTvis sasiamovno mogzaurobis mniSvn-

eloba bevrad metia, vidre meore departamentisTvis _ aucilebeli Sesyidvebi.

visa aqvs am SemTxvevaSi ufleba da stimuli, gansazRvros organizaciis mTliani realuri

mogeba am mogzaurobisa da aucilebeli Sesyidvebisgan, anu imis ufleba, rom Sesabamisad

gadaanawilos es 1000 dolari? kolejisa da universitetis administraciam icis, rom gadaxarjva

xSiri movlenaa. aseve ician es aramomgebiani institutebis, maT Soris, samTavrobo institutebis

xelmZRvanelebma, magram, saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebis gareSe, am situaciis Secvla aravis

SeuZlia.

socializmidan kapitalizmSi gardamavali periodi

SesaZloa, swored es iyo centralizebulad dagegmili ekonomikis im kraxis mizezi, romelic

ekonomistebma saukuniT adre iwinaswarmetyveles, magram yvelasTvis cxadi mxolod 1980-iani

wlebis bolosTvis Seiqna. centra lizebuli dagegmvis istoria savsea cnobebiT usargeblo

nivTebis uzarmazari danaxarjebiT warmoebis Sesaxeb, alternatiuli Rirebulebebis

gauTvaliswi neblad. manqana-danadgarebi mzaddeboda saTadarigo nawilebis gareSe, rac maTi

gamoyenebis saSualebas ar iZleoda. mosavali Zalian mcire iyo, vinaidan ar xdeboda daTesvis da

kultivaciis Sesaxeb koordinirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba. ekonomia produqciis dabal

xarisxSi gamovlin deboda, ris gamoc es produqcia, ZiriTadad, jarTad iqceoda. arsebobda

lursmnebis qarxana, romelic pawawina lursmnebs awarmoebda imis gamo, rom lursmnebis raode-

noba gegmiT iyo gansazRvruli da qarxana, romelic weliwadwi erT uzarmazar lursmans amza-

debda, vinaidan gegma mxolod warmoebuli lursmnis wonas gansazRvravda.

lursmnebis swori asortimenti isaa, romelic alternatiuli sawarmoo strategiis Sedegia,

anu im strategiisa, romelic yvela xarjsa da yvela mogebas iTvaliswinebs. swori asortimenti

SekveTil iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erTdroulad iarsebeben stimuli da uflebebi,

romelTac saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebze dafuZnebuli sistema mouyris Tavs.

nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelic oficialurad gmobs mogebas, rogorc Sromis eqspluatacii-

dan miRebul zedmet Rirebulebas, xels uSlis gadawyvetilebis mimRebi sistemis ganviTarebas. is

xels uSlis adamianebs, sakuTar Tavze aiRon mewarmis funqcia, ukrZalavs SeTanxmebebs, romelic

maT saSualebas miscemda mewarmeebad qceuliyvnen, is ar miscems heqtors uflebas, SeuTanxmdes

aqilevss, vinaidan heqtori am SemTxvevaSi `kapitalistad~ gadaiqceva, xolo aqilevsi eqsploat-

irebul muSad darCeba. yvelaze cudi isaa, rom aseTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis saSualebas ar

aZlevs im institutebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben SeTanxmebebs da daicaven molaparakebebs.

aseTi institutebis ararseboba xels uSlis yofil ssrk-Si sabazro sistemis Camoyalibebas.

axal respublikebs ar gaaCniaT ZiriTadi institutebi, romlebic `kapitalistur~ sazogadoeba-

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Si gardamavali periodis danaxarjebs uzrunvelyofen da adamianebs saSualebas aZleven Camoay-

alibon axali urTierTobebi. raTa davinaxoT, ramdenad rTulia am SeTanxmebebis miRweva, unda

gadavxedoT `uol sTriT jornels~, gansakuTrebiT, rubrikas `fuli da investiciebi~. SeTanxme-

ba rTulia ara imitom, rom eqspertebs surT, umecrebaSi gvamyofon, aramed imitom, rom insti-

tutebi, rogorc komerciuli sazogadoebis wevrebi, cdiloben naklebxarjiani gzebis gamoZeb-

nas, raTa dadon SeTanxmebebi da uzrunvelyon maTi Sesruleba. bankebis, sadazRvevo kompaniebis,

brokerebis, sakonsultacio saagentoebis, sabuRaltro firmebis, salizingo kompaniebis da sxva

institutis movaleobaa, xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebaSi sakuTrebis uflebis dawesebas, miwis

sakuTrebis kanonis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo aqtis Seqmnas, im moraluri principebis dawesebas,

romlebic `TamaSis axal wesebs~ qmnis.

socializmidan kapitalizmze warmatebuli gadasvla aranakleb dros moiTxovs, vidre am in-

stitutebis mSeneblobas sWirdeba da aranakleb rTulia, vidre am institutebis warmatebuli

ganviTareba. es gadasvla ver iqneba warmatebuli, Tu xalxis moTminebis fiala manamde aivso, san-

am am institu tebis sakmarisi raodenoba Camoyalibdeba.

sazogadoeba, romelic mogebas krZalavs, Tavisi

wevrebis pasuxismgeblobas asustebs

SevajamoT: mwarmoeblebi sazogadoebis cvlilebis ganmaxorcielebeli agentebi arian. es is

xalxia, visac gacnobierebuli aqvs gansxvaveba imaT Soris, rac aris da rac unda iyos, agreTve am

gansxvavebis aRmofxvrisgan miRebuli mogebis SesaZleblobebi. isini aweseben kontrols im

resursebze, romlebic unda gamoiyenon da am resursebs mflobelebisgan qiraoben. mflobelebi

Tmoben sakuTari resursebis kontrolis ufebas, mwarmoebelTa mxridan gadaxdili Tanxebis

sanacvlod. am gadasaxadebis jami mwarmoebelTa danaxarjebia. sxvaoba am danaxarjebsa da mwar-

moebelTa proeqtebisagan miRebul mogebas Soris aris mwarmoebelTa mogeba (an wageba, im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi varaudi mcdari aRmoCnda).

amas yvela akeTebs

erTi wuTiT SevCerdeT da cneba `mogeba~ (da wageba) gavaTavisufloT iseTi SemzRudveli aso-

ciaciebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba Cven msjelobisas warmoiSvas. mogeba da wageba SeiZleba

hqondes yvelas da ara mxolod firmebs an im adamianebs, romlebic investiciebs finansur aq-

tivebSi deben.

ganvixiloT juzepe vibratos sevdiani istoria. juzepe sami weliwadia konservatoriaSi swav-

lobs im imediT, rom karieras operaSi gaikeTebs. daaxloebiT im momentisTvis, rodesac juzepe

konservatorias amTavrebs, sazogadoeba mTlianad kargavs interess operis mimarT da juzepe

zaralobs, magram ar Rirs am zaralis Zalian gamuqeba, vinaidan juzepes, SesaZloa, arcTu mcire

ukugeba mieRo musikalur ganaTlebaSi investiciebis CadebiT _ igi xom amdeni wlis ganmavlo-

baSi usmenda verdisa da vagneris ariebs. ganaTlebas SeuZlia adamianebi moamaragos ara marto

Rirebuli sabazro CvevebiT, aramed imiTac, rom SesZlon sicocxliT tkboba. oRond, Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom juzepe sami wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlis safasurs ixdida da momavali Se-

mosavlis imediT uars ambobda sakuTar Semosavalze, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sazogadoebis

gemovnebis cvlilebis Sedegad juzepem bevri dakarga.

danakargebs ganicdian aerokosmonavtikis inJinrebic, rodesac federaluri mTavroba kosmo-

sur programebs kvecavs, kolejis profesorebi ageben, rodesac federaluri mTavroba iRebs

umaRlesi ganaTlebisTvis damatebiTi Tanxebis gamoyofis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, mwerali

iRebs mogebas, rodesac iseT wigns wers, romelic mkiTxvelis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva, didad

ganswavluli astrologebi ganicdian danakargebs, rodesac adamianebs aRar sjeraT imisa, rom

varskvlavebi maT beds gansazRvraven (miaqcieT yuradReba bolo magaliTs _ astrologiis zo-

gierTi mimdevari dResac mogebaSia, vinaidan ukanasknel xans isev gaizarda interesi Zveli Sexed-

ulebebis mimarT).

yvela am magaliTSi saqme fulad Semosavals exeba, magram mogeba da wageba aucileblad araa dakav-

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Sirebuli fuladi simdidris cvlilebasTan. moTxilamure, romelic mTaze avida da iq cudi amindi

daxvda, danakargebs ganicdis, magram Tu dabrunebisas dardis gasaqarveblad restoranSi Seva da iq

Tavis momaval meuRles gaicnobs, maSin mogebas miiRebs. Tu ramdenime wlis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom

misi coli kidev ufro Wkviani da sasiamovno qalia, vidre Tavidan egona, maSin misi mogeba gaizrdeba.

dasasrul, wvimiani samTo kurortidan miRebuli mogeba maqsimums aRwevs, rodesac col-qmars pa-

tara angelozis msgavsi arseba gauCndeba, romelic maT cxovrebas bednierebiT avsebs. es magaliTebi

Segvaxsenebs, rom mogebas cxovrebis yvela sferoSi vxvdebiT da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, isini

umetes SemTxvevaSi, dakavSirebulia SorsmWvretelobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unarTan.

konkurenciis SezRudva

iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos mogebis analizisas mxedvelobidan gamogvrCa garkveuli mniSv-

nelovani detali. Tu mogeba yovelTvis ganuzRvre lobis Sedegia, maSin risken miiswrafodnen

gansakuTrebuli interesebis mqone jgufebi, romlebzec wina TavSi visaubreT? ris miRebas la-

moben eqimebis, santeqnikosebis, fermerebis, mfrinavebis, eqTnebis an mSeneblebis asociaciebi,

rodesac mTavrobas Txoven, maT sferoSi konkurencia SezRudos? isini namdvilad ar eswrafvian

ganuzRvrelobas. piriqiT, cdiloben SezRudon ganuzRvreloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari

TavisTvis mainc. ewinaaRmdegebian ra fasebis Semcirebas da dargSi konkurentebis Semosvlas. Tu

warmatebas miaRweven, gana garantirebul mogebas ar miiReben? xolo garantiebi da ganuzRvre-

loba sxvadasxva polusebia. yuradRebiT davakvirdeT, marTlac uqmnis Tu ara konkurenciis Se-

zRudva niadags imas, rasac garantirebuli mogeba SeiZleba vuwodoT.

