大学英语一!二级阅读理解

指导与训练

马春霞

张宏伟

马 刚

编著

西安电子科技大学出版社

"##$

内 容 简 介

本书是为帮助大学一年级学生及英语爱好者提高英语阅读理解能力而

编写的%书中介绍了一些基础的阅读技能&并收集了各种不同体裁!题材的

阅读文章二百篇&由易到难&分一级!二级编排%选材时&重视了题材的多

样性!知识性和趣味性%为了便于读者扩大词汇量&所选文章中的生词都根

据其具体内容注明 了 中 文 词 义’为 了 便 于 读 者 自 我 测 试&每 篇 文 章 后 都 设

计了阅读理解题目并在书末附有参考答案%

大学英语一!二级阅读理解

指导与训练

马春霞等 编著

责任编辑 李惠萍 柳 瑾

出版发行 西安电子科技大学出版社

(西安市太白南路 )号*邮 编 +",,+"电 话 (,)#*$))+$)$经 销 新华书店

印 刷 西安电子科技大学印刷厂

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前 言

国家教委颁布的<大学英语教学大纲=把培养学生具有较强的

阅读能力和以英语为工具&获取专业所需要的信息作为大学英语

教学和学习的主要目的&全国大学英语四!六级统考也体现了这

一要求和目的%试题中阅读理解部分的信息量最多&占试题总分

的比例最大(:,>*’其中每道题的分值也最高()>*%由此可见&在大学英语教学和学习中&提高学生的英语阅读能力&搞好阅读

理解部分的教学工作有着极为重要的现实意义%应从新生入校时

就给予足够的重视%多年来&编者和广大学生在英语教学和学习实践中感到迫切

需要一套与大学一年级学生英语阅读水平相适应并可帮助他们快

速提高阅读能力的大学英语一!二级英语短文阅读教材%编者正

是基于对这一需要的考虑&编写了这本书%本书共分三章%前两

章介绍了大学英语阅读概论和大学英语阅读理解指导%第三章为

阅读理解训练%在这一部分&我们精选了二百篇阅读短文&难度

由浅入深分为一级二级两部分%每篇短文都附有生词注释!阅读

理解题和参考答案&便于学生自学!自测%本书针对性强&理论结合实践&既有知识性又有趣味性%适

合大学一年级学生在第一!二学期作为英语课外补充阅读材料使

用%也适合具有同等英语水平的英语爱好者作为英语读物使用%我们相信通过阅读本书&将会对学生阅读能力的提高起到显著的

作用&为更高层次的英语学习打下良好的基础%阅读者也一定会

在英语学习和英语统考中取得进步和成绩%由于编者水平有限&疏漏瑕弊之处&恳请读者批评指正&我

们在此先致谢意%编 者

"##$?$

目 录

第一章 大学英语阅读概论 "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@一!阅读在英语学习中的作用 "@@@@@@@@@@@@二!大学英语阅读与统考的要求和内容 )@@@@@@@@三!怎样提高英语阅读能力 :@@@@@@@@@@@@@四!养成良好的阅读习惯 /@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

第二章 大学英语阅读指导 ""@@@@@@@@@@@@@@一!英语单句的理解 ""@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@二!英语语段的理解 ":@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@三!英语语篇的理解 "$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@四!英语生词的理解 ):@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

第三章 阅读理解训练 1:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@一!一级阅读理解训练 1:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@二!二级阅读理解训练 )-:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

附录一 一级阅读理解训练参考答案 :$#@@@@@@@@@@附录二 二级阅读理解训练参考答案 :#:@@@@@@@@@@参考文献 :##@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

第一章 大学英语阅读概论

一!阅读在英语学习中的作用

英语学习涉及到听!说!读!写!译多种技能&这些技能是

紧密关联!相互影响的&其中阅读是关键%我们学习英语应该按

英语的规律模仿!套用或组合各种语言材料%而掌握的语言材料

越多&使用英语的能力就提高得越快%在我国目前条件下&直接

听说英语的局限性很大&因而阅读是接触英语!吸收语言材料!获取感性认识的最重要的途径%它对其他技能的训练和提高起着

至关重要的作用%一个英语学习者的英语听力不完全在于其辨音能力&而往往

在很大程度上取决于通过阅读所掌握的词汇量和他对语言规律的

掌握程度及对文化背景知识的了解%说 英 语 的 能 力 也 不 仅 仅 是 语 音 语 调 的 问 题&只 有 在 通 过 阅

读!掌握语言材料!了解西方文化的情况下&才能提高口头表达

能力%阅读对培养写作能力的重要性不言而喻%我们知道&一个说

本族语的人如果不会读书识字&终究是一个文盲&何况一个外语

学习者%至于要写出地地道道的&能适应各种用途的英文&特别

A"A

是 正 式 的 书 面 语&必 须 要 在 大 量 的 阅 读 过 程 中 学 习 种 种 表 达 方

式&方能得心应手%在进行英汉互译时&要避免汉式英语&就得通过大量阅读来

培养语感%要想避免英式汉语&则与我们在阅读过程中对原文的

理解有很大关系%如果对原文的主题思想和逻辑关系掌握不好&便会出现按词按结构死译!生搬硬套的现象%

二!大学英语阅读与统考的要求和内容

<大学英语教学大纲=(文理科本科用*规定BC大学英语教学

的目的&是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力!一定的听的能力!初

步 的 写 和 说 的 能 力%D在 这 四 种 能 力 中&阅 读 能 力 是 基 础!是 关

键%因此&学生在大学期间&要想学好大学英语&首先必须下大

力气抓好阅读%<大纲=对于阅读能力提出了明确的要求%它的基本要求是B

C掌握基本阅读技能&能顺利阅读并正确理解一般题材!语言难

度中等的文章&速度达到每分钟 -,词%在阅读难度略低!生词不

超过总词数 )>的材料时&速度达到每分钟 #,词&阅读理解的准

确率不低于 +,>D%<大纲=规定的较高要求是BC掌握较高的阅读

技能&能顺利阅读并正确理解一般题材!语言难度较高的文章&速度达到每分钟 +,词%在阅读难度略低!生词不超过总词数 1>的 材 料 时&速 度 达 到 每 分 钟 "),词&阅 读 理 解 的 准 确 率 不 低 于

+,>D%除了<大纲=对于阅读作了明确的要求之外&国家教委还责成

有关部门制定了大学英语四!六级全国统考的统一标准和内容%大学英语四级全国统考中关于阅读的要求和内容是BC第二部分B阅读理解 EFGHIBJKFLMNOPQRSGKTKNUMQN*B( 共 ),题&考试时间

