최종보고서

173-092-015

오염정화기술

Pollution Remediation Technologies

비소 및 중금속 오염토양의 열탈착 처리기술 개발

Heavy-metal-contaminated soil and emission gas Treatment

technology Development through Thermal Desorption with

Low-temperature Extraction

(주)대일이앤씨

환 경 부

환

경

부

- 1 -

제 출 문

환경부장관 귀하

본 보고서를 “비소 및 중금속 오염토양의 열탈착 처리기술 개발에 관한 연구”

과제 (세부(위탁)과제 “저온추출을 이용한 토양 중 중금속 원소 제거연구에 관한

연구”)의 최종보고서로 제출합니다.

2012년 3월 31일

주관연구기관명 : 주식회사 대일이앤씨

연구책임자 : 김 학 엽

연 구 원 : 김 수 미

〃 : 권 한 준

〃 : 문 병 욱

〃 : 박 은 미

〃 : 박 진 형

〃 : 이 연 진

〃 : 이 성 호

〃 : 이 윤 종

〃 : 전 민 하

〃 : 최 민 성

- 2 -

연 구 원 : 최 재 헌

〃 : 한 창 완

〃 : 데바라즈 미시라

(세부)위탁연구기관명 : 울산대학교 산학협력단

(세부)위탁연구책임자 : 오 석 영

〃 : 윤 명 근

〃 : 손 종 길

〃 : 신 동 식

- 3 -

사업명 토양․지하수오염방지기술개발사업 기술분류 실용화(현장실증)연구과제명 비소 및 중금속 오염토양의 열탈착 처리기술 개발

최종성과품 열탈착 및 아임계추출 파일럿 플랜트

수행기관

(주관기관)

기관

(기업)명주식회사 대일이앤씨 설립일 2006.07.19

주소 서울시 서초구 서초동 1563-11호 서궁빌딩 (주)대일이앤씨

대표자

(기관장)김 주 엽 연락처 02-581-2502

홈페이지 http://www.daeilenc.co.kr 팩스 02-581-2509

연구과제

개요

주관연구책임자 김학엽 소속부서 연구소전화

E-mail

02-581-2502

hagebi@daeilenc.c

o.kr

실무담당자 김수미전화

E-mail

02-581-2502

lovelyday@daeilen

c.co.kr

참여기업 주식회사 대일이앤씨

총사업비

(천원)

정부출연금민간부담금

합계현금 현물

543,000 20,000 162,000 725,000

총연구기간 2009.04.01~ 2012.03.31(3년)

연구개발

결과최종목표

❏ 기존 열탈착 장비의 중금속(비소 등) 정화에 대한 활용범위 확대에 따른 설계인자, 구성장치, 운전 인자의 도출과 후단 배기

가스 처리장치 개발 및 제작

❏ 중금속(비소 등) 정화를 위한 아임계추출 공정의 설계인자 도출 및 이에 따른 장치를 설계 및 제작함

❏ 열탈착 공정과 아임계추출 공정에 대한 최적 운전조건 등 표준 매뉴얼(manual)을 제시함

보고서 초록

- 4 -

개발내용 및

결과

❏ 비소오염토 정화기술 확립 - (구)장항제련소 부지의 오염도 및 특성조사 실시

- 열탈착 기술을 이용한 비소 오염토의 적정 실험조건은 500∼650℃, 체류시간 30분이었음

- 열탈착 처리결과 비소 제거율은 각각 36%,55%가 제거되었음. 이는 대부분의 비소가 비휘발성 입자상으로 존재하는 특성에 기인한 것으로 판단됨

- 아임계추출의 90%이상 처리효율을 위한 적정조건은 추출제로서 NaOH, 고액비(토양/물) 1/4, 반응시간 2시간일 때 반응온도 200℃, 첨가제 농도 350mM 이었음

❏ 파일럿 플랜트 장치 설계 및 제작 - 시간당 처리용량 500kg 열탈착 파일럿 플랜트를 설계 및

제작함

- 일 처리용량 200kg 아임계 파일럿 플랜트를 설계 및 제작함

❏ 파일럿 플랜트 장치 운전 최적화 - 열탈착 파일럿 플랜트의 반응온도와 체류시간에 대한 적정

조건 도출실험결과 600℃, 30분에서 최대 38.2%의 비소제거율을 얻음

- 아임계 파일럿 플랜트의 운전결과 반응온도 200℃, 첨가제(NaOH) 350mM에서 90% 이상의 처리효율을 얻었으며, 토양오염우려기준을 만족했음

