Contents

1. Introduction.................................................................................3

2. Bernau.........................................................................................6

3. Biesenthal- Sydower Fliess.......................................................13

4. Eberswalde................................................................................19

5. Conclusion................................................................................23

6. Literature...................................................................................25

2

Figure 1: forest cover change of the Barnim (11th/12th century; 1588; 2005) red line=EDA-transect, map source:

www.barnim-naturpark.de/naturpark/natur-landschaft/landschaftsentstehung

1. Introduction

In the week from the 11th until the 15th of April 2016 we carried out a rapid Ecosystem Diagnostic

Analysis (EDA) in the region of Barnim (Brandenburg) in northeastern Germany. The present

report outlines the final results of this research task.

The EDA was conducted along a transect line from Bernau, a medium-sized town northeast of

Berlin, to Eberswalde, district town and location of the University for Sustainable Development

Eberswalde (HNEE). This transect was chosen to understand the historical development of a typical

cultural landscape of Central Europe. To observe the modification from a closed (semi-)natural

beech forest to an open (industrial) agriculturally shaped landscape, we analysed three plots along

the transect. Each plot (respectively close to the towns of Bernau, Biesenthal and Eberswalde) was

representative for a distinct level of human influence on the environment. Hence, the (historical and

present) degree of human impact due to urbanisation and land use change was reconstructed along

the transect. The Barnim served therefore as a good example, because of its historico-cultural

development and geo-ecological diversity. The region is formed by human activities since the

Neolithic period, in particular strongly moulded since the Middle Ages (e.g. Klemm et al., 1998)

(see Figure 1).

The research area, indicated by the transect, is situated at the same time in the Naturpark Barnim,

which is comparable to a IUCN-category-V protected area. The Barnim itself is a plateau, shaped

by the Weichselian glaciation of the last ice age and nowadays characterised by different

ecosystems, especially forests (≈57%), but also farmland (≈15%), grassland and meadows (≈15%),

wetlands and water bodies (≈3%) (Haack et al., 2009).

3

An EDA is a methodology to characterise and describe a landscape and landscape patterns in a

comprehensive way. It includes the evaluation of land use change (time scale) as well as

observations on different spatial scales. Both, a landscape scale perspective and a close-up view, of

e.g. plant communities, was used in the present study. The EDA was developed by Ibisch&Hobson

(2014) in the context of the MARISCO method and contains elements of landscape character

assessments and environmental impact assessments. The main goals of this analysis are:

• provision of a landscape character description in and around a (potential) management

sites

• specification of landscape patterns and delimitations for further analysis and

management

• provisional evaluation of (existing and potential) risks and threats to the conservation

interests of the project site (Ibisch & Hobson, 2014)

The main focus in the present report lies on the the first and the second aspect. The objectives of a

landscape character assessment are defined in a somehow similar manner, whilst in this context five

key principles of landscape assessments are added, which we tried to adhere:

• “Landscape is everywhere and all landscape and seascape has character;

• Landscape occurs at all scales and the process of Landscape Character Assessment can be

undertaken at any scale;

• The process of Landscape Character Assessment should involve an understanding of how

the landscape is perceived and experienced by people;

• A Landscape Character Assessment can provide a landscape evidence base to inform a range

of decisions and applications;

• A Landscape Character Assessment can provide an integrating spatial framework–a

multitude of variables come together to give us our distinctive landscapes. ” (Tudor, 2014)

The EDA was realised in consideration of the structure by Ibisch & Hobson (2014), including

scoping of the project site (step 1), a desktop study (step 2), a field survey (step 3) and (the present)

final analysis of the findings (step 4). Due to organisational reasons, we had to conduct the ground

truthing of the field survey before we did the first steps. This was, besides knowledge gaps and time

restraints in the field, an important obstacle which has to be taken into account. Nevertheless, we

were able to use the observations in the field, like: vegetation, geomorphology, hydrology, land use,

influence of settlements and agriculture, etc. as indicators and compared them later on with the

outcomes of the desktop study. As the landscape definition of the European Landscape Convention

4

implies1, natural as well as human factors were considered in the analysis.

The collected data was thereupon used in the desktop study. Here we utilised the Modular Analysis

of Vegetation Information System (MAVIS) to specify our statements, extrapolate the plant

monitoring results and give evidence for certain abiotic conditions. MAVIS is a computer program

that uses vegetation data and the combination of different classification systems2 to give evidence

for specific environmental circumstances, such as Ellenberg scores for light, fertility, wetness and

pH or the differentiation between ecological strategies of competitors, stress-tolerates or ruderal

plant species. Furthermore, we used satellite imagery and historical maps to scope the area and

retrace urban development from a large scale perspective.

