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Transcript of effects of PGF2alpha and GnRH on reproductive performance of red sindhi cattle
EFFECTS OF PGF2α AND GnRH ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT
TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN.
PROJECT REPORT
BY
GROUP LEADER
SARFARAZ NAWAZ SANJRANI 2K3-AV-71
GROUP MEMBERS
HYDER RAZA HAJANO 2K3-AV-38MUSHTAQUE ALI MAGSI 2K3-AV-57NABI BUX SOLANGI 2K3-AV-63SAJID AZIZ SAMO 2K3-AV-74AIJAZ HUSSAIN GADEHI 2K2-AV-79
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINEFACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCES
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM2007
I
II
EFFECTS OF PGF2α AND GnRH ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT
TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN.
BY
GROUP LEADER
SARFARAZ NAWAZ SANJRANI 2K3-AV-71
GROUP MEMBERS
HYDER RAZA HAJANO 2K3-AV-38MUSHTAQUE ALI MAGSI 2K3-AV-57NABI BUX SOLANGI 2K3-AV-63SAJID AZIZ SAMO 2K3-AV-74AIJAZ HUSSAIN GADEHI 2K2-AV-79
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
AND VETERINARY SCIENCES TO SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDOJAM IN CONNECTION WITH THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SEMINAR OF
FINAL PROF. DVM2007
III
IV
DEDICATION
WE DEDICATE THIS HUMBLE EFFORT TO
TOAlmighty ALLAH,
Our Respected ParentsAnd
Teachers
Who pursued us to face the reality and the hurdles of the melancholic life with confidence
without their support, encouragement, andPrayers we could not have gained success
in any step ofLife
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR I
RESEARCH CERTIFICATE II
PROJECT REPORT RELEASE FORM III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
LIST OF TABLE V
ABSTRACT VI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 14
4 RESULTS 16
5 DISCUSSION 19
6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION 20
LITERATURE CITED 22
SYNOPSIS 27
VI
EFFECTS OF PGF2α AND GnRH ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT
TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN.
By
Group Leader
SARFARAZ NAWAZ SANJRANI
Members
SAJID AZIZ SAMOHYDER RAZA HAJANO
MUSHTAQUE ALI MAGSINABI BUX SOLANGI
AIJAZ HUSSAIN GADEHI
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR
SUPERVISOR
DR. MUJEEB-UR-REHMAN MEMONAssistant professor
Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of A.H and V. Sciences
Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam
7
DATE OF THESIS RELEASE 2007
8
DEPARTEMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINEFACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY
SCIENCES, SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDO JAM.
RESEARCH CERTIFICATE
It is Certified that the research work presented in this project report entitled “EFFECTS OF PGF2α AND GnRH ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN” has been carried out by Mr. SARFARAZ NAWAZ, SAJID AZIZ, HYDER RAZA, MUSHTAQUE ALI, NABI BUX AND AIJAZ HUSSAIN, under my supervision and guidance in connection with partial fulfillment of the requirements for the seminar of final Prof DVM and I confirmed that the work is original.
Date_______________2007 (DR.MUJEEB-UR-REHMAN MEMON)Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of A.H and V. Sciences
Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam
9
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM
PROJECT REPORT RELEASE FORM
WE, SARFARAZ NAWAZ SANJRANI, SAJID AZIZ SAMO, HYDER
RAZA HAJANO, MUSHTAQUE ALI MAGSI, NABI BUX SOLANGI AIJAZ HUSSAIN GADEHI , hereby authorize the Sindh Agriculture University, Tando jam to supply copies of our project report to libraries or individuals upon request.
(SARFARAZ NAWAZ SANJRANI)
(SAJID AZIZ SAMO)
(NABI BUX SOLANGI)
(MUSHTAQUE ALI MAGSI)
(HYDER RAZA HAJANO)
(AIJAZ HUSSAIN GADEHI)
Date …………………….
10
I offer my humble thanks to “Almighty Allah” Who enabled me and my
group members to complete one of our life’s academic urges. I express my real thoughts and
feelings to my concerned teacher of seminar Dr. Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman Memon, Assistant
Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and
Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando jam, for his courteous professional
advises, thesis transcript checking and its improvement, motivation, fruitful suggestions and
encouragement during the undergraduate study.