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven, SemTxveviT, anu drois, Zalisxmevisa da sxva resursebis daxarjvis ga-

reSe, gamoigoneT gaumjobesebuli saTaguri, romlis naxazi Tevzaobisas SeadgineT. mTavroba afase-

bs Tqveni gamogonebis mniSvnelobas, gaZlevT patents, ris Semdegac momavali warmoebis dagegmvas

iwyebT. vinaidan mTeli msoflio mzadaa, daukavSirdes mas, vinc gaumjobesebul saTagurs gamoigone-

bs da imitom, rom Tqveni patenti krZalavs 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi sxvebis mier mis gamoyenebas, Tqven

mdidrdebiT. pirveli wlis Sedegebi sasixarulo prognozebs adasturebs: mogebam 100 000 dolari

Seadgina da SegiZliaT, momavali 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi, yovelwliurad 100 000 dolaris molodinSi

iyoT. TiTqos es sakmarisad garantirebuli mogebaa. magram davakvirdeT movlenaTa msvlelobas.

ra aris Tqveni mogebis wyaro? ra Tqma unda, es Tqveni patentia, romelic xels uSlis konku-

rentebs, Seamciron sxvaoba Tqvens mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris , magram

sworad gamoiangariSeT Tu ara am gaumjobesebuli saTaguris warmoebis danaxarjebi?

konkurencia sxva frontebze

Tu patents yovelwliurad TqvenTvis garantirebuli 100 000 dolaris mogeba moaqvs, gana misi

floba aseTsave Semosavals ar moutans sxvasac? marTlac, gana patents meti fasi ar eqneba da 100

000 dolarze mets ar moutans imas, vinc mTeli cxovreba saTagurebs awarmoebda da Tqvenze gaci-

lebiT ukeT erkveva mis warmoebasa da gasaRebaSi? amitom, imaT Soris, vinc Tavqudmoglejili

gamoiqceva TqvenTan, rodesac gaumjobesebul saTagurs gamoigonebT, albaT iqnebian, saTagure-

bis damzadebis gamocdili specialistebi, romlebic moindomeben Tqveni patentis SeZenas an li-

cenziis aRebas. amis Sedegad Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom, Tu uars ityviT patentis gayidvasa an licen-

ziis gacemaze da gaumjobesebuli saTagurebis erTaderT damamzadeblad darCebiT, maSin

danaxarjebs Tqvens mier uaryofili SesaZleblobebis Rirebulebac daemateba.

davuSvaT, saTagurebis gamocdili damamzadebeli romelime firma gTavazobT, rom patenti

milionnaxevar dolarad miyidoT. saidan aiRo man es cifri? firmas SeeZlo gaeTvala, rom Tqveni

patenti saSualebas miscems gazardos wliuri Semosavali minimum 200 000 dolariT. Tu iseT, Se-

darebiT usafrTxo investiciebSi fulis Cadebisas, rogoricaa aSS-s mTavrobis obligaciebi,

ukugebis mimdinare norma 7%-is tolia, maSin Tqveni patenti, romlis fasic erTnaxevari milio-

nia, kargi sainvesticio obieqti iqneba _ is wliur 13%-ian Semosavals iZleva. ra Tqma unda, fir-

mas erCivna, patentis nakleb fasad SeeZina. 1,2 milionis SemTxvevaSi 200 000 ukve wliur 16,67%-s

niSnavs. magram arseboben saTaguris sxva damamzadeblebic. maTTvis 16,67% Semosavali iseTi ga-

rigebaa, romelsac xelidan ar gauSveben aseTi vaWrobis Sedegad fasi 1,5 milionamde izrdeba.

aseTia procesi, romlis meSveobiTac ganisazRvreba Tqveni patentis sabazro Rirebuleba.

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rodesac ganuzRvreloba qreba, konkurentuli vaWrobis Sedegad

miRebuli mogeba warmoebis danaxarjebad gadaiqceva

rogor aisaxeba yovelive es Tqvens yovelwliur 100000-dolarian mogebaze? sinamdvileSi

Tqveni mogeba danakargad iqceva. gesmiT Tu ara, rogor da ratom xdeba ase? rodesac, saTagure-

bis damamzadeblebs Soris konkurenciis gamo, Tqveni patenti 1,5 milion dolarad fasdeba, saTa-

gurebis damzadebis gagrZelebis danaxarjebi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 105000 dolariT izr-

deba: es aris Semosavali, romelzec uars ambobT, Tu winaaRmdegi xarT patentis gayidvasa da

miRebuli Tanxebis saxelmwifo obligaciebSi Cadebaze. moxda Semdegi: rodesac xma dairxa, rom

Tqveni patentis flobas garantirebuli mogeba moaqvs, anu wliuri Semosavali, romelic dana-

xarjebze metia, potenciurma mflobelebma daiwyes vaWroba patentis mosapoveblad. maTma va-

Wrobam Tqveni mogeba warmoebis danaxarjebad gadaaqcia _ im SesaZleblobis fasad, romelic

daTmeT, rodesac gayidvaze uari ganacxadeT.

ra mosdis firmas, romelmac Tqveni patenti iyida? miiRebs Tu ara igi momavalSi mogebas? Se-

saZloa, asec moxdes. Tu movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rogorc firma varaudobda da misi mogeba

yovelwliurad 200000 dolariT gaizarda, maSin Tqveni patentis SeZenis gadawyvetileba marTe-

buli yofila. ra Tqma unda, am orasi aTasi dolaris naxevarze meti warmoebis xarjebi iqneba _ is

Semosavali, romelzec firmam uari ganacxada, rodesac 1,5 milioni dolari patentis SesaZenad

daxarja da saxelmwifo obligaciebSi ar daabanda. danarCeni SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc

namdili mogeba, rogorc myidveli firmisTvis patentis namdvili Rirebulebis mimarT sawyisi

ganuzRvrelobis Sedegi, Semosavali, romelic miiRo firmam Tqveni patentis SeZenisa da gamoye-

nebis iniciativisTvis.

aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aRwerili konkurentuli procesi maSinve ganaxldeba, rogorc

ki mogeba SedarebiT garantirebuli gaxdeba. sxva firmebs SeuZliaT ganaaxlon patentze vaWroba

da misi fasi 1,5 milionze metad gazardon. es patenti 1,5 milioni mxolod am firmisTvis rom Rir-

des, es imis mimaniSnebeli iqneboda, rom firma raRac damatebiT unikalur resursebs iyenebs _

SesaZloa, marketingis menejers, romelic gansakuTrebuli niWiTaa dajildoebuli da iseT

reklamas amzadebs, romelic momxmarebels Tagvebis winaSe SiSs aRuZravs. am SemTxvevaSi konku-

rentuli vaWrobis Sedegad am damatebiTi resursis fasi gaizrdeba, rodesac sxva firmebis mov-

lenebs gaaanalizeben da am `momgebiani~ resursis xelSi Cagdebas Seecdebian. Tuki firma iZule-

bulia meti gadauxados marketingis menejers, raTa misi momsaxu rebiT sargebloba ganagrZos,

misi `mogebis~ wili saxelfaso danaxarjebis namatad gadaiqceva.

aseTi movlenebi yvela dargSi xdeba da maT danaxvas SevZlebT, Tu gvecodineba, ras unda da-

vakvirdeT.

konkurencia ZiriTad resursebze

xorblis maRali fasis daweseba xorblis

moyvanis danaxarjebs zrdis

rodesac mTavroba cdilobs fermerebis Semosavlis gazrdas da xorblis maRal fass awesebs,

miwa ufro Rirebuli xdeba da, Sesabamisad, misi fasic izrdeba. fermer-moijareebi met qiras ix-

dian, xolo is fermerebi, romelTac miwis nakveTebis SeZena surT, iZulebulni arian, amisTvis

meti gadaixadon. fermerebis `mogebis~ zrda, romelic mTavrobis aseTi qmedebis mizani iyo,

iwvevs xorblis warmoebis danaxarjebis zrdas, rac miwis gamoyenebis danaxarjebis zrdiTaa gan-

pirobebuli. es procesi maSinve daiwyeba, rogorc ki mTavrobis mier miRebuli zomebi gaxmaur-

deba. am zomebis Sedegad, sargeblobas miiReben isini, vinc miwas flobda manam, vidre mTavrobis

es gadawyvetileba yvelasaTvis cnobili gaxdeboda. fasebis xelovnuri zrdis Sedegad warmoqm-

nili mogeba darCeba mas, visac, iRblisa Tu SorsmWvretelobis gamo, saTanado periodSi sa-

kuTrebis Sesabamisi uflebebi hqonda.

216

romelime saqmianobis SemzRudveli licenziebi am

saqmianobis danaxarjebis zrdas iwvevs

rodesac taqsebis mflobelebi adgilobriv mTavrobas qalaqSi muSaobis licenziis mqone taqsebis

raodenobis Semcirebas aiZuleben, licenziis floba ufro Rirebuli xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi licen-

ziis misaRebad dawyebuli konkurencia licenziis fass manamde zrdis, sanam taqsebis eqsploataciis

danaxarjebi, licenziis SenarCunebis an yidvis alternatiuli Rirebulebis CaTvliT, ar gautol-

deba eqsploataciidan miRebul Semosavals. es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos taqsis mflobelebi am lobis-

turi kampaniidan mogebas ar miiReben. maT, visac licenziebi im momentamde hqondaT, rodesac sxvebma

SemzRudavi zomebis miRebis Sesaxeb Seityves, mogeba miiRes licenziebis Rirebulebis gazrdis Sede-

gad. es zrda maTi mogebaa da swored amis imedi hqondaT, rodesac lobistur kampanias iwyebdnen, ma-

gram, rogorc ki lobisturi Zalisxmeva warmatebiT dasruldeba, taqsebis eqspluatacia gaZvirdeba,

vinaidan taqsis mflobelebs ZviradRirebuli licenziebis SeZena mouwevT.

did qalaqSi zemaRali sixSiris satelevizio arxis gamoyenebis ufleba metad Rirebuli sa-

kuTrebis uflebaa. kavSirgabmulobis federaluri komisia am uflebas mxolod imaT rom

aZlevdes, vinc umaRles fass SesTavazebs, mTavroba sakmaod did Tanxas miiRebda, xolo te-

learxis gamoyenebisgan miRebuli `mogeba~ telekompaniis saqmianobis danaxarji gaxdeboda.

sinamdvi leSi komisia zogierTi arxiT sargeblobis uflebas ufasod iZleva sakmaod bundovani

kriteriumebis safuZvelze, romlebic dakavSirebulia konkurenti kandidatebis RirsebebTan

da sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo samomavlo dapirebebTan. amis Sedegad, kandidatebi konkuren-

cias iuristebis, buRaltrebis da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis yvelanairi specialistebis

meSveobiT ewevian, raTa gavlena moaxdinon kavSirgabmulobis federaluri komisiis gadaw-

yvetilebebze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi `mogebis~ Semqmnel kritikul resurss am komisiis gadaw-

yvetileba warmoadgens, konkurencia ki mimarTulia am gadawyvetilebaze kontrolis misaRwevad.

telearxis miRebis `mogeba~, amgvarad, politikuri zewolis danaxarjebad gadaiqceva.

konkurencia da sakuTrebis ufleba

mogeba da wageba ganuzRvrelobis Sedegia da mis gareSe ar arsebobs. iq, sadac yvelaferi

zustadaa cnobili, mogebisTvis gamarTuli konkurencia am mogebas Tavadve spobs _ is an moge-

bas amcirebs, an danaxarjebs zrdis. aseT daskvnaSi araferia gasaocari _ igi logikurad gamom-

dinareobs mogebisa da danaxarjebis Cveneuli gansazRvridan. is, rac namdvilad mniSvnelovania

da ris axsnasac am TavSi SevecadeT, aris forma, romelsac SesaZlo mogebis misaRebad Rebulobs

konkurencia da Sesabamisi socialuri Sedegebi.

ubiZgebs ki mogebis survili adamianebs imisken, rom gaumjobesebuli saTagurebi daamzadon,

Tu imisken, rom ibrZolon, raTa maT teritoriaze sxvisi saTagurebi ar gaiyidos? aseTi survili

met xorbals moitans, Tu miwis fass gazrdis? samomxmareblo fasebi gaiafdeba, Tu mniSvnelovani

resursebis mflobelebis Semosavlebi gaizrdeba? taqsiT mgzavrobis fasebi gaizrdeba, Tu mom-

saxureba gaumjobesdeba? axali mecnieruli kvlevebi waxalisdeba Tu SeizRudeba? pasuxebi gan-

isazRvreba `TamaSis wesebiT~ da sakuTrebis uflebaTa sistemiT, romelsac isini qmnis.

