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Figures

F-1

Dry Zone

Anuradhapura Region

Irrigation, Agriculture,Marketing & Processing,Farmers Organization,

Government Support, Socio-Economic Candition, etc.

Improvement of Irrigation

Improvement ofAgriculture

Improvement of Marketing& Processing

Improvement ofFO

Capacity Development ofOfficials

Capacity Development ofFO

Plan to Increase theCapacity of Integrated

Management

Problem & Issues

Figure 1.5.1 Conceptual Flow of the Study on Increasing the Capacity of Integrated Management in Irrigation Sector

Problem Analysisby

Counterpart &Stakeholders

Improvement ofGovernment Services Study on Implementation

RajanganaMajor Scheme

NachchaduwaMajor Scheme

ThuruwilaMidium Scheme

Pilot AreaRajangana 1 Block

Nachchaduwa 1 BlockThruwila 1 Block

Mapping AreaRajangana 3 Block

Nachchaduwa 2 BlockThruwila 1 Block

Study AreaPresent Situation

Sector

Actor

F-2

Figure 2.2.1 Organization Structure of Irrigation Department

Figure 2.2.2 Organization Structure of Irrigation Management Division

Director-PD&SS

Snr.DD-PI&TR Snr.DD-RW Snr.DD-M&WS

National levelRegional level

PD&SS-Planning Design & special servicesRD&C -Regional development & ConstructionAM&WM-Assets Management & Water ManagementHR-Human ResourcesF -FinancePL&TR-Plan Implementation & TrainingI&WM-Irrigation & Water ManagementIMAC - Irrigation Management Cell

Irrigation Department

Snr.DD-I&WM

Director General of Irrigation

Functional Deputy Directors in Headquarter - Branches

Chief Irrigation Engineers, Irrigation Engineers, technucal staff

Functional Deputy Directors-Headquarter-Branches

Snr.DD-PD&SS

Director-AM&WMDirector-RD&C Director-HR

Regional DirectorIrrigation Training Institute

Chief Engineer

Irrigation Engineer

Technical Staff,Devlopment Asst

Technical Staff,IDO/Devlopment Asst

Director-F

Chief Irrigation Engineers,Irrigation Engineers,Tech.staff, DA

IMAC

National Additional DirectorLevel Institutional

Development

Accountant

Assistant DirectorAdministration

District,RangeLevel Resident Project Manager Class I - 20 Nos

Resident Project Manager ClassII - 15 NosInstitutional Development Officers - 44 Nos

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation &Mahaweli Development

Director, IMD

Deputy DirectorEducation &

Publicity

Deputy DirectorPlanning &

Progress Control

AdministrativeOfficerDevelopment

AssistantDevelopment

AssistantDevelopment

Assistant

MonitoringOfficers(02)

Resident ProjectManagers

InstitutionalDevelopment

Officers

AdditionalDirector

Agronomy

AdditionalDirector

Engineering

Deputy DirectorMonitoring,

Evaluation &Feedback

F-3

Figure 2.2.3 Organization Structure of Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka

Figure 2.2.4 Organization Structure of Department of Agrarian Development

AdministrationPMUFinance

national level

project, field level

Land Officers Engineering Assistants Agricultural AccountantsOfficers

Officers

Eng.Assistants

DRPM-Lands

DRPM-Tech.servicesnic

DRPM-Development

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation,and Mahaweli Development

Executive Director-Development

Director General

DRPM-Agriculture

InstitutionalDevelopment Officer

Land Officer AgriculturalOfficer

InstitunalDevelopment

Executive Director-Financial & Administration

Farmers Oreganization

Resedent Project Manager

Block Manager

IrrigationEngineer

Unit Manager

Field Assistant

DRPM-Fin.&Admin.