Furthermore, I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Urs Samo, Professor and
Chairman, Department of Animal Reproduction, Dr. Shamsudin Bughio, lecturer,
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Sindh Agriculture University Tando jams. Dr.
Hamzo Khan Otho and Dr. Abdul Gaffar Otho for their precious guidance, help, and
valuable suggestions during research work and during management of the manuscript.
Special thanks are extended to Haji Dr. Abdul Jabbar Otho, veterinary
laboratory technician at Red Sindhi Cattle Breeding and Research farm district Tando
Muhammad Khan Dr Dildar Hussain Kalhoro and Dr Irshad Korejo, and Mr Rab Nawaz
Sanjrani for their help and cooperation in conducting research work. Special thanks are
offered to Dr. Sajid Aziz Samo for his cooperation and help in thesis management and his
Co-workers Mr. Rashid Mehdi Samo, for computerizing the manuscript with great care and
zeal.
SARFARAZ NAWAZ SANJRANI
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PARTICULARS PAGE #
1. Summery of reviews table.12
2.Effect of PGf2α and GnRH on occurrence of estrus in Red Sindhi cattle 16
3.Effects of PGf2α and GnRH on frequency of estrus signs in Red Sindhi cattle.
17
4.Effects of and GnRH on number of services per conception in Red Sindhi cattle.
18
5. Research Pictures
12
AN ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT REPORT OF
TITLE: EFFECTS OF PGf2α AND GnRH ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE IN DISTRICT TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN.
REG. NO. 2K3-AV-71 FOR SEMINAR FINAL PROF. DVM2K3-AV-74, 63, 57, 38, 2K2-AV-79
Fifteen apparently healthy postpartum anestrous RED SINDHI cattle were
used for present investigations during the month of November 2007- December 2007. The
animals were divided into 3 groups. Group-A (control), group-B (PGf2α) and group-C
(GnRH) and the occurrence of estrus was recorded in all the groups.
The treatment group C, (GnRH) induced behavioral estrus in 60% of the
animals within 3-6 days followed by group A (40%) within 6-35 days and group B (20%)
within 9-15 days after treatment. The intensity of estrus signs was also of the same order it
indicates that highest percentage of estrus signs were observed in group C, followed by
group A and group B.
It was found that the treatment group C (GnRH) was better in showing estrus
signs. The number of services per conception recorded was 1.29, 1.33 and 1.26 for groups
A, B and C respectively. The higher conception rate was found in group-C (40%) followed
by A (20%), and B (0%) groups. The over all mean conception rate was found to be 39%.
It was concluded that hormonal treatment induced early cyclic activity,
reduced service period, produced prominent estrus signs and increased conception rate in
post partum anestrous Red Sindhi Cattle. Administration of GnRH treatment was useful
treatment regime to minimize the number of anestrous animals.
13
CHAPTER -I
INTRODUCTION
Anestrous is the main factor that negatively affects reproductive performance
of animals breed in these regions of the globe. Several factors affect postpartum anestrous,
including suckling and maternal-offspring bond, and pre- and postpartum nutritional status.
The short duration of estrus and the tendency to show estrus during the night, greatly affect
the efficiency of artificial insemination (AI) programs in B. indicus cattle managed in
tropical areas. Several restricted suckling or weaning procedures (temporary or permanent),
and hormonal treatments have been used to induce ovulation and cyclicity in postpartum
cows. Most of hormonal treatments are based on progesterone/progestogen (P4) releasing
devices associated with estradiol benzoate (EB), or a combination of GnRH/PGF
(2alpha)/GnRH (Ovsynch). A treatment with GnRH/PGF2 (alpha)/GnRH has presented
inconsistent results, probably due to the variable number of cows in anestrous. Treatments
using P4 devices and EB have resulted in apparently more consistent results than Ovsynch
programs in B. indicus cattle; however, pregnancy rates are low in herds presenting high
anestrous rates and moderate to low body condition. The addition of an eCG treatment at the
time of device removal, which increases plasma progesterone concentrations and pregnancy
rates in anestrous postpartum suckled B. indicus cows, may be useful to improve
reproductive performance of beef cattle in tropical climates (Baruselli et al. 2004).
