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1
FROM CONCEPTS IN OPTICS TO ADVANCED PHOTONICS
Christophe Couteau & Guillaume VienneDepartment of EEE, Microelectronics Division
Nanyang Technological University, June 30 – July 11 2014Course EE9911
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
2NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
The Authors: Phillip Hastigsputh, Dan Curticapean© University of Applied Sciences Offenburg
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014 3
OUTLINE
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some new photonic technologies
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
IT’S OFFICIALINTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE LIGHT 2015
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
-Reference:http://www.light2015.org/Home.html
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014 4
Origin of LifeSustainability
CultureUniversal
FlagsInternational
Inclusive
Colour Spectrum, Science
Art and CultureEducation
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE LIGHT 2015
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
-Reference:http://www.light2015.org/Home.html
5
The Proclamation of an International Year of Light is atremendous opportunity to coordinate internationalactivities and promote new initiatives to support therevolutionary potential of light technologies
How?Clear themes, cross-cutting activities, communicationwith the public
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE LIGHT 2015Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
-Reference:http://www.light2015.org/Home.html
6
The International Year of Light is a cross-disciplinary educationaland outreach project with more than 100 partners from over 85countries
Why Light?
The science and applications of light creates revolutionary - butoften unseen - technologies that directly improve quality of lifeworldwide
CommunicationsHealth Economy Environment Social
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE LIGHT 2015
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014 7
The International Year of Light is a cross-disciplinary educationaland outreach project with more than 100 partners from over 85countries
Why Light?
Light-based technology is a major economic driver with potential to revolutionize the 21st century [as electronics did in the 20th
century]century]CommunicationsHealth Economy Environment Social
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE LIGHT 2015
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014 8
100+ PARTNERS FROM 85 COUNTRIES
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014 9
ConclusionsWhy light and optics?
Light is central to science, technology, art and cultureLight can promote education at all levels Light technology drives development
Why an International Year of Light?The importance of light technology needs to be appreciatedInternational coordination will create durable programmesWe aim to inspire a new generation to study science through light
The 21st century is the Century of Light NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014 10
11
MY PATHBETWEEN EUROPE & ASIA
UK (Southampton)1992-1997
Denmark(Copenhagen)2000-2004
Japan(Tokyo)1998-1999China (Hangzhou)2005-2009
China (Hong Kong)2004-2005
France (Burgundy, IOGS)When invited
Germany (Dortmund & Karlsruhe) 1990-1992
Singapore2009-Now
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
-Reference:http://www.light2015.org/Home.html
11
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BEAUTY OF OPTICS - OBSERVATIONS
Reflection
Rainbows
Aurora borealis
Refraction
DoubleRefraction
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
-Reference:http://www.light2015.org/Home.html
13
BEAUTY OF OPTICS - THEORY
Quantum Optics
Ray Optics
Wave Optics
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
EM Optics
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Reference:
« Fundamentals of Optics » BEA Saleh, MC Teich, A Wiley IntersciencePublication
14
SYLLABUS
Date Day Time Venue30 June 2014 Monday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Introduction1 July 2014 Tuesday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Laser & Applications2 July 2014 Wednesd 6.30pm to 9.30pm Classical optics3 July 2014 Thursday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Light matter interaction I4 July 2014 Friday 1.30pm to 4.30pm Light matter interaction I4 July 2014 Friday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Guided Optics & telecom7 July 2014 Monday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Silicon photonics & nanofab8 July 2014 Tuesday 1.30pm to 4.30pm Optical cavities and resonators8 July 2014 Tuesday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Presentations9 July 2014 Wednesd 6.30pm to 9.30pm Nanophotonics10 July 2014 Thursday 1.30pm to 4.30pm Quantum optics10 July 2014 Thursday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Presentations11 July 2014 Friday 6.30pm to 9.30pm Summary & quizz
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
15
THE MEDIEVAL LECTURE
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Reference:
David M Harrison, “From good to great,” NTU, 5 March 2014
The lecturer would read the book to the students
A few days later, he would read the book again, perhaps with some commentary
A few days later, the “third reading”
Has anything changed since then?
Today’s students have the book too!
