修士論文構想発表会 2017年 1月 27日

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Consumer Perspectives Regarding Traceability of Vegetables and Fruits Trade in Mongolia

国際資源政策論講座

（ヒューマン･セキュリティと社会コース）

B4KM2001 TSEDENDOLGOR TUMURBAATAR

Background

Insuring safety of the food products is the most necessary requirement for the food trade and for the people`s health

in the whole world. The study conducted by the World Bank in 2005 shows that food safety is one of the major

concerns for international consumers. Since traceability is the ability to trace the history, application or location of

an entity by means of recorded information, the EU countries have taken the lead in applying traceability into food

supply chain. Also the United States, Japan and other developed countries have enacted retroactive food safety-

related regulations that actively promote raising the food traceability system and it gradually becomes a new trade

barrier too. The basic characteristics of traceability systems are: identification of units/batches of all ingredients

and products, information on when and where they are moved or transformed; and a system linking these data.

Mongolia strongly depends on China for its supply of vegetables and fruits. Consuming vegetables and fruits is

significant for the people that more than being healthy. However depending on the traditional lifestyle and the

severe climate, Mongolian people could not take enough vegetables for their diet from long ago. Traditionally

Mongolians are nomadic people and they use mainly meat and dairy products which are from their livestock and

also flour for their livelihood. After the economic transition in 1990, food shortage was in serious situation due to

collapse of the economy after the withdrawal of Soviet support. Nowadays the situation has gotten better, however,

the domestic vegetables or fruits cannot provide supply throughout the whole year, because they are seasonal; and

lack of the technology and containers for storing them. From the last two decades, there are range of vegetables

and fruits in the food market in Mongolia as a result of importing from the other countries by individually and

importing companies. The largest quantity of the imported vegetables and fruits is from China which is the country,

bordering with south side of Mongolia. China is one of the top exporters of agricultural food products but also

infamous for its food products due to a series of violations on the food safety standards. The Government of

Mongolia has implemented the regulations for the food safety on the importing food products as a result of

Mongolian people pay attention in their food safety after the rumors of the Chinese foods. However Mongolian

food safety management cannot provide safety standards on the importing vegetables and fruits because lack of

the regulations and inspection systems; and inspection laboratories.

Purpose of Research

One of the reasons that the Chinese vegetables and fruits are sold in Mongolia is they are cheaper than domestic

products. However, adopting traceability is leads to increase the selling price. Therefore purpose of this study is to

identify what is the possibility of implementing food traceability in Mongolian food market based on consumers`

preference about the traceability. To achieve the purpose, this research will be implemented through 1.clarifying

and defining key concepts; 2.understanding traceability system and reviewing literature; 3.proposing a feasible

traceability system based on consumer oriented questionnaire survey and seller oriented semi-structured interviews.

Previous Research

Research conducted by Meiyin Miao (2010) “Critical Factors for Implementing Traceability Systems in Chinese

Food Enterprises” introduced an overview of the traceability system implementation in Chinese food enterprises.

Also it gave an introduction of the development and implementation of traceability system. The research has

introduced a critical success factor framework in Chinese food enterprises based on data of semi-structured

interviews and questionnaire survey.

Methodology

The qualitative and quantitative research methods will be adopted in this study to satisfy the research purpose. A

questionnaire survey and interviews to key stakeholders will be conducted. The data will be collected from

修士論文構想発表会 2017年 1月 27日

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government organization, NGO and international organization database and case studies. A literature survey is

conducting now.

Thesis Structure

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

Chapter 2: Overview of food TS implementation

2.1 The Definition of Traceability

2.2 Overview of the TS Implementation in Food Supply in Abroad

2.3 Consumers` View on Food Traceability

Chapter 3: Research Methods

3.1 Research Approaches

3.2 Questionnaire Survey

3.2.1 Questionnaire Design

3.2.2 Questionnaire Administration

3.3 Semi-Structured Interview

3.3.1 Semi-Structured Interview Design

3.3.3 Interview Administration

Chapter 4: Data analysis

4.1 Questionnaire Analysis

4.1.1 Analysis of Demographic Characteristics

4.2 Interview Analysis

Chapter 5: Proposal for a feasible traceability system and discussion

Chapter 6: Conclusion

Overview of Chapters

This thesis will consist of six chapters in total. The first chapter is the introduction, which gives a brief overview

of the thesis. It describes research background, research problems. The second chapter will review the literature of

food traceability system implementation. It introduces the definition of traceability system, and traceability system

implementation in food supply in foreign countries. The third chapter will describe research approaches, and based

on the research purpose, the research methods are introduced. The fourth chapter will analyse the questionnaire

survey and semi-structured interview`s data. The fifth chapter will discuss and propose a feasible traceability

system for Mongolia based on the data analysis. The sixth chapter will conclude the results of the research.