damateba: diskontireba da mimdinare Rirebulebebi

Tu wliuri ganakveTis arsebuli sargebeli asaxavs gazrdil Rirebulebas, romelsac adamianebi

maT xelT arsebul saqonels im saqonelTan SedarebiT miaweren, romelic erTi wlis Semdeg eqnebaT,

maSin im saqonlis dRevandeli Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg

eqnebaT, aucilebelia misi Rirebulebis diskontireba sargeblis ganakveTis mixedviT.

diskontirebis procesi, romelic momavali saqonlis dRevandeli Rirebulebis gansazRvris

saSualebas iZleva, ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. am

procesis aTviseba saSualebas mogcemT, ukeT gaigoT momaval TavebSi moyvanili msjeloba da

gagacnobT finansur da saqmian samyaroSi farTod gamoyenebul procedurebs.

davuSvaT, rom aivi koleji, romelsac me-9 TavSi gaecaniT, sanimuSo umaRlesi saswavlebelia,

romelic pirvelkurselebis mSoblebs ganaTlebis xarjebis stabilizacias sTavazobs. adminis-

217

tracia amtkicebs, rom swavlis qira, romelic amJamad 4000 dolaria, inflaciis gamo yovelwli-

urad gaizrdeba. ufro metic, koleji acxadebs, rom ganzraxuli aqvs momavali sami wlis ganmav-

lobaSi swavlis fasis yovelwliurad 400 dolariT gazrda. amave dros stabilizaciis programis

monawileebs gansakuTrebul pirobebs sTavazoben. pirveli wlis seqtemberSi maT unda Seitanon

16000 dolari, Semdeg ki ukve arafers ixdian. kolejis ferad sareklamo broSuraSi naTqvamia,

rom am programis monawileebi Svilebis ganaTlebaze 2400 dolars dazogaven. koleji amas 15

procentian ekonomias uwodebs.

marTlac naklebia Tu ara dRevandeli 16000 dolari, vidre 4000 _ wels, 4400 _ momaval wels,

4800 _ erTi wlis Semdeg da 5200 _ ori wlis Semdeg? ukanaskneli sami Tanxa momavalSi unda iqnas

gadaxdili da momavali Tanxebi, iseve, rogorc nebismieri saqoneli, diskontirebul unda iqnas,

raTa maTi dRevandeli Rirebuleba gavigoT. sargeblis rogori ganakveTi unda gamoviyenoT? am

kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ganvsazRvroT mSoblebis mier aivi kolejisTvis sesxad micemuli

fulis alternatiuli Rirebuleba. mSoblebi kolejs sesxs aZleven, vinaidan swavlis qiras wi-

naswar ixdian. meore kursze swavlebis safasuri _ 4000 dolari _ erTi wliT gaicema sesxad,

mesame kursis 4000 dolari _ ori wliT, damamTavrebeli kursis 4000 dolari ki _ sami wliT.

rogoria am Tanxebis gamoyenebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi?

sadamde izrdeba dRevandeli Tanxa?

davuSvaT, fulis misaRebad mSoblebi yidian aqciebs, romelTac, Cveulebriv pirobebSi, divi-

dendebisa da aqciebis sakurso Rirebulebis zrdis gamo wliuri 12%-iani Semosavali moaqvs. es

imas niSnavs, rom aivi kolejisTvis erTi wliT 4000 dolaris sesxebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba

480 dolaria. es 480 dolari ixarjeba imaze, raTa Tavidan aicilon swavlebis xarjebis 400 dol-

ariT zrda _ rogorc vxedavT, arcTu saxarbielo garigebaa. ufro uaresia meore wlis sesxi:

ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 4000 dolari, 12%-iani zrdis pirobebSi, gaizrdeba 4000x1,12x1,12=5017,60

dolaramde. moqmedebs sargeblis progresuli ganakveTis efeqti, romelic samwlian sesxs kidev

ufro naklebmimzidvels xdis. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon maRal kursebze swavlis damate-

biTi xarjebi, romlebic 1200 dolaris tolia, mSoblebi uars amboben 1619.71 dolarze, romlis

miRebac aqciebidan SeeZloT, vinaidan 4000x1,123=5619.71.

momavali Tanxebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba

Cven gavaanalizeT aivi kolejis winadadeba da gamoviTvaleT, rogor gaizrdeba dRevandeli Tanxa

ukugebis Sesabamisi normis SemTxvevaSi, erT, or da sam weliwadSi. imave daskvnamde mivalT, Tu process

ukumimarTulebiT ganvixilavT. rogoria im 4400 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba, romlis gadaxdac

erTi wlis Semdegaa saWiro? anu, dRevandeli Tanxis ra raodenoba gaizrdeba zustad 4400 dolaramde

erTi wlis Semdeg, 12%-iani investiciebisas? pasuxi iqneba _ 4400 gayofili 1,12-ze, anu 3928,57. es imas

niSnavs, rom meore wlis gadasaxadis winaswar gadaxdiT mSoblebi uars amboben dRevandel 4000 dol-

arze, ris Sedegadac am Tanxis dRevandel Rirebulebaze 70 dolariT naklebs zogaven. im 4800 dolaris

dRevandeli Rirebuleba, romelic ori wlis Semdeg unda gadaixadon, aris 4800/(1,12x1,12)=3826,53, rac

175 dolariT naklebia imaze, rasac mSoblebi sinamdvileSi ixdian. Tu 5200 dolars 1,123-ze gavyofT,

miviRebT Tanxas, romlis dRevandeli Rirebuleba mxolod 3701,26 dolaris tolia.

adamianebi, romlebic aseT gaTvlebs awarmoeben, iyeneben cxrilebs, romlebic maT saSualebas

aZlevs, swrafad gamoTvalon, rogor gaizrdeba momavalSi dRevandeli Tanxebi, anu rogoria mo-

mavali fulis dRevandeli Rirebuleba. momdevno gverdebze sami aseTi cxrilia moyvanili. aq ga-

keTebuli daskvnebis Sesamowmeblad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT 11-1 da 11-2 cxrilebi. es imis saSu-

alebasac mogcemT, rom ivarjiSoT aseTi cxrilebis gamoyenebaSi, sanam Tavad ar SeZlebT aseTive

Sedegebis miRebas. 11.3 cxrilis gasagebad kidev erTi problema unda ganvixiloT.

wliuri Semosavlebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba

ramdens gadaixdis saTagurebis damamzadebeli firma im patentSi, romelic mas, SesaZloa,

yovelwliurad damatebiT 200000 dolars moutans momavali 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi? albaT imaze

naklebs, rasac udris 17-isa da 200000-is namravli, anu 3,4 mln. dolarze naklebs. Tu SesaZlebe-

218

lia fulis investireba aSS-s saxelmwifo obligaciebSi, romlebsac yovelwliurad 7%-iani mo-

geba moaqvs, maSin 3,4 mln. dolaridan miRebuli yovelwliuri sargebeli 238000 dolari iqneba,

rac gacilebiT metia, vidre yovelwliuri 200000 dolari. ufro metic, am 238000 dolaris miReba

usasrulod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, xolo 200000 dolaris miReba 17 wlis

Semdeg Sewydeba. amitom saTagurebis damamzadebeli albaT mzad ar iqneba, rom saTaguris paten-

tSi 3,4 mln. dolari gadaixados.

maqsimaluri Tanxa, romlis gadaxdisTvisac is mzad iqneba, aris dRevandeli Rirebuleba

200000 dolarisa, romlis miRebac firmas SeuZlia yovelwliurad, momavali 17 wlis ganmavloba-

Si. am Tanxis miReba SegveZlo, Tuki SevkrebdiT 11-2 cxrilis pirvel Cvidmet ricxvs Sesabamisi

svetidan da Sedegs 200000-ze gavamravlebdiT. 11-3 cxrili am proceduris gamartivebis saSu-

alebas iZleva. svetSi, romelic 17 weliwads Seesabameba, moyvanilia yoveli wlis bolos arsebu-

li erTi dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba sargeblis sxvadasxva ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi.

rogori ganakveTi unda avirCioT? Tu iseT mcireriskian investiciebs, rogoric saxelmwifo

obligaciebia, yovelwliurad 7%-iani mogeba moaqvs, aragonivrulia 10%-ze dabali ganakveTis

arCeva. meores mxriv, saxelmwifo obligaciebis 7%-iani sargebeli is Semosavalia, romelic

dolarebis fiqsirebul raodenobas moaqvs. amitom es aris Semosavlis nominaluri da ara real-

uri norma _ Semosavali gamosaxulia ara realur msyidvelobiT unarSi, aramed TanxebSi,

romelTa Rirebuleba SeiZleba icvlebodes. Tu dolaris Rirebuleba yovelwliurad 4%-iT mc-

irdeba, anu Tu inflaciis tempi weliwadSi 4%-ia, maSin 7%-iani nominaluri ganakveTis SemTxveva-

Si realuri ganakveTi mxolod 3% iqneba.

savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom saTagurebis damzadebidan miRebuli mogeba inflaciis tempis Ses-

abamisad icvlebodes. Tu fasebi gaormagdeba, maSin saTagurebis warmoebidan miRebuli mogebac

unda gaormagdes, ra Tqma unda, Tu yvela sxva piroba Tanabaria. Tu patentis SeZenisagan miRebu-

li Semosavlis diskontirebas im ganakveTis mixedviT movaxdenT, romelic mosalodnel infla-

ciasac Seicavs, maSin fasebis zrdas orjer gaviTvaliswinebT. ufro mizanSewonilia inflaciis

potenciuri Sedegebis ugulebelyofa da diskon tireba 3- an 4-procentiani ganakveTis mixedviT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven mxedvelobaSi ar miviReT riskis faqtori. diskontis swori ganakveTi iqne-

ba is sidide, romelic iTvaliswinebs patentis myidvelis mier im riskis subieqtur Sefasebas,

rac am patentis SeZenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara sasamarTloSi paten-

tis saSualebiT mwarmoeblis uflebebis dacva?

xom ar gamoigonebs vinme kidev ufro srulyofil saTagurs? xom ar gadaiqceva saTaguri samu-

zeumo eqsponatad, Tagvebis mospobis axali meTodebis gamogonebis SemTxvevaSi? rac ufro ganu-

zRvrelia mosalodneli Semosavali, romlis dRevandeli Rirebulebis dadgenasac vcdilobT,

miT ufro maRali ganakveTiT moxdeba misi diskontireba.

yovelive es erTob sariskod gveCveneba. amitom realur 3-procentian ganakveTs davamatoT

riskis 6 procenti da aviRoT 9%-iani diskonti. rogoria 200000 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebule-

ba, romlis gadaxda yoveli wlis bolos, 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxdeba, Tu diskonti 9%-is to-

lia? 11-3 cxrilis mixedviT, 17 wlis Semdeg arsebuli 1 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba 8,5436

dolaris tolia. aqedan gamomdinare, 17 wlis Semdeg 200000 dolaris dRevandeli Rirebuleba

1708720 dolaris toli iqneba.

ukanaskneli SekiTxva _ ra mouva patentis dRevandel Rirebulebas, Tu davuSvebT, rom mo-

xerxdeba misi moqmedebis vadis gagrZeleba kidev 13 wliT? 0-procentiani diskontis SemTxvevaSi

yovelwliur 200000-ian Semosavals 30 wlis manZilze 2,054 740 dolaris Rirebuleba aqvs. miaq-

cieT yuradReba, rom es mxolod 346 000 dolariT metia, vidre 17 wliani Semosavali. aman ar unda

gagakvirvoT. 9%-iani diskontirebisas Rirebuleba dRevandeli erTi dolarisa, romlis miReba

mxolod 18 wlis Semdeg SeiZleba, 21 centia, xolo 30 wlis Semdeg misaRebi dolaris dRevandeli

Rirebuleba mxolod 7,5 centia (ix. cxrili 11-2).