The most important factors causing increased calving interval are poor
detection of the estrus, silent heat sign, delayed estrus and anestrous. After parturition,
repeat breeding and seasonal influence on reproduction which results in long calving
14
interval (Lindell et al. 1980). Postpartum anestrous causes long calving interval. It is due to
persistence of corpus luteum (C.L) of previous pregnancy or failure in the resumption of
ovarian cyclicity (Jainudeen and Wahab, 1987) and causes reduced fertility in cattle’s true
anestrous 58% and silent anestrous 32% (Samad et al, 1984). The incidence of postpartum
anestrous was reported 31-69%. It has been found that hormonal treatment can effectively
reduce the interval to first ovulation, and synchronize of estrous. The presence of C.L, PGF2
alpha brings animal in heat within 6 days (Smith et al, 1998). Administration of
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) causes a predictable release of LH. It stimulates
the release of both FSH and LH (Foster et al, 1980), and improves fertility in repeat
breeding cattle. It reduces progesterone concentration (Lucky and Stevenson, 1986).
Administration of GnRH hormone during early postpartum period causes reduced calving
interval especially in problem animals. Prostagalandin and its analogue have a positive
effect on uterine tone, and it may shorten the interval from parturition to complete involution
of uterus in dairy cattle (Stefan et al, 1984).
It is considered as drug of choice in reproductive management and it may
overcome the anestrous problems and produces a number of other advantages like reduce
calving interval, efficient management, seasonal attracts of the marketing and profitable
dairy business. In developing countries, like Pakistan the veterinary extension services are
lacking and farmers are not familiar with management of reproductive problems particularly
the anestrous cases. The induction of estrous in anestrous cattle can be attempted by
enucleating of corpus luteum within the use of PGF2 alpha. Therefore this research work is
proposed to investigate the effects of prostaglandins and gonadotropin releasing hormone on
postpartum anestrous in Red Sindhi Cattle.
15
OBJECTIVES
1. To device managemental tool to minimize anestrous problems in postpartum Red
Sindhi cattle.
2. To reduce calving interval.
16
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Amaya et al. (2007). To determined whether dairy cows can be induced to
ovulate by the treatment with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) followed by
prostaglandin F (2 alpha) (PGF (2 alpha)) during the early postpartum period and to describe
their ovarian and hormonal responses according to ovarian status. In conclusion, a 7-day
GnRH-PGF (2 alpha) synchronization protocol can effectively induce dairy cows to ovulate
as early as 21 days postpartum, regardless of ovarian status.
Kasimanickam et al. (2006). Investigated the effects of timing of
prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) administration, controlled internal drug release
device (CIDR) removal and second gonodotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration
on the pregnancy outcome in CIDR-based synchronization protocols. In conclusion, in a
CIDR-based Ovsynch synchronization protocol, delaying administration of prostaglandin
and CIDR removal by 12 h, or timing of the second GnRH by 16 h, did not affect pregnancy
rates to FTAI. Therefore, there may be an opportunity to make changes in synchronization
protocols with out adversely affecting FTAI pregnancy rates.
It was hypothesized that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment
at the time of insemination and 12 days later increases conception rates. in high producing
dairy cows during the warm season (López et al. 2006).
17
Alnimer. (2005). In his study, A total of 226 out of 245 postpartum lactating
dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm were allocated in two groups of estrous
synchronization protocols in order to evaluate reproductive performance. One group was
treated with oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and PGF2alpha on day 10 of the estrous cycle with
insemination at the detected estrus, the second group underwent the Ovsynch (OVS)
protocol (GnRH + PGF2alpha + GnRH) with timed AI. The results indicate that pregnancy
rates for first AI were similar, but overall pregnancy rates up to the fourth AI tended to be
higher for OVS than EPE cows, while days open was tended to be lower for OVS than EPE
cows.
Ahuja et al. (2005). In this study anestrous and lactating Bos Taurus by Bos
indicus crossbred cows with minimum body condition were studied to determine the
efficacy of GnRH+PGF 2alpha combinations for induction of estrus and/or ovulation on
pregnancy rate during the months of the year when temperatures are greater. The Ovsynch
and CO-Synch protocols resulted in greater pregnancy rates compared with the Select Synch
protocol in Bos Taurus/Bos indicus cows with minimum body condition that were anestrous
and lactating during the summer months in a tropical environment.
Bridges et al. (2005). In their two experiments evaluated a modified delivery
of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) after a melengestrol acetate (MGA) treatment in
Angus and Bos indicus x Bos Taurus (BI) heifers. In conclusion, treating yearling BI heifers
with split treatments of PGF2alpha (given on two consecutive days) improves estrous
response and pregnancy rates by increasing PGF2alpha-induced luteolysis.