1-分 钟%要 求 考 生 阅 读 若 干 篇 短 文&总 阅 读 量 不 超 过 ",,,词%A)A

每篇短文仍有若干个问题%考生应根据文章内容从每题后的四个

选择项中选出一个最佳答案%选材的原则是

("*B

题材广泛&可以包括人物传记!社会!文化!日常知识!科普常识等&但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解

()*’

体裁多样&可以包括记叙文!说明文!议论文等

(1*’

文 章 的 语 言 难 度 中 等&无 法 猜 测 而 又 影 响 理 解 的 关 键

词&如超出教学大纲词汇表四级的范围&用汉语注明词义%阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力

("*B

掌握所读材料的主旨和大意

()*’

了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节

(1*’

既理解字面的意思&也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断

和推论

(:*’

既理解个别句子的意义&也理解上下文的逻辑关系%阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力&

既要求准确&也要求有一定的速度%大学英语六级全国统考中关于阅读的要求和内容是BC第二部分B阅读理解 EFGHIBJKFLMNOPQRSGKTKNUMQN*B( 共

),题&考试时间 1-分钟%要求考生阅读若干篇短文&总阅读量

不超过 ":,,词%每篇短文后有若干个问题%考生应根据文章内

容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案%选材的原则是

("*B

题材广泛&包括科技!社会!文化等方面&但是所涉及的

背景知识应能为学生所理解

()*’

体裁多样&可以包括记叙文!说明文!议论文等

(1*’

文章的语言难度以教学大纲中的规定为准&无法猜测而

又影响理解的关键词&如超出大纲词汇表六级的范围&用汉语或

英语注明词义%阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力

("*B

既 能 理 解 个 别 句 子 的 意 义&也 能 理 解 上 下 文 的 逻 辑

A1A

关系’()*既能理解字面的意思&也能理解隐含的意思

(1*’

既 能 理 解 事 实 和 细 节&也 能 理 解 所 读 材 料 的 主 旨 和

大意’(:*能就文章的内容进行判断!推理和信息转换%阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力&