References

Akane Matsuda. (June, 2010). Food Safety Issues in the Vegetable Trade between China and Trade.

Bayantuul B. (2009). Mongolia Development Forum.

www.md-forum.eu/mon/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Bayantuul

Meiyin Miao. (2010). Critical Success Factors for Implementing Traceability Systems in

Chinese Food Enterprises.

One Country. (Jan-Mar, 1999). In Mongolia, community-grown vegetables fill a big nutritional gap

http://www.onecountry.org/story/mongolia-community-grown-vegetables-fill-big-nutritional-gap

World Bank. (2005). China`s Compliance with Food Safety Requirements for Fruits and Vegetables – Promoting

Food Safety, Competitiveness, and Poverty Reduction.

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Presentation of the Master’s thesis plan 2017.01.27

Diversifying Ghana’s Electricity Mix:

Clean Coal Technology Alternative

Department of International Environment and Resources Policy

International Postgraduate Programme in Human Security

B5KM2001 AKWASI BOBIE-ANSAH

Background

The Republic of Ghana has in its Strategic National Energy Plan (SNEP) 2006-2020[1], to achieve 100%

national electrification by 2020. As a target of the SNEP, 30% of renewable energy technology is envisaged to

be the option to achieve rural electrification by 2020. Ultimately, the SNEP proposes to ensure 100% security of

energy supply by 2020.

However, Ghana to date has been struggling to end the erratic power supply (christened locally as Dumsor)

which escalated in 2012. The failure of the major sources (hydropower-50.86% and thermal -49.10%)[2] of

electricity generation facilities to supply adequate power to satisfy the demand by domestic, commercial and

industrial use has caused a downward turn in economic growth and development.

The persistent decline in GDP growth from 8.8% in 2012 to 3.9% in 2015 [3] has largely been attributed to the

problem of load shedding or insufficient power supply. Manufacturing subsector and Industry have recorded

negative growth due to under-production caused by insufficient and unreliable power supply. As at December

2015, Power Barges (generators, Aysegul Sultan, Karadeniz Powership) and Ameri Power Plant with power

generating capacities of 225MW and 230MW respectively, have been procured by the Power Sector

(government) to augment the insufficient power supply. [4] These emergency thermal plants from Turkey are

expected to increase the installed generation capacity of the country. Unfortunately, irregular supply of natural

gas and Light Crude Oil as fuel for electricity generation from Nigeria and Atuabo Gas processing plant, GNGC

have stalled the full commissioning and operation of some of these plants.

Inadvertently, overdependence on rainfall for hydropower generation has time and again exposed the energy

insecurity status of the country anytime the rains fail to set in. Hence steady decline in the amount of rainfall

received, Mean Annual rainfall of 1,187mm has dropped persistently over the last 5 years (2011-2015) to a

record low of 350-500mm. The legacy of hydroelectric power as the backbone of the country’s energy supply

has been outlived and there is an urgent need to pursue a modern and diversified electricity mix. [5]

As of December 2015, the total electricity made available for transmission was 11,692GWh whereas the total

power required for 2016 was between 16,798 GWh and 18,737 GWh (on the assumption of installed generation

plants operating at full capacity). [6] Clearly, this indicates an electricity supply deficit of between 5,106GWh to

7,045GWh.

Research Purpose The purpose of this study is to find the viability of introducing alternative energy sources in order to reverse the

power supply deficit of Ghana by 2030, ensuring energy security in an environmentally friendly, affordable and

reliable manner.

Research Questions

1. What are the causes of insufficient energy generation to satisfy the national requirement?

2. How viable is the introduction of high-efficiency, low-emissions, coal-fired power generation?

3. What are the necessary measures to take in order to achieve energy self-sufficiency, energy security

and environmental security in a sustainable manner in Ghana with respect to time, financial, technical

and managerial potentials?

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Research Significance

Introduction of clean coal power generation Technology [7] in the electricity mix of Ghana would be evaluated

to establish the potential of increasing power generation capacity. This study is intended to explicitly reveal the

step by step approach of bringing on board new forms of energy generation in Ghana whilst paying attention to

the ways of pursuing rigorous renewable energy option on the medium to commercial scale. Hence pursuing and

achieving a sustainable and diversified electricity mix for Ghana to boost industrial and economic growth.