1 Landscape is : “an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of

natural and / or human factors.” (ELC, 200 0)2 Ellenberg scores, Preston and Hill´s classification, Grime´s triangular CSR model, Countryside Vegetation System

(CVS), National Vegetation System (NVC)

5

Figure 7: Pollutants including waste materials and shopping bags in the creek (Waseem 2016)

The major source of pollution is storm water and sewage overflows. There were a lot of allotments

close to the river; they often do not have a sufficient waste water treatment nor sewer system. This

pollution consists of:

• Nutrients from fertilizers and detergents

• Feces from animals

• Oils, grease and heavy metals from motor vehicles

• Pesticides and herbicides

• Litter

• Construction sites (sediment causing high levels of turbidity and suspended solids, and

smothering aquatic habitat)

• Leaks, cracks and breakages in the sewerage system

• Spills from mobile sources such as motor vehicles (oils and grease, heavy metals, toxic

chemicals, etc)

To provide a characteristic ecological diagnostic analysis of the landscape in Bernau, we took the

area including agricultural and residential land. The study site lies between DMS 52°40'6.1"–

52°40'46.9"N and 13°36'20.5"–13°35'2.3"E, 67m high from sea level and covers 511.88 ha. We di-

vided the observed site into four main types:

9

We have seen abundance of Lolium perenne and Agrostis stolonifera. They are considered as a high-

quality forage widely used in temperate regions to meet the shortage of forage during the winter.

They grow in moist, slightly acidic to neutral conditions (pH of 6.0 to 7.0), medium fertile soils

with sunny days.

The community in the observed site is associated with poorly drained permanent pastures, and more

often associated with periodic inundation and poor drainage. There is a presence of Carex spp. be-

cause it grows in usually lime-poor, nutrient-poor to moderate nutrient-rich soils with pH values

from 4.8 to 6.4, but preferably in acidic peat. Over time if periodic inundation and poor drainage

was not already happening, the Lolium perenne would retreat leaving a combination of Deschamp-

sia cespitosa, Holcus lenatus and Agrostis stolonifera.

The data shows that relatively low fertility might indicate the creek is moving fast enough to

carry nutrients through the system. It would also indicate that flooding is infrequent and that much

of the continued hydration of the flood plain is from close-to-surface ground water.

Short Summary

In our observed site there were clear evidence of how humans have affected ecosystems in a num-

ber of ways, both directly and indirectly. There is high physical, chemical and biological impact on

creek and floodplain. High rate of urban runoff/storm flow entering the creek is carrying all kinds of

chemicals and pollutants with it (e.g., motor oil, pet waste, lawn fertilizers, and even sewer

leakage). Overall, the landscape and vegetation patterns present today are very different and dis-

turbed from their pre-settlement conditions. The major activities responsible for these changes are

land-use practices in Bernau such as land clearing, urbanization, cropping, grazing and converting

grasslands and floodplains into agricultural land.

12

Figure 9: Map of Biesenthal (1846)

Figure 10: Map of Biesenthal (2016)

3. Biesenthal- Sydower Fliess

Biesenthal is a community located about 31 km northeast of Berlin (centre), state of Brandenburg in

Germany. The first documented name of Biesenthal was Bizdal from the year 1258. This EDA is

conducted on Biesenthal, specifically Sydower Fliess and 1 km around Sydower Fliess.

Cultural/Social Factors:

Settlement patterns

Land ownership in Biesenthal is both private and government issued. Settlement is mostly nucleated

in the town of Biesenthal but moving towards Sydower Fliees shows some dispersed settlements.

Landscape:

Ecosystem Modifications

At the end of the seventeenth century, there were

almost 64 inhabitants in Biesenthal Barnim. In the year

1846, Biesenthal had a population of approximately

2315 (Hermann et al, 1863).

The map of 1846 shows a rather unexplored area of

Biesenthal. This is evident by the proximity of the

railway track to the city which clearly shows an

unoccupied area.

As of December 2015, Biesenthal had a population of 5700 (Urban, 2015). This shows a population

increase of 3385 which is 246%.

This is evident by the difference in maps

between 1846 and 2016. The railway still

exist in both maps; however, Biesenthal

has expanded over time, with the city

developing and beyond the railway.