219

cxrili 11-1. rogor izrdeba $ wlebis mixedviT, sargeblis sxvadasxva progresuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi

weli 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 15% weli

1 1,0100 1,0200 1,0300 1,0400 1,0500 1,0600 1,0700 1,0800 1,0900 1,1000 1,1100 1,1200 1,1500 1

2 1,0201 1,0404 1,0609 1,0816 1,1025 1,1236 1,1449 1,1664 1,1881 1,2100 1,2321 1,2544 1,3225 2

3 1,0303 1,0612 1,0927 1,1249 1,1576 1,1910 1,2250 1,2597 1,2950 1,3310 1,3676 1,4049 1,5209 3

4 1,0406 1,0824 1,1255 1,1699 1,2155 1,2625 1,3108 1,3605 1,4116 1,4641 1,5181 1,5735 1,7490 4

5 1,0510 1,1041 1,1593 1,2167 1,2763 1,3382 1,4026 1,4693 1,5386 1,6105 1,6851 1,7623 2,0114 5

6 1,0615 1,1262 1,1941 1,2653 1,3401 1,4185 1,5007 1,5869 1,6771 1,7716 1,8704 1,9738 2,3131 6

7 1,0721 1,1487 1,2299 1,3159 1,4071 1,5036 1,6058 1,7138 1,8280 1,9487 2,0762 2,2107 2,6600 7

8 1,0829 1,1717 1,2668 1,3686 1,4775 1,5938 1,7182 1,8509 1,9926 2,1436 2,3045 2,4760 3,0590 8

9 1,0937 1,1951 1,3048 1,4233 1,5513 1,6895 1,8385 1,9990 2,1719 2,3579 2,5580 2,7731 3,5179 9

10 1,1046 1,2190 1,3439 1,4802 1,6289 1,7908 1,9672 2,1589 2,3674 2,5937 2,8394 3,1058 4,0456 10

11 1,1157 1,2434 1,3842 1,5395 1,7103 1,8983 2,1049 2,3316 2,5804 2,8531 3,1518 3,4785 4,6524 11

12 1,1268 1,2682 1,4258 1,6010 1,7959 2,0122 2,2522 2,5182 2,8127 3,1384 3,4985 3,8960 5,3503 12

13 1,1381 1,2936 1,4685 1,6651 1,8856 2,1329 2,4098 2,7196 3,0658 3,4523 3,8833 4,3635 6,1528 13

14 1,1495 1,3195 1,5126 1,7317 1,9799 2,2609 2,5785 2,9372 3,3417 3,7975 4,3104 4,8871 7,0757 14

15 1,1610 1,3459 1,5580 1,8009 2,0789 2,3966 2,7590 3,1722 3,6425 4,1772 4,7846 5,4736 8,1371 15

16 1,1726 1,3728 1,6047 1,8730 2,1829 2,5404 2,9522 3,4259 3,9703 4,5950 5,3109 6,1304 9,3576 16

17 1,1843 1,4002 1,6528 1,9479 2,2920 2,6928 3,1588 3,7000 4,3276 5,0545 5,8951 6,8660 10,7613 17

18 1,1961 1,4282 1,7024 2,0258 2,4066 2,8543 3,3799 3,9960 4,7171 5,5599 6,5436 7,6900 12,3755 18

19 1,2081 1,4568 1,7535 2,1068 2,5270 3,0256 3,6165 4,3157 5,1417 6,1159 7,2633 8,6128 14,2318 19

20 1,2202 1,4859 1,8061 2,1911 2,6533 3,2071 3,8697 4,6610 5,6044 6,7275 8,0623 9,6463 16,3665 20

21 1,2324 1,5157 1,8603 2,2788 2,7860 3,3996 4,1406 5,0338 6,1088 7,4002 8,9492 10,8038 18,8215 21

22 1,2447 1,5460 1,9161 2,3699 2,9253 3,6035 4,4304 5,4365 6,6586 8,1403 9,9336 12,1003 21,6447 22

23 1,2572 1,5769 1,9736 2,4647 3,0715 3,8197 4,7405 5,8715 7,2579 8,9543 11,0263 13,5523 24,8915 23

24 1,2697 1,6084 2,0328 2,5633 3,2251 4,0489 5,0724 6,3412 7,9111 9,8497 12,2392 15,1786 28,6252 24

25 1,2824 1,6406 2,0938 2,6658 3,3864 4,2919 5,4274 6,8485 8,6231 10,8347 13,5855 17,0001 32,9190 25

26 1,2953 1,6734 2,1566 2,7725 3,5557 4,5494 5,8074 7,3964 9,3992 11,9182 15,0799 19,0401 37,8568 26

27 1,3082 1,7069 2,2213 2,8834 3,7335 4,8223 6,2139 7,9881 10,2451 13,1100 16,7386 21,3249 43,5353 27

28 1,3213 1,7410 2,2879 2,9987 3,9201 5,1117 6,6488 8,6271 11,1671 14,4210 18,5799 23,8839 50,0656 28

29 1,3345 1,7758 2,3566 3,1187 4,1161 5,4184 7,1143 9,3173 12,1722 15,8631 20,6237 26,7499 57,5755 29

30 1,3478 1,8114 2,4273 3,2434 4,3219 5,7435 7,6123 10,0627 13,2677 17,4494 22,8923 29,9599 66,2118 30

220

cxrili 11-2. $-is dRevandeli Rirebuleba miTiTebul wlebSi, sargeblis sxvadasxva

progresuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi

weli 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 15% weli

1 0,9898 0,9798 0,9700 0,9604 0,9510 0,9417 0,9327 0,9238 0,9150 0,9065 0,8981 0,8898 0,8659 1

2 0,9897 0,9796 0,9697 0,9600 0,9505 0,9412 0,9320 0,9230 0,9142 0,9056 0,8971 0,8888 0,8646 2

3 0,9706 0,9423 0,9151 0,8890 0,8638 0,8396 0,8163 0,7938 0,7722 0,7513 0,7312 0,7118 0,6575 3

4 0,9895 0,9792 0,9691 0,9592 0,9495 0,9400 0,9307 0,9216 0,9126 0,9038 0,8951 0,8867 0,8621 4

5 0,9894 0,9790 0,9688 0,9588 0,9490 0,9394 0,9300 0,9208 0,9117 0,9029 0,8941 0,8856 0,8608 5

6 0,9420 0,8880 0,8375 0,7903 0,7462 0,7050 0,6663 0,6302 0,5963 0,5645 0,5346 0,5066 0,4323 6

7 0,9327 0,8706 0,8131 0,7599 0,7107 0,6651 0,6227 0,5835 0,5470 0,5132 0,4817 0,4523 0,3759 7

8 0,9235 0,8535 0,7894 0,7307 0,6768 0,6274 0,5820 0,5403 0,5019 0,4665 0,4339 0,4039 0,3269 8

9 0,9143 0,8368 0,7664 0,7026 0,6446 0,5919 0,5439 0,5002 0,4604 0,4241 0,3909 0,3606 0,2843 9

10 0,9053 0,8203 0,7441 0,6756 0,6139 0,5584 0,5083 0,4632 0,4224 0,3855 0,3522 0,3220 0,2472 10

11 0,9887 0,9777 0,9669 0,9563 0,9460 0,9358 0,9259 0,9161 0,9066 0,8972 0,8880 0,8790 0,8529 11

12 0,8874 0,7885 0,7014 0,6246 0,5568 0,4970 0,4440 0,3971 0,3555 0,3186 0,2858 0,2567 0,1869 12

13 0,8787 0,7730 0,6810 0,6006 0,5303 0,4688 0,4150 0,3677 0,3262 0,2897 0,2575 0,2292 0,1625 13

14 0,8700 0,7579 0,6611 0,5775 0,5051 0,4423 0,3878 0,3405 0,2992 0,2633 0,2320 0,2046 0,1413 14

15 0,8613 0,7430 0,6419 0,5553 0,4810 0,4173 0,3624 0,3152 0,2745 0,2394 0,2090 0,1827 0,1229 15

16 0,8528 0,7284 0,6232 0,5339 0,4581 0,3936 0,3387 0,2919 0,2519 0,2176 0,1883 0,1631 0,1069 16

17 0,8444 0,7142 0,6050 0,5134 0,4363 0,3714 0,3166 0,2703 0,2311 0,1978 0,1696 0,1456 0,0929 17

18 0,8360 0,7002 0,5874 0,4936 0,4155 0,3503 0,2959 0,2502 0,2120 0,1799 0,1528 0,1300 0,0808 18

19 0,8277 0,6864 0,5703 0,4746 0,3957 0,3305 0,2765 0,2317 0,1945 0,1635 0,1377 0,1161 0,0703 19

20 0,8195 0,6730 0,5537 0,4564 0,3769 0,3118 0,2584 0,2145 0,1784 0,1486 0,1240 0,1037 0,0611 20

21 0,8114 0,6598 0,5375 0,4388 0,3589 0,2942 0,2415 0,1987 0,1637 0,1351 0,1117 0,0926 0,0531 21

22 0,8034 0,6468 0,5219 0,4220 0,3418 0,2775 0,2257 0,1839 0,1502 0,1228 0,1007 0,0826 0,0462 22

23 0,7954 0,6342 0,5067 0,4057 0,3256 0,2618 0,2109 0,1703 0,1378 0,1117 0,0907 0,0738 0,0402 23

24 0,7876 0,6217 0,4919 0,3901 0,3101 0,2470 0,1971 0,1577 0,1264 0,1015 0,0817 0,0659 0,0349 24

25 0,7798 0,6095 0,4776 0,3751 0,2953 0,2330 0,1842 0,1460 0,1160 0,0923 0,0736 0,0588 0,0304 25

26 0,7720 0,5976 0,4637 0,3607 0,2812 0,2198 0,1722 0,1352 0,1064 0,0839 0,0663 0,0525 0,0264 26

27 0,7644 0,5859 0,4502 0,3468 0,2678 0,2074 0,1609 0,1252 0,0976 0,0763 0,0597 0,0469 0,0230 27

28 0,7568 0,5744 0,4371 0,3335 0,2551 0,1956 0,1504 0,1159 0,0895 0,0693 0,0538 0,0419 0,0200 28

29 0,7493 0,5631 0,4243 0,3207 0,2429 0,1846 0,1406 0,1073 0,0822 0,0630 0,0485 0,0374 0,0174 29

30 0,7419 0,5521 0,4120 0,3083 0,2314 0,1741 0,1314 0,0994 0,0754 0,0573 0,0437 0,0334 0,0151 30

221

cxrili 11-3. wliuri Semosavlis cxrili: yoveli momdevno wlis bolos miRebuli dolaris dRevandeli

Rirebuleba sargeblis sxvadasxva progresuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi

weli 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 15% weli

1 0,9901 0,9804 0,9709 0,9615 0,9524 0,9434 0,9346 0,9259 0,9174 0,9091 0,9009 0,8929 0,8696 1

2 1,9704 1,9416 1,9135 1,8861 1,8594 1,8334 1,8080 1,7833 1,7591 1,7355 1,7125 1,6901 1,6257 2