Previous Studies

In the wake (2012) of the pending power crises in Ghana, Theo Acheampong (Africa Economics) and Festus

Ankrah ( The IMANI Centre for Policy and Education) wrote and published the paper titled Pricing and

deregulation of the energy sector in Ghana: Challenges and Prospects - Ghana’s Energy Situation Report Q1

2014.[8] In their quest to outline the challenges in accessing constant and reliable electricity supply for the

domestic and industrial activities in Ghana they found among other insightful revelations that Ghana had heavy

dependence on imported oil and gas, mostly from Nigeria to power thermal plants at Takoradi (Aboadze) and

Tema. In one of their conclusions they stated that ‘it was imperative that new generation sources which can

satisfy the year-on-year 10 to 15% growth in electricity demand be embarked upon. Hence the study

recommended ‘a mix of conventional Demand Side Load Management (DSLM) and novel approach (generation

expansion) expected to serve a great cause towards ensuring optimal demand-supply equilibrium.

Jorik Fritsch (SOAS, University of London, UK) and Rahmatallah Poudineh (The Oxford Institute for Energy

Studies, OIES) published a paper titled ‘Gas-to-power market and investment incentive for enhancing

generation capacity; an analysis of the Ghana electricity sector’. [9] The research duo investigated whether gas

could be a cure for Ghana’s power shortage and found among other leads that the economic value of power to

gas utilization far exceeds that of gas exports and also generates beneficial spill over effects given the positive

impact that regular electricity supply has on economic growth and development. This finding guided one of their

conclusions which pointed out that Ghana’s electricity sector is facing a severe lack of generation capacity.

Quite acceptable was their recommendation therefore, that the electricity tariff regime of Ghana needed to be

modified in order to send the right signal to potential investors in energy generation without compromising

the affordability of power supply.

Methodology

Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected through questionnaires, interviews and review of literature for

analysis and possibly lead not only to constructive discussions but also applicable solutions and

recommendations. With and Without Method, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tools would be used to

analyse data collected.

Observations made in the course of the field survey, data gathering and analysis shall also inform the findings

and conclusions that will be drawn.

References

1. Strategic National Energy Plan (SNEP) Ghana, 2006-2020

2. 2016 Energy Outlook for Ghana, Energy Commission, Ghana, 2015

3. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, Ghana (ISSER, 2015)

4. Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG), 2015

5. Dr. Joe Amoako-Tuffour (ACET) & Dr. Joe Asamoah (EnerWise Africa), February 2015, “Thinking

Big” and Reforming Ghana’s Energy Sector, Africa Centre for Economic Transformation (ACET)

6. 2016 Energy (Supply and Demand) Outlook for Ghana, Energy Commission, April 2016

7. Clean Coal Technologies in Japan, NEDO and JCOAL, 2005

8. Theo Acheampong (Africa Economics) and Festus Ankrah, 31st March, 2014(The IMANI Centre for

Policy and Education) (www.imanighana.com/wordpress/), “Pricing and deregulation of the Energy

Sector in Ghana: Challenges and prospects, Q1 Report 2014”.

9. Jorik Fritsch (SOAS, University of London, UK) and Rahmatallah Poudineh (The Oxford Institute for

Energy Studies, OIES) August, 2015, Gas-to-power market and investment incentive for enhancing

generation capacity; an analysis of the Ghana’s electricity sector (www.oxfordenergy.org/2015).

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Presentation of the Master’s Thesis Plan 2017.01.27

Energy Poverty in Ghana:

Department of International Environment and Resources Policy

International Post Graduate Program in Human Security

B5KM2002 Selma Sumaya Awumbila

Introduction

Energy is an important resource to any nation’s development and plays a significant role in improving living

conditions, economic and human development. Around the world, sustainable energy is an essential requirement

in attaining higher living standards and socio-economic development. Despite this acknowledged importance of

energy to human life, nearly two billion people have no access to electricity and an additional two billion people

have access to unreliable electricity. These billions of people who have little or no access to electricity do not

benefit from the economic and social opportunities that access to modern energy brings. They rely on energy

resources which limit their productivity and expose them to dangers, diseases and death.

In Africa two out of three households lack access to convenient, efficient and reliable forms of energy to satisfy

their basic needs and to perform economic tasks. This lack of access to energy or “energy poverty” has been

recognized as one of the main impediments to achieving socio - economic development and reducing global

poverty. Energy Poverty is defined as the absence of sufficient choice in accessing adequate, affordable, reliable,

high quality, safe and environmentally friendly energy services to support economic and human development.