既要求准确&也要求有一定的速度%阅读理解部分在统考中&虽然只有 ),题&却占总分的 :,>%

三!怎样提高英语阅读能力

(一*掌握基本的英语知识

要提高英语阅读能力&首先应当学好最基本的英语知识%这

些英语基础知识包括下述几个方面B"?语法方面

V 基本语法 主要指句子基本结构&各种词类的用法!动词

形 式&某 些 动 词 的 时 态 和 被 动 语 态 等 等%这 些 是 英 语 语 法 的 核

心&任何人学英语都必须首先学好基本语法%W 某些语法项目的变化 指基本语法项目的较为复杂的变

化&特别是句子的结构及其变化%这些现象在阅读中经常碰到&因此必须能熟练掌握%)?词汇方面

V 基 本 词 汇 包 括 所 谓C结 构 词D(或C语 法 词D&指 全 部 介

词!连 词!某 些 副 词 等 构 成 英 语 句 子 词 汇*&最 常 用 的 动 词!名

词!形容词等%对于这些词汇&必须熟练掌握%W 一部分常用词汇 虽然不是最基本的词汇&但是因其常

用&必须能辨认%

A:A

(二*精读重要&但远远不够

精读是一种综合性的过程&从中可以学到语言!语法!词汇&是获取英语知识的重要来源%精读课文的确可以学到许多东西&但是&它不是唯一的来源%

许多学生在学习英语的时候&往往遇到不少困难%首先是课

文中的生词记不住&拼不准’学过的语法尽管当时做过练习&事

后仍然不熟%还有&不论是学过的词汇还是语法&都是学了后面

而忘记前面%为了克服这个困难&不少学生煞费苦心地想出循环

复习的方法&精力花得多&但仍然难保不忘%为什么会出现这种

情况呢X这是因为每篇课文都有新的语法项目!新的词汇!短语

及其他语言现象’课文内容也要尽可能多样化&避免雷同%结果&课文中学过的语言现象的重现率难免很低%学过的单词事后长时

间见不到面&怎能记得住X特别是英语单词!读音和拼法都不太

规则&即便经常见面也容易念错拼错&长时间见不到面就更难记

牢了%另外&即使把学过的课文中的东西全记住了&英语也不一定

就 学 得 很 好&因 为 英 语 作 为 一 种 广 泛 使 用 的 语 言 是 很 丰 富 复 杂

的&仅 仅 了 解 为 数 不 多 的 课 文 中 的 这 点 语 言 现 象&是 不 敷 应 用

的%可以说&精读课文是有作用的&但它的作用又是有限的%课

文主要起示范作用&不可能教许多东西&因此精读偏重于C质D的方面&而没有注意C量D’然而没有C量D&C质D也就很难提高%明

白了这一点&我们就会理解&学习英语不能完全依赖课文&止于

课 本’学 习 时 间 不 应 过 多 花 费 在 课 文 上&更 不 能 完 全 花 在 课 文

上%除精读外&学习英语还需要广泛阅读大量读物&以广泛阅读

来巩固和扩大逐渐增长的英语知识%(三*广泛阅读&巩固和扩大英语知识

学习外语必须尽可能多地接触所学语言&获得大量的感性知

识&从而达到逐渐掌握这门外语的境地%在我国目前条件下&要

A-A

达 到 这 个 目 的 的 最 好 方 法 就 是 广 泛 阅 读%广 泛 阅 读 的 好 处 主

要有B"?巩固精读课学过的英语知识

精读的课文由于量少&各种语言现象的重现率低&很容易忘

掉%这个问题可以通过泛读来解决%所谓泛读就是要读得广泛&读得多%量一多&语言现象重现率就高&精读学过的东西肯定能

在不同场合反复出现%句子的各种变化&如省略!倒装&也可以

通过广泛阅读在大量出现的各种句子中去熟悉%精读中学过的英语词汇&更需要在泛读中得到巩固%孤立地

记单词&既枯燥又不科学&不如单词在泛读材料中通过一定的上

下文反复出现记得牢%这样可以从各个不同的角度加深对这些词

汇的理解&久而久之&也就记熟了%)?扩大精读课未学过的文字现象

精读课上学过的文字现象非常有限&距离能阅读英语书刊的

需 要 量 相 差 甚 远%广 泛 阅 读 可 以 进 一 步 大 幅 度 地 扩 充 新 的 英 语

知识%(四*坚持不懈&提高能力

学习英语没有什么捷径或诀窍&提高英语阅读能力比较好的

方法是精读和泛读两种学习方法同时并进&一方面打好基础&另

一方面扩大英语知识%要做到这一点&学习者需要有较大的决心

和毅力坚持下来&特别是如果能循序渐进&坚持不懈地进行广泛

阅读&积以时日&就会获得长足的进步%

四!养成良好的阅读习惯

要提高阅读能力&还要注意养成良好的阅读习惯%而培养良

好的阅读习惯&首先必须彻底纠正不良的阅读习惯%在有效阅读

时&眼的快速接收活动和脑的紧张处理活动应是一个同时的整体

A/A

活 动%一 切 外 来 的 活 动 参 与 都 是 多 余 的&它 对 阅 读 非 但 没 有 帮

助&反而会减慢阅读速度&分散阅读注意力%许多未受过良好阅

读训练的人往往有很多不良的阅读习惯&列举如下B"?转头阅读

这种不良习惯表现在阅读时&读者随着眼球视线的移动头也

跟着视线移动%这个毛病主要是学生阅读时始终把自己的鼻尖对

准他正在读的每个词%这样他顺着词一行一行地往下读时&头也

随之来回不断地转动%众所周知&阅读是靠眼球的运动来接受信

息的%提高阅读速度应靠视线的转移&不能借助于颈部的转动&因为一个人的颈部转动比不上眼球转动的速度%此外&头部转的

时间长了&头晕目眩极易疲劳&分散阅读注意力%另外&这个毛

病的出现还有可能是因读者坐姿不正确&眼睛离书本距离过近%美国哈佛医学院眼科教授 YFZML[M\\KM提出&C正常人在阅读距离

11]R&视野 -̂时&眼睛可以看到一般长度的词三个D%因此&只

要坐姿距离正确&眼球转动视线完全能够扫过书本%用不着借助

颈部的转动%)?指词阅读

有些学生在阅读时经常用手指!铅笔或尺子等东西指着词一

个一个地看%这种现象多出现在阅读能力比较差的学生之中%他

们为了使注意力集中&不让视线左右复视&往往借助于某种东西

控制自己的视线&并且依赖这种东西引导自己的阅读%显然&这种阅读方式会减慢阅读的速度&不利于帮助 理 解%

例如&一个由 ),个词组成的句子&如果每次只读一个词&读完这

句话要 ),次%如果一次读两个词&则 ",次就可以完成%而读得

快的人每次目光停留在一个词组!一个意群上&阅读的速度就快

多了%另外&借助外来的东西逐词阅读会降低理解力%因为这种

阅读方法会使学生的注意力集中于一个个的单词上&是对各个单

词的理解&很难抓住句子的实际含义&更谈不上在语篇的水平上

A+A

了解掌握作者在文章中所要表达的思想内容了%克服指词阅读的主要办法是掌握视幅技术&扩大视幅%视幅

就是一次所视内容的幅度%应把视幅从以词为单位向以意群为单

位转变&并以关键词为阅读焦点%当然&应避免借助外来的东西

或手指进行阅读&使眼睛的视线完全在书页上逐行移动%这样&阅读速度就会成倍提高%1?声读和心读

声读是另一种常见的阅读弊病%多数人的这种习惯是在中!小学进行大量朗读训练中形成的%遇到文章就自觉不自觉地朗读

起来%甚至有一些人认为这是学习英语的一个好习惯(所谓C口到

心到D*%其实它严重影响了阅读速度%其主要原因是因为朗读受

人们讲话速度的影响&制约了阅读速度%一般人说话时的速度约

为 "),3"-,_SR(单词0分钟*&而阅读的速度可达 :,,_SR%多

数人的阅读速度是讲话速度的两到三倍%深入分析声读过程&会发现声读中视觉器官没有直接与思维

器官发生作用&而是通过声音作为中间媒介%也就是说&先听到

声 音 而 后 形 成 图 像%这 就 比 默 读 中 的 直 接 转 换 成 图 像 多 了 一 个

环节%心读也是声读的一种形式%是在头脑里的朗读%表面上看这

种朗读并没有读出声来&但声音器官却处于紧张的工作状态%心

里自始至终在自言自语&清晰地发出并听到每个字音%这种无声

阅读同有声阅读没有根本区别%这同样影响了阅读速度%要提高

阅读速度就要避免声读和心读%:?倒读

倒读是指读者在阅读过程中不断地将目光移至刚刚过目的文

字上进行重读%出现倒读的主要原因是大脑对文字的反应与目光

的移动不合拍&当目光的移动超过大脑对文字的反应速度时&倒

读就难以避免%毫无疑问&倒读会极大地减慢阅读速度&必须努

A$A

力改正%从何着手呢X一方面要调整阅读速度&使之适合自己的