개발기술의

특징․장점

❏ 기존 유류오염물질에만 사용되었던 열탈착 공법을 휘발성 중금속 정화에 확대 적용하였음

❏ 열탈착 후 발생된 유해가스와 분진을 동시에 처리가능한 반건식 세정시설을 조합한 장치 제작으로 경제적 운영이 가능함

❏ 확대 적용된 열탈착 장치를 순수 국내 기술로 개발 제작하였음❏ 결합력이 강한 형태의 중금속(비소 등)까지 토양으로부터 완벽

히 제거가 가능한 아임계 중금속 추출 기술을 개발함

❏ 물과 소량의 추출제만을 사용하므로 공정 운영이 안전하고 간단❏ 아임계 처리수는 간단한 응집 침전반응으로 공정수로 재활용이

가능

❏ 아임계 파일럿 플랜트의 운전인자는 추출제 종류, 고액비(토양/물), 반응시간, 반응온도, 첨가제 농도 등이며 이중 반응온도와 첨가제 농도의 조절을 통하여 처리효율을 극대화 시킬 수 있음

- 5 -

기대효과

(기술적 및

경제적 효과)

1. 기술적 측면

❏ 신속하고 효율이 높은 한국형 중금속 오염토양 정화기술 개발❏ 중금속 외 난분해성 오염물질이나, 중금속과 복합오염지역에 적

용 가능

❏ 개발 확보한 기술은 산업단지, 폐광지역, 군부대 사격장 등의 오염정화에 활용이 가능함

2. 경제적 측면

❏ 오염부지 정화를 통한 토지 재활용으로 경제적 부가가치 창출❏ 중금속 오염토양으로부터 지하수 오염을 차단하므로 막대한 비

용의 지하수 정화비용 절감

❏ 복원기술 확보를 통한 해외시장 개척 가능

적용분야

❏ 광해방지사업단 사업 중 오염토양 및 광미・폐석 복원/재활용 사업에 본 연구 사업에서 개발된 기술 제시 및 연구협력체계 구축

❏ 산업단지, 사격장 등의 중금속 오염에 본 기술 적용을 통한 오염토양복원 및 정화사업에 활용

과학기술적

성과

특허

국내 출원: 2건, 등록: 2건

국외 -

논문

게재

SCI SCI 논문 1건

비SCI -

기 타 국내・외 학술발표 11건

사업화

성과

매출액

개발후 현재까지 0억원

향후 3년간 매출 20~50 억원

시장

규모현재의 시장규모

국내 : 400억원

세계 : 26,600억원

- 6 -

향후(3년) 예상되는 시장규모 국내 : 35,174억원

세계 : 1,000억원

시장

점유율

개발후 현재까지 국내 :80 ~ 90%

세계 :80 ~ 90%

향후 3년 국내 : 70 ~ 80%

세계 : 70 ~ 80%

세계시장

경쟁력

순위

현재 제품 세계시장 경쟁력 순위 위 ( %)

3년 후 제품 세계시장 경쟁력 순위 위 ( %)

- 7 -

목 차

제1장 서론 ································································································19

제1절 연구개발의 중요성 및 필요성 ···································································19

1. 연구배경 ···············································································································19

2. 연구 개발의 필요성 ·······························································································21

제2절 연구개발의 국내외 현황 ·············································································24

1. 세계적 수준 ··········································································································24

가. 차폐처리 ··········································································································24

나. 고화처리 ··········································································································24

다. 가열처리 ··········································································································25

라. 토양세척 ··········································································································25

마. 전극분리 ··········································································································26

바. 열탈착 처리 ·····································································································26

2. 국내 수준 ·············································································································29

제3절. 연구개발대상 기술의 차별성 ····································································30

제2장 연구개발의 목표 및 내용 ····························································33

제1절 연구의 최종목표 ··························································································33

제2절 연도별 연구개발의 목표 및 평가방법 ······················································34

1. 연도별 연구개발의 목표 및 내용 ···········································································34

2. 연도별 연구개발의 평가방법 ··················································································36

제3절 연도별 추진체계 ··························································································37

제3장 연구개발 결과 및 활용계획 ························································39

제1절 연구개발 결과 및 토의 ···············································································39

1. 현장 실증 대상부지 특성분석 ················································································39

가. 현장 실증 대상부지 ··························································································39

나. 부지오염도 및 이화학적 특성 분석 ····································································40

- 8 -

다. 비소의 화학적 결합형태 분석 ············································································50

(1) SEM/EDS 분석 ···························································································50

(2) XRD 분석 ····································································································53

(3) XPS 분석 ····································································································54

(4) 연속추출법(Sequential extraction) ······························································57

(5) 종분화 분석 ·································································································60

2. 실험실 규모 열탈착 실험 ·······················································································61

가. 열분석(TGA) ···································································································61

나. 열탈착 운전인자 도출을 위한 회화로(Furnace)실험 ··········································65

다. 열탈착 후 상변화 특성 ·····················································································70

3. 실험실 규모 열탈착 실험 ·······················································································73