3 2,9410 2,8839 2,8286 2,7751 2,7232 2,6730 2,6243 2,5771 2,5313 2,4869 2,4437 2,4018 2,2832 3

4 3,9020 3,8077 3,7171 3,6299 3,5460 3,4651 3,3872 3,3121 3,2397 3,1699 3,1024 3,0373 2,8550 4

5 4,8534 4,7135 4,5797 4,4518 4,3295 4,2124 4,1002 3,9927 3,8897 3,7908 3,6959 3,6048 3,3522 5

6 5,7955 5,6014 5,4172 5,2421 5,0757 4,9173 4,7665 4,6229 4,4859 4,3553 4,2305 4,1114 3,7845 6

7 6,7282 6,4720 6,2303 6,0021 5,7864 5,5824 5,3893 5,2064 5,0330 4,8684 4,7122 4,5638 4,1604 7

8 7,6517 7,3255 7,0197 6,7327 6,4632 6,2098 5,9713 5,7466 5,5348 5,3349 5,1461 4,9676 4,4873 8

9 8,5660 8,1622 7,7861 7,4353 7,1078 6,8017 6,5152 6,2469 5,9952 5,7590 5,5370 5,3282 4,7716 9

10 9,4713 8,9826 8,5302 8,1109 7,7217 7,3601 7,0236 6,7101 6,4177 6,1446 5,8892 5,6502 5,0188 10

11 10,3676 9,7868 9,2526 8,7605 8,3064 7,8869 7,4987 7,1390 6,8052 6,4951 6,2065 5,9377 5,2337 11

12 11,2551 10,5753 9,9540 9,3851 8,8633 8,3838 7,9427 7,5361 7,1607 6,8137 6,4924 6,1944 5,4206 12

13 12,1337 11,3484 10,6350 9,9856 9,3936 8,8527 8,3577 7,9038 7,4869 7,1034 6,7499 6,4235 5,5831 13

14 13,0037 12,1062 11,2961 10,5631 9,8986 9,2950 8,7455 8,2442 7,7862 7,3667 6,9819 6,6282 5,7245 14

15 13,8651 12,8493 11,9379 11,1184 10,3797 9,7122 9,1079 8,5595 8,0607 7,6061 7,1909 6,8109 5,8474 15

16 14,7179 13,5777 12,5611 11,6523 10,8378 10,1059 9,4466 8,8514 8,3126 7,8237 7,3792 6,9740 5,9542 16

17 15,5623 14,2919 13,1661 12,1657 11,2741 10,4773 9,7632 9,1216 8,5436 8,0216 7,5488 7,1196 6,0472 17

18 16,3983 14,9920 13,7535 12,6593 11,6896 10,8276 10,0591 9,3719 8,7556 8,2014 7,7016 7,2497 6,1280 18

19 17,2260 15,6785 14,3238 13,1339 12,0853 11,1581 10,3356 9,6036 8,9501 8,3649 7,8393 7,3658 6,1982 19

20 18,0456 16,3514 14,8775 13,5903 12,4622 11,4699 10,5940 9,8181 9,1285 8,5136 7,9633 7,4694 6,2593 20

21 18,8570 17,0112 15,4150 14,0292 12,8212 11,7641 10,8355 10,0168 9,2922 8,6487 8,0751 7,5620 6,3125 21

22 19,6604 17,6580 15,9369 14,4511 13,1630 12,0416 11,0612 10,2007 9,4424 8,7715 8,1757 7,6446 6,3587 22

23 20,4558 18,2922 16,4436 14,8568 13,4886 12,3034 11,2722 10,3711 9,5802 8,8832 8,2664 7,7184 6,3988 23

24 21,2434 18,9139 16,9355 15,2470 13,7986 12,5504 11,4693 10,5288 9,7066 8,9847 8,3481 7,7843 6,4338 24

25 22,0232 19,5235 17,4131 15,6221 14,0939 12,7834 11,6536 10,6748 9,8226 9,0770 8,4217 7,8431 6,4641 25

26 22,7952 20,1210 17,8768 15,9828 14,3752 13,0032 11,8258 10,8100 9,9290 9,1609 8,4881 7,8957 6,4906 26

27 23,5596 20,7069 18,3270 16,3296 14,6430 13,2105 11,9867 10,9352 10,0266 9,2372 8,5478 7,9426 6,5135 27

28 24,3164 21,2813 18,7641 16,6631 14,8981 13,4062 12,1371 11,0511 10,1161 9,3066 8,6016 7,9844 6,5335 28

29 25,0658 21,8444 19,1885 16,9837 15,1411 13,5907 12,2777 11,1584 10,1983 9,3696 8,6501 8,0218 6,5509 29

30 25,8077 22,3965 19,6004 17,2920 15,3725 13,7648 12,4090 11,2578 10,2737 9,4269 8,6938 8,0552 6,5660 30

222

mokled gavimeoroT

ganmartebis Tanaxmad, mogeba mTliani Semosavlisa da mTliani danaxar jebis sxvaobis tolia,

Tuki mTliani danaxarjebis gamoTvlaSi yvela alterna tiuli Rirebulebaa gaTvaliswinebuli.

sargebeli, romelsac xSirad mogebaSi ureven, xarjia misTvis, vinc mas ixdis. esaa imis xarji,

rom miviRoT resursebi dRes, anu esaa dRevandeli da momavali saqonlis Rirebulebebs Soris

sxvaoba. sargebeli, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia fulad sesxebTan imitom, rom fuli gamosaxavs

dRevandeli da momavali saqonlis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.

sargeblis ganakveTi iTvaliswinebs molaparakebebis da sesxebis dazRvevis danaxarjebs da

agreTve, inflaciis mosalodnel dones. sargeblis realuri ganakveTi aris nominaluri gana-

kveTisa da inflaciis mosalodneli donis sxvaoba.

sazogadoebaSi sargeblis ganakveTi Cveulebriv dadebiTia, vinaidan adamianebi dRevandel

saqonels metad afaseben, vidre momavals.

mogeba Cndeba ganuzRvrelobis Sedegad. ganuzRvrelobis ararsebobisas konkurenciis Sede-

gad mTlian Semosavalsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris sxvaoba moispoboda da mogeba ganulde-

boda.

mogebis miRebis SesaZlebloba mwarmoebels qmedebisken ubiZgebs. mwarmoeb lebi cdiloben,

gardaqmnan socialuri samyaros garkveuli nawili imis imediT, rom es gardaqmnebi maT moutans

met mogebas, vidre danaxarjebs. mwarmoebelTa mogeba narCeni sididea _ igi rCeba mas Semdeg,

rasac gadauxdian yvelas, visi Sromac aucilebelia, raTa mewarmeTa gegmebi Sesruldes.

saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebis sistema xels uwyobs sazogadoebis kooperirebas, vinaid-

an adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeuTanxmdnen erTmaneTs an imas, vinc aiRebs pasuxismgeblobas

proeqtebis TiToeul aspeqtze.

mewarmeTa mogeba qreba, rodesac ̀ simarTle gareT gamodis~, rogorc ki maTi qmedeba daanaxvebs

sxvebs, Tu rogor xdeba mogebis miReba, mwarmoeblis an misi nebismieri mimbaZvelis SesaZlo Se-

mosavali Semcirdeba. Tu ZiriTadi resursis Semcireba zRudavs dargSi konkurentebis SeRwevas,

am resursisTvis dawyebuli konkurencia mis fass gazrdis, sanam mosalodneli mTliani danaxar-

jebi mosalodnel mTlian Semosavals ar gautoldeba.

konkurenciis formebi nebismier sazogadoebaSi `TamaSis wesebiT~ an sakuTrebis uflebiT

ganisazRvreba, rac resursebis ganTavsebisa da maTi gamoyenebisgan miRebul mogebas gana-

pirobebs.


1. Cak vageni sakuTari saxlis sardafSi ganTavsebuli patara firmis mmarTveli da mflobelia.

a) sardafi carieli iyo, rodesac Cakma is sakuTari firmis ofisad gadaaqcia. Caki amtki-

cebs, rom misi saqme ufro momgebiania, vidre amave biznesSi dakavebuli sxva firmebi-

sa, vinaidan is qiras ar ixdis. eTanxmebiT Tu ara imas, rom qiris sidide ar Sedis Cakis

danaxarjebSi?

b) Cakma axlaxans uari ganacxada sxva, ufro msxvil kompaniaSi gadasvlaze, sadac mas

wliuri wminda Semosavali 45000 dolari eqneboda. sakuTari firmidan miRebuli pi-

radi wliuri Semosavali 35000 dolaria. rogor fiqrobT, Cakis firma momgebiania?

g) Caki ambobs, rom urCevnia sakuTar Tavs Tavad ufrosobdes da Tanaxmaa, saamisod uari

Tqvas 25000 dolarian wliur Semosavalze. cvlis Tu ara es informacia Tqvens pasuxs

b) kiTxvaze?

d) cota xnis win Cakma firmisTvis saWiro kompiuterSi 10000 dolari gadaixada, rogor

CarTavT am investirebis Sedegebs mis danaxarjebSi?

e) Caks SeeZlo mieRo 12-procentiani wliuri Semosavali sakuTari danazogidan, es

fuli personaluri kompiuteris yidvaze rom ar daexarja. es danazogi rom ar hqono-

da, is mainc iyidda kompiuters, risTvisac apirebda bankSi wliuri 18%-iani sesxis

aRebas. iklebs Tu ara kompiuteris alternatiuli Rirebuleba imis gamo, rom Caks da-

nazogi gaaCnda. ris dasafaravad wavidoda damatebiTi 6% im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas mou-

223

wevda bankisTvis gadaexada 18% da uari ar eTqva 12%-ian Semosavalze? amcirebs Tu

ara sakuTar danaxarjebs Caki, rodesac kompiuters sakuTari TanxebiT yidulobs?

2. federaluri sarezervo bankis mier niu-iorkSi gamocemuli bukletis (`sargeblis ganakveTe-

bis ariTmetika~) pirveli sami fraza ase JRers: `yvelafers Tavisi fasi aqvs. fuli gamonak-

lisi araa. fulis fasi _ sargeblis ganakveTi _ ganisazRvreba bazarze, sadac fuls sesxu-

loben da gaasesxeben. marTebulia Tu ara sargeblis fulis fasTan Sedareba?

a) Tu sargebeli fulis fasia, rogorc, magaliTad, forToxlis fasia 35 centi, maSin

unda vivaraudoT, rom fulis raodenobis zrda sargeblis ganakveTis Semcirebas ga-

moiwvevs, iseve rogorc forToxlis raodenobis zrda iwvevs misi fasis Semcirebas.

Tu es asea, ratomaa sargeblis ganakveTebi Zalian maRali im qveynebSi, sadac fulis

raodenoba Zalian swrafad izrdeba?

b) fulis raodenobis zrda iseve zemoqmedebs `fulis fasze~, rogorc forToxlis mi-

wodebis zrda mis fasze. sxva saqonelTan SedarebiT fulis Rirebulebis dacemas in-

flacia ewodeba. ra mouva sargeblis ganakveTebs, Tu fulis miwodebis zrda infla-

ciis molodins gamoiwvevs?

g) sargebeli marTlac fasia, magram ara fulisa. romeli saqonlis fasi izrdeba, rode-

sac izrdeba sargeblis ganakveTi?

d) moTxovnis kanonis Tanaxmad, rac metia saqonlis fasi, miT naklebia masze moTxovna.

romel saqonelze xdeba moTxovnis Semcireba, rodesac sargeblis ganakveTi izrdeba?