13

Ecosystem Modifications – Google earth observation

Evidence from Google Earth imagery show that Sydower Fliess has not transformed much in terms

of vegetation change and industrialization between 2002 and 2015. However, a kilometer around

Sydower Fliess shows that vegetation and landscape have changed as deforestation has occurred.

The number of buildings have also increased within the last thirteen years.

Topography

Topographical deduction depicts a rather flattened terrain with minimal elevations which is ideal for

farming. Segments of creeks in this area flow through gorges with slopes from the Sydower Fließ.

The topography of Biesenthal influences its soil-

forming factors as well such as climatic and

meteorological characteristics, which affect the

hydrological and temperature regimes of soils; these

are the prerequisites of the gravity-driven lateral

overland and intrasoil transport of water and other

substances as well as the spatial distribution of the

vegetation cover.

14

Figure 12: Biesenthal and Sydower Fliess 2015, Figure 11: Biesenthal and Sydower Fliess 2002,

source: google earth

Figure13: Topography map, source: google earth

Geomorphology of Biesenthal

This EDA infers knowledge from regional paleohydrology and geomorphology as it is essential for

understanding current environmental issues such as the causes of recent hydrologic changes,

impacts of land use strategies and effectiveness of wetland restoration measures. This

geomorphological assessment includes an overview of palaehydrologic finding of the last 20,000

years for northeast Germany with its glacial landscapes of different ages, focusing on Biesenthal.

In general, until the late 12th to early 13th century AD landscape hydrology in northeast Germany

was dominantly driven by climatic, geomorphic, and non-anthropogenic biotic (e.g. beaver activity)

factors. However, land-cover changes which include construction of a multitude of mill dams has

drastically changed the Medieval hydrology in the region.

In the period 18th to the first half of the 20th centuries AD most of the peatlands were transformed

by hydromelioration into extensive grasslands. The peatlands were nearly totally transformed into

intensive grassland and arable land by complex melioration measures and only 2 % of the original

mires remained in a near-natural status. For the time-span between the 12th and 14th centuries AD,

dated sequences from peatlands typically show a sudden change from highly to weakly decomposed

peats and melting of stagnant ice, which also strongly changed the river gradient, the discharge

process and the local groundwater level (Kaiser, 2012).

Land use

We could identify some form of agroforestry in the land use 1 km around Sydower Fliess. Legumes

were identified as being cultivated with trees as borders to create more diverse, productive,

profitable, healthy, and sustainable land use systems. We also identified the integration of poultry on

some residences close to this area.

15

Photo: Agbenowu 2016 Photo: Agbenowu 2016Photo: Agbenowu 2016

Hydrology

Water flows from a stream from the Sydower Fließ. A buffer of trees

beech (Fagus sylvatica), birch (Betula spp.), pine (Pinus sylvatica) and

most frequently willow (Salix spp.) and alder (Alnus glutinosa) are on

the left side of the creek. This is essential as they from a riparian buffer

strip along the stream and an interface between the land and the creek.

The riparian buffer strip is an important natural biofilter, protecting

aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted surface runoff and erosion. It can be

observed that a farmland exists adjacent to this creek. The nutrient runoff from the field is absorbed

by the roots of the riparian trees which decreases contamination and eutrophication in the stream.

The quality of the water shows a no algae bloom, odour or discolouration. Upon basic analysis later

at the laboratory, it has been deduced that the quality of the water is a dish rectangle pH of 7.932

and shell square pH of 7.423.

Soils

Upon basic soil analysis at the lab, it was inferred that the soil has a pH of 5.8. Grain ( gS (big

particles) = 2.93% , mS (mid-sized particles) = 48.47 % , fS (fine particles= = 43.05 % , U + T =

5.55% ). MSFS = average sandy fine sand. Ignition loss = 7.42 , C = 4.3%

Most garden vegetables, grasses, and ornamental plants do best in a slightly acidic soil with a pH

between 5.8 and 6.8. Within this range, roots can absorb and process available nutrients. The soil

characteristics deduce a category likely be in grade 1-3a of the Agricultural Land Classification and

hence considered as best and most versatile land, and enjoy significant protection from development

(Ministries of Agriculture, 1988).

16

Photo: Agbenowu 2016

Land Cover/Flora

Site-Biesenthal Barnim

Flora Species

Species Possible Human Footprint in Sydower Fliess (Biesenthal Barnim)

Plantago major

• Easily distributed and maintained by anthropogenic activities,

particularly soil disturbance and compaction (Evidence of

tractor trails)

• It is tolerant of high nutrient conditions and is found in

agriculturally improved grasslands

Rumex

obtusifolia

• Considered as a noxious plant

• Might have been introduced into Biesenthal knowingly or

unknowingly but spread due to high competitiveness

• Typically found in places with high waste conten

Urtica dioica L.