가. 파일럿 플랜트 설계 및 설치 ·············································································73

나. 각 장치별 개요 및 사양 ····················································································75

(1) 투입 및 배출장치 ·························································································75

(2) 로터리 킬른(ROTARY KILN)) ····································································76

(3) 원심력 집진장치(UNIT-CYCLONE) ····························································78

(4) 열 산화기 ····································································································80

(5) 반건식 세정시설(냉각탑) ··············································································82

(6) 여과집진장치 ································································································84

(7) 흡입 송풍기(I.D FAN) ·················································································86

(8) 연돌(STACK) ·····························································································88

다. 열탈착 파일럿 실험 결과 ··················································································89

(1) 반응온도에 따른 실험 ···················································································89

(2) 체류시간에 따른 실험 ···················································································93

4. 저온추출 실험실 규모 실험 ···················································································94

가. 열탈착 전 저온추출 효율 ··················································································95

(1) pH 변화에 의한 저온추출 효율 ·····································································95

(2) 반응시간에 따른 비소의 저온추출 효율 ·························································97

(3) 산성 조건에서 추출제에 따른 비소 제거효율 ·················································98

나. 열탈착 후 저온추출 효율 ··················································································99

다. 저온추출 및 열탈착 후 저온추출 조합결과 비교 ··············································101

- 9 -

5. 아임계추출 실험실 규모 실험 ··············································································102

가. 연구의 배경 ···································································································102

나. 실험내용 ········································································································104

다. 실험장치 및 방법 ···························································································104

(1) 토양시료채취 ·····························································································104

(2) 토양시료분석 ·····························································································104

(3) 실험장치 ····································································································105

라. 실험결과 ········································································································106

(1) 최적 첨가제 선정실험 ················································································106

(2) 최적 반응온도 선정실험 ·············································································110

(3) 최적 반응시간 선정실험 ·············································································112

(4) 최적 고액비 선정실험 ················································································114

(5) 첨가제 농도에 따른 실험결과 ·····································································116

(6) 아임계추출의 최적조건 선정실험 ································································118

(7) 비소 종분화 분석에 따른 아임계추출 특성 ··················································122

(8) 비소 결합형태에 따른 아임계추출 특성 ·······················································123

6. 아임계추출 파일럿 플랜트 실험 ···········································································124

가. 파일럿 플랜트 설계 ························································································124

(1) 장치의 설계사양 및 기기사양 ·····································································124

(가) 건식 및 습식선별장치 ············································································124

(나) 처리수조 ·······························································································125

(다) 아임계 장치 ··························································································129

(라) 트레일러 ·······························································································129

나. 파일럿 플랜트 설치 ························································································130

(1) 설계도면 ····································································································130

(가) 공정흐름도(Process Flow) 및 장치 ······················································130

(나) 파일럿 장치의 설치 ···············································································131

(다) 제작 및 설치사진 ··················································································132

다. 파일럿 플랜트 운전결과 ·················································································134

(1) 파일럿 플랜트 운전방법 ·············································································134

(가) 운전순서 ·······························································································134

- 10 -

(나) 장치가동 방법 ·······················································································135

① 운전절차 ·······························································································135

② 주의사항 ·······························································································136

③ 가동중지절차 ·························································································136

(2) 파일럿 플랜트 실험방법 ·············································································137

(가) 오염토양 채취 ·······················································································137

(나) 분석항목 및 방법 ··················································································137

(다) 파일럿 플랜트 실험방법 ·········································································138

① 토양선별 실험방법 ·················································································138

② 아임계 장치 실험방법 ············································································138

(3) 파일럿 플랜트 비소 오염토 처리성능 평가 ··················································141

(가) 선별장치 성능평가 ·················································································141

(나) 파일럿 아임계 플랜트 성능평가 ·····························································143

① 시운전 결과 ··························································································143

② 최적조건에서의 파일럿 플랜트 반복실험결과 ··········································145

③ 한국환경공단 모니터링 결과 ··································································147

(다) 파일럿 아임계 플랜트 경제성 분석 ·························································149

7. As외 기타 중금속에 대한 저온추출 공정연구 ······················································150

가. 연구목적 ········································································································150

나. 실험재료 ········································································································150

(1) 실험에 사용된 광미의 종류 ········································································150

(2) 토양의 물리적, 화학적 특성 분석방법 ·························································151

① pH ········································································································151

② L.O.I(작열감량; 유기물함량) ··································································151

③ Size Analysis ······················································································151

④ 중금속 원소함량 ····················································································151

(3) 세척제의 종류 ····························································································153

다. 실험 및 분석방법 ···························································································153

라. 실험결과 ········································································································155

(1) 토양의 물리적, 화학적 특성 분석결과 ·························································155

① pH ········································································································155

