2蘭嶼動物

黑鰭飛魚：天神的魚

族名 mavaheng so panid

族名語意 黑色的翅膀

學名 Cheilopogon cyanopterus

生態 黑鰭飛魚是迴游性魚類，每年三

月起順著黑潮從菲律賓游到蘭嶼，

為最大型的飛魚種類。腹部

3生態文化

族語特寫 alibangbang、libangbang 各種飛魚的通稱

sosowowon/malavan so papanid no mirayon neypanmana mai do ponso kasowo sira 白鰭飛魚 /有透明的胸鰭，是飛魚季最早到達蘭嶼島的飛魚，以火炬照明吸引之

papatawon 紅鰭飛魚，是數量最多的飛魚，亦是被捕撈最多的種類，深受族

人喜愛

mavaeng so panid/ney rakona do libanban apezesira nimalapoya do kavavatangen neyninakem ya am jinazabasia黑鰭飛魚 /為飛魚群中體型最大的種類，但數量極少，是蘭嶼神話傳說故事飛魚文化的啟蒙主角。深受族人所崇敬，不可烤食

kowanja no rarageh am tey minagem o mavaheng so panid耆老都認為在所有飛魚的種纇中，黑鰭飛魚是最崇高的

matezetezem so panid 斑點佈滿胸鰭，種類數量次於紅鰭飛魚

kalalow/lilita libangbang ipamaze so kanakan斑鰭飛魚 /魚體小而數量多，煮給孩子當專用食物，很受孩子的喜愛

loklok魚體似斑鰭飛魚，通常給孩子食用

kararakpen no arayo鬼頭刀喜愛獵捕的飛魚群

sanisi體型最小的飛魚，在漁舟行經時從水面飛躍，小如沙丁魚般，因

此不食用

4蘭嶼動物

文化意涵

神話傳說將飛魚視為天神的

魚，在達悟（tao）文化中佔有極

為崇高的地位，是族人最敬重的一

種魚類。捕飛魚文化源自於紅頭

（Imorod）部落，因此每年例行的

招魚祭皆由紅頭部落首先揭開序

幕。飛魚之所以被族人視為尊貴魚

類，有其重要因素，因為飛魚是固

定迴游到蘭嶼沿岸海域，被捕獲數

量最多的魚種，是族人攝取肉蛋白

最多的魚類，也是男女老少，或懷

孕和哺乳婦女都能共同享用的魚

種。此外，族人會將之曬乾貯藏起

來，做為時節轉變時的主要副食。

耆老常說：「出生於飛魚季的嬰兒

可以長得比較肥胖，因為母親的魚

類飲食不受女性食用魚（oyod）的

限制，嬰兒因此有鮮美飛魚湯的乳

汁餵養。而在非飛魚季出生的嬰

兒就沒有這個福氣，因為母親的魚

類飲食需要在產後四、五個月才能

攝取。如果母親沒有豐富的食物來

源，嬰兒又怎麼能長得好呢？」

早期捕獲飛魚的方式是以八

丈芒的莖製成火把誘捕，魚獲不

豐，因此船團成員需日以繼夜地勤

捕飛魚，以提供家人每天的副食及

日後生活的備糧。其間婦女感念父

親或丈夫的付出，會捕捉陸上螃

蟹，並製作芋頭糕等美食，特別在

慰勞節（minganangana）此一日子

慰勞父親或丈夫的辛勞。

目前飛魚的處理仍依循傳統，

有刮鱗，解剖、清理內臟、切片、

繫繩、上鹽到曬魚等步驟，其過程

極為辛苦與繁瑣。在處理時，可生

食飛魚眼睛與魚鰾，是辛苦後的甜

美代價。

當捕撈飛魚時節告一段落，

緊接著要開始忙於農務，重造新

船或製作新器皿，和補強家屋防

備颱風季節的來臨。此時，食用

貯藏的飛魚乾成為最大的副食來

源及生活保障。到了飛魚終食節

5生態文化

（manoyotoyon），約中秋之時，就

不可再食用飛魚。由於飛魚不同於

一般魚類，且被族人視為天上賜予

的神聖魚類，因此，捕魚期間有非

常多的傳統禁忌，例如不可捕捉底

棲性魚類、不可使用鉛錘釣魚、不

可在岸上放長線釣魚、不可用魚槍

射魚、不可將貝灰丟棄於海中、不

可把豹耳螺扔入海中、不可拿石頭

在海邊亂丟，不可烤黑鰭飛魚等。

在言行方面，則不可詛咒罵人和打

架、不可做違背善良風俗的事、不

可偷竊和必須遵守家庭倫理等。總

之，在飛魚季期間，族人的活動都

首次捕獲的飛魚，以五節芒綑綁煮食 處理飛魚

要合乎文化範疇。每年族人都會依

循傳統歲時祭儀來舉行各項儀式

活動，除確保人與自然和諧共存及

生態平衡的生存模式外，也是後代

子孫傳承與延續飛魚文化重要的

基石。

6蘭嶼動物

Cultural context: Flying fish

The flying fish, called in Tao

alibangbang, is regarded as god’s

fish, which is a highly respected

fish in Orchid Island. The culture of

alibangbang fishing was initiated in

Imorod village, thus the annual festival

of fish summoning always starts

there, and then other villages follow.

There are important reasons why the

flying fish is deemed to be the most

respected: it swims back to the region

around Orchid Island regularly; it is

most numerous; and it provides the

most protein for the Tao people. Also

it is the fish without gender limitation,

oyod and rahed, for no matter who,

male, female, e lderly , younger,

pregnant women, and breast feeding

mothers, all can eat the flying fish. It is

the major supplementary food stored

and prepared for climate and season

changes. The elderly always say that

babies who are born in the flying fish

season are more likely to grow up to be

healthy babies, owing to the fact that

the mother’s diet is not restricted to

oyod, the fish edible for women only,