英语水平’另一方面要挖掘大脑功能的潜力&使大脑在阅读过程

中 处 于 高 度 兴 奋 状 态%应 当 承 认&人 脑 的 潜 力 具 有 很 大 的 伸 缩

性&这在阅读过程中反应尤为突出&有时大脑对文字的反应速度

跟不上目光扫视文字的速度&不一定是因为读速超过了读者所能

接受的极限&而是因为部分大脑机能处于闲置!静止的状态%因

此我们提出&在阅读英文时&读者要最大限度地投入精力!注意

力及思维能力&尽可能充分调动大脑功能&以促进眼脑之间的默

契配合%只有这样&才能从根本上改掉倒读的陋习%-?注意力不集中

经常有人说在阅读时无法集中自己的注意力&有时即使能够

集中也只是短时间的%这是提高阅读速度的障碍之一%许多人认

为克服注意力分散的好办法是重复阅读!以稳定的慢速度阅读%其实&正是这种慢速度的阅读使人们有时间去思考其他事情&结

果是进一步分散了注意力%适度的快节奏的阅读可以产生一种紧

张感&使人们更加集中自己的注意力%从另外的角度来看&精力

越集中对问题的理解就越透彻&阅读速度也就越快%以上罗列的几种不良阅读习惯是制约英语阅读能力提高的主

要因素%由于阅读是一种由个人主宰的!无声的学习过程&这些

坏习惯往往不易被人们发现和重视&然而它们确确实实是在削弱

着 人 们 的 阅 读 实 力%所 以&希 望 英 语 学 习 者 不 要 染 上 这 些 坏 习

惯&如已染上了&不要等闲视之&应尽快改掉%上 面 谈 到 不 良 的 阅 读 习 惯 严 重 影 响 了 英 语 的 阅 读 速 度&那

么&良好的阅读习惯必然会提高英语的阅读速度&对英语学习会

产生持久深远的影响%对此&我们提出几点建议供读者参考

("*%

计时阅读

英语阅读速度因人而异&读者可根据本人的英语水平!读物

的长短和难度!题材等规定出阅读时间%计时阅读的主要目的是

A#A

从时间上约束自己&迫使自己定时定量地达到阅读目标&以利快

速阅读习惯的养成%因为规定出阅读时间&阅读时你就会不断地

提 醒 自 己 加 快 目 光 扫 视 文 字 的 速 度&强 迫 大 脑 以 极 高 的 效 率 接

收!领悟文字所传达的信息%一朝一夕达不到所定的标准不要放

弃努力&坚持不懈&必有所进%久而久之&快速阅读的习惯自然

会形成

()*%

注意文章大意&不究细节

阅读英语文章时&要注意掌握文章大意&对个别的生词!短

语及细节不必过分深究%读懂了一篇文章的大意&便可以说基本

达到了阅读目的%在很多情况下&对读物的宏观理解远远重于对

某些细节的精确掌握&它有利于我们调动以往的知识与经验去领

悟作者的意图&掌握读物的中心思想和组织结构%阅读中切忌只

见树木不见森林&在只言片语上长时间滞留%要学会直接用英文

接收信息&避免出现将英文翻译成汉语再去理解的中间环节%和培养其它好的习惯一样&培养良好的英语阅读习惯不是朝

夕 即 成 的&但 要 提 高 英 文 阅 读 水 平&又 非 有 良 好 的 阅 读 习 惯 不

可%如何解决这个难度与需要之间的矛盾呢X关键在于B一要有

学好英语的坚定意志&不为困难所吓倒’二要有科学的切实可行

的学习方法&不为传统的陋习所束缚%做到这些&何愁良好的英

语阅读习惯不能养成呢XC千里之行&始于足下D&为了给英语阅

读能力的提高铺平道路&为了使英语水平迅速提高&为了在英语

知 识 的 海 洋 里 自 由 遨 游&你 必 须 从 培 养 良 好 的 英 语 阅 读 习 惯 做

起&从现在做起%相信你在英语学习上的成功会伴随着努力与日

俱增%

A,"A

第二章 大学英语阅读指导

一!英语单句的理解

英文句子同汉语句子一样&能表达一个完整的意思&是文

章的重要组成部分&是表达思想感情的基本语法单位%对句子的

理解会直接影响到对全文的理解%因此&必须重视对英文句子结

构的研究&提高阅读能力%句子的难度往往与长度成正比%只要突破了长句&阅读理解

篇章的阻力就会大大减少%下面的方法对读者尽快理解英语句子

会有一定的帮助%

"?抓住句子的主谓语

英语的词序和汉语不尽相同&英语的定语和状语往往和汉语

相反&出现在它们所修饰的词的后面而不是前面%英语的各种从

句也常常给学习者带来很多困难%在分析长而复杂的句子时&我

们应把重点放在句子最主要的两大成分上&找出谓语动词及其主

语%请看下面的句子

4NQHTKGGKUSK]HU

B

UTK_FUNQHFSFGHM]‘\FG\aNKGZQ‘U_QRFNb‘HHTKRKGKHTQ‘OTHQcbKMNO\FHKQNQ]]FUMQNU\MdKHTKUK_Q‘\LHTGQ_ TKGMNHQU‘]TFUHFHKQcNKGZKUHTFHUTK_Q‘\LbKOMNHQ

& &

A""A

H_MH]T2根据形式&我们可以判定 _FU _Q‘\LHTGQ_ _Q‘\LbKOMN& & 是

谓语动词 _FU% 前有主格代词 UTK _Q‘\LbKOMN& 前也有主格代词

UTK&这 是 明 确 的 主 谓 结 构 _Q‘\LHTGQ_% 前 带 介 词 的 HTKUKQ]]FUMQNU

&bKMNO& 都不可能是主语%前面的 HTQ‘OTH由于在形容词

RKGK和冠词 HTK的后面&说明 HTQ‘OTH不是 HTMNdC D的过去式而是

名词&可以充当_Q‘\LHTGQ_的主语%找出了句子的重点&我们才

能理清头绪&即

UTK_FUNQHFB

_QRFN HTKRKGKHTQ‘OTH _Q‘\LHTGQ_TKG

@ @ @UTK_Q‘\LbKOMN@ @

谓语动词和它们的主语确定之后&下一步就需要确定各主谓结构

之间的关系 UTK_FU% @ 和 HTKHTQ‘OTH@ 之间有b‘H把它们连在

一 起&说 明 它 们 是 并 列 关 系 UTK_Q‘\LbKOMN’ @ 前 面 有 U‘]TFUHFHKQcNKGZKUHTFH@’U‘]T HTFH@ 起引入状语从句的连接作用%这样&我们便可对句子理解到下面的程度

UTK_FUB

b‘HHTKRKGKHTQ‘OTH _Q‘\LHTGQ_TKGMNHQU‘]TFUHFHK

@ @HTFHUTK_Q‘\LbKOMN@2@

(她是@@但是只要想到@@总使她如此地@@以致她便会

开始@@*抓住了 句 子 的 重 点AA主 谓 结 构AA和 它 们 之 间 的 相 互 关 系 以

后&即 使 有 个 别 字 不 认 识&也 不 会 影 响 我 们 对 句 子 主 要 意 思 的

理解%)2理清枝节

在句子中&说明!修饰主要成分&即修饰主语!谓语及宾语

的部分称为枝节%一般说来&枝节部分或是由逗号引出&或是跟

在 _TQ _TM]T HTFH! ! 等词的后面&阅读时应予注意%以下面的句

子为例

eTK\MHKGF]aGFHKUGKZKF\KLbaHTK"$#+]KNU‘UB

_TM\KUHM\\\Q_&A)"A

]QRSFGKL_MHTHTQUKQcfKUHKGNg‘GQSKFNNFHMQNU UTQ_KLFOGKFHMN]GKFUKQZKGSGKZMQ‘U\MHKGF]aKUHMRFHKU

&FNLLKRQNUHGFHKLHTFH

aQ‘NOKGJ‘UUMFNU_KGKcFGRQGKhMHKGFH‘GKHTFNQ\LKGQNKU_TQTFLNQHTFLHTKQSSQGH‘NMHMKUcQGbFUM]SGMRFGaKL‘]FHMQN

&

2这个句子的主语是 eTK\MHKGF]aGFHKU&谓语由两个并列动词

UTQ_KL和LKRQNUHGFHKL构成&第二个谓语动词LKRQNUHGFHKL的宾

语 以 一 个 句 子 的 形 式 出 现&称 为 宾 语 从 句&应 与 动 词

LKRQNUHGFHKL放 在 一 起 理 解%抓 住 主 干 后&再 来 分 析 枝 节 部 分&主语后紧跟的两个过去分词短语 GKZKF\KLba@ 和 ]QRSFGKL_MHT@是 用 来 修 饰 和 说 明 主 语 的&句 尾 的 _TQTFLNQHTFLHTKQSSQGH‘NMHMKUcQGbFUM]SGMRFGaKL‘]FHMQN是 定 语 从 句&用 来 修 饰