Energy poverty is directly linked to most human security issues and its alleviation will go a long way to help in

attaining the recently adopted United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

In Ghana, a country in the West African region, energy poverty is widespread. The introduction of electricity in

the early 1900’s contributed to the successful transformation of the economy. From previously relying on wood

as its form of energy, many house-holds switched to other forms of sustainable energy as their means of

performing various duties. The construction of the Akosombo hydro-electric dam in 1966 further catapulted the

country’s economy, making it an industrial leader in West Africa and Africa as a whole. While acknowledging

the importance of Ghana’s energy sector as a driving force for its economic growth, it is faced with several

challenges such as inadequate and unreliable energy supply, poor energy infrastructure, lack of affordable and

accessible energy for a majority of Ghanaians (Ministry of Energy, 2010). Energy Poverty impacts, the health,

education, agriculture, water, and security sectors of Ghana and its alleviation will help Ghana in attaining its

seventh Sustainable Development Goal, “Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern

energy for all by 2030”.

Purpose and Questions

The aim of this study is to examine the issues pertaining to the development of energy in Ghana as a tool for

socio-economic development and the factors that have affected the sector. The study will further review the

fundamental challenges from the human security point of view. The following questions will be addressed:

1. What factors have led to Energy Poverty in Ghana?

2. Is there a nexus between energy and poverty in Ghana?

3. How can the use of an appropriate policy framework provide avenues for energy poverty alleviation in

Ghana?

Research Significance

Research has shown that there is a relationship between the absence of adequate energy services and many

poverty indicators such as infant mortality, illiteracy, life expectancy and total fertility rate. Inadequate access to

energy has also been shown to exacerbate rapid urbanization in developing countries, by driving people to seek

better living conditions. Ghana is no different in this regard. The Ghanaian Government has developed energy

policies over the last two decades, aimed at transforming Ghana into a “Sustainable Energy Economy” in order

to secure a reliable supply of energy services for all sectors of the Ghanaian economy and also to become a

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major exporter of electrical energy (Government of Ghana, 2012). However, the country is still faced with

energy poverty and a worsening energy crisis.

Based on the results of this study, data will be provided which will identify some of the constraints impeding

energy security in Ghana as well as potential areas that can be harnessed to address energy poverty. It will also

propose guidelines to help the Government of Ghana arrive at a policy framework and implement optimal energy

policies and/or technological options for energy poverty alleviation. Since Ghana operates within the West

African context, the results of this study will not only benefit Ghana, but can be extrapolated to other countries in

the West African region.

Previous Studies

Previous studies on energy poverty have tended to focus on issues around access or lack of access to electricity.

However, few studies focus on West Africa and Ghana in particular. Studies indicate that West Africa has one of

the lowest access rates to energy in the world (ECREEE, 2012). These studies indicate that overall access to

electricity across the West African region is quite low, averaging about 50% (ECREEE, 2014), but wide gaps

exist between access rates in urban and rural areas, as well as between different countries. For example, a study

in Benin and Mali reported that 0% and 10% of their rural population, respectively, had access to power for

productive use in 2005 (Government of Benin and ECOWAS/UEMOA). In Ghana, Adusei (2012) focused on

energy access by households in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. ECREEE (2015), focused on rural access to energy in

West Africa highlighting gender as an energy and development issue. A study by Mensah-Kutin (2002) further

showed clear gender differentials in electricity access. Thus, the few studies available have focused mainly on

electricity access as a whole in addressing energy poverty. However, access also includes supply, reliability and

affordability of electricity. This research will therefore in addition to access also focus on policy issues to

address supply, reliability and affordability of electricity in Ghana.

Methodology

A mixed methods approach will be employed using both quantitative and qualitative methods to address the

research questions. A mixed methods approach provides more in-depth understanding of the key issues to be

studied. The data will be collected from relevant governmental and private authorities as well as statistical data

sources from official statistical databases. As the study will use a mix of quantitative and qualitative data

methods, secondary data from literature, books, laws, journals and statistics from relevant energy offices in

Ghana will also be used. Questionnaire interview of thirty relevant officials from the regulators of the energy

sector such as the Energy Commission, Ministry of Energy and the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission, as

well transmission, generation and distribution companies and bulk power customers. To provide data on users of

energy and the key issues to be addressed by policy, data will be collected from two rural communities in

Northern Ghana on accessibility, affordability and reliability of electricity in Ghana. These will include in-depth

interviews and focus group discussions. Based on the results of the study, guidelines will be proposed to help the

government implement optimal energy policies for promoting sustainable energy technologies and to reach its

energy target goals by 2020.

References

Adusei, L.A. (2012) – Energy Poverty: Exploring Household Energy Constraints and Coping Strategies. Case

Study of Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. M.A dissertation submitted to the University of Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). “Situational Analysis of Energy and Gender Issues

in ECOWAS Member States.” ECREEE, 2015.