Directors

TransportSpecial Projects

DirectorsAgricultureHRDBusiness Development

DirectorsHeadworks

Executive Director-Technical Service

Environment

Commissioner General

AdditionalCommissioner General

Commissioner

- AC H.R.D - AC Training - Engineers - AC Legal - AC Marketing - Accountant- AC Establishment - AC Development

- AC Services

District Level DC: Deputy Commissioner AC: Assistant CommissionerH.R.D Human Resources DevelopmentARPA Agriculture Research and Production AssistantFO Farmers Organization

Technical Officers

Field Level

ARPAs * No Deputy Commissioners for some districts

Farmers' Organization

Deputy Commissioner*

Assistant Commissioner

Headquarter DivisionalOfficer(HDO)

(at District Office)

ASC Divisional Officers (DO)

H.R.D &EstablishmentDivision (DC)

InstitutionalDevelopment &

Training Division(DC)

IrrigationManagement Publicity& Planning Division

(DC)

Regional Engineer

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development

Department of Agrarian Development

Accounting Division(Chief

Accountant)/DC

ProductivityDevelopment &

Marketing Division(DC)

Legal Division(DC)

F-4

Figure 2.2.5 Organization Structure of Divisional Secretariat (Nachchaduwa)

Divisional Secretary

Assistant Divisional Secretary Accountant

Grama niladari/AdminSamurdi manager1Divisional manager1Samurdi developmentofficers32

Development Assistant 1Development coordinator 1Soil development officer 1Environmental office r1House officer/technical officer 1Youth service officer1Statistical officer1Colonization Officer 1Land officer 2

Grama niladari 19

Administrativeofficer

Chief Clerk FinancialAssistant

Clerks 6Typists 2Driver 1Office Assistant 3Security 2Sanitary labor 1

Cleark1Book keeper 1Shroff 1Computer dataoperator1

F-5

Figure 2.3.1 Organization Structure of Central Department of Agriculture

Figure 2.3.2 Organization structure of Provincial Department of Agriculture and Animal production & Health

Director Director Director Director Director Director DirectorsHORDI RRDI FCRDI SPM SCSPP SEPC Admin,Fin

Sr.Deputy DirectorEducation Communication

ExamsInservice Tr. Inst. Broadcasting, TVFarm Mechanization Tr. Inst. Ampara Schools Audio Visual CenterDistrict Training Centers Anuradhapura Kundasale Information CenterAg Enterprise Dev. Center Polonnaruwa Palwehera PressBee Keeping Dev. Center Hambantota AngunukolaExhibition Unit Moneragala AnuradhapuraHead Quarter Kandy Labuduwa

KarapinchaVavuniaWariyapolaBibile

Agric. Officers

AI

HORDI :Horticultural Research and Development InstituteRRDI :Rice Research and Development InstituteFCRDI :Field Crops Research and Development InstituteE&T :Extension and Training DivisionSPSPP :Seed Certification and Plant ProtectionSEPC :Socio-Economic Planning CenterSPM :Seed and Planting Material Division

Source: Central Department of Agriculture

Sr.Deputy DirectorExtension

DIRECTOR GENERAL

Sr.Deputy Director

DirectorE&T

Lecturers

Deputy DirectorsDeputy Directors

Segment

Interprovincial

SMOs

Deputy DirectorsDeputy Directors

Provincial Director Provincial Director ofof Agriculture Animal Production & Health

Deputy Provicial Director

Asstant Director of Agricuture Subject Matter Livestock Officer

Specialists VS Training & Extension

Dairy DevelopmentGoat DevelopmentPoultry/Pig Development

Subject Artificial InseminationMatter Officers Animal Health

Grass and FodderAssitant Director

of Segment

SubjectMatter Officers

AI LDI

Source: Provincial Department of Agriculture, Animal Production and Health, North Central Province

VS

Head OfficeLDI

Provincial Ministry ofAgriculture and Animal Production

District Vet

Divisional

Deputy ProvincialDirector

Deputy/AssistantDirrector: District Surgeon

Figure 3.2.1 Organizational Structure of RDI Anuradhapura Office

F-6

RDI (1)