• Eutrophication-Sewage from buildings runs into ditches

causing algae blooms and providing phosphate and nitrogen

• Nutrient supplements and chemicals from adjacent agricultural

runoff into creek and environs increasing urtica dioica due to

tracking of nitrogen

Galium aparine.

• Found in places which have waste disposal

• Considered as a noxious weed. Might have been

introduced into the Biesenthal creek by ignorance,

mismanagement, or accident or might be a native weed

• serves as an indicator for nitrogen, phosphorus and loams

Galeopsis tetrahit

Typical habitat is rough ground, arable land, logging clearances

and waste places. It spreads readily as its sharp calyces adhere

to clothing and animal pelts

Cardamine

hirsute

Commonly found in damp, recently disturbed soil, open ground,

turf and waste places.

18

4. Eberswalde

The town Eberswalde is the district town of Barnim and lies in Brandenburg, approximately 50-km

northeast of Berlin (Bülow 2016). Discovery in 1913 of a gold hoard dating from about the 11th to

the 10th century BC provide evidence of human habitation in this area from the early Bronze Age

(Encyclopedia Brittanica).

This EDA is conducted on a semi natural European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest, adjacent to the

area of the Zoological Garden in Eberswalde, from Am Wasserfall to Schwappachweg. Dominant

herbaceous plants and grasses are Anemone nemorosa (55%), Oxalis acetosella (30%), Urtica

dioica (3%) and Carex sylvatica(12%). These percentages are assumed from the evidence of

personal observation and photos taken during the ground truthing process. Marked areas in the

maps below show the regions in which this site analysis was made.

The administrative unit of Eberswalde is a result of the merging of the towns Eberswalde and Finow

with the villages Sommerfelde, Tornow and Spechthausen. Because of the topography, structural

transformations of the past 20 years and multiple population centers of varying sizes, Eberswalde

has evolved into a polycentric city.

The main center is in the east, the old town of Eberswalde, with its affiliated urban expansion, the

railway road and the Schick Lerschen suburb. Most of the administrative, infrastructural and

cultural activities of the city are situated in this location. The second center is located in the west, in

the district Finow. Other settlement areas are located between these places (City Council of

Eberswalde 2014).

The number of inhabitants of Eberswalde has decreased continuously, until a few years ago when

the population began to slightly increase. The city has an empty-standing rate of 11%, which is

19

Figure 14: Eberswalde; marked area is the analysis plot; source: google earth;

approximately 2,500 living units. Currently the city has about 42,000 inhabitants (Stadtverwaltung

Eberswalde2016). According to a municipal monitoring held in 2011, the city has 23,500 residential

buildings; 50 % of them are family houses and 80 % are apartment buildings (City Council of

Eberswalde 2014). The city encompasses part of a semi-natural Beech forest and a botanical garden.

Except for some expansions of the city, landscape patterns have not changed significant over the

years, as one can see in the following maps. Even though land use methods changed and forest area

went through different development phases due to war and changes in political establishment.

20

Figure 15: Eberswalde in 1884 and in 1911; source: Landkarten Archiv

Figure 16: Eberswalde in 2001 and 2016; source: google earth

Modular Analysis of Vegetation-MAVIS:

To analyze data collected during the field survey we use MAVIS and CSR programs. The results are

followings:

Report dated Wed Aug 24 08:27:20 2016

Plot 0: Eberswalde _Semi Natural_Forest

CVS: class 39

ELL: Light 4.6; Wetness 5.9; pH 4.9; Fertility 4.2

CSR: 1 species with no data: Urtica dioica

CSR: C: 1.88 S: 3.56 R: 2.44

BIO: Eurosiberian Boreo-temperate 25%

BIO: Eurasian Boreo-temperate 25%

BIO: Eurosiberian Temperate 25%

BIO: Eurasian Temperate 25%

class 39 (Eutrophic streamsides/woodlands)

Competitor-Stress-Ruderal (CSR) Characterisation:

During the ground truthing process we observed Anemone nemorosa as a dominant forest floor

cover plant species. This plant species is an indicator of an old growth forest; it also indicates that

the forest is not a pure plantation. The tree species composition (dominantly Fagus sylvatica, some

Quercus robur and Pinus sylestris) is actually a result of changes induced by forestry but due to the

dominance of Fagus sylvatica still in (semi)-natural conditions. An important observed herbeacous

21

species was Oxalis acetosella, which is a moist, dank forest indicator. This species is highly stress-

tolerant and can tolerate one percent of light access. The presence of Oxalis acetosella indicates that

Beech trees have been in this region for thousands of years, because it takes at least a thousand

years to form the right soil and environmental condition which allow Oxalis acetosella to thrive.