- 11 -

② L.O.I(작열감량; 유기물함량) ··································································155

③ Size Analysis ······················································································155

④ 중금속 원소함량 ····················································································157

(2) 토양세척 결과 ····························································································159

(가) 거풍광산 ·······························································································159

① Citric acid ····························································································159

② EDTA ··································································································163

③ NaOH and DIW ···················································································166

(나) 금풍광산 ·······························································································169

① Citric acid ····························································································169

② EDTA ··································································································172

③ NaOH and DIW ···················································································175

(다) 풍정광산 ·······························································································178

① Citric acid ····························································································178

② EDTA ··································································································181

③ NaOH and DIW ···················································································184

제2절 연구개발 결과 요약 ··················································································187

1. 현장실증부지 특성조사 ·······················································································187

2. 비소오염토의 열탈착 실험 ···················································································187

3. 비소오염토의 저온추출 실험 ···············································································188

4. 비소오염토의 아임계추출 실험 ············································································188

5. 비소 외 기타 중금속에 대한 저온추출공정 연구 ··················································190

제3절 연도별 연구개발목표의 달성도 ·······························································191

제4절 연도별 연구성과(논문․특허 등) ······························································192 제5절 관련분야의 기술발전 기여도 ···································································194

제6절 연구개발 결과의 활용계획 ·······································································195

제4장 참고문헌 ······················································································197

- 12 -

표 목 차

Table 1.1.1. 국내 토양오염우려기준(환경부, 2010) ······················································19

Table 1.1.2. 국내 토양오염대책기준(환경부, 2010) ··················································20

Table 1.1.3. 중금속의 발생원 및 인체에 미치는 영향(국방부, 2002) ··················21

Table 1.1.4. 장항지역 토양정밀조사 결과(환경부, 2009) ········································22

Table 1.2.1. 국외 열탈착 정화사례 ·················································································27

Table 1.2.2. 국내·외의 중금속 오염토 열탈착 및 아임계 정화기술 연구현황 ···29

Table 3.1.1. 항목별 심도에 따른 기준초과 현황 ························································40

Table 3.1.2. 시료채취지점 ·······························································································42

Table 3.1.3. 비소(As) 분석 결과(서울대학교 농생명공동과학기기원) ················45

Table 3.1.4. 중금속 농도 분석결과(광주과학기술원) ···············································46

Table 3.1.5. 토성(Soil texture) 분석 결과 ································································46

Table 3.1.6. 현장 실증 대상부지의 pH 및 SOM ·························································49

Table 3.1.7. EDS 분석결과 ·······························································································51

Table 3.1.8. 비소 연속추출법 (Wenzel et al., 2001a)) ···········································58

Table 3.1.9. 무기비소의 존재형태 분석결과 ·································································60

Table 3.1.10. As2O5 분해 및 증발과 관련한 문헌데이터 ·········································62

Table 3.1.11. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3 or As4O6)의 녹는점, 끓는점, 승화점 ·······62

Table 3.1.12. 회화로를 이용한 비소 휘발제거 실험조건 ···········································65

Table 3.1.13. 회화로를 이용한 실내실험 결과 ·····························································67

Table 3.1.14. 로터리 킬른 설계 사양 ·············································································76

Table 3.1.15. 원심력 집진장치 설계 사양 ·····································································78

Table 3.1.16. 열산화기 설계 사양 ···················································································80

Table 3.1.17. 반건식 세정시설 설계 사양 ·····································································82

Table 3.1.18. 여과집진장치 설계사양, 사진, 도면 ·······················································84

Table 3.1.19. 흡입 송풍기 설계 사양 ·············································································86

Table 3.1.20. 연돌의 설계 사양 ·······················································································88

Table 3.1.21. 실증실험 운전조건 ·····················································································91

Table 3.1.22. 열탈착 파일럿 실증실험 결과 ·································································92

Table 3.1.23. 다양한 용매의 유전상수 비교 ·······························································103

Table 3.1.24. 500ml 실내 실험장치(Lab-scale Reactor)의 설계제원 ·············105

Table 3.1.25. 아임계 실험실 규모 반응기(Lab-scale Reactor) ·························105

Table 3.1.26. 500ml 실내 실험장치(Lab-scale Reactor)의 실험방법 ·············106

- 13 -

Table 3.1.27. 첨가제 선정 실험 조건 ···········································································106

Table 3.1.28. 첨가제 종류에 따른 아임계추출결과 ···················································107

Table 3.1.29. 반응온도에 따른 아임계추출 실험조건 ···············································110

Table 3.1.30. 반응온도에 따른 아임계추출 실험결과 ···············································111