18
Bartolome et al. (2005). The objective of this study was to compare
pregnancy rates to resynchronization and timed AI (TAI) protocols in lactating dairy cows
that received GnRH at 23 d and were diagnosed not pregnant at 30 d after the pre-enrollment
AI. In addition, there were no differences in pregnancy losses. For cows without a CL,
GnRH on day 0 increased the proportion of cows with a CL on days 7 and 17 and plasma P4
concentration on day 17 in cows with ovarian cysts but not for cows in proestrus. The CIDR
insert increased pregnancy rate in cows with ovarian cysts but reduced pregnancy rate for
cows in proestrus.
Dalton et al. (2005). The objective of this study was to compare conception
rates of cows exhibiting spontaneous estrus and receiving artificial insemination (AI) before
completion of a timed AI protocol with cows that did not display estrus spontaneously, but
were inseminated after 1 of 3 GnRH-PGF2alpha protocols. Pregnancy was diagnosed 38 to
45 d after AI by palpation per rectum of uterine contents. Nearly 11% of all cattle exhibited
spontaneous estrus and received immediate AI. Herd did not influence the percentage of
cows detected in estrus and inseminated. Conception rates did not differ among treatments.
Conception rates differed between herds, but no interaction of herd x treatment was
detected. No differences were detected between herds for days in milk, milk production, AI
service number, or parity.
Kieth et al. (2005). The objective of this research was to determine if
PGF2alpha-induced milk letdown (ML) is an accurate indicator of luteolysis, allowing cows
to be synchronized to begin the Ovsynch protocol (GnRH-7d-PGF2alpha-2d-GnRH-24h-AI)
at the most beneficial time of the estrous cycle (days 5-9), and determine if this would
improve pregnancy rate (PR). Therefore, the ML test indicated luteolysis with sufficient
19
precision to time the initiation of the Ovsynch protocol between days 5 and 9 of the cycle,
however, this did not alter PR compared to starting the protocol randomly throughout the
cycle. Initiating the Ovsynch protocol between days 5 and 9 of the cycle increased PR, and
improved the efficacy of each injection.
Wittke et al. (2005). Determined the efficacy of a protocol for the
synchronization of ovulation followed by timed AI (OVSYNCH) was compared with a
reproductive management protocol based on induction of estrus after rectal palpation using
PGF2alpha. Quality of estrus as accessed by the AI technician did not reveal a relationship
to conception rate after OVSYNCH and timed AI.
Santos et al. (2004). Investigated the estrus detection rate after PGF2alpha
tended to be lower in multiparous cows receiving bST, and bST reduced returns to estrus in
nonpregnant cows. Pregnancy loss was similar for cows inseminated following ED or the
Ovsynch protocol. There was a positive impact of bST on fertility of cyclic cows
inseminated at fixed time or at detected estrus, but effective resynchronization protocols are
needed to optimize reinsemination of non-pregnant bST-treated cows.
Borman et al. (2003). In this study an oestrous synchronisation protocol was
developed for use in lactating dairy cows using PGF (2alpha), GnRH, and oestradiol
cypionate (ECP). The PGP protocol increased the number of cows that ovulated after the
first PGF (2alpha) injection and produced a more mature dominant follicle at the time of the
second PGF (2alpha) injection. Adding ECP to PGP (PGPE (1)) enhanced the expression of
estrus and increased ovulation percentage. The combination of PGP and ECP is potentially a
new method to routinely synchronise estrus and ovulation in dairy cows.
20
DeJarnette et al. (2003). Investigated the effects of two pre-synchronization
treatments on synchronized AI pregnancy rates of lactating dairy cattle were compared.
However, the numeric shift towards reduced pregnancy rates in Co synch-treated cows
suggests the 12h interval between GnRH and AI may be important to optimize conception
rates in GnRH-PGF(2alpha)-based TAI protocols in dairy cattle. Each of the pre-
synchronization protocols evaluated in present study performed with comparable efficacy.
Although the Co synch protocol facilitates more efficient labor utilization, numeric trends
toward reduced conception warrants further investigation.