3. ra formas miiRebs sargeblis ganakveTi sazogadoebaSi, romelic fuls ar iyenebs da saqon-

lis gacvlis barterul sistemas emyareba?

4. Tqven 900 dolarad yidulobT 1000-dolarian saxelmwifo obligacias, romlis ganaRdebis

vadaa SeZenidan erTi weliwadi. miiRebT Tu ara mogebas, Tu obligacias mTeli vadis ganmav-

lobaSi SeinaxavT? miiRebT Tu ara mogebas, Tu SeZenidan erTi kviris Semdeg sargeblis gana-

kveTebi mkveTrad gaizrdeba? rogor imoqmedebs es im Tanxaze, romlis miRebac SegiZliaT

Tqveni obligaciis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi?

5. humberti da ambleri Zalian gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi arian. humberts uyvars Wama, sma, mxi-

aruleba da momavalze ar dardobs. mas eWvi aqvs, rom ramdenime weliwadSi msoflio dain-

greva. ambleri mxolod 21 wlisaa, magram ukve gegmavs, Tu ras gaakeTebs, rodesac pensiaze

gava. rogoria, Tqveni azriT, maTi droiTi upiratesobebi? rogor iReben sargeblobas am-

bleris msgavsi adamianebi iseTi pirovnebebis arsebobidan, rogoric humbertia da piriqiT?

6. Tqveni azriT, ra gavlenas axdens teqnologiuri progresis tempi sargeblis ganakveTebis

doneze? ratom?

7. `rodesac gamsesxeblebi sesxebs maRalriskian msesxeblebs aZleven, maT uwevT sargeblis ga-

nakveTis momateba, raTa dafaron klientebis gakotrebisgan miyenebuli zarali~. eTanxmebiT

Tu ara am mosazrebas?

8. davuSvaT, kongresi saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli sesxebis sargeblis ganakveTis 10%-ian

zeda zRvars awesebs, amasTan, gamsesxebel dawesebulebebs surT sesxebis 12-procentiani ga-

nakveTiT gacema. gascemen Tu ara isini 10-procentian sesxebs? ra xerxebi arsebobs imisaTvis,

rom gverdi auaron sargeblis ganakveTis SezRudvebs? Tu saxlis SeZena gsurT da saxelmwi-

fos mier garantirebuli sesxis aRebis ufleba gaqvT, moisurvebT Tu ara, rom kongresma

SezRudos aseTi sesxebis sargeblis ganakveTebi?

9. `mdidari sazogadoebisTvis sargeblis gadaxda sirTules ar warmoadgens. magram Rarib qvey-

anaSi, sadac kapitali praqtikulad ar arsebobs, ekonomikis damgegmavebi Tavs imis uflebas

ver micemen, rom gamoTvlebSi sargeblis ganakveTebi CarTon~. ra aris mcdari am msjeloba-

Si?

10. Tu antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis darRvevis gamo saolqo sasamarTlo korporacias 300

mln. dolaris gadaxdas miusjis, izaraleben Tu ara korporaciis mesakuTreebi? ra saxis

iqneba es zarali? Tu darwmunebuli xarT, rom mosamarTlem Secdoma dauSva da misi gadawy-

vetileba apelaciis Semdeg aucileblad gauqmdeba, rogor SegiZliaT mogebis miReba?

224

11. Tqven SeiZineT ori korporaciis Cveulebrivi aqciebis paketi. naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi

erT-erTi korporaciis aqciebis fasi daeca, meoresi ki gaizarda. romeli aqciebia warmate-

buli SenaZeni? romlis gayidva ajobebs, Tu naRdi fuli dagWirdaT?

12. rodesac federaluri mTavrobis melioraciis biurom gamoaqveyna monacemebi imis Sesaxeb,

rom mocemul regionSi mosalodneli naleqis raodenoba, wina gvalviani zamTris gamo, nor-

mis mxolod 6 procentis toli iqneba, fermerebma gaburRes ZviradRirebuli Webi, daTeses

naklebad faseuli kulturebi, xolo zogs saerTod araferi dauTesavs. realurad naleqis

raodenoba bevrad meti aRmoCnda, vidre biuro varaudobda. rogor unda gaanawilon fermer-

ebma zarali? ra iyo fermerebis zaralis mizezi? 157 fermerma sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCe-

li federaluri mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. isini moiTxovdnen 18 mln. dolaris zaralis anazRau-

rebas, rac maT biuros arasworma prognozma moutana. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom saCivari

samarTliania? unda mieceT Tu ara ufleba karnavalis organizatorebs, uCivlon amindis

prognozis biuros, Tu mzian dRes aravin miva karnavalze imis gamo, rom biurom wvima iwinas-

warmetyvela?

13. ras unda efuZnebodes kompensaciis zoma, romelsac mTavroba miwis kerZo mesakuTreebs ux-

dis, rodesac es miwa mas avtomagistralis gasayvanad sWirdeba - dRevandel Rirebulebas, im

Rirebulebas, romelic eqneba mTavrobis mier dasaxuli gegmis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi,

Tu mimdebare miwebis Rirebulebas, romelic gaizrdeba (an Semcirdeba) avtomagistralis

mSeneblobis Sedegad? axlavs Tu ara TiToeul variants usamarTloba?

14. warmoidgineT niu-iorkSi, manhetenze mdebare Zveli, uzarmazari taZari, romlis Senaxvasac

weliwadSi 100000 dolari sWirdeba. mrevlis raodenoba as kacamde Semcirda da isini ganixi-

laven sakiTxs, SeZleben Tu ara momavalSi taZris Senaxvas.

a) rogori iqneba TiToeuli adamianis danaxarji, dakavSirebuli taZris SenarCuneba-

sTan? danaxarjebis romeli ZiriTadi elementi gamogrCaT mxedvelobidan, Tu upasu-

xeT, rom amas 1000 dolari dasWirdeba?

b) Tu mSeneblebi am nakveTSi 2 mln. dolars gTavazoben (rac savsebiT dasaSvebi fasia

manhetenisTvis), rogori iqneba am Senobis gamoyenebisTvis mrevlis wliuri dana-

xarjebi?

g) Tu mrevlis raodenoba 400 adamians Seadgens da maT ZaluZT taZris xarjebis dafarva,

SeuZliaT Tu ara Tavs imisi ufleba miscen, rom uari ganacxadon mSeneblebis mier

SeTavazebul 2 mln dolarze? nominaluri da fuladi danaxarjebis garda, ra realur

danaxarjebs gamoiwvevs am winadadebaze uaris Tqma?

d) rodesac manhetenze mdebare sinagogam, mrevlis Semcirebis Sedegad, Senoba meSvide

dRis adventistebs 400000 dolarad mihyida, rabinma ganacxada _ `bednieri var, rom

es Senoba Tavidan moviSore, _ Senobis eqspluatacia Zviri jdeboda.” axali mflobe-

lebi male imave problemis winaSe aRmoCndnen. sabolood, maT Senoba 2,4 mln. dola-

rad gayides. moutana Tu ara aman mogeba vinmes da, Tu moutana, vis?

e) adamianebs, romlebic Zveli, lamazi taZris maxloblad cxovroben, rogorc wesi, misi

SenarCuneba ufro surT, vidre mis nacvlad romelime firmis an sacxovrebeli saxlis

ageba. niu-iorkSi aseTi macxovreblebi zogjer axerxeben zegavlenis moxdenas arqi-

teqturuli Zeglebis dacvis komisiaze, ris Sedegadac aseTi Senoba `arqiteqturul

Zeglad~ cxaddeba da amis Semdeg misi dangreva-gadakeTeba akrZalulia. rogor cvlis

sakuTrebis uflebas aseTi oficialuri gancxadeba? miiRebs Tu ara mogebas mrevli,

romelsac surs ̀ arqiteqturuli Zeglis~ gayidva, am statusis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi?

v) rodesac erT-erTma mrevlma, romlis eklesiac arqiteqturuli Zeglebis siaSi ar

Seitanes, sasamarTloSi iCivla, ZeglTa dacvis niu-iorkis komisiis aRmasrulebelma

direqtorma ganacxada _ `eklesia maradiuli unda iyos~. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom sazo-

gadoebaSi arsebuli `TamaSis wesebi~ iTvaliswinebs (an unda iTvaliswinebdes) imas,

rom eklesiebi samudamod iqnas SenarCunebuli?

z) rodesac komerciuli dawesebulebebis agebis mizniT eklesiis dangrevis Sesaxeb Sei-

tyo, eklesiebis erovnuli sabWos yofilma samxatvro xelmZRvanelma Tavisi azri ase

225

gamoxata _ `CemTvis sul erTia, ras fiqroben sxvebi, magram rodesac sakuTrebas si-

lamazeze maRla ayeneben, es garyvnilebaa~. zustad aRwera Tu ara man problema,

rodesac es problema `sakuTrebasa~ da `silamazes~ Soris arCevanze daiyvana?

15. zogierTi adamiani, gazafxulze qaSayis gadaadgilebisas, alaskaze mdebare sitkas msoflio-

Si yvelaze momgebian TevzsaWer adgilad miiCnevs. TevzsaWeri gemebi TevzWeris samsaaTiani

ciklis ganmavlobaSi zogjer 500000 dolaris Rirebulebis Tevzs iWeren. meTevzeebi ZiriTa-

dad qaSays ki ar iWeren, aramed mis qviriTs moiZieben, razedac iaponiaSi didi moTxovnaa.

ZiriTadi kiTxva Semdegia: marTlac SesaZlebelia Tu ara didi mogebis miReba sitkaze ram-

denime saaTis ganmavlobaSi Tevzis Weris Sedegad?

a) imisaTvis, rom qaSayi daicvas, Stati awesebs TevzWeris saaTebs da gansazRvravs mci-

re teritorias, sadac TevzWera nebadarTulia, amasTanave, gemebisgan moiTxovs Te-

vzWeris licenziebs. 1978 wlidan licenziebis raode noba 52-s udris. visac TevzWera-

Si monawileobis miReba surs, axlandeli mflobelisgan unda SeiZinos licenzia,

romlis fasi daaxloebiT 300000 dolaria. ratom? ram gamoiwvia licenziis fasis

zrda? rogor imoqmedebs es qaSayis daWeriT miRebul mogebaze?

b) gemebis kapitnebi qiraoben sadazvervo TviTmfrinavebs, raTa gazardon samsaaTiani

TevzWeris dros qaSayis daWeris albaToba. dazverva, rodesac mcire teritoriaze

ramdenime TviTmfrinavi dafrinavs, metad saSiSi operaciaa, amitom mfrinavebi 30000

dolars iTxoven. ratom arian mzad gemis kapitnebi aseTi Tanxis gadasaxdelad?

g) Tu licenzirebuli gemis TevzsaWeri mowyobiloba dazianda, kapitans SeuZlia sxva

gemi iqiravos 100000 dolarze ufro Zvirad. ratom gadaixdian aseT maRal qiras? ra-

tom arsebobs Tavisufali gemebi?

d) licenzirebul gemebs SeuZliaT daiWiron 500000 dolaris Rirebu lebis Tevzi, Tum-

ca nadavlis gareSe darCenac SeuZliaT. gamoTvaleT im gemis kapitnis danakargebi,

romlis meTevzeebma veraferi daiWires.

e) ekipaJis xelfasi damokidebulia gemis warmatebaze. arian Tu ara isini mewarmeebi?

aris Tu ara maTi xelfasi marTlac xelfasi? an iqneb es mogebaa, an danakargi?

v) Tu gemis kapitani Tanaxmaa yoveli 100000 dolaris Rirebulebis nadavlidan, ekipaJis

xuT wevrs nadavlis 10-10% gadauxados, xolo TviTmfri navis pilots _ 20%, miiRebs

Tu ara TviTon mogebas?

