Earland's Animal Review - Bio 11
Transcript of Earland's Animal Review - Bio 11
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Phylogenetic Tree General Trends and Groupings Defining Characteristics of Each
Phylum Major Classes within each Phylum Examples or species from each
Phylum/Class
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Cellular – Porifera
Tissues – Cnidaria
Organs- all others
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None – Porifera
Radial – Cnidaria
Bilateral – All others
› Pentamerous Radial Symmetry – Echinoderm Adults only
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None – Porifera
Diploblastic – Cnidaria endoderm & Ectoderm with mesoglea between
Triploblastic – All others Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
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•Endoderm - digestion and respiration structures
•Mesoderm - muscles, bones, blood, skin, and reproductive organs
•Ectoderm - skin, brain, and nervous system
Diploblastic Acoelomate – Cnidaria
Triploblastic Acoelomates – Platyhelminthes
Pseudocelomate – Nematoda
Coelomates – Annedlida and everything above
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DigestiveDigestiveCavityCavity
DigestiveDigestiveLiningLining
SolidSolidTissueTissue
Body WallBody Wall
No cavity between body No cavity between body wall & digestive tractwall & digestive tract
CnidariaCnidaria
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Digestive CavityDigestive Cavity
Digestive TractDigestive Tract
PseudocoelomPseudocoelom
Body WallBody Wall
Body cavity partially lined Body cavity partially lined with mesodermwith mesoderm
Partial LiningPartial Lining
NematodaNematoda
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Digestive CavityDigestive Cavity
Digestive TractDigestive Tract
CoelomCoelom
Body WallBody Wall
Body cavity completely Body cavity completely lined with mesodermlined with mesoderm
Complete LiningComplete Lining
AnnelidaAnnelida
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Bilateral animals can be divided into two main groups based on embryological development
Protostomes› Body cavity forms within a space
between the body wall and the digestive cavity
› e.g. nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids, mollusks
Deuterostomes› Body cavity forms as an outgrowth of the
digestive cavity› e.g. echinoderms, chordatesEarland 12
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Protostome
•Coelom forms from the solid masses in the embryo•blastopore becomes the mouth
• spiral / determinate cleavage
• mosaic development
(Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca,)
Deuterostome
• Coelom forms from a portion of the digestive tube•blastopore becomes the anus
• radial / indeterminate cleavage
• regulative development
(Echinodermata, Chordata)
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blastopore archenteron(primitive gut)
Future anus
mouth
Blastopore becomes the mouth and the anus forms secondarily
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blastopore archenteron(primitive gut)
Future mouth
anus
Blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms secondarily
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2 cells 4 cells 8 cells
Blastomeres divide at an oblique angle to one another, so that each lies in the furrow created by the cells beneath them
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2 cells 4 cells 8 cells
Blastomeres divide in a symmetrical fashion, producing layers of cells directly on top of one another
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4-cell stage
One blastomere is removed
Development is arrested (or is defective)
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4-cell stage
One blastomere is removed
Development continues
each blastomere is capable of regulating its development even when separated from the others
Development continues
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Porifera
Porifera
No trueNo truetissuestissues
TrueTruetissuestissues
2 tissue2 tissuelayers; radiallayers; radialsymmetrysymmetry
Ctenophora
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Cnidaria
3 tissue3 tissuelayers; bilaterallayers; bilateralsymmetrysymmetry
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes
No bodyNo bodycavitycavity Body cavityBody cavity
PseudocoelPseudocoel
Nematoda
Nematoda
Rotifera
Rotifera
CoelomCoelom
ProtostomeProtostomedevelopmentdevelopment
Annelida
Annelida
Mollusca
Mollusca
Insecta
Insecta
DeuterostomeDeuterostomedevelopmentdevelopment
Mammalia
Mammalia
Echino-
Echino-
dermata
dermata
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Simplest Animal Adults are sessile- can’t move on their
own Lack true tissues and organs, most are
unspecialized – Cell Level of Organization
Incomplete digestive system No Symmetry
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Outer layer protects the interior and has many holes through which water can enter the sponge
Inner layer are lined with collar cells, which have flagella
Amoebocytes wander through the jelly-like material and pick up food from the collar cells for digestions, transport oxygen, dispose of waste and can change into other cells for support
Have special chemical defenses to protect from predators, disease organisms, humans use these chemicals
Related closely to protists and are the earliest animals.