and the flying-fish soup is available

for breast feeding mothers to enrich

their milk. On the contrary, a baby

who is born in the other seasons may

not be so lucky, because the mother

has to wait for four to five months to

get nutrition from the fish; how can a

healthy baby grow up without plenty of

food resources for the mother?

In the past, the Tao people

caught flying fish by the torches

made of stems of Japanese silver

grass, therefore the catch was less

than satisfactory. Members of the

fishing group would diligently catch

fish day and night, offer them as daily

supplementary foods and store them

up for the family. Thus, sympathizing

with their hardworking fathers and

husbands, women would catch crabs

and make taro cakes with gravy, which

is commonly called minganangana

to console them. Sharing products

produced by farming and fishing with

tribesmen is called mipiyavehan in Tao

language.

The procedure of processing

7生態文化

the flying fish is very complicated:

removing scales, dissecting, removing

the viscera, carving into slices, binding

with ropes, spreading on salt, and

drying in the sun; all are exhausting

work, but the Tao people always enjoy

doing it instead of worrying about it!

The eyes and bladders can be eaten as

raw food which is the reward for hard

work.

After the flying fish catching

season ends, Tao people will rearrange

the idle farming instruments, mend

their houses to prepare for the

typhoon, rebuild their boats, make

containers, and wait for another

assigned work. Therefore, the stored

dried flying fish become the major

source of supplementary food and

guarantee for living. However, flying

fish are available to eat only until

manoyotoyon, the day around the

moon festival , which starts the

cease-flying–fish-eating season; after

manoyotoyon the pigs would be fed

with the remaining flying fish. Every

year, according to traditional seasonal

projects, Tao people hold a series

of ritual ceremonies to ensure the

peaceful mutual living of human and

nature, and to consolidate the living

model of ecological balance, which

forms the important basis to have the

flying fish culture passed down to their

progeny.

Flying fish are treated differently

from other fish because it is regarded

as the sacred fish given by god. There

are many traditional taboos during

the fishing period; for example,

catching demersal fish, fishing with

plumb bob, fishing with a long line

on the beach, fishing with a spear

gun, dropping shell ash into the

ocean, dropping Pythia scarabaeus

into the ocean, or throwing stones

on the boat, all of these behaviors

are forbidden. In addition, scolding,

fighting, violating the customs, or

stealing, are forbidden. There are more

behavioral requirements, for instance,

to comply with the rules that the family

or parents teach. In brief, every activity

should comply with the cultural norms.