Q\LKGQNKU的%像这样弄清主干与枝节的关系&不仅可以掌握全句

的结构&也可以准确地理解其表达的意思%1?将复合句分解为简单句

在正式的书面英语中&一句话套进几个从句的复合句很多&读者往往为其困扰而难以理解文章的内容%对付这种长句的方法

是将复合句化为几个简单句逐个突破&并把各句联系起来确定其

间的意义关系%下面举例说明

7QHQN\aLQKUHMRKUKKRHQc\a_TKNaQ‘iGKTFZMNOc‘NB

b‘HMHF\UQUKKRUHQc\aKZKNcFUHKGMcaQ‘FGKTFZMNOHTFHc‘NMNHTK\FHKFcHKGNQQNQGKFG\aKZKNMNO

&

_TKNaQ‘GbQLaHKRSKGFH‘GKMUF\UQSKFdMNO

&2

从并列连词 NQHQN\a b‘HF\UQ@ !从属连词 _TKN和 Mc!关系

副词 _TKN来看这是一个含有从句的复杂句 NQHQN\a b‘HF\UQ% @连 接 两 个 并 列 句 HMRKUKKRUHQc\aB 和 MHF\UQUKKRUHQc\aKZKNcFUHKG第 一 个 分 句 由 于 否 定 词 NQH置 于 句 首 而 成 为 部 分 倒 装 句%第一分句后有一个由 _TKN引导 的时间状语从句’第二个分句后

有一个由 Mc引导的条件 状 语 从 句&在 作 时 间 状 语 的 介 词 短 语 MNA1"A

HTK\FHKFcHKGNQQNQGKFG\aKZKNMNO后有一个由_TKN引导的非限制

性定语从句&补充说明 \FHKFcHKGNQQNQGKFG\aKZKNMNO2要正确理解复合句的语法结构及各种成分之间的联系&要求

学生具有扎实的语言基本功%相信通过不断的阅读实践&学生是

会具备这种功夫的%

二!英语语段的理解

语段是由句子组成的语言表达单位&它是句子和语篇之间的

中间层次%我们知道&句子在一定的语境中能够单独使用&能够

单独地表达相对完整的意思%但是&要表达多方面的!比较复杂

的思想&往往需要把几个句子组织起来&形成语段%构成语段的

各个句子都必须围绕一个中心话题&从而具有向心的作用%这样

的一群句子&通过一定的逻辑顺序组织起来&便成为一个较大的

语义整体%因此&作为一个语义单位&语段表达的思想并不是各

句 意 义 的 简 单 总 和&而 是 比 各 句 意 义 更 高 一 层 的 有 机 结 合%例如

eG‘KB

MNHTK_QQLUfQ\c(C& 狼D&狗 名 _FUFUbGFZKFUFNTQNQGFb\KLQOUTQ‘\LbK

*b‘H_TFHLQOMUKZKGbGFZKKNQ‘OTHQ

UHFNLcMGR FOFMNUHHTKHKGGQGUQcF_QRFNiUHQNO‘K’

jUUQQNFUfQ\cKNHKGKLHTKTQ‘UK

XTMUTKFLbKNH\Q_ TMUHFM\\FaQNHTK

OGQ‘NLQG]‘G\KLbKH_KKNTMU\KOU& &

8K_KNHFGQ‘NLHTKTQ‘UK_MHTFO‘M\Ha\QQd

2_FH]TMNOYFRKkFNfMNd\K& (凡9温 克 尔 太 太 Q‘H

QcHTK]QGNKGQcTMUKaK*

GKFLaHQG‘NcGQRHTKGQQRFHHTKU\MOTHKUHUMONQcTKGLMUS\KFU‘GK

&2

这一语段的中心思想是描写C狼D如何害怕女主人%这个语段

由三个完全句组成%第一句是通过一个表示转折的并列结构&说

明C狼D在森林里和在家里的表现完全不同&但到底如何不同&意

A:"A

思没有出来%第二!三 两 句 补 充 了 第 一 句 的 意 思&从 夹 着 尾 巴&低着头回家&到偷偷摸摸在室内转来转去&不时偷看女主人&随

时准备逃出去的神态&使第一句的意思具体化了%这样&三句结

合在一起就充分勾画出C狼D害怕女主人的神情&这些意义只有通

过这三个句子的有机结合才能表达出来%有时&同样的句子&只是因为句与句之间的结合方式 不 同&

以致语段所表达的意思也不同%以下面两组句子为例B5QRKQcHTKHKF]TKGUFGKGK]G‘MHKLcGQRcQGKMON]Q‘NHGMKU

eTKadNQ_ HTKMGGKUSK]HMZKcMK\LU_K\\V 2

eTKMG]Q‘GUKUFGK_K\\S\FNNKLFNLKccM]MKNH\aHF‘OTH

2lKHHTKMG_FaQc\MZMNOMULMccKGKNH

cGQRQ‘GU2

25QRKQcHTKHKF]TKGUFGKGK]G‘MHKLcGQRcQGKMON]Q‘NHGMKU

eTKMG_FaQc\MZMNOMULMccKGKNHcGQR Q‘GUW 2

lKHHTKadNQ_ HTKMGGKUSK]HMZKcMK\LU_K\\

2FNLHTKMG]Q‘GUKUFGK_K\\S\FNNKLFNL

KccM]MKNH\aHF‘OTH&

2在上面两个语段中&句子是基本相同的&但句子的结合方式

不同&从而意义重心也不同%语段V的意义重心在于指出外籍教

师的生活方式与我们不同’语段W的意义重心则在于指出外籍教

师的专业水平较高和教学质量较好%语段V用于为外籍教师的某

些不满情绪寻找原因的上下文中&而语段W则通常用于为聘请外

籍 教 师 提 出 理 由 的 上 下 文 中%由 此 我 们 可 以 看 出&在 阅 读 语 段

时&要重视语段的句际关系才能正确地理解语段所表达的意思%从逻辑意义来看&语段的句际关系可分为平列!顺序!层递!

