Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan
Transcript of Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan
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Ekologi tumbuhan dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan tropis
Andrew J. Marshall
Kuliah Lapanagan Taman Nasional Gunung Palung
23 May-3 Juni 2016
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Hoffmann et al. 2010 Science
Vertebrate species richness
Tropis
Keanekaragaman hayati yg tinggi
Terancam
Tidak diketahui
35
Fig S4. Global patterns of vertebrate diversity, for land (terrestrial and freshwater, in brown) and marine (in blue) vertebrates. (A) Total number of species. (B) Residuals of the relationship between total number of species and total number of Threatened species per cell, where positive values (red) represent cells with higher threat than expected for their richness alone, and negative values (gray) represent cells with equal or lower threat than expected for richness alone. (C) Data Deficient species.
Terrestrial
Marine
152
306
498
765
1665
44
75
116
179
321
Terrestrial
–21
–4
16
34
96
Marine–20
–5
2
8
22
Terrestrial
Marine
4
10
17
27
52
9
19
32
52
86
Data Deficient vertebrate species (sensu IUCN)
Threatened vertebrate species (controlling for species richness)
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Ekologi tumbuhan dan hewan vertebrata
• Ekologi dasar tumbuhan
• Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat
• Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi
• Komunitas vertebrat di tanah
• Jaringan makanan (“food web”)
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Ekologi tumbuhan dan hewan vertebrata
> Ekologi dasar tumbuhan
• Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat
• Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi
• Komunitas vertebrat di tanah
• Jaringan makanan (“food web”)
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Putaran hidup tumbuhan
buah
biji
pohon remaja (sapling)
semai (seedling)
pohon dewasa
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Buah
Tujuan strategis: menarik penyebar biji
berbahaya! aman
…yg bisa bawa biji ke
tempat aman
seed predatorpenyakit gizi
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Biji
Tujuan strategis:
hindari dibunuh oleh ‘seed predator’ tumbuh dalam waktu tertentu
kulit keras
beracun
gabung dengan biji lain
besarnya
kulit tahan air / tidak
kekerasan kulit
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Semai (seedling)
Tujuan strategis:
hindari dibunuh oleh herbivore tumbuh dalam waktu tertentu
gabung dengan banyak semai lain kecepatan tumbuh
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Pohon remaja (sapling)
Tujuan strategis:
hindari dibunuh oleh herbivore / penyakit
daun keras, berbulu/berduri
beracun
kerja-sama dgn semut
tumbuh dalam waktu tertentu
kecepatan tumbuh
ciri2 lain
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Pohon (dewasa)
Tujuan strategis:
hindari dibunuh oleh herbivore / penyakit
berbunga / berbuah di waktu tepat
menarik penyebar serbuk
berbuah dgn crop size tepat
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Putaran hidup tumbuhan
Banyak halangan yg perlu diatasi!
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Ekologi tumbuhan dan hewan vertebrata
• Ekologi dasar tumbuhan
> Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat
• Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi
• Komunitas vertebrat di tanah
• Jaringan makanan (“food web”)
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Vertebrat
hewan yg punya tulang punggung
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Vertebrat
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Ikan di hutan tropis
Perairan hutan hujan tropis adalah rumah bagi mayoritas spesies ikan air tawar di dunia.
Amazon: 1,100 anak sungai; 17 lebih daru 1,000km.
Lembah sungai Amazon sendiri memiliki 3,000 spesies yang diketahui (jumlah total > 5,000?).
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Ikan di hutan tropis
Arapaima, Amazon 5m panjang
Brachyplatystoma, Amazon migrasi 3,300km
Colossoma, Amazon penyebar biji
Toxotes, S & SE Asia penembak serangga
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Amphibi di hutan tropis
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS: Rainforest Diversity
Countries with the most number of amphibian species
Total | Amphibians | Birds | Mammals | Reptiles | Vascular Plants
Total number of amphibian species, by country
Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you areaware of more up-to-date data, please contact us.
Brazil 695Colombia 623Ecuador 428Peru 361Mexico 358China 340Venezuela 288Indonesia 285United States 285Papua New Guinea 253India 233Australia 229Madagascar 226Congo, Dem Rep 218Malaysia 200Cameroon 192Costa Rica 183Panama 182Argentina 162Bolivia 161Guatemala 133Viet Nam 132Tanzania 132South Africa 119Philippines 110Guyana 104Thailand 103Honduras 101French Guiana 90Myanmar 89Suriname 86Angola 85Paraguay 76Kenya 76Ethiopia 76Nigeria 73Ghana 72Zambia 66Sri Lanka 66Japan 64Nicaragua 61Cuba 61Laos 59Mozambique 59Congo 58Malawi 56Côte d'Ivoire 54
Uganda 52Nepal 50Chile 50Guinea 48Uruguay 48Haiti 47Belize 46
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Jumlah amphibi
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Reptil di hutan tropis
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Reptil di hutan tropis
Jumlah reptil
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS: Rainforest Diversity
Countries with the most number of reptile species
Total | Amphibians | Birds | Mammals | Reptiles | Vascular Plants
Total number of reptile species, by country
Uroplatus fimbriatus gecko on Nosy Mangabe
Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you areaware of more up-to-date data, please contact us.