16. zemoT iTqva, rom, Tu raime qmedebas mogeba moaqvs, am saqmes mravali mohkidebs xels da moge-

ba Semcirdeba. exeba Tu ara es kokainis gayidvas?

a) kokainis gavrcelebis danaxarjebi Seicavs dapatimrebis risks. ratom ar aris aTw-

liani ganaCeni orjer ufro mkacri, vidre xuTwliani? iTvaliswineben Tu ara dana-

xarjebis gamoTvlisas kokainis gamavrceleblebi SesaZlo patimrobis danaxarjebis

diskontis ganakveTebs? ratom akavebs dapatimrebis SiSi zogs sxvebze metad?

b) kokainis gavrcelebis erT-erTi danaxarjia gamavrceleblis mokvla konkurentis

mier. es danaxarji, SesaZloa, erTi adamianisTvis bevrad naklebi iyos, vidre meo-

resTvis. daaxasiaTeT is adamiani, romlisTvisac es danaxarji SedarebiT naklebia.

g) visTvisaa kokainis gayidva momgebiani?

17. axladgaxsnili restornebis naxevari erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi kotrdeba, 85 procenti ki xuT

weliwadSi ixureba. ratom xsnian, miuxedavad amisa, mwarmoeblebi yovelwliurad axal re-

stornebs?

18. rogor iTvleba korporaciis Rirebuleba? davuSvaT, mTavrobam gadawyvita kompania `kon-

glomerat oilis~ nacionalizacia. es kerZo kompaniaa, romelic qveyanaSi navTobTan dakav-

Sirebul yvela operacias warmarTavs. mTavroba acxadebs, rom mzadaa gadaixados mniS-

vnelovani kompensacia.

a) Tavisufali gayidvisas, fasi SeTanxmebebis Sedegad dgindeba. iZulebiTi gayidvisas,

eqsproprirebuli sakuTrebis fasis an kompensaciis gansazRvrisTvis sxva meTodebi

unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. samTavrobo komisiam `konglomerat oils~ erT aqciaSi 40$

SesTavaza. TviT kompaniis mier Catarebuli gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, aqcia 100$ Rirs.

226

rogor fiqrobT, romeli sididea swori?

b) davuSvaT, romelime pirovnebas miaCnia, rom korporaciis fasi gansazRvrul unda iq-

nas `konglomerat oilis~ obligaciebis mimdinare sabazro fasis mixedviT. Tu obli-

gaciebi sazogadoebis xelSia, investorebi gansazRvraven im fass, romelic saWiroa,

raTa es wili daisakuTron an sxva mesakuTreebi Camoicilon. ra aris aseTi midgomis

nakli? ra gansazRvravs korporaciis aqciebis fass, rodesac es korporacia dauyov-

neblivi nacionalizaciis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba?

g) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom korporacia `konglomerat oilis~ aqcionerebma mogeba nacio-

nalizaciis Sedegad naxon, Tu miRebuli kompensacia naklebi iqneba, vidre kompaniis

aqciebis SeZenisTvis gadaxdili Tanxis da im Tanxis jami, rac aqciebsa da maT gaumjo-

besebas damatebiT xmardeba?

19. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom `muSebi iReben xelfass da mxolod mflobelebi iReben mogebas~.

marTalia Tu ara es?

a) Tu daqiravebulebi Tanaxmani arian gaagrZelon muSaoba damqiraveb lisTvis, romel-

sac gakotrebis SiSiT, mocemul momentSi ar SeuZlia maTTvis anazRaurebis gadaxda,

am SemTxvevaSi isini xelfasisTvis Sromoben Tu mogebisTvis?

b) Tu Tanaxma xarT gaaqiravoT gazonis sakreWi manqana im pirobiT, rom 2 dolars gada-

gixdian, maSin Tqven kapitalisti xarT, radgan 2 dolari Tqveni mogebaa. rogori iqne-

ba Tqveni pasuxi, Tu is, vinc Tqvens manqanas qiraobs, Tanaxmaa, gadagixadoT Tavisi

mTliani Semosavlis 20 procenti?

20. skolis direqtorma moTmineba dakarga gamgeobis Carevis, zedamxed velTa biurokratiis,

maswavlebelTa SeuTanxmeblobis, mSoblebis siavisa da moswavleebis sizarmacis gamo. mas

skolis marTvis sistemis Secvla surs ise, `rogorc umaRles skolas Seefereba~.

a) axseniT, ratom SeiZleba vuwodoT mas mewarme an potenciuri mewarme?

b) ra unda gaakeTos direqtorma Tavisi survilis asasruleblad? vin aris is xalxi, vi-

sac garantiebi unda warudginos?

g) aris Tu ara misi pretenzia pozitiuri (anu aqvs Tu ara mas mogebis miRebis Sansi?)

21. Raribi qveynebis mTavrobebi xSirad enTuziazmiT ageben axal gzebs, kaSxlebs da sxva stru-

qturebs, SemdgomSi ki ar uvlian maT.

a) SegiZliaT Tu ara am fenomenis axsna saboloo gadawyvetilebis mimRebis koncefcii-

dan gamomdinare?

b) rogor miudgeboda kerZo mflobeli gzis movlas?

22. arian Tu ara mewarmeebi kapitalistebi?

a) am TavSi moyvanili msjelobis Tanaxmad, mewarmeebi is xalxia, romlebic pasuxismge-

blobas kisruloben, raTa gadauxadon sxvebs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi TanamSromlo-

bisTvis. ratom da risTvis endobian sxvebi mewarmeTa garantiebs? Tu es kiTxva ab-

straqtulad geCvenebaT, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, ratom iqnebodiT Tanaxma, aqtiurad

gemuSavaT vinmesTvis, Tu pirvel qviTars mxolod sami kviris Semdeg miiRebdiT? ra-

tom da risTvis ar unda endoT damqiravebels am SemTxvevaSi?

b) daqiravebulTa garda, vin iRebs mewarmisgan garantiebs, romelsac unda endos, Tuki mewar-

mesTan saqmian urTierTobas amyarebs? razea dafuZnebuli mewarmeTa mimarT maTi ndoba?

g) ratom arian yovelTvis Tanaxma mewarmeebi, gadauxadon xelfasi daqiravebulebs,

miuxedavad imisa, kargad midis saqmeebi Tu cudad?

23. Tqven miiReT kolejis nebarTva limonaTis gayidvaze diplomebis gadacemis ceremoniis

dRes. mas Semdeg, rac aucilebeli masalebis (limoni, Saqari, Wiqebi da a.S.) yvela gadasaxadi

gadaixadeT, erTi dRis Semdeg dagrCaT 250 dolari.

a) aris Tu ara es 250 dolari mogeba?

b) rogor fiqrobT, miiRebT Tu ara momaval wels uflebas limonaTis gayidvaze? ras

moitans Tqveni Semosavlis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrceleba?

g) ramdens SesTavazebT kolejs, Tu momaval wels vaWrobis nebarTvas igi auqcionze

gayidis? vin miiRebs am SemTxvevaSi mogebas?

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24. 1980 wlamde StatTaSorisi savaWro komisia iSviaTad aZlevda avtosatransporto kompaniebs

Statebs Soris gadazidvebis uflebas, amitom es ufleba, Cveulebriv, metad faseuli iyo.

isini Sedioda avtosatransporto kompaniebis balansebis aqtivebis siaSi da, kompaniebis

gayidvis SemTxvevaSi, Sesasyidi fasis mniSvnelovan wils Seadgenda.

a) ra faqtorebi gansazRvravda gadazidvebis uflebis sabazro Rirebulebas?

b) rodesac 1980 wels amoqmedda aqti avtogadazidvebis Sesaxeb, romelic sakmaod amar-

tivebda Statebs Soris gadazidvebis organizacias, aseTi uflebebis Rirebuleba

mkveTrad Semcirda. ratom?

g) iyo Tu ara es Semcireba danakargi?

d) danakargebi, iseve rogorc mogeba, ganuzRvrelobis Sedegia. kerZod, romelma ga-

nuzRvrelobam gamoiwvia 1980 wels avtosatransporto kompaniebis danakargebi?

e) ra mouvidoda gadazidvebis uflebis Rirebulebas 70-ian wlebSi, Tu cnobili iqnebo-

da, rom kongresi apirebs 1980 wlis Semdeg Statebs Soris satvirTo gadazidvebis

SezRudvebis gauqmebas?

e) 1980 wels miRebulma aqtma saavtomobilo gadazidvebis Sesaxeb `TamaSis wesebi~

Secvala. sakuTrebis romel ZiriTad uflebebs Seexo es da ra iyo amis Sedegi?

25. aSS-is soflis meurneobis saministrom, sviis mosavlis kontrolis mizniT, mis mwarmoeblebs

sviis mTliani gayidvebis wili dauwesa. visac am dargSi Sesvla surda, licenzia mflobelis-

gan unda eyida an eqiravebina. soflis meurneobis saministro regulirebis am sistemaze ua-

ris Tqmas imiT asabuTebda, rom sviis axal mwarmoeblebs unda gadaexadaT fasi im licenzieb-

Si, romlebic adre ufasod iqna gacemuli. aqvs Tu ara soflis meurneobis saministros

gancxadebas raime azri? licenziebs fasi rom ar dadebodaT, rogor daaxasiaTebda es sviis

warmoebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb pirvelad miRebul gadawyvetilebas?

26. Semdegi nawyveti aRebulia didi qalaqis gazeTis redaqtorisadmi gagzavnili grZeli werilidan:

`Tu gsurT, swrafad gaakeToT fuli, SeiZineT mobiluri saxlebis parki. Tqven SegeZlebaT

fasebis gazrda ise, rogorc mogesurvebaT, vinaidan mcxovreblebs sxvagan gadasvla ar Seu-

ZliaT, radgan ar arsebobs mobiluri saxlebis parkebis sakmarisi raodenoba~.

a) Tu situacia mobiluri saxlebis mflobelebisTvis marTlac iseTi momgebiania,

rogorc am werilSia aRwerili, ra mouva mobiluri saxlebis parkebis fass? miiReben

Tu ara did mogebas aseTi saxlebisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis mflobelebi imiT,

rom adgili mobiluri saxlebis mflobelebs miaqiraveben?

b) Tu mobiluri saxlebis parkebi aseT did mogebas iZleva an ase maRal fasad iyideba,

ratom ar awarmoeben maT didi raodenobiT?

g) Tu qalaqi am werilis sapasuxod mobiluri saxlebisTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis

gasaqiravebeli fasis kontrols daawesebs, ra mouva mobiluri saxlebis mier ukve

dakavebuli adgilebis fass?

27. SeuZliaT Tu ara didi korporaciis aqciaTa mflobelebs, aiZulon menejerebi, ar daicvan

sakuTari interesebi aqcionerebis interesebze metad? rogor SeuZliaT maT efeqtianad

awarmoon dakvirveba menejerebis qmedebaze da daarwmunon korporaciis direqtorTa sabWo,

rom gaaTavisuflos xelmZRvane loba, romlis mizania privilegiebi, Zalaufleba, damatebi-

Ti upiratesobebi da ara aqcionerTa mogeba? xom ar SeuZliaT menejerebs gamoiyenon saku-

Tari mdgomareoba da korporaciis resursebi imisTvis, rom daicvan da daniSnon is direq-

torebi, romlebic mmarTvelTa mimarT ufro ukeT iqnebian ganwyobilni, vidre aqcionerTa

mimarT (momdevno SekiTxva amave Temas exeba, oRond sxva kuTxiT)?