CIE (1)(Construction) CIE (1) (IMAC) Accountant (1) AO (1) IE (1)

(Anuradhapura) IE (1) (Huruluwewa)

IE (1) (IMAC) IDO (1)

IE (1) (Padaviya) IE (1) (Rajangana)

EA (11) /DA (1) EA (3) /DA (1)

WS (10) WS (6)

EA (5) /DA (1)

WS (5)

EA (3) /DA (1)

WS (5)

SchemesMajor scheme: 9 nos. (8,647 ha)Medium schemes: 28 nos. (2,153 ha)



SchemesMajor scheme: 1 no. (5,521 ha)Medium schemes: 6 nos. (2,279 ha)

RDI AnuradhapuraOffice

Nachchaduwa: RPM (1) + IDO (1)Nuwarawewa: RPM (1) + IDO (1)Tissa wewa: RPM (1) + IDO (1)

IMD

Huruluwewa: RPM (1) + IDO (1)

Padaviya: RPM (1) + IDO (1)

Rajangana: RPM (1) + IDO (1)

IMAC Program

F-7

Insufficient M&E inirrigation

Malfunctioned facilities atmain level

Low participation offarmers in O&M and watermanagement

Unskilled staff

Insufficient awarenessabout importance ofirrigation water by farmers

Lack of communicationamong FO/field staff andAdministration

Lack of communicationmeasures

Poor sense of ownershipby farmers

Poor knowledge of farmerson O&M

Insufficient budgetprovision

Improper supply ofirrigation water

Deteriorated facilities atmain level

Deteriorated facilities at D-and F-canal level

Insufficient timely O&M forfacilities at main level by ID

Insufficient O&M forfacilities at D- and F- levelby FOs

Insufficient knowledge andskill of O&M in FOs

Unskilled staff

Lack of monitoring forquality control system

Encroachment of canalsand reservations

Lack of legal system

Inadequate M&Eprocedure

Insufficient fund

Delays in legal procedure

Malfunctioned facilities atD- and F-canal level

Poor qualities forrehabilitation works

Improper constructionsupervision

Improper water distributionat main level

No execution of dischargemeasurement

Insufficient skills of fieldstaff

No dischargemeasurement facilities

Improper water distributionat D- and F-canal level

No execution of dischargemeasurement

No dischargemeasurement facilities

Insufficient skills of FOJalapalaka

Poor monitoring Weak M&E system

Lack of interest

No farmers participation indesign and rehabilitation

Figure 3.2.2 Problem Tree for the Irrigation Sector

F-8

Low Farm Incomefrom Crop Production

Weak AgriculturalExtension

Poor Discimation ofTech. Inormation

Confusion AmongFarmers

Poor Field Adoptionof Technolgy

Uncordinated Effortby many Agencies

No IntegratedDeveloment Approach

Delay in Transfer ofNew Technologies

Weak Research -Extension Linkages

Inadequate trainingfor Extension Staff

Poor Mobilty ofExtension Staff

Insufficient FieldDemonstrations

Inadequate On-FarmResearch

High Cost ofProduction

Soil Infertility

Low 'Attam'Participation

High Cost ofProduction Inputs

High Cost ofLabour

High Cost ofAgro-chemicals

High Cost ofMachinery

Limited Adoption ofIPM System

Improper Useof Inputs

Low Productivityof Paddy

Limited Access toInstitutional Credit

Inadequate Capitalto Purchase Inputs

Insufficient Number ofSeed Farms

Inadequate Supply ofHigh quality Seed Paddy

Irrigation Problems

Crop Damage byAnimals

Non Application ofOrganic Fertilizer

Development ofSoil Salinity

Previous UnsettledBank Loans

Lack ofCo-laterals

Damage byStray Cattle

Damage byWild Animals

Lack ofSavings

Legal RestrictionsAgainst Perennials

UnstableYield

Limited CropDiversification

UnstableProcudt Price

Land Suitabilityfor Diversification

No market info. onperishables (veg.)