16
SYLLABUS
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Reference:
David M Harrison, “From good to great,” NTU, 5 March 2014
17
PRESENTATIONS
- Photosynthesis- Random or mid-IR or polariton lasers- Sun light- Solar cells- Photon Entanglement- LED patterning for lighting- Optical magnetometry- 2D materials in photonics- Numerical methods for photonics- Plasmonic materials (including new materials)-…
Examples of subjects:
Individual, 20 min presentations
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
18
EVALUATION
- Participation to the class (3/20)
- Presentation (10/20)
- Quizz (7/20)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
• 10Tb/in2 areal density technologies• Thin Hybrid HD
• STT-MRAM• PCRAM• RRAM
• Nanofabrication• Spintronics• Plasmonics• Photo-Electronics
• Green Data Centre technologies, • Petabyte Genome Data Centre Platform• Large scale data management• In-memory computing and analytics• Security
NON-VOLATILE MEMORIES
HARD DISK DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES
DATA CENTRE TECHNOLOGIES
ADVANCED CONCEPTS &
NANOTECHNOLOGY
DATA STORAGE INSTITUTE – CORE COMPETENCIES
Photonics@
DSI
On-chip lasersNanoantennas & couplers
FIBER DEVICES QUANTUM OPTICAL DEVICES
HAMR
Plasmonic nanoparticle array
MAGNETO-OPTICS
Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) tester
NANOPHOTONICS & INTEGRATION
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
DSI’s MAIN EXPERTISE IN PHOTONICS Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
20
Nature Mater. 9, 707 (2010) Nature Comm. 2, 218 (2011)Nature Comm. 4, 1527 (2013)
Nature/Sci. Rep. 2, 492 (2012)
New ideas based on fundamental physics
Experimental verification of new ideas
Prototypes
Towards system integration
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
ADVANCED CONCEPTS & NANOTECHNOLOGY
21
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Reference:
The Business Times, 28 June2014
ADVANCED CONCEPTS & NANOTECHNOLOGY
IndustryEngagement with Psiber Data
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RF Antenna
Quantum-bio interfaces
D = 5 μm
D = 4 μm
D = 3 μm
D = 2 μm
Micro & Nanolasers Nanoantennas
Fiber devices
111/10111
ADVANCED CONCEPTS & NANOTECHNOLOGY
23
100kV EBL
Coat/Develop DUV Scanner
LITHOGRAPHYICP/RIE
Chemically Assisted IBE
ETCH
RTPANNEAL
ICP‐CVD
Ion Beam Deposition
DEPOSITIONALD
Evaporation
Mask Aligner / NIL
Tube Furnace
200 mm NANOFAB@ DSI – CLEANROOM CLUSTER
LEDs on wafer (LUMINOUS!)
Tailoring light emission with semiconductor nanostructures (DSI)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
OPTICAL NANOSTRUCTURES FOR LIGHTING Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
25
Sensing magnetic fields with nitrogen vacancy in diamond
Nanoring for nanoscaleMagnetic pulse generation
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
NANOSCALE MAGNETO-OPTICAL DEVICES Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
26
Fiber
Si
CMOS Si/Metal Photonic
Si
III/V Photonic Nanowaveguide coupler
Micro-laser on siliconSuper-GRIN lens
fiber-to-chip coupler
• To develop an integration platform and key enabling technologies for photonic-system on-chip and to develop applications for optical interconnect and data storage, etc
Nanophotonic waveguide and circuits
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
III-V ON SILICON FOR OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS
27
active medium (III-V semiconductor)emission
Directional on-chip light sources
(doi: 10.1038/ncomms1268)
Light-on-chip routing
RF Antenna
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
ON-CHIP INTERCONNECTS - NANOANTENNAS Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
28
TPI collaborators:
COFT Prof. Luan Feng
Project Start Date: 1-Nov-12
Project End Date: 31-Oct-15
Project Leader: Lai Yicheng
Integration of ultra-fast laser to fibre draw tower.
Rapid fibre processing and dense fibre device generation
- Material independent.- Grating array with arbitrary
length and separation.- No pre/post processing required.
Multi-dimensional inscription in fibre enabled by ultra-fast laser.
8µm core
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
TSRP AOE“Draw tower grating inscription based on fs laser technology”
29
Next generation optical fibre technology
‐ Light generation, modulation and detection within fibre itself.
‐Multi‐material, multi‐functional fibres that see, hear, sense and communicate.
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
SMART OPTICAL GRID AND DISTRIBUTED SENSORS Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Reference:
AF Abouraddy et al., Nature Mat. 6,336-347 (2007)
30
Quantum Spectroscopy:
IR spectroscopy with VIS light via
entangled photonsdemonstrated recently.
US Patent application 14/030 296 , 2013.
Microchannels in optical fiber for sensing.Integratable in microfluidic chips.
Photodiode
Pump laser
Nonlinearcrystal
Coincidence
Photodiode
iω
sωpω
isp ωωω +=
Monochromator
Plasmonic sensor
Enhancing SNR in spectroscopy measurements by exploiting quantum correlations of single photons
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS (quantum spectro, plasmonic sensors, microfluidics)
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
31
32
PHOTONICS @ NTU
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
What do you see here?