Government of Ghana (2012) - Ghana Sustainable Energy For All Action Plan, June, 2012

Ministry of Energy. “Ghana: Energy Development and Access Project.” Fourth, Quarter Report, 2011.

Power Africa, 2015 “What Power Africa Means for Ghana”. Available from the following

URL:https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/ghana

UN-Energy, The Energy Challenge for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals, 2005.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (Ed.), World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge

of Sustainability, United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Department of Economic and

Social Affairs/World Energy Council, New York (2000), pp. 394–413

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修士論文構想発表会 2017 年 1月 27日

A study on environmentally displaced people in the context of the international climate change negotiation

気候変動国際交渉における環境難民に関する研究

Department of Environment and International Resources Policy

International Post Graduate Program in Human Security

B5KM2003 Yeoju Jung

1. Introduction

Climate change is one of the greatest and most complex challenges the international community has to deal with

today and in the years to come. The consensus view, as expressed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) is that an increase in greenhouse gases brought about by human activity is the main culprit for

climate change. A striking phenomenon of climate change is climate-induced displacement. According to

scientific estimations the number of those likely to relocate due to climatic reasons – sea level rise, increased

water scarcity, desertification etc. - ranges between 50 and 350 million by 2050. Furthermore, a deeply unfair

consequence of climate change is that the people who have done least to cause it are likely to be most affected.

For instance, people who live in Tuvalu are the most vulnerable to adverse impacts by sea level rise and have

less adaptive capacity. However, current institutional frameworks to manage mobility already face

insufficiencies in mandate and capacity, and these gaps are likely to grow in the future. Where movements occur

in and across border areas, bilateral, regional and international cooperation will be necessary. Technical

assistance, appropriate finance and other resources, and capacity building in loss and damage related areas will

be needed.

2. Research Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand the significance of climate change induced migration and

displacement issue in the context of the international climate change negotiation and to propose a possible

solution to close the gap between existing international framework and national policy by analyzing the

submission documents to UNFCCC and clarifying the current situation of Tuvalu's climate change induced

migration and displacement.

3. Research Significance

Although, climate- and disaster-related human mobility is a cross-cutting issue that requires strengthened action

at all levels and sectors, this is fundamentally about injustice and inequality-in vulnerability, responsibility, and

mitigation between developed countries and developing countries. Thus, effective policy development and

implementation for migration and displacement will require to cope the global climate justice. In this context,

this study focuses on a lack of implementation of the principle of burden sharing and reveal the gaps within

existing international climate policy and national adaptation policy.

4. Structure of thesis

ABSTRACT

Chapter 1. Introduction: overview of this research

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Chapter 2. Climate change and human mobility:

Clarify relationship between climate impacts and human mobility and identify the definition of climate refugee

2.1 Impacts of Climate Change

2.2 Types of human mobility and climate risk

2.3 Concept of Climate change refugee

Chapter 3. International frameworks and national policies:

Analyze the international climate policies on climate induced human mobility and reveal the policy gaps

between international and national level

3.1 Addressing development and disaster management policy

3.2 Addressing migration policy

3.3 From adaptation policy to loss & damage

3.4 Warsaw International Mechanism

Chapter 4. Climate justice and migration:

Examine the relationship between climate justice and climate migration and highlight the importance of the

climate justice principle

4.1 Historical responsibility

4.2 Climate justice as a foundation for climate migration policy

Chapter 5. Case study : Tuvalu

Analyze Tuvalu`s adaptation and migration policy and reveal the policy gaps and needs to strengthen the

capability to the adverse impacts of climate change

5.1 Background and Information on Tuvalu

5.2 Climate Change and Variability in Tuvalu – an overview

5.3 National Adaptation Policy of Tuvalu

5.4 International migration policy of Tuvalu

Chapter 6. Conclusion, recommendation and prospect

Make conclusion and suggest recommendation by the result of analysis

5. References

・ Anthony S.(2009), Sea Level Rise and the Vulnerability of Coastal Peoples: Responding to the Local

Challenges of Global Climate Change in the 21st Century, Publication Series of UNU-EHS

・ Emily W.(2016), Climate-induced migration and displacement: closing the policy gap

・ Koko W. (2011), Climate Change Induced Displacement: Adaptation Policy in the Context of the UNFCCC

Climate Negotiations, UNHCR,

・ Koko W. (2012), Human migration and displacement in the context of adaptation to climate change: the

Cancun Adaptation Framework and potential for future action, Environment and Planning C

・ IPCC 5th ASR, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

・ Warsaw International Mechanism Executive Committee Work Plan Action Area 6 on Migration,

Displacement and Human Mobility, submitted by Advisory Group on climate change and human mobility