Lack ofSoil Mapping

Long & ComplecatedProcedures

Bank LocatedFar Away

Import/Export PolicyChanges on Grain Crop

Poor Field Adoptionof Technology

Figure 3.3.1 Problem Tree for the Agriculture Sector

F-9

Poor MarketAccess

Lack of pricestabilization

Unclear responsibilityof Gov. and FO

Lack of conducivetrade policy

Poor maintenanceof rural road

Poor marketinginfrastructure

Low farm gateprices

Poor collectiveactivities by FO

Lack of decentralizedbudget

No access road/bridge to the

Difficulty of sellingpaddy in time

Low bargainingpower of farmers

Seasonal decreaseof paddy price

Low paddy priceat farm gate

Low prices ofOFC/Vegetable/Fruits priceat farm gate

Low per capitaconsumption

Weak competitive powerof local products

Poor collectiveactivities of farmers

Lack of buyers(small market size)

Poor extension of GAP(Good Agriculture Practice)

Poor bargainingpower of farmers

Large importvolume

Poor quality ofproducts

Poor post-harvestknowledge/handling

No adequate purchasingcenter and storage

Poor qualitycontrol

Non-use of boxes (wood/plastic/carton)

Poor damage controlduring transportation

Lack of marketinginformation

Lack of marketinginformation facilities

Lack of extension/training

Lack of information disseminationsystem within society

Poor condition ofPola under rainfall

Poor bulkingactivities by farmers

Non availability oftransport for OFC

Complicated creditsystem for farmers

Insufficient supportsto private processors

Restriction onpaddy selling to Gov

Farmers' dependencyon cultivation loan

Poor exportpromotion/

Poor grading system,equipment

Insufficient food reserve/safety policy

Figure 3.5.1 Problem Tree for the Marketing Sector

F-19

Irrigation

Rehabilitation

Proper Maintenance

Agriculture

Better Production of Paddy

Expansion and BetterProduction of OFC, Vegetable,

Fruites & Others

Marketing & Processing

Strengthening of FO

Better Marketing & Processingof Paddy

Better Processing &Processing of OFC,

Vegetables, Fruites & Others

Participatory Approachthrough

Community Contract

Farmers Organization

Activate CultivationActivate

Marketing &Processing

On Farm Level at D-Canal and blow in Irrigation Block (Territory of Farmers' Organization)

Irrigation Facilities

Figure 4.1.1 Basic Approach to Improve Integrated Management

ManagementCapacity

of FO

ManagementCapacity

of Officials

Increaseof

Farm Income

Technical Input Supply Legal & Institutional Credit/ SubsidyOperational &Managerial

Monitoring & FeedingBack

Irrigation Department Irrigation ManagementDivision Department of Agriculture Department of Agrarian