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
33
PHOTONICS IN NTU
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Optics & Photonics News, June 2014Prof Tjin Swee Chuan
Director, Projects, President's Office
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonicstechnologies
Reference:
Optics & Photonics News, pp 22-23, June 2014
34
CENTER FOR DISRUPTIVE PHOTONICS (CDPT)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
CDPT Opening, 14 December 2012
School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences
Prof NI Zheludev & friends of photonics
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
35
CENTER FOR LASER & OPTICAL ENGINEERING (COLE)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
Prof Anand Asundi
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
36
CENTER FOR OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY (COFT)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Shool of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Prof Kantisara Pita
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
37
CENTER FOR OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY (COFT)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
38
OPTIMUS
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Encompasses many fields of photonics with special emphasis on telecommunications
Prof Shum Ping
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
To become a Centre of Excellence in research and development in the various emerging areas of photonics.
39
SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHTING & DISPLAYS (LUMINOUS)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Today lighting accounts for about 19 per cent of total electricity generation in the world.
Prof Hilmi Volkan Demir and collaborators
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
40
BIO-INSTRUMENTATION, DEVICES AND SIGNAL PROCESSING (VALENS)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
VALENS (Latin for strong, powerful, healthy, able, worthwhile)
Photonics: Bio-imaging, lab-on-a-chip
Prof Ser Wee
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
41
Name your favorite LIGHT “heavyweight” (major contributor to optics)
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Recommendedreference:
-« Optical Anecdotes, » DJ Lovell, publishedby SPIE - The International Society of Optical Engineering (1981)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
42NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
The Author: Florian Jung© University of Applied Sciences Offenburg
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
43
FOCUSING MIRRORSArchimedes sets fire to a roman fleet in Syracuse
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
(3 century BC)
44
CORRECTING LENSES
Nero used to watch gladiators througha polished emerald (37-68).
In the middle-age correcting lenses becamea commercial success.
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
45
SINUS LAW OF REFRACTIONSNELL, DESCARTES, OR IBN SAHR
10th century: IBN SAHR used the sinus law of refraction
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Reference:
« Ibn Sahl, inventeur de la loi de la refraction, » B Guizal and J Dudley, Pour la Science Nov. 2002.
46
MICROSCOPES
What if we combined two lenses?
1590 Zaccharias & Hans Janssen
-fefo
-T
y
FoFo' Fe
-y'
XVIIe century: Applications in biologyAnton van Leeuwenhoek & Robert Hooke
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
47
TELESCOPE & ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
OPTICS CHANGES OUR VISION OF THE WORLD!And challenges the power of the church.
1609, Galileo, father of astronomical observations (withTycho Brahe) introduced the telescope.
-fe
fo
d
F
Positive objective Negative
eyepiece
E
O
ffM −=
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
What if we combined two lens?
48
FRANSCESCO MARIA GRIMALDI
1660 Grimaldi coined the word « diffraction » (meaning to break into pieces) and was the first to make an accurate describe it.
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
F M Grimaldi (1618-1663)Jesuit, Mathematician and Physicist
He noted that this was in contradiction with light following a rectilinear path but did not provide a wave interpretation
What was the first diffraction grating?
49
CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS
Huygens advocated that light is a wave.
He supposed that the velocity of light was finite (before Roemer first measuredit in 1679).
He treated light as superposition of spherical waves.
He thought that light was a longitudinal wave.
Widely recognized as inventor of the ”magic lantern,” an early projector.
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Christaan Huygens (1629-1695)
A magic lantern
50NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
NEWTON’S IMMENSE CONTRIBUTIONNewton spent long hoursexperimenting with optics.He authored « Opticks ».
He proposed a theory of colours, among many other contributions.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
"If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants."Newton’s letter to Robert Hooke
51NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
Reference:
« La lumière dans tous ses états, » A Aspect, Pour la Science Oct/Dec2006.
NEWTON’S POINT OF VIEW
A strong advocate of the corpuscular theory of light, Newton fiercely rejected the wave theoryof light.
Taperet stone (Egypt ca 900 BC)
Light emitted by the sun god Horakhty appears as a flux of multicolor flowers.
Btw, for the Greeks too, vision was due to a ray exiting the eye.
52
NEWTON’S TELESCOPE
What if we combined two mirrors?
Newton’s telescope(1704)
NTU EE9911 From Concepts in Optics to Modern Photonics - June 30, 2014
Outline
- Introduction
- EE9911 program
- Light around us
- History of optics
- Some photonictechnologies
What is so special about this design?