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› Tissue Level of Organization - Cells organized into distinct tissues
› Rudimentary nerve network and contractile tissue
› No true organs
› Incomplete Digestive System - One digestive opening
› Reproduce sexually and asexually
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Radial symmetry, most do not have a head and are sessile
Tentacles with stinging cells called cnidocytes
Has poisonous barbs called nematocysts, that fire when touched, once prey has been captured, the tentacles move it to the gastovascular cavity
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Polyp-cylindrical body with tentacles radiating from one end, sessile
Medusa- umbrella shaped form with fringed tentacles on the lower edge, move freely
Some cnidarians exist in both forms and some one or the other
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Hydrozoa- hydras, some corals, Portuguese man-o-war
Scyphozoa-jellyfish Anthozoa- sea anemones and most
corals
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The flatworms› Development of bilateral symmetry› Ability to move forward using aggregations of
nerve cells, ganglia› True organs begin to evolve› Most are hermaphroditic (can self-fertilize)› Many are free living—planarians› Some are parasitic—tapeworm and fluke› Triploblastic-ectoderm-outside, mesoderm-
middle, endoderm-inside› Incomplete digestive system-1 way in/out› Acoelomate-no body cavity
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(a) Digestive System(a) Digestive System
Gastrovascular CavityGastrovascular Cavity
PharynxPharynxPharynxPharynx
(b1) Excretory System(b1) Excretory System
Excretory CanalExcretory CanalExcretory CanalExcretory Canal
Excretory PoreExcretory PoreExcretory PoreExcretory Pore
(b2) Nervous System(b2) Nervous SystemNerve CordNerve CordNerve CordNerve Cord
BrainBrainBrainBrain
Class Turbellaria-planarians, free-living, non-parasitic, live in moist environments
Class Trematoda-flukes, parasites that absorb nutrients from the body of a host harming it, may have more than 1 host
Class Cestoidea-tapeworms, parasitic, live inside 1 or more hosts, contain flat segments each with reproductive organs
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Roundworms-small, cylindrical worms with pointed heads and tapered tails
3 tissue layers Complete digestive tract with mouth and anus Digestion highly specialized Free-living and non-parasitic roundworms are the
most abundant but parasitic types are hookworm, pinworm, threadworm and trichinosis
Many are introduced through poorly cooked pork or walk barefoot in infected areas
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BilateralTriploblasticPseudocoelom
Advanced gastrovascular cavity› Tubular› Two openings
Advanced sensory "ganglionic brain" Lack circulatory and respiratory
systems Depend on diffusion for gas exchange Sexual reproduction Most are harmless - Some parasitic
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Segmented worms Closed circulatory system-when blood is
contained in vessels Bilateral symmetry Coelomate
› Class Polychaeta-sandworms, bristleworms› Class Oligochaeta-Earthworms› Class Hirudinea-leeches
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Repeating rings identical nerve ganglia
Excretory structures Advanced locomotion ability Hydrostatic Endoskeleton Sexual Repro. Some hermaphrodites Evolved many rudimentary organ
systems
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Muscular mass of tissue called a foot and a multifunctional structure called the mantle
Mantle-outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal, produces the shell in clams and snails
Gills are housed in the mantle cavity in aquatic species
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Bilateral Symmetry Coelomate Moist muscular body without a
skeleton Found in aquatic or moist terrestrial
habitats Have a calcium carbonate shell Complex, concentrated, ganglionic
brain Open circulatory system
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Foot – Mantle - Visceral Mass - Shell
Classes› Gastropoda—snails and sea slugs› Bivalvia— scallops, oysters,
mussels, & clams› Cephalopoda—octopuses, squid,
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Pentamerous radial symmetry - Lack body segments
Rough or spiny surface Dermal endoskeleton Water vascular system-network of fluid-filled
canals that branch into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, circulation and respiration
Many echinoderms can regenerate lost parts and even internal organs
External Reproduction with two sexes Larva are bilateral and go through indirect
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Class Echinoidea-sea urchins Class Asteroidea-sea stars Class Crinoidea- sea lilies Class Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers Class Concentricyloidea-sea daisies
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Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord Pharyngeal Slits Postanal Tail Segmented Muscles - Myotomes
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Phylum ChordataInvertebrates
VertebratesKeep Nerve Chord in all
Cephalochordata aquatic keep
gills Lancelets – all 5 char
UrochordataTunicates/Sea squirts – keep pharyngeal slits only
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