Development

ProperOperational

&Water

Management

Local Government

Entry Point

F-20

Water Management

Facilities Function

Government side issue

Government side issue

Category Problem Cause

1. Function of Main Facilities

Unfunctional facilities Low quality ofconstruction

1.1 Physical condition

1.2 Government budget for O&M

Insufficient O&M by thegovernment

Shortage of governmentbudget

Shortage of budgetallocated to main

irrigation O&M by thegovernment

2. Function of D- and F-canal Facilities

2.1 Physical condition

2.2 Handing-over of systems to FOsUnsatisfactory handing-

over to FOs

Unfunctional facilities Poor maintenance byFOs

Deterioration byexcessive discharge

2.3 Government field staff

Insufficient M&E

Lack of number of staff

Insufficient capability ingovernment field staffFOs side issue

2.4 FOs' capability and attitude

Dependency attitude

Makeshift farm turnout Unpreparedness of D-and F-level facilities

3. Water management at main level

Discharge not measuredat the head of D-canals

Deteriorated measuringdevice

4. Water management at D- and F-canal level

4.1 Handing-over of systems to FOs

4.2 Government field staff

FOs side issue

4.3 FOs' capability and attitude

Figure 4.2.1 Capacity Development Approach for Irrigation Sector

Dependency attitude

Unsatisfactory handing-over result

Lack of communicationamong government field

staff and FOs

Rotational distributionnot practiced

Incapable FOs inmanaging facilities

Not measured dischargeat D- and F-level

Insufficient follow-up bythe government

Insufficient knowledge inwater management

among FOs

Lack of participation inrehabilitation by FOs

Insufficient trainingbefore handing-over toboth government staff

and FOs

Insufficient awarenessprogram to FOs before

handing-over

Lack of communicationmeasures

Approach

Capacity developmentthrough rehabilitation

works

Financial managementimprovement

Target Groups

Rehabilitation throughcommunity participation

Increasing the number ofstaff (to be attended by

the government )

Capacity developmenton M&E of D- and F-level facilities by the

government

Farm turnoutconstruction through

community participation

Measuring devicerehabilitation

Capacity development inwater management of

main system

Capacity developmenton the facilitation of

community participatorywater management

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

ID / IMDFOs

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

Development of M&Eguideline to support FOs'

water management

ID / IMD

ID / IMD

Capacity developmentfor community

participatory watermanagement

FOs / Communityorganization

Insufficient awarenessand capability of

government field staff

Increasing budget forirrigation (to be attended

by the government)

FOs / Communityorganizations

3.1 Water management decision-makingprocess Limited M&E by PMC in

water management

3.2 Gate operation

Top-down organization

Limited FOs' participation

PMC activities in M&Efor water management

ID / IMD and otherrelated agencies /

FOs

Activities (Projects) Implementor

Main facilities'rehabilitation, capacitydevelopment programfor government staff

through therehabilitation works

ID / IMD, other externalsupporting agencies

Review financialmanagement procedure,strengthening auditing

system


Participatory D- and F-canal level facilities

rehabilitation,Monitoring and

evaluation

ID / IMD, other externalsupporting agencies,

NGOs

Instruction and Advice toFOs in watermanagement


Rehabilitation ofmeasuring device,

capacity developmentfor government staff in

water management


Support communityparticipatory water

management, capacitydevelopment for

government staff onwater management


Awareness and trainingfor FOs' participatorywater management

FOs, FCGs

Activities ImplementorCategory Problem Cause

1.Improvement of paddy production

Low sustainability of the yieldlevels at demonstration

Farmers dependent onsame level of support

from officers even afterdemonstration trial

1.1 Productivity

1.2 High cost

No follow-up support bythe officers

High cost of labour Attam not practical in thepresent situation

2. OFC, Fruit & Vegetable Production

2.2 Legal issue Restriction by law thoughprofitable No witten permission by

government

3. Agricultural Extension

Poor morbidity of AIsPoor funds

3.1 Support from AIs

4. Other Farm Income GeneratingActivities

(1) Labour

(2) Fertilizers

(3) Agro-chemicals

(1) Seed quality

(2) Plant nutrition

(3) Plant protection

(4) Harvest and post harvest

High cost of fertilizers

High price of inputs

Inadequate knowledge offarmers on self seed

productionLack of training aids

Shortage of high quality seedLow confidence of private

seedDegradation of soil

productivity Low organic matter status

Insufficient farmersknowledge in adjusting

dosage

Difficulty in applying IPM

Wasteful use of chemicals

Limited cultural methods

Poor quality of paddy High moisture content ofgrains due to inadequetharvesting time and low