Table 3.1.31. 각 반응온도에서의 반응시간에 따른 아임계추출실험 조건 ···········112

Table 3.1.32. 각 반응온도에서의 반응시간에 따른 아임계추출 실험결과 ···········112

Table 3.1.33. 최적 고액비 선정실험 조건 ···································································114

Table 3.1.34. 고액비에 따른 실험결과 ·········································································114

Table 3.1.35. 첨가제 농도에 따른 아임계추출 실험조건 ·········································116

Table 3.1.36. 첨가제 농도에 따른 아임계추출 실험결과 ·········································116

Table 3.1.37. 아임계추출 최적조건실험의 조건 ·························································118

Table 3.1.38. 고농도 아임계추출 최적조건실험 결과 ···············································119

Table 3.1.39. 저농도 아임계추출 최적조건실험 결과 ···············································119

Table 3.1.40. 농도별 최적 처리온도 및 체류시간 범위 등고선 플롯 ···················121

Table 3.1.41. 종분화 분석실험의 아임계추출 조건 ···················································122

Table 3.1.42. 파일럿 플랜트 실험 오염토 성상 ·························································137

Table 3.1.43. 토양 분석항목 및 분석방법 ···································································137

Table 3.1.44. 선별장치 운전조건 ···················································································141

Table 3.1.45. 선별장치 운전결과 ···················································································141

Table 3.1.46. 파일럿 플랜트 실증실험 조건 ···································································145

Table 3.1.47. 파일럿 플랜트 실증실험 결과 ·······························································145

Table 3.1.48. 파일럿 플랜트 실증실험 조건(한국환경공단 모니터링) ·················147

Table 3.1.49. 한국환경공단 모니터링 결과 ·································································148

Table 3.1.50. 200kg/day 파일럿 장치에 의한 월간예상처리비 ····························149

Table 3.1.51. 세척제의 pH ·····························································································153

Table 3.1.52. 거풍광산, 금풍광산, 풍정광산 광미의 pH 결과 ·······························155

Table 3.1.53. 거풍광산, 금풍광산, 풍정광산 광미의 L.O.I 결과 ···························155

Table 3.1.54. (a)거풍광산,(b)금풍광산,(c)풍정광산 광미의 중금속 원소함량 ··157

- 14 -

그림 목차

Figure 3.1.1. 현장 실증 대상부지 초기 오염도 조사지점 ··············································41

Figure 3.1.2. 토양 시료채취 지점 사진 대지 ······························································43

Figure 3.1.3. 현장 실증 대상부지 토양의 입도 분포 ················································47

Figure 3.1.4. 대상부지 오염토양의 SEM/EDS 분석결과 ···········································51

Figure 3.1.5. 대상부지 오염토양의 SEM 이미지 ·······················································52

Figure 3.1.6. XRD (X-ray diffraction) 분석결과 ···················································53

Figure 3.1.7. XPS 분석결과 ······························································································55

Figure 3.1.8. Sequential extraction 분석결과 ····························································59

Figure 3.1.9. Anion cartridge 분석법 ···········································································60

Figure 3.1.10. TG 분석결과 (analysis I) ····································································63

Figure 3.1.11. TG 분석결과 (analysis II) ···································································63

Figure 3.1.12. 질소 분위기에서 arsenic pentoxide (As2O5. aq)의 열탈착 특성······64

Figure 3.1.13. 질소 분위기에서 arsenic trioxide (As2O3)의 열탈착 특성············64

Figure 3.1.14. 실내실험 사진 ····························································································66

Figure 3.1.15. 체류시간(retention time)에 따른 비소 농도 변화 ·························68

Figure 3.1.16. 각 온도별, 체류시간별 비소 휘발제거량 ············································69

Figure 3.1.17. 각 온도별, 체류시간별 비소 휘발제거효율 ········································69

Figure 3.1.18. 열탈착 후 토양의 sequential extraction 결과 ································70

Figure 3.1.19. 온도에 따른 비소 형태 분포 비율 ························································71

Figure 3.1.20. 온도에 따른 비소 종 분포 (phase Ⅳ + phase Ⅴ) ······················72

Figure 3.1.21. 500kg/hr 파일럿 열탈착 장치 제작 사진 ··········································73

Figure 3.1.22. 500kg/hr 파일럿 열탈착 장치 공정도 및 배치도 ····························74

Figure 3.1.23. 투입 및 배출장치 사진 ···········································································75

Figure 3.1.24. 로터리 킬른 설계 도면 ············································································76

Figure 3.1.25. 로터리 킬른 사진 ······················································································77

Figure 3.1.26. 원심력 집진장치 설계 도면 ····································································79

Figure 3.1.27. 원심력 집진장치 사진 ··············································································79

Figure 3.1.28. 열산화기 설계 도면 ··················································································81

Figure 3.1.29. 열산화기 사진 ····························································································81

Figure 3.1.30. 반건식 세정시설 설계 도면 ····································································82