Australia 880Mexico 837Indonesia 749Brazil 651India 521Colombia 518China 424Ecuador 419Malaysia 388Madagascar 383South Africa 364United States 360Peru 354Thailand 341Papua New Guinea 338Argentina 338Tanzania 335Venezuela 323Congo, Dem Rep 304Viet Nam 286Myanmar 285Philippines 274Kenya 261Costa Rica 258Bolivia 258
Panama 242Guatemala 236Angola 235Somalia 222Iran 220Namibia 215Honduras 213Cameroon 211
Search
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Tour: the Amazon
Rainforest news
Tour: Indonesia's rainforests
Home What's New About Rainforests Mission Introduction Characteristics Biodiversity The Canopy Forest Floor Forest Waters Indigenous People Deforestation Consequences Saving Rainforests Amazon Borneo Congo New Guinea Sulawesi REDD Country Profiles Statistics Works Cited For Kids For Teachers Photos/Images Expert Interviews Rainforest News Forest data Global deforestation Tropical deforestation By country Deforestation charts Regional forest data Deforestation drivers XML Feeds Pictures Books Education Newsletter Contact
CONTENTSRainforestsTropical FishNewsMadagascar
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Burung di hutan tropis
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Jumlah burung
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS: Rainforest Diversity
Countries with the most number of bird species
Total | Amphibians | Birds | Mammals | Reptiles | Vascular Plants
Total number of bird species, by country
Scale-crested Pygmy-tyrant (Lophotriccus pileatus)
Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you are aware ofmore up-to-date data, please contact us.
Colombia 1,821Peru 1,781Brazil 1,712Indonesia 1,604Ecuador 1,515Bolivia 1,414Venezuela 1,392China 1,221India 1,180Congo, Dem Rep 1,148Kenya 1,103Tanzania 1,056Myanmar 1,047Argentina 1,038Mexico 1,026Uganda 1,015Thailand 971Sudan 952Cameroon 936Angola 930Panama 904Nigeria 899United States 888Nepal 864
Australia 851Ethiopia 839Costa Rica 838Viet Nam 837South Africa 829Guyana 786Zambia 770Malaysia 746
Search
For kids
Tour: the Amazon
Rainforest news
Tour: Indonesia's rainforests
Home What's New About Rainforests Mission Introduction Characteristics Biodiversity The Canopy Forest Floor Forest Waters Indigenous People Deforestation Consequences Saving Rainforests Amazon Borneo Congo New Guinea Sulawesi REDD Country Profiles Statistics Works Cited For Kids For Teachers Photos/Images Expert Interviews Rainforest News Forest data Global deforestation Tropical deforestation By country Deforestation charts Regional forest data Deforestation drivers XML Feeds Pictures Books Education Newsletter Contact
CONTENTSRainforestsTropical FishNewsMadagascar
PicturesKids' SiteLanguagesTCS Journal
AboutArchivesTopics | RSSNewsletter
Other languagesArabicBengali
Chinese (CN) (expanded)Chinese (TW)CroatianDanishDutchFarsiFrench (expanded)German (expanded)GreekHindi
Japanese (expanded)Javanese
KoreanMalagasyMalayMarathiNorwegianPolishPortuguese (expanded)RussianSlovakSpanish (expanded)
Burung di hutan tropis
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Mamalia di hutan tropis
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Mamalia di hutan tropis
Jumlah mamalia
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS: Rainforest Diversity
Countries with the most number of mammal species
Total | Amphibians | Birds | Mammals | Reptiles | Vascular Plants
Total number of mammal species, by country
Baby gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you are aware ofmore up-to-date data, please contact us.