转折!总分!解释!因果等意义%构成语段的各个句子之间有时

还可以包含一种以上的句际关系%"?平列关系

平列关系指句与句之间在语义上处于平等并列的地位&互不

相属&而只是组合起来&共同说明一个话题%按平列关系组织起

A-"A

来的句群&在次序上并不固定&如果局部改变句子的相互位置&并不会改变整个语段的意义%例如

j\\HTKSKQS\KQNQ‘Gb\Q]dOMZK‘UHGQ‘b\KB

[GU6GQ_N]F\\UHTKSQ\M]K_TKNKZKG_KOQHQS\FabF\\QNHTKUHGKKH

2[GUmQTNUQN

]QRS\FMNUHTFHUdFHKbQFGLMNORFdKUHQQR‘]TNQMUK24c_KTFSSKN

HQUHGFaMNHQ[G8FGLaiUaFGL2

TKaK\\UFH‘U& 2在 这 个 语 段 中&除 了 第 一 句 以 外&其 余 三 句 是 一 种 平 列 关

系&它们处于同一层次上&共同说明第一句所表达的意思%)?顺序关系

顺序关系指构成语段的各个句子只能按事物的发展过程由先

而后的顺序排列&不可以随便地改动次序%按这种关系组织起来

的句群通常用于表达过程的时间顺序或者描述固定的 操 作 顺 序

等%例如

fKTFLFTFGLHMRKOKHHMNOEKHKGQ‘HQcHTKTQ\KTKTFLcF\\KNMNHQ

B

nMGUH_KRFLKFGQSKba\MNdMNOQ‘GbK\HUHQOKHTKGeTKN_K\Q_KGKLMHHQEKHKG2 & 2

HK\\MNOTMRHQOGFUSHTKKNL jcHKGTKTFLTQ\LQcHTKGQSK

& 2_KbKOFNHQS‘\\TMR U\Q_\aQ‘HQcHTKTQ\K jUTK

]FRK‘S& 2NQQNKLFGKLHQUSKFdF_QGL nMNF\\a _K]Q‘\LOGFUSTMU

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(一*弄清语段间的语义关系

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文的目的%这与逻辑纽带有时会出现交叉现象

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手段%("*关键词的重复

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j

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本段中心思想是谈 FOQQLHKF]TKG应具备的条件 HKF]TKG& 一

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使用同义词和近义词也能起篇章纽带的作用%例如

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22

这里 \FL是 bQa的同义词%(二*不同类型段落的阅读

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A1)A

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内容&搞清语句之间的逻辑关系&提取出各个语句所涉及的共同

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的妙诀%1?叙述性段落的阅读方法

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四!英语生词的理解

在阅读英语文章时&人们常常碰到生词&对此会产生不同的

反 应%有 些 人 马 上 去 查 词 典&但 很 快 发 现 查 词 典 要 占 用 不 少 时

间&而且词典上对每个词给出的释义很多&难以判断该选用哪条

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人对生词采取跳过不看的方法&但如果跳过去的生词太多&文章

中留下太多的空白&等阅读完全文以后&或许会觉得不知文章所

云%那么&该怎样对待阅读时所遇到的生词呢X下面我们就针对

这 个 问 题 介 绍 一 些 方 法&以 帮 助 大 家 在 阅 读 时 更 好 地 理 解 英 语

生词%A:)A

"?根据上下文线索猜测词义

孤立的单词往往不足以传递思维信息%单词只有当融合于句

子!甚至段落和文章时&才能成为表达作者思维活动的富有生机

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哪些上下文线索可以帮助我们猜测词义%V 根据生词前后出现的其它词语的意思或整个句子的意思

猜测词义%例如

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’ 2实际上已相当直接地为 MRRQGHF\下了定义&

即C不朽D%8KMUU‘]]KUUc‘\FUFb‘UMNKUURFNbK]F‘UKQcTMULaNFRM]

SKGUQNF\MHa 8KUKKRUHQTFZK‘N\MRMHKLKNKGOa2 2下文 HQTFZK‘N\MRMHKLKNKGOa(有用不完的劲*就是对LaNFRM]

词义的解释

mQTN_QGKF\MOTHrF]dKHLKUSMHKHTK]Q\L%

2句子的意思告诉我们天气很冷&人们自然就会想到在寒冷的

天气里人 们 应 该 穿 厚 衣 服 TKFZarF]dKH*&( 但 LKUSMHK这 个 词 告 诉

我们 mQTN所穿的衣服与人们想像中的相反%因此 \MOTH& 的意思

一定是与 TKFZa相对的%W 信号词 MU MU]F\\KL RKFNU HTFHMU& & & &M22&MUK QG LKcMNKL

FU& &

GKcKGHQ& 等通常对某一词汇进行定义!解释或说明%例如

jGMOTHFNO\KMUFNFNO\KQc#,LKOGKKUcQGRKLbaH_Q\MNKUSKGSKNLM]‘\FGHQKF]TQHTKG

B

2从句子对 jGMOTHFNO\K所下的定义来看 jGMOTHFNO\K& 的意

思是C直角D%]FSMHF\MULKcMNKLFUHTKc‘NLUNK]KUUFGaHQcMNFN]KHTKQSKGFHMQN

QcFb‘UMNKUU2A-)A

]FSMHF\在句子中可理解为C资本D%u 利 用 信 号 词 ‘N\MdK b‘H _TM\K F\HTQ‘OT HTQ‘OT

TQ_KZKG& & & & &

NQH KZKNHTQ‘OT QNHTKQHTKGTFNL QNHTK]QNHGFGa_TKGKFU

& & & & &等判断反义词的词义%例如

[FGa_FUO‘M\HaB

‘N\MdKmQTN_TQ_FUMNNQ]KNH& 2连接词 ‘N\MdK说明 [FGa和 mQTN是两种不同的人 O‘M\Ha’ 是

C有罪的D&那么 MNNQ]KNH则可能是C无罪的&清白的D%Y‘GMNOQccM]KTQ‘GUTK\QQdKLHKNUKFNLFNpMQ‘U b‘HQN

_KKdKNLUTK_FUq‘MHKGK\FpKL&

b‘H2

表明 GK\FpKL是 HKNUK的反义%如果你知道 GK\FpKL是C轻松D之意&就可以判定 HKNUK是C紧张D之意了%

v 利用信号词 cQGKpFRS\K cQGMNUHFN]K \MdK U‘]TFU& & & &K2O2等引导的例释&可以帮助我们理解词义%例如

]QNLMRKNHUKB

2O SKSSKG UF\H FNLR‘UHFGL RFdKcQQLHFUHKbKHHKG

2 & & &2

从 例 释 SKSSKG UF\H R‘UHFGL& & 我 们 可 以 断 定 ]QNLMRKNHU是

C调味品D%hKO‘RKU \MdKUHGMNObKFNU \MRFbKFNUFNLOGKKNSKFUFGK

MRSQGHFNHMNaQ‘GLMKH& &

2从例子 SKFU bKFNU& 可知 \KO‘RKU是C豆类D%w 标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索&因为有些词汇的