28. SeuZliaT Tu ara didi korporaciis aqciaTa mflobelebs, aiZulon menejerebi, ar daicvan

sakuTari interesebi aqcionerTa interesebze metad?

a) ra mosdis korporaciebis aqciebis fass, rodesac is menejerebis mogebaze ufro

muSaobs, vidre aqcionerebisa?

b) ra mouva aqciebis fass, Tu zogierTi pirovneba an pirovnebaTa jgufi miiRebs direq-

torTa sabWos xmebis kontrolis uflebas da Semdeg marTvas im xalxs gadascems, visac

SeuZlia marTva da imis uzrunvelyofa, rom aqcionerebma maqsimaluri mogeba miiRon?

228

g) rogor imoqmedebs es faqtebi aqcionerTa survilze, moaxdinon resursebis in-

vestireba menejerebis saqcielze dakvirvebisTvis?

d) rogor zRudavs perspeqtiva, romelsac menejerebi ̀ mtrul gamarjvebas~ uwodeben, mene-

jerebis saqciels? vis mimarT aris es gamarjveba mtruli? vis mimarTaa megobruli?

29. marqsistebi xSirad acxadeben, rom kapitalis mflobelebs araviTari ufleba ara aqvT

sakuTrebidan Semosavlis miRebaze, vinaidan mTeli Rirebuleba muSebis mieraa Seqmnili.

dResdReobiT isini mzad arian aRiaron, rom kapitals Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi wili udevs, ma-

gram Zveleburad uaryofen kapitalistebis mier mogebis miRebis uflebas im mizeziT, rom

kapitalis mflobeloba aramwarmoebluria.

a) ra kanonebi unda SeuTanxmos korporaciis (da ara mxolod misi kapitalis) mflobel-

ma aqcionerebs?

b) damokidebulia Tu ara resursebis mwarmoebluroba imaTze, vinc gankargavs am

resursebs, Tu yvela adamiansa da organizacias erTnairi efeqtianobiT SeuZliaT am

resursebis gankargva?

g) ra kavSiri aqvs mflobelobas marTvasTan?

d) marTalia Tu ara, rom kapitalis mflobeloba aramwarmoebluria?

30. ra aris mwarmoebelTa mogebis wyaro _ iZuleba Tu darwmuneba (terminebis gansazRvreba:

iZuleba _ adamianebis waqezeba TanamSromlobaze maTi SesaZleblobebis speqtris Seviwro-

vebis gziT. darwmuneba _ adamianebis waqeze ba TanamSromlobaze maTi SesaZleblobebis spe-

qtris gafarToebis gziT)? Tu ar iciT, rogor gasceT pasuxi am kiTxvas, dafiqrdiT iZulebi-

sa da darwmunebis SemoTavazebul gansazRvrebaze.

31. kaklis xis avejze moTxovnis gazrdam Savi kaklis xis masalis fasis zrda gamoiwvia, ramac

adamianebs kaklis xeebis moSenebisken ubiZga. Tu zrda sruli kaklis xis fasi 500 dolaria,

xolo mis gazrdas 30 weli sWirdeba, risi toli iqneba axladdarguli kaklis xis mimdinare

fasi? daicaviT Tqvens mier arCeuli diskontis ganakveTi. ramdenad dabali unda iyos kaklis

xis dakargvis danaxarji, rom dResve gamoiwvios maTi didi raodenobiT dargva? rogor imo-

qmedebs aseTi dargva xeebis momaval mosavalze? xedavT Tu ara, ratom aris Zneli mogebis

miReba Zvirfasi xeebis dargviT?

32. `uol-strit jornelSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi, romelic maRliv SenobebSi saxanZro usafr-

Txoebas Seexeboda, moyvanilia Semdegi argumenti _ ̀ xanZarsawinaaRmdego sistemebis dayeneba

usafrTxoebas zrdis da sadazRvevo Sesatanebis ekonomiis saSualebas iZleva. erT-erTi Sefa-

sebiT, am ekonomias 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia sistemis dayenebis xarjebis dafarva, magram

maRliv Senobebs xSirad isini ageben, vinc maT gayidvas am vadaze gacilebiT adre varaudobs~.

a) ratom ar aris maRlivi Senobebis swrafi gayidvis faqti dakavSi rebuli xanZarsawina-

aRmdego sistemebis Sesaxeb miRebul gadawyvetilebebTan?

b) Tu sakiTxis dasmas ar eTanxmebiT, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, ratom iyeneben TxuTmetw-

liani garantiis mqone gadasaxurav masalebs is kompaniebi, romlebic saxlebs aSene-

ben, raTa erTi wlis Semdeg gayidon?

g) davuSvaT, xanZarsawinaaRmego sistema 30000 dolari Rirs da yovelw liurad 1000 do-

laris odenobis dazRvevis ekonomias iZleva. aseTi ekonomiis ramdeni welia saWiro,

raTa gamarTlebul iqnas sistemaSi investireba, Tu sargeblis ganakveTi weliwadSi 1

procentis tolia? da Tu ori procentis tolia? gakvirvebT Tu ara is faqti, rom

mSeneblebi aRfrTovanebas ar gamoTqvamen dazRvevaze gakeTebuli ekonomiis gamo,

roca aseTi ekonomia 30 wlis danaxarjebis tolia?

33. samxedro inJinrebis organizaciis SefasebiT, Taslsa da big sTouns Soris arxis gayvanas Se-

eZlo gemTmflobelebisTvis yovelwliurad 500000 dolaris ekonomia moetana. arxis mSene-

bloba 20 mln. dolari dajdeboda, xolo misi Senaxva _ weliwadSi 200000 dolari.

a) swori iqneba Tu ara imis Tqma, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, arxis mSenebloba inve-

sticiisTvis karg obieqts warmoadgens, vinaidan sazogadoebas weliwadSi 300000 do-

laris dazogvis saSualebas aZlevs, xolo es ekonomia sabolood dafaravs mSeneblo-

bis sawyis xarjs, 20 mln. dolars?

229

b) ramdenad dabali unda iyos sargeblis ganakveTi, raTa arxis mSenebloba Tanxebis karg

dabandebad iqces (arxi momgebiani iqneba, Tu gemTmflobelTa ekonomia gadaaWarbebs

sargeblis gadasaxdelebis da mimdinare danaxarjebis jams)?

g) `xazinis xarjze arxis mSeneblobis upiratesoba isaa, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia imoqme-

dos sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, xolo kerZo organizaciebi mkacrad

arian SezRudulni mogebis mosazrebebiT~. SeafaseT es Tezisi.

34. pensiaze gamsvlel TanamSromlebs kompania pensiis miRebis or gzas sTavazobs. pirvel va-

riantSi TanamSromeli yovelTviurad, sicocxlis bolom de, miiRebs fiqsirebul fulad

Tanxas. meore variantSi, pensiaze gasvlisas is erTian fulad Tanxas miiRebs.

a) rogor SeuZlia firmas gansazRvros mTeli sicocxlis manZilze gasacemi fiqsirebu-

li fuladi Tanxis dRevandeli Rirebuleba?

b) rogor imoqmedebs sargeblis ganakveTis zrda erTianad gacemuli Tanxis sidideze?

g) rogoria 10000 dolaris odenobis yovelwliuri pensiis dRevandeli Rirebuleba 15

wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac diskontis ganakveTia 9%? da Tu diskontis ganakveTia

12%? amcirebs Tu ara, sargeblis ganakveTis zrda, pensiaze gamsvleli TanamSromle-

bisTvis erTdrouli daxmarebis gacemis mimzidvelobas?

35. Statis mier Catarebuli latareis organizatorebi acxadeben, rom mTavari prizi 1 mln. dola-

ria. momgebiani bileTis bednieri mflobeli wardgenisTanave miiRebs 50000 dolars, xolo mom-

devno 19 wlis ganmavlobaSi _ yovelwliurad 50000 dolars. aris Tu ara es prizi 1 mln. dola-

ris tolfasi? ra Rirs is sinamdvileSi? momavali Tanxebis diskontirebisas, sargeblis realur

ganakveTs gamoiyenebT Tu nominalurs? ratom? warmoidgineT, rom yvela momavali 19 gadaxda

koreqtirebuli iqneba fulis Rirebulebis mimdinare cvlilebebis Sesabamisad. sargeblis ro-

mel ganakveTs gamoiyenebT am SemTxvevaSi? fulis Rirebulebis cvlilebasTan erTad, ra gavlena

moaxdina prizis dRevandel Rirebulebaze momavali gadaxdebis indeqsirebis gadawyvetilebam?

36. `SeinaxeT es nivTi~, _ girCeven Tqven _ `ar gayidoT. dRes is bevri ar Rirs, magram 20 wlis

Semdeg SeiZleba xuTjer meti Rirdes~. ra sjobs, SeinaxoT Tu gayidoT? ra eRireba dRevan-

deli erTi dolari 20 wlis Semdeg, Tu mis investirebas iseTi sargeblis ganakveTiT mova-

xdenT, romlis miRebac SedarebiT usafrTxo kreditiT SeiZleba?

37. rogoria qvemoT CamoTvlili sagnebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba, Tu diskontireba 4%-iani da

15%-iani ganakveTebis mixedviT moxdeba?

a) saukeTeso saxumaro simReris SesrulebisTvis 10000 dolaris premia, romelsac erTi

wlis Semdeg miiRebT.

b) deida mehitabelisgan miRebuli memkvidreoba 10000 dolari naRdi fuliT, romelsac

miiRebT, roca 25 weli SegisruldebaT (Tu es TariRi ukve gasulia, airCieT Tqveni

asakis Sesabamisad).

g) momavali wlidan dawyebuli wliuri, 10000 dolari momavali aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,

im konkursSi gamarjvebisaTvis, romelzedac 25 sityviT an ufro mokled unda axsnaT,

ratom mogwonT konkretuli sarecxi fxvnili.

d) saofise Senoba, romlidanac yovelwliuri wminda Semosavali, savaraudod, 10000 dolars

Seadgens (momavali 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi). SemdgomSi varaudobT Senobis da miwis nakveTis

gayidvas 100000 dolarad. davuSvaT, rom wliur Semosavals yovelTvis wlis bolos iRebT.

38. Tu erTi galoni benzini dRes 1 dolari Rirs da Tu misi fasi iseve Seicvleba, rogorc fase-

bis saerTo done, rogori iqneba benzinis fasi 5, 10 da 20 wlis Semdeg, Tu inflaciis wliuri

done 2%-ia? Tu 6%-ia? Tu 10%-ia?

39. aSS-is konstitucia mTavrobas ukrZalavs sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis mizniT kerZo saku-

Trebis CamorTmevas `anazRaurebis gareSe~.

a) rogor axerxebs qiris kontroli kerZo sakuTrebis `CamorTmevas~?

b) Tu qalaqma mesakuTreebs unda aunazRauros qiris kontroliT gamow veuli danakar-

gebi, moindomebs Tu ara igi aseTi kontrolis dawesebas?

g) Tu qalaqi krZalavs qiris kontrols, rac mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi efeqtianad mo-

qmedebda, vinmes `CamoarTmevs~ Tu ara igi amiT sakuTrebas?

ekonomikuri azrovneba...doebis sxva jgufebis msgavsad, xom imave individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic...

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Transcript of ekonomikuri azrovneba...doebis sxva jgufebis msgavsad, xom imave individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic...