E4 -- Energy Efficient Energy Efficient Elevators and ... · E4 -- Energy Efficient Energy...
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ISR ISR -- University of CoimbraUniversity of Coimbra
E4E4E4 E4 -- Energy Efficient Energy Efficient Elevators and EscalatorsElevators and EscalatorsElevators and EscalatorsElevators and Escalators
C l P t ã J ã F L Ri t A ib l d Al idC l P t ã J ã F L Ri t A ib l d Al id
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Carlos Patrão, João Fong, Luc Rivet, Anibal de AlmeidaCarlos Patrão, João Fong, Luc Rivet, Anibal de [email protected]@isr.uc.pt
E4 E4 -- Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators
• The aim of this project is to characterize people conveyors (elevatorsp j p p y (and escalators) electricity consumption in the tertiary sector and inresidential buildings in the EU, and promote the efficient use ofelectricity in this type of loads through the application of the bestavailable technologies in the market.
• , The countries directly involved in the project are:
-Germany – Fraunhofer Institutey
-Italy – ENEA
-Poland - KAPE
- ISR – University of Coimbra Portugal,
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E4 E4 -- Energy Efficient Elevators and Escalators
• The European Lift Association (ELA) with agencies in most EUp ( ) gcountries also participates in the project, providing marketcharacterization and together with other partners allowing a largereplication potential in other countries;
• Project website
4 j twww.e4project.eu
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IntroductionIntroduction
• In the EU-25
-4,3 million elevators and 85 thousand escalators / moving walks.
-125 thousand new elevators and 5 thousand new escalators and
moving walks are installed each year.
• New technologies and best practices namely EE motors and drives,regeneration converters, better controllers (hardware & software),optimisation of counterweights, direct drives versus rope tractionelevators, cabin lighting, etc. can yield significant savings.
• Within a drive class the best performing elevators can use up to 80%less electricity than the least efficient ones.
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Electricity consumption breakdown Electricity consumption breakdown in tertiary sector buildings in the EUin tertiary sector buildings in the EUin tertiary sector buildings in the EUin tertiary sector buildings in the EU
Source ECSource EC--JRCJRC
• Electricity consumption in the tertiary sector in EU-25 by 2020 is foreseen to be 950TWh.Elevators and escalators now represent 4% of the total electricity consumption in the tertiarysector, with a trend for a significant increase of this share. Since potential savings of over50% ibl th i t f thi j t i th d ti f 20 25TWh t l ti i t th
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50% are possible, the impact of this project is the reduction of 20-25TWh, translating into thereduction of 9-11 Mtons of CO2 emissions.
E4 Project ObjectivesE4 Project Objectives
• Main objectives :• Main objectives :
– to contribute to the market transformation by improving theto contribute to the market transformation, by improving the awareness of best practice solutions to provide vertical mobility;
– to provide recommendations and guidelines to promote those practices;
– to promote the improvement of energy performance of elevators and escalators in the tertiary sector (hotels, hospitals, schools, shopping
t ffi b ildi t ) d i ltif il id ti l b ildicentres, office buildings, etc.) and in multifamily residential buildings.
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E4 Project Monitoring SurveysE4 Project Monitoring Surveys
Very limited field data on lifts and escalators. Monitoring surveys arey g ybeing carried out in the four main countries directly involved.
• In total, between the partners of the project, monitoring of over 60elevators and or escalators will be performedelevators and or escalators will be performed.
• This paper presents the preliminary results of the first 30 auditspreformed in Portugal by ISR-UC (7 hydraulic elevators, 19 tractionelevators and 4 escalators).
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Basic components of hydraulic Basic components of hydraulic elevatorselevatorselevatorselevators
• This type of elevator uses a hydraulic cylinder to move the car. An electric motordrives a pump which forces a fluid into the cylinder moving the car up. Whend di l t i l d th fl id i ll d t d i ( l l )descending, an electric valve opens and the fluid is allowed to drain (slowly)from the cylinder into the tank;
• Hydraulic elevators are available for lifts up to a rated speed of 1m/s The
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• Hydraulic elevators are available for lifts up to a rated speed of 1m/s. Themaximum travel distance for this type of elevators is around 18m.
Basic components of traction Basic components of traction elevatorselevatorselevatorselevators
• There are two main types of traction elevators: geared and gearless(direct drive);
• Geared elevators use a reduction gear between the motor and thesheave to reduce the speed of the cab, while gearless elevators the
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sheave is directly coupled to the motor.
Basic components of an escalatorBasic components of an escalator
• Escalators are moving steps design to transport people, over a short distance,between two landings. The escalator is supported by a truss which contains allth h i l t h th d i it b k d h ithe mechanical components, such as the drive unit, brakes and chain;
• Escalators typically travel at speeds of around 0,5 m/s – fast enough to providerapid displacement while not disregarding comfort and safety
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rapid displacement, while not disregarding comfort and safety.
Elevator Technologies SummaryElevator Technologies Summary
Type of elevator Typical applications Advantages Disadvantages
L i Slow high energyHydraulic Low rise
2-6 floors Low costSlow, high energy use, maintenance
issues
T ti Mid iLow cost for
li ti Speed energyTractionGeared
Mid rise3-25 floors
application Speed, energy consumption
Traction Low Mid rise Easy installationTractionMachine room-
less
Low-Mid rise2-10 floors
Easy installation, energy savings, Higher cost than
hydraulic option
TractionG l (di t High rise Energy savings Hi h t tGearless (direct
drive)High rise
over 25 floorsEnergy savings
High speed Highest cost
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Elevator market Elevator market
• Until 1998, hydraulic elevators were the most commonlyy yinstalled solution,
l t-low cost,
-securityy
-very easy installation.
In the 1990s hydraulic elevators sales in Europerepresented about 60% of total market share. In 1995, withp ,the appearance of the machine room-less traction elevatorthis tendency begun to decrease
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this tendency begun to decrease
Elevator market statisticsElevator market statistics
Country Existing elevators in operation (2005)
Estimated market (2005)
Source: ELASource: ELA--Elevator market Elevator market statisticsstatistics
operation (2005) (2005)
Austria 72.148 2.855Belgium 77.000 2.722CH (*) 164 220 6 791CH (*) 164.220 6.791Germany 631.000 11.450France 475.000 11.604Denmark 26.800 855Fi l d(*) 50 000 840Finland(*) 50.000 840Italy 790.000 17.900Luxemburg 7.500 500Norway 28.500 1.051
77 800Netherlands 77.800 3.373Portugal (*) 106.700 4.737Spain 680.873 27.322Sweden (*) 108.300 1.328Greece (*) 308.000 8.475Polland 70.000 2.000Czech Republic 77.500 1.314Hungary 32.950 1.000
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UK 240.000 9.499Total 4.189.191 115.616
Estimated market share by countryEstimated market share by countrySource: ELASource: ELA--Elevator market statisticsElevator market statistics
It l b i th t ith th hi h t b f i t ll d l t f ll d b
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Italy being the country with the highest number of installed elevators followed bySpain and Germany.
Barriers to Overcome by E4Barriers to Overcome by E4
- Lack of awareness of building owners, investors and managers
- Large transaction costs, which generally include costs of gathering, andapplying information on energy savings potentials and measures, as well as
t t ti t ith t ti l li lt t i t llcosts to negotiate with potential suppliers, consultants or installers;
- Lack of information about energy consumption patterns
- Split-incentives in building energy conservation, i.e. owners ofbuildings who do not pay the energy costs, are typically interested inlow first cost solutions;
- Lack of sufficient market structures and access to energy servicecompanies, energy consultancies, energy agencies, etc;
- High cost of advanced emerging technologies due to lack of
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g g g geconomies of scale in their production.
Policies and RegulationPolicies and Regulation
• In 2005, the European Commission issued the Directive 2005/32/EC on, pthe eco-design of Energy-using Products (EuP);
• The building sector is responsible for 40% of Europe's energy demandThe building sector is responsible for 40% of Europe s energy demandand presents a large potential for savings which is estimated at 28%,and which in turn can reduce the total EU final energy use by around11%. With the purpose of realizing this potential the EnergyPerformance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) was adopted;
• These directives do not yet cover people’s conveyors which representan estimated 4% of the energy consumption of buildings in the tertiarysector.
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Policies and RegulationPolicies and Regulation
• In Germany, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) is working on aguideline, VDI-Guideline 4707, “Lifts – Energy Efficiency”, which will be releasedin 2009;
• The guideline aims at the specification and representation of the energydemand and consumption of lift systems using harmonized criteria based on thedetermination of energy demand and consumption;determination of energy demand and consumption;
• An energy-efficiency certificate including a classification is emitted by themanufacturer following the rules set in the guidelines The energy class of themanufacturer, following the rules set in the guidelines. The energy class of theelevator is to be publicly affixed in the elevator, as a label, similar to otherelectrical products;
• The regulation is expected to further improve the penetration of energy efficienttechnologies in Germany. Similar regulation is currently being discussed on
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European and International standardization organizations.
Monitoring Methodology Monitoring Methodology
• All E4 project partners follow the same methodology when performing theirmeasurements in elevators or escalators. For this purpose a methodology forthe monitoring campaigns was developed, based on the following documents:
D ft I t ti l St d d ISO/DIS 25745 1 E P f f Lift– Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 25745-1 Energy Performance of Lifts and Escalators – Part 1: Energy Measurement and conformance, 2008;
– EN 60359:2002 Electrical and electronic measurement equipment -E i f th fExpression of the performance;
– Nipkow J. Elekrizitaetsverbrauch und Einspar-Potenziale bei Aufzuegen, Schlussbericht November 2005, Im Auftrag des Bundesamtes fuer Energie;
– Lindegger Urs, Energy estimation: Document for E4, ELA, VDI & ISO, 11 June 2008;
– Gharibaan Esfandiar, Load Factor for Escalators, EG (09/05/2008)., , ( )
• A detailed description of the methodology can be found in project’s website(www.e4project.eu).
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Lifts Monitored in PortugalLifts Monitored in PortugalggDescription Control
Type ofbuilding
Year of instalation
Velocity (m/s)
Nominal load (kg)
Motor nominal power (kW)
Nº of stores
A geared traction elevatorElectro‐mechanic
Residential 1982 0,6 300 3,3 3
B geared traction with VSD Electronic Residential 2000 1 430 5,5 9
C geared traction elevatorElectro‐
Residential 1988 1 450 6 4 13C geared traction elevatormechanic
Residential 1988 1 450 6,4 13
D geared traction elevator Electro‐mechanic
University 1997 1 630 11 9
Egeared traction elevator with
VSDElectronic Office 2005 1 385 5,5 3
Fgearless traction elevator with permanent magnet motor
with VSDElectronic
Shopping center
2006 1 1600 16 4
Ggeared traction elevator with
VSDElectronic Residential 2008 1 480 5,5 9
d t ti l t ithH
geared traction elevator with VSD
Electronic Industrial 2008 1 1000 9,2 2
Igearless traction elevator with
VSDElectronic Other 2009 1 630 4,4 3
J geared traction elevator Electro‐mechanic
Residential 2002 0,8 450 5,5 6mechanic
Kgearless traction elevator with permanent magnet motor
with VSDElectronic Hotel 2006 2,5 975 20 22
L geared traction with VSD Electronic Hotel 1985 1,6 750 22 23
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M geared traction elevator Electro‐mechanic
Hotel 1985 2 800 8,8 18
Lifts Monitored in PortugalLifts Monitored in Portugalgg
Y f V l it N i l M t i l Nº fDescription Control Type of building
Year of instalation
Velocity (m/s)
Nominal load (kg)
Motor nominal power (kW)
Nº of stores