字义是通过标点符号&如逗号!冒号!破折号和括号等来完成的%例如

4NHKGRUQcSKGUQNF\MHaB

R‘]T MUbKMNO_GMHHKNHQLFaQcFNLGQOaNa

&HTK]QRbMNFHMQNQccKRMNMKFNLRFU]‘\MNKHGFMHUHTFHFGK

cQ‘NLMNKZKGaMNLMZML‘F\&

2逗 号后的词语就是 FNLGQOaNa的定义 或 解 释&意 为C阴 柔 之

气与阳刚之气的结合D%A/)A

eTKSGMN]MSF\ RQNKaTKS‘HMNTMUUFZMNOUF]]Q‘NHHQKFGNMNHKGKUH

x_FUUFcKKZKNHTQ‘OTHTKbFNd_FU]\QUKLbaHTKSQ\M]Kx 2

破 折 号 中 的 词 语 就 是 SGMN]MSF\的 定 义&意 为C存 在 银 行 的

本金D%y 根据定语从句判断词义%例如

eTKHaSKQcRKHKGMU]F\\KLR‘\HMRKHKGB

_TM]TMU‘UKLHQRKFU‘GKK\K]HGM]MHa

&

_TM]T2

引导的定语从句就是 R‘\HMRKHKG的定义&因此可知其

意思是C电表D%z 根据同位语判断词义%例如

eTKMNZKNHMQNQcUNQGdK\B

F\QNOFMGH‘bKHTFHGKF]TKU‘SHQHTKU‘GcF]K

&TFLRFLKMHSQUUMb\KcQGU‘bRFGMNKHQ‘UKHTKMGLMKUK\KNOMNK

KZKN_TKNHTKaFGKU‘bRKGOKL&

2从同位语 F\QNOFMGH‘bK可知 UNQGdK\是C通气管D%)?根据构词法知识推测词义

对词的结构进行分析&并且熟悉基本的构词法&可以帮助我

们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义&提高阅读速度&从而达到良好

的阅读效果%英语词汇中的许多单词是由词根和词缀而构成的%词根是单

词的核心部分&它体现词的基本含义%词缀分前缀和后缀%前缀

改变词的意义&通常不改变词性’后缀则一般改变词性&而不改

变词义%只要我们认识词根&又了解了词缀的含义&就不难判断

所构成的生词的意思&下面介绍一些常用的词根和词缀%1?常用词根和词缀

("*常用的词根 JQQHUJQQH [KFNMNO gpFRS\KU

( *

FKG FMG FKGQS\FNK{ {FNN aKFG FNNMZKGUFGa FNN‘F\{ { &

A+)A

{FG]T cMGUH]TMKc RQNFG]T{ &F‘L TKFG F‘LMKN]K F‘LMHQGM‘R{ { &F‘HQ UK\c F‘HQRFHM] F‘HQRQbM\K{ { &bMQ \McK bMQ\QOa F‘HQbMQOGFSTa{ { &]TGQN HMRK ]TGQNM] ]TGQNQ\QOM]F\{ { &]a]\K ]MG]\K bM]a]\K{LM]H{{LM]{

UFa

{ {

USKFd LM]HFHK ]QNHGFLM]H& &

OKQ KFGHT OKQOGFSTa OKQ\QOa{ { &OGFST _GMHK _GMHMNO F‘HQOGFSTa{ { &\Q] S\F]K \Q]F\\Q]FHMQN{ { &RFN TFNL RFN‘U]GMSH{ {SQGH ]FGGa SQGHFb\K SQGHKG{ { &HK\K cFG HK\KZMUMQN{ZML{{ZMU{

UKK ZMLKQ

{ {

ZMUMQN U‘SKGZMUKG

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& &

常用的前缀 SGKcMpKU( *V 表示否定或反意的前缀

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KU‘N HTKQSSQUMHKQc

NQH‘NcFMG ‘NcQGOKHHFb\K

MN

{ &

MN]GKLMb\K MNLKSKNLKNH{ &M\bKcQGK\ M\\KOF\M\\QOM]F\({ * &MGbKcQGKG MGGKO‘\FG MGGKUSQNUMb\K({ * &MRbKcQGKb( { &R&S MRSQUUMb\K MRRFH‘GKLMU

* &LMUFOGKK LMU]QZKG

NQN{ &

NQNZMQ\KNHNQNUHQS{ { & {

A$)A

W 表示C反向动作D或C除去D的前缀

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KU‘N HQGKZKGUKHTKF]HMQN ‘NHMK ‘NSF]dLK{ &

HQGKZKGUKHTKF]HMQNHQOKHGMLQc

LKOKNKGFHK LK]GKFUKLKcGQUH

{ ’ &LK]Q\Q‘GMoK&

u 表示贬意的前缀

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KURMU _GQNO\a RMU‘NLKGUHFNL RMU\KFLRF\{ &

bFL\a bFL RF\HGKFHRF\N‘HGMHMQN{ ’ &v 表示程度的前缀

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KUU‘SKG FbQZK bKHHKG

RQGKHTFNU‘SKGRFN U‘SKGRFGdKHU‘SKGNFH‘GF\

{ ’ &U‘SKGUKNUMHMZK

Q‘H&

bKHHKG cFUHKG\QNOKG

{ &KH]HTFN

Q‘H\MZK’ @

Q‘HG‘NQ‘HOGQ_

&Q‘H_KMOT

U‘b&

‘NLKG \Q_KGHTFN\KUUHTFN

U‘bUHFNLFGL U‘bNQGRF\U‘b]QNU]MQ‘U

QZKG

{ ’ &

HQQR‘]T QZKGLQ QZKGUMRS\McMKL‘NLKG{ &

HQQ\MHH\K ‘NLKG]QQd ‘NLKGcKKLRMNM

{ &\MHH\K RMNMb‘U RMNM]Fb{ { & {

w 表示位置关系的前缀

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KUMNHKG bKH_KKN FRQNO

R‘H‘F\\aMNHKGNFHMQNF\MNHKG]TFNOKMNHKGLKSKNLKNH

HGFNU

{ ’ ’ &

F]GQUU HGFNU]QNHMNKNHF\cGQRQNKS\F]K HGFNUSQGHHQFNQHTKG

{

y 表示态度的前缀

A#)A

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KU]Q rQMNH_MHT ]QLGMZKG ]QKL‘]FHMQN]Q‘NHKG{ { & {