seed purity

Limited availability of highcapacity machinery units Shortage of machine units

Inadequate monitoring andfollow-up for field

demonstration

2.3 Field Demonstration

Uncoordinated plantingtimes and different ageclasses in the tract or

Yala

Insufficient budget andnumber of staff

Losses

High cost of agro-chemicals

2.1 Resource utilization Non utilization of highpotential soils for cash crops

3.2 Training Inadequate training to thestaff

Delay of TOT to field level

Lack of coordination amongdifferent agencies

Lack of land use planningbased on resource

availability

Poor transport

Poor participation ofofficials at PMC meeting

Low facilitation to farmersand lack of follow-up

Imbalanced use offertilizer

High labour wage

Low accessibility of highcapacity machinery units Poor maintenance of road

Empowerment of farmers

Approach Target Group

Capacity Development ofOfficers facilitator and M&E

Establishment of seedfarms by farmer groups

Training of farmers on selfseed production

Prevension of strawburning & promoting

recycling

Promotion of fertizer usebased on crop duration

and yield

Promotion of plantingsame age class at same

time in the tract

Awareness on proper useof pesticides

Promotion of using culturalmethods for weed control

Minimize grain loss andquality of paddy at harvest

Improve availability of highcapcity threshing units

Assessing applicability ofcombine harvestor to the

area

Facilitation to FOs, &farmer groups for bulkpurchasing of inputs

Soil survey, preparation ofsoil maps for dissemination

Obtaining understandingamoung the stakeholders

Funding for purchase ofmotocycles for AIs

Funding for supply ofteaching aid packages to

AI centers

Pre-seasonal training forAgricultural staff

Exposure to agriculture inforeign country for senior

agric. staff

Improvement ofparticipation of officers at

PMC meetings

Farmers CapacityDevelopmentfor Technical

Knowledge & FarmManagement

Farm Mechanization byprivate sector & FOs

Lack of sufficient trainingfor extension staff

FOs, FCGs, Farmers

DOA, DAD, IMD, Banks,Private sector, FOs

[Countermeasures]

Government OfficialsCapacity Development DOA, DAD, IMD, IPHT

Utilization of credit

Procurement of inputs

Group accountability

Improvement of paddyquality

Self sufficiency in qualityseed paddy

Crop diversification

Farmer facilitation andTransfer of technology

Productivity increase ofpaddy troughapplication of

technology package

Other farm incomegenerating activities

Reduction in cost offarm labour

Application of selfmonitoring in CBO

FOs, FCGs, FarmersBanks, Private Sector,

IMD, DAD, DOA

FOs, FCGs, Farmers

DAD, DOA, IMD

FCG,

DOA, DAD, IMD

FOs, FCGs, Farmers

IPHT, DAD, DOA, IMD

FOs, FCGs

DOA, DAD, IMD

FOs, FCGsPrivate Sector, Banks

DOA, DAD, IMD

FOs, Farmers, FarmWomen and Youth

IPHT, DOA, IndustrialDevelopment Board

DOA DAD IMD

FOs, FCGs

IMD, DAD, DOA

Figure 4.2.2 Capacity Development Approach for Agriculture Sector

F-21

F-22

Category Problem Cause

1. Marketing &Processing of Paddy

Selling paddy immediately afterharvesting at low price Debt in cultivation loan

Limited storage facility for paddy

No opern paddy/rice market

2. Marketing &Processing ofOFC,Vegetables,& Fruits

Free competition amongsuppliers (farmers, collectors)

3. Other IncomeGeneration

Brokers playing mediator role inpaddy market

Low quality of paddy

Limited purchase by theGovernment No much significant quality factor

・Government budget allocation・No consolidated policy of national paddy purchase and stockpile for the emergency

Price fluctuation damagesfarmers' profit

Low prices of perishableproducts

Low prices of OFC

High post-harvest loss

Lower trading prices inThambuttegama economic

Not enough information onsupply & demand situation

Damages caused duringmarketing by string bag

Lack of know-how on fruitsharvesting by farmers

Poor group activity resulting lowerbargaining power of farmers

No gentle handing

No cooling facility

Not many buyers visit

No arrangement to activate themarket by Gov.

Value addition activity is notactive

Utilization of available resourceis not active

Insufficient extension servicesand facilitation work

No storage facility for bulking

Poor farmers effort

Approach Target groupsActivities(Projects) Implementor

Improvement of Financialcondition

Construct multi-purpose storage& working space for FG

・Establishment of Open Paddy/Rice Market (OPM)・Improve post-harvest handling practice through OPM・Paddy quality standard & its dissemination to stakeholders

Central Gov.