N geared traction elevator Electro‐mechanic
Hotel 1985 1 450 8,8 5
O geared traction elevator Electronic Residential 2007 0 63 300 3 5 7O geared traction elevator Electronic Residential 2007 0,63 300 3,5 7
Pgeared traction elevator
with VSDElectronic Supermarket 2007 0,6 630 5,3 2
Q geared traction elevator Electro‐mechanic
University 1976 0,6 450 8,9 6
Rgeared traction elevator
with VSDElectronic Residential 2009 0,7 450 5,5 6
Sgeared traction elevator
with VSDElectronic Office 2008 0,97 375 5,9 6
T hydraulic elevator Electronic Hotel 2006 0 63 600 14 7 3T hydraulic elevator Electronic Hotel 2006 0,63 600 14,7 3
U hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2008 0,63 630 7,7 3
V hydraulic elevator Electronic Residential 2008 0,63 480 9,5 4
X hydraulic elevator Electronic Industrial 2008 0,6 570 11 2y
Y hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2005 0,63 640 14,7 5
Z hydraulic elevator Electronic Health clinic 2007 0,63 950 16 6
AA hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2008 0,6 630 9,5 3
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Escalators Monitored in PortugalEscalators Monitored in Portugalgg
Description Control Type of building Year of instalationVelocity (m/s)
Motor nominal power (kW)
Distance
A escalator with VSD Electronic Shopping center 2006 0,5 9 10 m
B escalator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 5,8 18 m
C escalator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 7,5 18m
D escalator without VSD
Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 7,5 18m
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Lifts (All)Lifts (All)Running VS StandByRunning VS StandByRunning VS StandByRunning VS StandBy
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Lifts Lifts -- One cycle energy consumptionOne cycle energy consumption
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Lifts Lifts -- Per floor energy consumptionPer floor energy consumption
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Traction lift typicalTraction lift typical cyclecycleDescription Control
Type of building
Year ofinstalation
Velocity (m/s)
Nominal load (kg)
Motor nominal power (kW)
Nº of stores
geared traction elevator Electronic University 1997 1 630 11 9geared traction elevator Electronic University 1997 1 630 11 9
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Hydraulic lift typicalHydraulic lift typical cyclecycleDescription Control
Type of building
Year of instalation
Velocity(m/s)
Nominal load (kg)
Motor nominal power (kW)
Nº of stores
h d li l El i Offi 2005 0 63 640 14 7 5hydraulic elevator Electronic Office 2005 0,63 640 14,7 5
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Escalators Escalators Running VS Standby (lower speed+off)Running VS Standby (lower speed+off)Running VS Standby (lower speed+off)Running VS Standby (lower speed+off)
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Escalators BEscalators BDescription Control
Type ofbuilding
Year ofinstalation
Velocity (m/s)
Motor nominal power (kW)
Distance
B escalator with VSD Electronic Supermarket 2006 0,5 5,8 18 mp , ,
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Monitoring ConclusionsMonitoring Conclusions• The measured consumption in standby mode in elevators represents from 4,2%
t 90 3% (257 t 6001kWh/ ) f th ll tito 90,3% (257 to 6001kWh/year) of the overall consumption.
• In escalators this percentage goes from 1,3% to 54,25% (112 to3017kWh/year);3017kWh/year);
• Most of the building owners contacted during the monitoring campaign were notfully aware of the technical achievable solutions for energy savings on elevatorfully aware of the technical achievable solutions for energy savings on elevatorinstallations and its impact on the overall energy costs of the building;
• Elevator associations and manufacturers should contribute to inform theElevator associations and manufacturers should contribute to inform themarket.
• When improving the energy efficiency of elevator and escalators twoWhen improving the energy efficiency of elevator and escalators twoapproaches are considered: conceptual and functional. This means that it is notsufficient to consider energy efficient components (e.g. motors and drives,
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lighting, power supplies, etc) at the design phase, but also to take into accountthe way they are integrated and used;