FOFMNUH ]Q‘NHKGFHHF]d]Q‘NHKG

{ {GKZQ\‘HMQNFGa

FNHM{

FOFMNUH FNHMMRSKGMF\MURFNHM

{ {UQ]MF\

SGQ{

MNcFZQ‘GQc SGQPQRR‘NMUHQNHTKUMLKQc SGQ

{ ’ {jRKGM]FN{

z 表示时间顺序的前缀

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KUSGK bKcQGK SGKU]TQQ\SGKLF_NSQUH{ { & {

FcHKG SQUH_FG SQUH\MbKGFHMQNKp{ { & {

cQGRKG KpSGKUMLKNHKpT‘UbFNLGK{ { & {

FOFMN GKb‘M\L GKUKHH\K{ &| 表示数的前缀

EGKcMp [KFNMNO gpFRS\KUUKRM TF\c UKRM]MG]\K UKRMcMNMUTKL‘NM{ { & {

QNK ‘NM]a]\K ‘NMUKpRQNQ{ &

RQNQGFM\RQNQS\FNKbM

{H_Q bM]a]\K bMRQNHT\a

HGM{ &

HTGKK HGM]a]\K HGMSQLR‘\HM{ &

RFNa R‘\HMNFHMQNF\R‘\HMGF]MF\SQ\a

{ { & {SQ\aFHQRM] SQ\ac‘N]HMQNF\{ &

} 构成动词的前缀

EGKcMp jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KUbK NQ‘NU FLrK]HMZKU bKLFoo\K bK]F\R

QGZKGbUKN

{ & &

KNFb\K KNLFNOKG{ &A,1A

KR bKcQGKbFNLS( KRbFNd*

KRSQ_KG

(1*

&

常用的后缀 U‘ccMpKU( *V 名词后缀 7Q‘N5‘ccMpKU( *F2表示C@者D的后缀

5‘ccMpKU jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KUFNH ZKGbU MNTFbMHFNHF]]Q‘NHFNH{ &KK ZKGbU KRS\QaKK KpFRMNKK{ &(指动作承受者*KKG NQ‘NU KNOMNKKG SGQcMHKKG{ &KG({QG NQ‘NU ZKGbU HKKNFOKG 7K_ lQGdKG

MNUSK]HQG{ * & &

HGFMNKG&KUU{ (指阴性 NQ‘NU ZKGbU SGMN]KUU RFNFOKGKUU

_FMHGKUU* & &

F]HGKUU&M]MFN NQ‘NU HK]TNM]MFN R‘UM]MFN{ &MUH NQ‘NU FLrK]

HMZKUOKQ\QOMUH ]QRR‘NMUHUQ]MF\MUH

{ & { & &cFHF\MUH&

b2表示状态或性质等抽象概念的后缀

5‘ccMpKU jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KUF\ ZKGbU FGGMZF\LMURMUUF\{ &FN]K ZKGbU GK\MFN]K FHHKNLFN]K{ &KN]K ZKGbU ZMQ\KN]K LKSKNLKN]K{ &FHMQN ZKGbU UHFGZFHMQN Q]]‘SFHMQN{ &LQR NQ‘NU FLrK]

HMZKUdMNOLQR cGKKLQR{ & { &

TQQL NQ‘NU bQaTQQL ]TM\LTQQL{ &MUR NQ‘NU FLrK]

HMZKUMLKF\MUR ]GMHM]MUR{ & { &

A"1A

{MHa FLrK]HMZKU GKUSQNUMbM\MHa Kq‘F\MHa&RKNH ZKGbU KN]Q‘GFOKRKNHFRFoKRKNH{ &NKUU FLrK]HMZKU ‘UKc‘\NKUU‘SHQLFHKNKUU{ {{UTMS NQ‘NU cGMKNLUTMS RKRbKGUTMS{ &W 形容词后缀 jLrK]HMZK5‘ccMpKU( *F2表示C与@相关D的形容词后缀

5‘ccMpKU jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KUF\ NQ‘NU R‘UM]F\]‘\H‘GF\{ &M] NQ‘NU TKGQM] K]QNQRM]{ &MZK ZKGbU FHHGF]HMZK SGQL‘]HMZK{ &FHMZK MHMZK ]GKFHMZK UKNUMHMZK( & * &MUT NQ‘NU ]TM\LMUT cQQ\MUT UK\cMUT{ & &b2表示C具有@的D&C多@的D形容词后缀

5‘ccMpKU jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KUc‘\ NQ‘NU _QNLKGc‘\OGFHKc‘\{ &Q‘UMQ‘U NQ‘NU LFNOKGQ‘U FRbMHMQ‘U{ ( * &]2具有本身含义的形容词后缀

5‘ccMpKU jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KU [KFNMNOFb\K ZKGbU F]]KSHFb\K{ 表示C可以@的DMb\K GKUSQNUMb\K{ 或C值得@的D\KUU NQ‘NU UKNUK\KUU{ 表示C不具备

cKFG\KUUD

C缺乏D\MdK NQ‘NU \McK\MdK

]TM\L\MdK{ 表示C具有@特性的D

_FGL NQ‘NUSGKSQUMHMQNU

TQRK_FGL‘S_FGL

{ 表示C朝@方向D

u 动词后缀 kKGb5‘ccMpKU5‘ccMpKU jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KU

( *

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{Mca NQ‘NU bKF‘HMcaFLrK]HMZKU UMRS\Mca LMZKGUMca&

MoK NQ‘NU TQUSMHF\MoKFLrK]HMZKU RQLKGNMoK

{SQS‘\FGMoK&

KN FLrK]HMZKU _MLKN GMSKN LKFcKN{ & &v 副词后缀 jLZKGb5‘ccMpKU

5‘ccMpKU jLLKLHQ gpFRS\KU( *

\a FLrK]HMZKU TFSSM\a cQQ\MUT\a{ &_FGLU SGKSQUMHMQNU QN_FGLU bF]d_FGLU{ &

A11A

第三章 阅读理解训练

一!一级阅读理解训练

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