Mialot et al. (2003). In their research the effects of various factors on
ovulation, apparent early pregnancy and pregnancy rates were studied using logistic mixed
models. There was no significant difference In conclusion, although pregnancy rates were
similar for the two treatments, the combination of GnRH+PGF2alpha+GnRH in suckled
beef cows induced a lower rate of ovulation than treatment with PRID+PGF2alpha,
particularly in anestrous cows.
Willard et al. (2003). A study was conducted to evaluate whether
administration of GnRH post insemination would improve reproductive performance in
heat-stressed dairy cattle. Estrous cycles of Holstein cows were synchronized using the
OvSynch protocol and cows were artificially inseminated. The treatment of heat-stressed
dairy cows with GnRH post insemination (Day 5 or 11) results in the appearance of more
CL tissue, increased serum concentrations of P (4) and a tendency toward greater pregnancy
rates.
21
Cavalieri et al. (2002). In their investigation administration of GnRH was
compared to ODB at synchronised pro-oestrus results in similar reproductive performance.
Treatment with GnRH reduced the proportion of cows detected in estrus following
treatment. This may offer advantages to the way AI is managed by enabling insemination at
a fixed-time and removing the need for the detection of estrus.
Richardson et al. (2002). In this study, our objectives were to determine the
fertility of heifers after synchronization of estrus using PGF2alpha, preceded by
progesterone (P4), GnRH, or both, and to examine the variability of estrual characteristics in
heifers before first and second AI. In dairy heifers, conception and pregnancy rates were
greatest with P4+PGF, followed by P4+GnRH+PGF and GnRH+PGF, respectively. The
opposite was observed among treatments in beef heifers. Administration of P4 without the
preceding injection of GnRH produced the lowest pregnancy rates in beef heifers.
Dejarnette et al. (2001). Investigated the efficacy of GnRH and PGF2alpha
(7-day injection interval) for estrus synchronization is diminished by estrous expression
before PGF2alpha (premature estrus; PE). Effects of modifications to GnRH-PGF2alpha
protocols on the incidence of PE and other indicators of reproductive performance were
evaluated. GnRH-PGF2alpha injection intervals resulted in similar synchronized
reproductive performance. GnRH and PGF2alpha injections eliminated the occurrence of
premature estrus and improved conception rate per AI of late-calving cows.
Dejarnette et al. (2001). Determined the effect of GnRH pretreatment on
estrus detection rate, precision of estrus, and reproductive performance of postpartum beef
cows synchronized to estrus using GnRH and PGF2alpha was evaluated. The pretreatment
22
with GnRH tended to increase pregnancy rates during a 6-d synchronization period,
primarily through enhanced conception rates of cows bred by TAI. In contrast to our
hypothesis, GnRH pretreatment did not increase the percentage of animals detected in estrus
or the precision of estrus expression.
Martínez et al. (2000). In this research work determined the estrous response
and pregnancy rate in beef cattle given a controlled internal drug release (CIDR-B) device
plus prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF) at CIDR-B removal, and estradiol or gonadotropin
releasing hormone (GnRH). There were no differences among groups for estrous rates or
conception rates. In cattle given a CIDR-B device and estradiol plus progesterone, treatment
with either EB or E-17 beta effectively synchronized estrus and resulted in acceptable
conception rates to fixed-time artificial insemination.
Foote and Riek. (1999). Conducted a study on eighty multiparous Holstein
cows at calving to receive either 100 micron of GnRH or saline 13 or 14 d postpartum (PP).
The treatment of normal cows with GnRH had no significant effects on the first estrus or the
first estrous cycle PP, on services per conception, days open, or any other reproductive trait
measured. Treated abnormal cows were equivalent to the control normal cows. Thus, GnRH
given 13 to 14 d PP to cows characterized as undergoing slow involution of the reproductive
system, but with no other clinical problems, seems to assist in promoting rapid normal
reproductive function. Subsequent losses due to culling were greatly reduced.
Momcilovic et al. (1998). This study was done to determine the reproductive
performance of lactating dairy cows treated with GnRH and/or PGF2a for synchronization
of estrus and ovulation. There was a significant effect of time of year on pregnancy rate and
23
days from calving to conception, there was no effect of body condition score and lactation
number on the reproductive characteristics evaluated. it was concluded that better
reproductive performance was observed in cows inseminated at a synchronized ovulation
than in those inseminated at a synchronized estrous period.