Indonesia 667Brazil 578Mexico 544China 502United States 468Colombia 467Peru 441Congo, Dem Rep 430India 422Kenya 407Australia 376Argentina 375Tanzania 375Bolivia 361Uganda 360Venezuela 353Ecuador 341Malaysia 337Cameroon 322South Africa 320Sudan 302Thailand 300Angola 296Russian Fed 296
Nigeria 290Myanmar 288Ethiopia 288Viet Nam 279Papua New Guinea 260Zambia 255Ghana 249Panama 241
Search
For kids
Tour: the Amazon
Rainforest news
Tour: Indonesia's rainforests
Home What's New About Rainforests Mission Introduction Characteristics Biodiversity The Canopy Forest Floor Forest Waters Indigenous People Deforestation Consequences Saving Rainforests Amazon Borneo Congo New Guinea Sulawesi REDD Country Profiles Statistics Works Cited For Kids For Teachers Photos/Images Expert Interviews Rainforest News Forest data Global deforestation Tropical deforestation By country Deforestation charts Regional forest data Deforestation drivers XML Feeds Pictures Books Education Newsletter Contact
CONTENTSRainforestsTropical FishNewsMadagascar
PicturesKids' SiteLanguagesTCS Journal
AboutArchivesTopics | RSSNewsletter
Other languagesArabicBengali
Chinese (CN) (expanded)Chinese (TW)CroatianDanishDutchFarsiFrench (expanded)German (expanded)GreekHindi
Japanese (expanded)Javanese
KoreanMalagasyMalayMarathiNorwegianPolishPortuguese (expanded)RussianSlovakSpanish (expanded)
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Kebanyakan penelitian adalah mengenai sebagian kecil keanekaragaman hayati
assessed taxonomic content for a random sample of 20% of PAs (n=113) based on titles; 10,148 hits
0 31 54 71 83 88 100
Other taxa
Birds
Plants
Non-ape primates
Non-primate mammals
Apes
cumulative percent
Percent of total hits
30.7
23.6
16.8
11.3
5.9
11.7
Marshall et al. (2016) Front. Ecol. Environ.
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assessed taxonomic content for a random sample of 20% of PAs (n=113) based on titles; 10,148 hits
0 31 54 71 83 88 100
Other taxa
Birds
Plants
All mammalscumulative percent
Percent of total hits
30.7
23.6
16.8
5.9
11.7
11.3
Kebanyakan penelitian adalah mengenai sebagian kecil keanekaragaman hayati
Marshall et al. (2016) Front. Ecol. Environ.
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Walaupun hanya melingkupi kurang dari 2% dari permukaan bumi, hutan tropis menaungi lebih dari 50% tanaman dan
hewan di bumi.
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Mengapa hutan tropis memiliki banyak sekali macam tumbuhan dan vertebrat?
Iklim: sumber daya alam banyak
-> hutan tropis menerima banyak sinar matahari -> energi oleh tumbuhan melalui proses fotosintesis -> energi di vegetasi kemudian dikonsumsi oleh hewan
Kanopi: struktur kanopi tersedia lebih banyak tempat
-> tempat untuk tumbuh dan hewan hidup -> kanopi memberikan sumber-sumber makanan baru,
perlindungan, dan tempat bersembunyi
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Ekologi tumbuhan dan hewan vertebrata
• Ekologi dasar tumbuhan
• Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat
> Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi
• Komunitas vertebrat di tanah
• Jaringan makanan (“food web”)
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70-90% dari kehidupan di hutan tropis ditemukan di kanopi
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lingkungan di kanopi sangat berbeda dari lingkungan di permukaan tanah
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tumbuhan dan hewan beradaptasi untuk kehidupan di kanopi
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vertebrat di kanopi menyediakan servis penyerbuki dan penyebar biji
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Kelelawar
> 50% species mamalia di hutan tropis
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Primata di kanopi
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Burung di kanopi
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Reptil di kanopi
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Amphibi di kanopi
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Ekologi tumbuhan dan hewan vertebrata
• Ekologi dasar tumbuhan
• Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat
• Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi
> Komunitas vertebrat di tanah
• Jaringan makanan (“food web”)
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tanah hutan tropis terlindungi sinar matahari, angin, dan hujan
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situs beberapa interaksi penting (misalnya, pembusukan)
makhluk-makhluk pembusuk (jamur dan mikro organism) mengurai tumbuhan dan hewan yang mati dan mendaur ulang
material-material serta nutrisi-nutrisi yang berguna
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Herbivore di lantai hutan
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Carnivore di lantai hutan
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Burung di lantai hutan
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Reptil di lantai hutan
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Amfibi di lantai hutan
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Ekologi tumbuhan dan hewan vertebrata
• Ekologi dasar tumbuhan
• Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat
• Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi
• Komunitas vertebrat di tanah
> Jaringan makanan (“food web”)
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Food web
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Tingkat pertama
Primary producers: plants
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Tingkat kedua
Primary consumers: herbivores
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Tingkat ketiga
Secondary consumers: small carnivores
![Page 51: Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050800/5878aa6b1a28abb9608b8b7b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Tingkat keempat
Tertiary consumers
![Page 52: Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050800/5878aa6b1a28abb9608b8b7b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Tingkat kelima
Quarternary consumers
![Page 53: Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050800/5878aa6b1a28abb9608b8b7b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Pembusukan
Putaran mulai lagi
![Page 54: Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050800/5878aa6b1a28abb9608b8b7b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Food web
![Page 55: Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050800/5878aa6b1a28abb9608b8b7b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Food web
![Page 56: Ekologi tanaman dan hewan vertebrata di hutan hujan](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022050800/5878aa6b1a28abb9608b8b7b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Ucapan terima kasih• Kementerian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi
• Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
• Kementerian Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem
• Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Palung
• Universitas Tanjungpura, U Michigan
• Yayasan Palung
• Lande, Mi’an, Surya, Zakaria
• Tim Laman (untuk foto2 yg hebat)
• Mongabay.com