Figure 3.1.31. 반건식 세정시설 사진 ··············································································83

- 15 -

Figure 3.1.32. 여과집진장치 설계 도면 ··········································································85

Figure 3.1.33. 여과집진장치 사진 ····················································································85

Figure 3.1.34. 흡입 송풍기 설계 도면 ············································································87

Figure 3.1.35. 흡입송풍기 사진 ························································································87

Figure 3.1.36. 연돌 사진 ····································································································88

Figure 3.1.37. 실증실험에 사용된 토양 샘플링 위치 ··················································89

Figure 3.1.38. 500kg/hr 열탈착 파일럿 장치 공정 모식도 ······································90

Figure 3.1.39. 500kg/hr 열탈착 파일럿 장치 사진 ····················································90

Figure 3.1.40. 열탈착 파일럿 실험에서 처리온도 별 비소 제거효율 ······················92

Figure 3.1.41. 각 반응온도에서의 체류시간에 따른 비소제거효율 ··························93

Figure 3.1.42. Lab-scale 저온추출 실험장치 모식도 ···············································94

Figure 3.1.43. pH 변화에 의한 비소 오염토양 저온추출 실험결과 ························96

Figure 3.1.44. 반응시간 변화에 의한 비소 오염토양 저온추출 실험결과 ··············97

Figure 3.1.45. 산성조건에서 추출제별 비소 제거효율 비교 ······································98

Figure 3.1.46. 300℃ 열탈착 후 저온추출 적용결과 ··················································99

Figure 3.1.47. 600℃ 열탈착 후 저온추출 적용결과 ················································100

Figure 3.1.48. 800℃ 열탈착 후 저온추출 적용결과 ················································100

Figure 3.1.49. 저온추출과 열탈착-저온추출 조합 공정 효율 비교 ······················101

Figure 3.1.50. 물 또는 이산화탄소의 상변화곡선 ·····················································102

Figure 3.1.51. (구)장항제련소 주변지역 토양시료 ···················································104

Figure 3.1.52. 첨가제 종류에 따른 비소처리 전후 결과(추출제 : EDTA) ········108

Figure 3.1.53. 첨가제 종류에 따른 비소처리 전후 결과(추출제 : NaOH) ········108

Figure 3.1.54. 첨가제 종류에 따른 비소처리 전후 결과(추출제 : Citric aicd) 109

Figure 3.1.55. 첨가제 종류에 따른 비소처리 결과(첨가제 농도 : 100mM) ·····109

Figure 3.1.56. 반응온도에 따른 비소처리 전후 결과 ···············································111

Figure 3.1.57. 반응시간에 따른 비소 제거율 결과 ···················································113

Figure 3.1.58. 고액비에 따른 비소처리 전후 결과 ···················································115

Figure 3.1.59. 첨가제 농도에 따른 비소처리 전후 결과 ·········································117

Figure 3.1.60. 아임계추출 후 상등액 종분화 분석결과 ···········································122

Figure 3.1.61. 각 추출제별 아임계추출 후 연속추출 분석결과 ·····························123

Figure 3.1.62. 열탈착 및 아임계 파일럿 장치의 공정흐름도 ·································130

Figure 3.1.63. 습식선별 및 아임계추출 장치 설치위치 및 도면 ···························131

Figure 3.1.64. 습식선별장치 제작 ·················································································132

Figure 3.1.65. Structure 제작 ························································································132

- 16 -

Figure 3.1.66. 컨트롤 판넬 ···························································································132

Figure 3.1.67. 이동식 전기발전기 ·················································································132

Figure 3.1.68. 아임계 반응기 ·························································································132

Figure 3.1.69. 스팀발생 과열보일러 ·············································································132

Figure 3.1.70. 습식선별 및 아임계추출 장치 전체사진(1) ·····································133

Figure 3.1.71. 습식선별 및 아임계추출 장치 전체사진(2) ·····································133

Figure 3.1.72. 습식선별 및 아임계추출 장치의 공정단계 ·······································134

Figure 3.1.73. 오염토양 투입 ·························································································139

Figure 3.1.74. 오염토양 건식선별 ·················································································139

Figure 3.1.75. 오염토양 습식선별 ·················································································139

Figure 3.1.76. 세척수 침전 및 분리 ·············································································139

Figure 3.1.77. 필터프레스 및 활성탄 여과 ·································································139

Figure 3.1.78. 선별 토양 샘플링 ···················································································139

Figure 3.1.79. 오염토양샘플 채취 ·················································································140

Figure 3.1.80. 오염토양샘플 무게측정 ·········································································140

Figure 3.1.81. 오염토양 및 물, 첨가제 투입 ·································································140

Figure 3.1.82. 반응기 체결 ·····························································································140