Improve market information and its dissemination system by forcusing Supply & Demand situation through past records and present situation

Minimization of post-harvest loss

Activation of group activities inthe marketing

Activate ThambuttagamaEconomic Center

・Rice processing village・Comprehensive mobilization and facilitation for the value addition・Bulking, Quality control, Marketing

・Farmers with debts・Women group

・Gov.　agencis(ASC)・FO, FG

FO/FG, RiceMillers, PaddyCollectors

Policy makers in Central Gov.

Farmers/Collectors/ Wholesalesr/Transporters/Retailers

Farmers/FG,FO/Wholesalers

ThambuttegamaE.C./ Farmers/FG/FO/Buyers

FO/FG

・Money　Saving　Activity・Women's Bank・Micro Credit

・Storage planning for Gov. assets・Tech. Corp. through partitipately approach(Community Contract)

・Study tour to Thailand・Pilot project by Tech. Corp.・Paddy quality standarization・Study on auction system for paddy

Study on production zoning

①　Awareness of post-harvest losses from farms to consumers②　Establishment of Plastic Box circulation system③　Carton Box Factory utilizinglocally available materilas

In addition to Storage/working spaceconstruction, pilot projects should beintroduced in:・Pilot project on paddy bulking・Pilot project on OFC bulking・Maize sheller renting & bulking

Study incentive for activating thecenter such as reducing Parking Fee,more public information

①In addition to Storage/workingspace construction, pilot projectsshould be introduced in:・Pilot project on Pulse Processing or any other processing・Pilot project on coconut fiber, Cow- dung collection, other resources bulking.②Holistic supporting by Gov. agencies for value addition activities③1 village 1 product activity④Promotion of direct linkage of producers and consumers group⑤Rice milling

FO/FG, Bank withGov. supports, NGO

・Gov. agencies(DOA, IMD, District Gov.)・FO,FG next to Pola first

・Dist Gov./Operation Committee/NGO/NPO・ IPHT・Gov. agencies

Gov. agencies

①,② Gov. agencies, FO/FG, Traders③Pilot project by Tech. Corp. with IPHT

・Gov. agencies・FO,FG・Pilot project by Tch.Corp.

・Min. of Rural Industry・District Gov.

・Gov. agencies, IPHT・NGO・FO,FG・Private sector・Pilot project by Tch.Corp.

Zoning policy for specified products

Farmers, FO/FG, Collectors & Wholesalers

・Study & analysis of price fluctuation and Supply & Demand・Study information disseminationwithin the society

Gov. agenciesFO/FG

Figure 4.2.3 Capacity Development Approach for Marketing Sector

Poor Participation Lack of Unity

Poor management of FO Poor leadership

Less FO’s memberships of operator Different understanding of FO’s members

Less Involvement of Women and Youth Lack of planned activities including ‘Shramadana’

Encouraging Participatory Approach Insufficient transparency of activities (contracted rehabilitation)

Strengthening Social Capital Approach

Poor Management

FO Poor Support from the Government Agencies

Weak FO Insufficient government coordination Weak organized information/ document

Insufficient transparency of procedure/ management Insufficient training of the agencies

Not regular monthly meeting Insufficient legal awareness of the agencies

No collection of FO’s annual membership fee Lack of integrated M & E system

Basic Management Improvement Approach Insufficient of transport and facilities

Government Capacity Building Approach

FCG

Too few members of FCG Limited Activities/ Less Tangible Benefit to FO

No formal meeting, just as required Passive attitude for development activities

Lack of organizational capacity to deal with the activities

External Condition Income Generation Approach

Political Interference

Changed Policy

Source: the JICA Study Team

Figure 4.2.4 Problems and Causes and Basic Approach for Farmers’ Organization

F-23

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