Stolla et al. (1998). Showed that estrus detection has a tremendous impact on
the reproductive efficiency in dairy farms. Recently the systematic use of hormones for
synchronization of estrus and ovulation has been propagated. These programs are designed
to facilitate estrus detection and/or increase its efficiency. Prostaglandin programs are used
to improve estrus detection and reproductive management in dairy operations. All cows are
treated up to three times in weekly or biweekly intervals at the end of the voluntary waiting
period. Treatment with GnRH will induce a new follicular wave and provide a dominant
follicle in a defined growth phase at the time of PG administration seven days later.
Cruz et al. (1997). In this experiment, Luteinizing hormone (LH)
concentrations were measured in suckled beef cows treated during the postpartum period
with prostaglandin F2alpha and then gonadotropin releasing hormone. PGF2α may exert a
fertility effect by causing a LH release independent of progesterone withdrawal;
administration of PGF2 alpha 30 h before GnRH elevated the GnRH-induced LH release
and ovulation response. In addition, cows with subnormal luteal phases had GnRH-induced
LH surges of less area and peak amplitude than cows with normal luteal phases.
24
Table-1: Indicates summary of reviews
S. N
o Author Year Parameter Particulars used Results
1. Amaya et al. 2007Ovarian and hormonal responses
PGF2alpha
and GnRH
Ovulate as early as 21 first day postpartum
2.Kasimanickam et al.
2006Pregnancy outcome
CIDRGnRH
No effect on pregnancy rate to FTAI
3. Lopez et al. 2006 Conception rate GnRHIncreased conception rate
4. Alnimer 2005Reproductive performance
OBD, PGF2alpha,ovsynch (GnRH+PGF2alpha+GnRH)
Higher pregnancy rate for OVS
5. Ahuja et al. 2005Induction of estrus and ovulation
Ovsynch and CO-Synch
Greater pregnancy rate
6. Bridges et al. 2005Occurrence of estrus and pregnancy rate
PGF2alpha and MGA melengestrol acetate
Improved estrus, pregnancy rate and luteolysis
7. Bartolome et al. 2005Compare pregnancy rate
GnRH and CIDRIncrease pregnancy rate and reduced proestrus
8. Dalton et al. 2005Conception rate and estrus
GnRH and PGF2alpha
No effect on estrus and conception rate
9. Kieth et al. 2005 Pregnancy rate Ovsynch protocolIncreased pregnancy rate
10. Wittke et al. 2005Estrus and conception rate
Ovsynch and PGf2alpha
No effect
11. Santos et al. 2004 Estrus bST, PGf2alpha and ovsynch
Positive impact of bST on estrus
25
12. Borman et al. 2003Estrus and ovulation
PGF2alpha, GnRH and ECP(oestradiol cypionate)
Increased estrus expression and ovulation %.
13. Dejarnette et al. 2003 Pregnancy rate GnRH, PGF2alpha and TAI
Reduced conception rate
14. Mialot et al. 2003Ovulation and pregnancy rate
Ovsynch protocol Lower rate of ovulation
15. Willard et al. 2003Reproductive performance
Ovsynch protocol and progesterone (P4)
Greater pregnancy rate
16. Cavalieri et al. 2002Occurrence of Estrus
ODB and GnRH Reduced estrus
17.Richardson et al.
2002Estrus, conception and pregnancy rate
GnRH, PGF2alpha and Progesterone
Increased conception and pregnancy rate
18. Dejarnette et al. 2001 Estrus occurrencePGF2alpha and GnRH
Reduced premature estrus and improved conception rate
19. Dejarnette et al. 2001Occurrence of estrus and duration of estrus
GnRH and PGF2alpha
No effect
20. Martinez et al. 2000Occurrence of estrus and pregnancy rate
PGF2alph, GnRH and CIDR-B removal
Increase Estrus and conception rate
21. Foote and Riek 1999Estrus cycle, services per conception
GnRHIncreased estrus cycle and conception rate
22.Momcilovic et al..
1999Estrus and ovulation
GnRH and PGF2alpha
Increased ovulation and estrus period
23. Stolla et al.. 1998Estrus and ovulation
PGF2alpha and GnRH
Increased follicular growth
24. Curz et al.. 1997Fertility and ovulation
PGF2alpha and GnRH
Increased luteolysis and ovulation
26
CHAPTER-III
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Fifteen apparently healthy cattle of Red Sindhi cattle breed showing no estrus
and repeat breeding problem were selected at random and included in this study.