Figure 3.1.83. 반응기 승온 ·····························································································140

Figure 3.1.84. 배출토양 샘플채취 ·················································································140

Figure 3.1.85. 토양:물 투입비율에 따른 선별효율 비교(2∼5mm입경) ··············142

Figure 3.1.86. 아임계 파일럿 플랜트의 시간에 따른 온도 및 압력 변화 ···········143

Figure 3.1.87. 아임계 파일럿 플랜트의 시간에 따른 온도 및 압력 변화 ···········144

Figure 3.1.88. 최적조건에서 비소처리 전후 확인실험결과(200℃, 350mM) ····146

Figure 3.1.89. 최적조건에서 비소처리 전후 확인실험결과(240℃, 250mM) ····146

Figure 3.1.90. 파일롯 플랜트 온도 및 압력 변화 그래프(한국환경공단 모니터링) ·············148

Figure 3.1.91. (a)거풍광산,(b)금풍광산,(c)풍정광산 광미 ····································150

Figure 3.1.92. 반응기의 모식도 ·····················································································154

Figure 3.1.93. 반응기의 실제 모습 ···············································································154

Figure 3.1.94. (a)거풍광산,(b)금풍광산,(c)풍정광산 광미의 Size Analysis 결과 ···················156

Figure 3.1.95. (a)거풍광산,(b)금풍광산,(c)풍정광산 광미의 단계별 중금속 함량 158

Figure 3.1.96. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(거풍광산, 추출제 : Citric acid) ············162

Figure 3.1.97. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(거풍광산, 추출제 : EDTA) ·165

Figure 3.1.98. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(거풍광산, 추출제 : NaOH,DIW) ···········168

Figure 3.1.99. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(금풍광산, 추출제 : Citric acid) ············171

- 17 -

Figure 3.1.100. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(금풍광산, 추출제 : EDTA)174

Figure 3.1.101. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(금풍광산, 추출제 : NaOH,DIW) ·········177

Figure 3.1.102. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(풍정광산, 추출제 : Citric acid) ·········180

Figure 3.1.103. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(풍정광산, 추출제 : EDTA)183

Figure 3.1.104. 각 금속 별 온도에 따른 추출효율(풍정광산, 추출제 : NaOH,DIW) ·········186

- 18 -

- 19 -

제1장 서론

제1절 연구개발의 중요성 및 필요성

1. 연구배경

산업이 발달하고 도시화가 진행됨에 따라 유독성 중금속 원소들이 인위적으로 생성,

배출되며 이들은 자연수, 대기 등의 이동매체를 통하여 대기권, 수권, 토양권을 포함하는

지구화학적 환경으로 분산됨에 따라서 잠재적으로 인간을 비롯한 유기 생명체에 치명적

인 피해를 입힐 수 있다. 현재 알려진 주요 유독성 중금속 원소들로는 Cd, Cu, Zn, Mo,

Pb, As, Cr, Co, Ni, Se 및 Hg 등을 들 수 있다. 이들 중 금속류의 주요 점오염원은 광산

활동에서 배출되는 갱내 폐수 및 폐석, 제련소 폐수 및 분진이지만 이외에도 금속처리공

업, 도료 및 염료공업 등의 산업폐수와 폐기물, 쓰레기 매립지의 침출수, 자동차 활동으로

인한 배기가스 등으로 주변 환경에 분산됨으로서 토양, 농작물, 하천수 및 지하수를 오염

시키고 있다. 따라서 이들 오염원으로부터의 중금속 배출의 원천적인 규제와 함께 일단

오염이 발생한 토양과 폐수에 대한 중금속 처리에 관한 연구가 주목을 받고 있다.

현재 우리나라에서 규제하고 있는 토양오염물질은 카드뮴, 구리, 비소, 수은, 유류, 유

기용제 등 토양오염의 원인이 되는 16개 물질이며 각각의 물질에 대하여 사람의 건강 및

재산, 동·식물의 생육에 지장을 초래할 우려가 있는 정도의 토양오염도인 토양오염우려기

준과 우려기준을 초과하여 사람의 건강 및 재산, 동식물의 생육에 지장을 주어서 토양오

염에 대한 대책을 필요로 하는 토양오염대책기준을 정하고 있다. 2010년 1월부터 개정된

토양오염우려기준과 토양오염대책기준을 Table 1.1.1과 Table 1.1.2에 나타냈다.