Both Oxalis acetosella and Anemone nemorosa help us to draw a conclusion, our field survey area

is an ancient forest which has been changed. One characteristic of Oxalis acetosella is that it is very

intolerant of soil disturbances, both chemical and physical. Because this species has been in the area

for so long, one can deduce that there has been relatively little soil disturbances in the region for an

extended period of time. This species also tends to drain the soil of nutrients; as their presence is

long-standing, one can assume that the soils in this area are predominantly nutrient-poor. Most of

the circulation of nutrients is therefore undertaken by mycorrhiza, a symbiotic relationship with

fungus; this is evidenced by the absence of root hairs on many plants (Hobson 2016).

We observed a large amount of dead wood laying on the forest floor, which is an indicator of a

diverse forest. Because deadwood provides valuable habitats for lichens, bryophytes, fungi,

invertebrates, small vertebrates, birds, and mammals in general it has been assumed that around

25% of species occurring in forests are dependent on decaying wood (Schuck 2004). We also

observed a beaver dam, which can induce an abundance of submerged and emergent vegetation as

well as a significant reduction of some specific tree species alongside the water source (Haemig

2012). The Urtica dioica near the settlement indicates that the soil is high in phosphate and

nitrogen, which allows Urtica dioica to dominate this part of the forest floor.

22

5. Conclusion

Although the three sites chosen for this study have very similar topographical, geological and

biogeographic histories, they differ strongly in their species composition, water and soil quality, and

stress resistance abilities. All three plots have been carved by the same glaciers, resulting in similar

soil structures and natural biodiversity; however, due to varying levels of human activity, these sites

look very different today.

Significant issues in Bernau, the most heavily influenced by human activity of all three sites,

include high rates of urban runoff into the hydrological system in the form of chemicals and

pollutants from cars, pet waste, fertilizers, sewer leakages, etc. which damage the soil quality and

increase acidity (thereby negatively affecting native plant species). Because of urbanization, the

clearance of natural vegetation, grazing, and the conversion of grasslands and floodplains to

agricultural lands, this open landscape is left highly vulnerable to disturbance.

Biesenthal has experienced less, though still very high levels of, human activity. The region has

undergone severe deforestation and hydrological disturbance (mostly in the form of drainage),

which has resulted in the conversion of natural peatlands into grasslands. Deforestation again leaves

the landscape open and susceptible to erosion and soil degradation, which is exacerbated by the use

of fertilizers in this now very agricultural region. However, soil quality is still better than that of

Bernau, and less acidic. Nutrient runoff due to farming practices is prevalent. However, the use of

biofilters, such as trees near streams, lessens the negative effects of these practices.

The site around Eberswalde illustrates the region with the least amount of human disturbance and

the most stress resistant ecosystem. The presence of long-standing beech trees and deadwood in this

more closed landscape showcase a semi-natural ecosystem, with more native species, biodiversity

and undisturbed hydrological and soil systems.

Given these findings one must consider the study's limitations. The researchers had limited

scientific training before conducting the study; the results thus reflect this knowledge gap. Another

limitation is the timeframe in which the ground truthing took place. There was only one day in

23

which to observe and take notes for all three locations. One last limitation was the inability to meet

and discuss the results together as the researches live in different locations, perhaps damaging the

cohesion and/or consistency that one can expect from an ecosystem diagnostic analysis.

Because most of the major issues in all three sites were related to human activity that disturbed

natural processes, one recommendation is to model human systems after ecological systems. By

incorporating natural hydrological cycles into human activities, river and stream systems can be less

disturbed. For example, finding ways of maintaining water tables consistent with those common

before increased human activity altered them could improve the stress resistance of hydrological

cycles and the overall ecosystem. Building more dams or drainage systems would only further

disturb natural hydrological cycles as well as local flora and fauna; we recommend dismantling

existing dams, where it is possible, in order to restore the rivers in the area. Another tactic

mentioned was the use of biofilters such as trees as a buffer between agricultural activities and

waterways, which is helpful in protecting them from runoff. One last recommendation is an

increased regulation of invasive species, focusing on those which pose a risk to biodiversity(such as

Fallopia japonica).