The animals were divided into three treatment groups. Comprising five
animals in each group at Distt. Tando Muhammad khan.
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
Group Treatment Natural service
A Normal saline 2ml Day of occurrence of estrus
B PGf2α 2ml Day of occurrence of estrus
C GnRH 2ml Day of occurrence of estrus
Group A. The cows received 2ml of normal saline on day 1st of experiment, observed for
estrus and served as control group.
Group B. The animals of this group received 2ml synthetic analogue of prostaglandin f2α
(PGf2α) dalmazine (cloprostenol) on day 1st of experiment and observed for
estrus.
Group C. The animals of this group received single dose of 2ml (GnRH) Dalmarline
(Lacirelin acetate) on day 1st of experiment and observed for estrus.
27
All the animals were observed twice a week (morning and evening) for
occurrence of estrus.
The following parameters were recorded in each group.
1. Signs of estrus
2. Occurrence of estrus
3. Number of services per conception
4. Fertility rate / conception rate
Natural service was provided and no any palpation was done for pregnancy
diagnosis. Non return was considered as a positive result.
Statistical analysis
The collected data was statistically analyzed by using computer statistical
software (MSTATC). The mean and percentage of occurrence of estrus, number of services
per conception and fertility/conception rate of each group was calculated.
28
CHAPTER-IV
RESULTS
The study was conduct to determine the effect of PGf2α and GnRH on
fertility rate in postpartum anestrus of Red Sindhi Cattle. The results are presented as under.
Occurrence of first postpartum estrus
Occurrence of the animals showing estrus during the study period is
presented in Table-1. The percentage of the animals found 40%, 20% and 60% respectively,
indicating that the treatment regime C, in which administration of GnRH was found to be
useful for management of postpartum anestrus.
Table -1. Effect of PGF2α & GnRH on the occurrence of estrus in Red Sindhi Cow.
Treatment groups
Total number of Animals in
groups.
No. of animals observed in estrus
Percentage (%)
A. Normal Saline 5 2 40% (21 days)
B. PGF2α 5 1 20% (9-15 days)
C. GnRH 5 3 60% (3-6 days)
Mean 05 02 40%
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Frequency of estrus signs in Red Sindhi Cattle
The estrus sign and frequency of estrus were most observed in group C
treated with GnRH as compared to B treated with PGF2 alpha. The frequent urination,
nervous and excitable, mucous discharge, bellowing, stand to be ridden & mounting were
common signs followed by A. B. & C groups. The main estrus signs shown by the animals
of group C (71.43%) followed by group A (57%) and group B (14.28%). (Table-2) indicates
the estrus signs shown by animals with little variation in intensity were in group C (stand to
be ridden, 67%; mounting, 33%; frequent urination, 33%; nervous and excitable, 100%;
mucous discharge, 100%; bellowing, 100% and others, 67%), followed by group B (stand to
be ridden,100% and no any other signs was seen) and in group A (stand to be ridden, 50%;
frequent urination, 50%; mucous discharge,100% and bellowing,50%). Swelling of vulva
and twitching of tail were common signs observed in all groups.
Table -2: Effect of PGF2α and GnRH on frequency of estrus signs in Red Sindhi Cow.
Estrus signs observed
Treatment group
Group-ANo. of Animals
(2)
Group-BNo. of Animals
(1)
Group-CNo. of Animals
(3)
Stand to be ridden 01 50% 01 100% 02 67%
Mounting Nil 0% Nil 0% 01 33%
Frequent urination 01 50% Nil 0% 01 33%
Nervous and excitable Nil 0% Nil 0% 03 100%
Mucous discharge 02 100% Nil 0% 03 100%
Bellowing 01 50% Nil 0% 03 100%
Others(swelling of vulva, twitching of tail)
Nil 0% Nil 0% 02 67%
Mean 57% 14.28% 71.43%
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Number of services per conception
During the present study period, natural service was provided when the cattle
indicated the signs of estrus. The animals have positive effect on hormonal treatment. The
number of services per conception of postpartum anestrus of Red Sindhi Cattle after various
treatments A, B, and C was found to be as in Table-3, indicates on mean basis that out of 05
animals, 02 showing estrus signs were served by natural service. Out of these 02 animals
only 01 (39%) was conceived.
Table-3: Effect of PGF2alpha and GnRH on number of services per conception in Red Sindhi Cattle.
Group Total no. of
animals
No. of animals in
estrus
No. of animals served
No. of animals
conceived
Conception rate (%)
A 05 02 02 01 50%
B 05 01 01 Nil 0%
C 05 03 03 02 67%
Mean 05 02 02 01 39%
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32
Pic-1: Dalmarelin (lecirelin acetate) Group – C: (GnRH)
Pic-2. Dalmazin (cloprostenol)Group – B: (PGF2alpha)
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Pic-3: Group A treated animal (CT) symbol. Along with the owner (Mr. Rehmatullah
Pic-4. Group A treated animal (CT) symbol.
34
Pic-5: Group A treated animal (CT)
Pic-6. Group Members working in the field along with the care taker of animals in research.
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Pic-7: Group leader along with care taker of animals in research.
Pic-8. Care taker along with animals in research.
CHAPTER –V
Discussion
In the present study the treatment of GnRH was given in group C on day first
of the study. The present result in group C 60% animals (3) were came in estrus this might
have reduced the calving stress and helped animal to resume ovarian activities earlier.
Similar findings have also been reported by other scienctists (Nash et al. 1980; Cavestany
and Foote. 1985) PGf2 alpha and GnRH is also effective for the management of first
postpartum estrus.
We found the GnRH treated animals had reduced services per conception ,
which were recorded is 39% improvement in the first service pregnancy rate where as
Rayos et al. (1999) found that the GnRH treated animals had reduced services per
conception, which were recorded is 9.3% improvement in the first service pregnancy, 8.3%
in total pregnancy rate and reduction in services per conception from 1.49%(control) to
1.39% for cattle treated with GnRH at the time of first insemination.
The higher conception rate found in group C (60%) as compare to groups B
(20%) and group A (40%). The overall conception/fertility rate is 39% in Red Sindhi Cattle.
These results are in partial agreement with the findings in the Table No 3.(Patterson et al.
1995) who reported the conception rate of 28.8 and 44.4 in Red Sindhi Cattle. (Bhat et al.
1993) also observed highly significant improvement in conception rate due to PGF2α
treatment. The direct effect of PGF2α on conception rate, it can be interpreted with caution
as the higher conception rate in PGF2α treated groups may simply reflect its effect on
conception rate.
36
CHAPTER - VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Summary
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of PGf2α and GnRH
on fertility rate of postpartum anestrus in Red Sindhi Cattle. 15 postpartum anestrus Red
Sindhi Cattle were selected and divided into three treatment group. Group A was given
normal saline. In group B prostaglandin F2α (PGf2α) and group C was given GnRH. The
major objective was to investigate the effect of reproductive hormones (PGf2α and GnRH) to
device a managemental tool to minimize anestrus problems in postpartum Red Sindhi Cattle
and to reduce calving interval. The data were collected on induced estrus, observed intensity
of estrus and related signs, service period, number of service per conception and improve
fertility/conception rate.
In group A (control) 40% of animals came in estrus, in group B (PGf2α) 20%
and C (GnRH) 60% of animals responded in terms of induction of estrus. The conception
rate was recorded as 20%, 0% and 40%. The estrus signs were observed more prominent and
frequent in treatment group C as compared to regular estrus (control animals). The major
common and prominent signs noted induced in treated and control groups were as stand to
be ridden, mounting, frequent urination, nervous and excitable, mucous discharge and
bellowing were recorded most frequent during the study period on vital observation in Red
Sindhi Cattle.
37
Conclusions
It can be concluded from the present study that PGf2α and GnRH treatment in
postpartum anestrus Red Sindhi Cattle.
1. Induced cyclic activities.
2. Showed prominent estrus signs.
3. Reduced service period.
4. Reduced number of services of per conception and improved conception rate.
Suggestions
On the basis of observations made during the present study it can be
suggested that:
This therapy is a suitable managemental tool to increase conception rate in cattle.
Prostaglandin (PGf2α) can be used to induce estrus, decrease service period and
avoid economic losses.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) can be used to overcome seasonal stress
and bring the animal back to reproductive function.
Hormonal profile during treatment regime is suggested to be under taken on a large
number of Red Sindhi Cattle in future studies.
Causes of anestrus should be investigated.
38
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