Although the study has its limitations, we have observed and documented in detail a "snapshot" of

three very different locations sharing a common history. They have undergone varying degrees of

human activity, and one can conclude that modelling human systems, e.g. agriculture, after natural

system would be beneficial both in restoring habitat function as well as promoting stress resistant

ecosystems.

24

6. Literature

Bernau Bei Berlin, online: http://www.bernau-b-berlin.de/bernaug1.htm [accessed 08.2016].

Bülow, H. (2016). The geographic location of the Electric Trolleybus Town Eberswalde, online:

http://www.obus-ew.de/e1.htm [accessed 18.08.2016].

City Council Eberswalde. (24. April 2014) Strategie Eberswalde 2030, Eberswalde, Germany: City

Council Eberswalde.

DE Statis. online: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Startseite.html [accessed 08.2016].

Deutsche Fotothek. Meßtischblatt 1766: Bernau, 1911. online:

http://www.deutschefotothek.de/documents/obj/71053331 [accessed 08.2016].

ELC, European Landscape Convention, 2000. Council of Europe, Florence, online: http://www.-

coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/0900001680080621 [accessed 02.08.2016]

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2015). Eberswalde-Finow, Neustadt Eberswalde, online:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Eberswalde [accessed 18.08.2016].

Gengler, H. G. Regesten and certifications of Legal and Constitutional History of the German cities

in the Middle Ages , Erlangen 1863 S. 223-224.

Haack, S., Gebauer D., Haas, A., 2009. Pflege- und Entwicklungsplan für den Naturpark Barnim

(Kurzfassung), Eberslwalde, online:

http://www.lugv.brandenburg.de/cms/media.php/lbm1.a.3310.de/pep_barnim.pdf [accessed

01.08.2016]

Haemig, P. D. (2012) Ecology of the Beaver, online: at:http://www.ecology.info/beaver-

ecology.htm [accessed: 24.08. 2016 ].

25

Hawksworth, D. L.; Bull, Alan T. (2008). Biodiversity and Conservation in Europe. Springer. page

3390.

Hobson, P. (2016). Personal interview.

Ibisch, P. L. & P. R. Hobson (eds.) 2014. MARISCO. Adaptive MAnagement of vulnerability and

RISk at COnservation sites. A guidebook for risk-robust, adaptive and ecosystem-based conserva-

tion of biodiversity. Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management, Eberswalde

Johann, F. and Riedel A. (1856). Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part,

XI. Band, continuing the slow Brandenburg certificates. Spandau. Page 371.

Kaiser, K. and others. (2012). Late Quaternary evolution of rivers, lakes and peatlands in northeast

Germany reflecting past climatic and human impact – an overview. E&G Quaternary Science

Journal Volume 61, Number 2 pages 103–132.

Klemm, V., Darkow, G., Bork, H.-R. (eds.) 1998. Geschichte der Landwirtschaft in Brandenburg,

Verlag Mezögazda, Budapest

LANDKARTEENARCHIV DE, (2016): Karte des Deutschen Reichs 1:100.000 (244) Eberswalde

[1911].

Lee, G. F., and Jones-Lee, (2005). A. Urban Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Issues. Water Encyc-

lopedia: Surface and Agricultural Water, Wiley, Hoboken, pages 432-437.

Li (1996). Land-use and Land Cover Change: International Geosphere-Biosphere Program. Science

Research Plan, Stockholm.

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Agricultural Land Classification of England and Wales,

Revised guidelines and criteria for grading the quality of agricultural land, October 1988.

Oberlack, H. G. (2015). Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg: 'Historische

Germeindeverzeichnisse' and 'Bevölkerung der Gemeinden im Land Brandenburg.'

26

Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. (2010). Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecolo-

gical diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land. pages 544–547.

Schuck, A.; Meyer, P.; Menke, N.; Lier, M. & Lindner, M. (2004). Forest biodiversity indicator:

dead wood - a proposed approach towards operationalising the MCPFE indicator. EFI-Proceedings,

Vol. 51, pp. 49-77.

Stadtverwaltung Eberswald. (2016). Eberswalde - a Town Between Forests and Water,

online: https://eberswalde.de/Aktuell.1885+M5d637b1e38d.0.html [accessed: 22.08.2016].

Tudor, C., 2014. An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment, Natural England, online:

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396192/landscape-

character-assessment.pdf [accessed 02.08.2016]

27