Table 1.1.1 국내 토양오염우려기준(환경부, 2010)

(단위 : mg/kg)

구

분

카드뮴

구리

비소

수은

납6가크롬

아연

니켈

불소

유기인

P

C

B

시안

페놀

BTEX T

P

H

T

C

E

P

C

E

벤조(a)

피렌B T E X

1

지역4 150 25 4 200 5 300 100 400 10 1 2 4 1 20 50 15 500 8 4 0.7

2

지역10 500 50 10 400 15 600 200 400 10 4 2 4 1 20 50 15 800 8 4 2

3

지역60 2,000 200 20 700 40 2,000 500 800 30 12 120 20 3 60 340 45 2,000 40 25 7

- 20 -

Table 1.1.2. 국내 토양오염대책기준(환경부, 2010)

(mg/kg)

구

분

카드뮴

구리

비소

수은

납6가크롬

아연

니켈

불소

P

C

B

시안

페놀

BTEXT

P

H

T

C

E

P

C

E

벤조(a)

피렌B T E X

1

지역12 450 75 12 600 15 900 300 800 3 5 10 3 60 150 45 2,000 24 12 2

2

지역30 1,500 150 30 1,200 45 1,800 600 800 12 5 10 3 60 150 45 2,400 24 12 6

3

지역180 6,000 600 60 2,100 120 5,000 1,500 2,000 36 300 50 9 180 1,020 135 6,000 120 75 21

토양오염기준 상의 토양오염물질 중 중금속(카드뮴, 구리, 비소, 수은, 납, 6가 크롬)은

주로 먹이사슬을 통한 오염된 음식물(농수산물)의 섭취경로에 의하여 인체오염을 유발하

는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이는 먼저 중금속으로 오염된 토양에서 서식하는 생물들의 체내

에 농축되고, 먹이연쇄를 따라 농도가 더욱 높아지게 되어 결국 인체에 치명적인 영향을

주게 된다. 이러한 중금속에 의한 농·식품 오염의 주요 원인은 오염된 토양, 물, 공기이며

이것은 광산에서 발생하는 폐광석, 광미, 광사 및 침출수 등에 의해서 오염될 뿐만 아니

라 자동차 및 산업용 배기가스, 불량농자재, 매립지 침출수 및 산업폐기물 등에 의해서도

오염되고 있다. 중금속에 의해 1차 오염된 토양, 물, 공기 등은 농작물, 가축, 수산물 등을

2차로 오염시키며 결국에는 인간에게 축적된 형태로 영향을 미친다. Table 1.1.3은 중금속

의 발생원 및 인체에 미치는 영향을 나타내고 있다.

- 21 -

Table 1.1.3 중금속의 발생원 및 인체에 미치는 영향(국방부, 2002)

항목 발생원 인체영향

납

광산폐수, 인쇄, 유리공

장,

연판, 연관제조공장

- 발암가능성 물질(신장암)

- 체내축적 : 골(뼈)에 90% 이상함유

- 고농도 : 빈혈, 구토, 복통, 두통유발

비소광산폐수, 반도체, 염료,

제화공장, 농약(살충제)

- 발암성물질(피부암)

- 체내축적 : 근육, 피부, 모발, 손톱

- 설사, 구역질

수은전기기기, 계기,

무기 약품공장

- 독성유발 : 유기수은 화합물, 무기수은화합물

- 체내축적 : 신장

- 미나마타병(메틸수은중독) : 신경장애, 신장장애, 언어장애, 지

각장애, 손가락떨림

6가크롬도금, 전지, 사진인쇄,

안료, 피혁, 공업약품

- 발암성물질(폐암, 호흡관련)

- 체내축적 :폐

- 과량섭취시 구토, 설사, 피부부식유발

카드뮴도금, 합금, 안료,

페인트. 직물

- 발암가능성물질(폐암)

- 체내축적 : 간장, 신장손상

- 이따이이따이병(골연화증)유발 : 골다공증 관절통유발

구리합금, 전선제조,

동판, 동광제조

- 인체에 축적성이 없으므로 만성중독 우려없음

- 과량의 구리화합물은 호흡기 질환을 일으키며 카타르성 혈변,

혈뇨 등을 일으킴

아연 함석제조, 합금, 도금- 저농도 : 성장둔화

- 고농도 : 설사, 구토, 복통, 탈수, 현기증, 무기력증 유발

2. 연구 개발의 필요성

현재 국내·외적으로 토양의 중금속 오염 실태는 심각한 수준에 이르고 있으며 최근에

는 사하구 괴정동 부산 철광, 남구 용호동 용호광산, 사상과 모라동 경창광산이 전문가

기술진단 보고서에 따라 중금속 토양 오염이 심각한 것으로 조사되었다. 보고서에 의하면

부산 철광의 경우 인체에 유해하다고 알려진 비소가 680mg/kg, 카드뮴 2.1mg/kg 등으로

매우 심각한 수준으로 평가되고 있다. 온산 국가 산업단지의 경우 한국환경공단에서 실시

한 토양/지하수 환경조사 결과 비소, 카드뮴 등으로 오염된 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 아연

등의 비철금속을 제조하는 배출업소의 비소 오염농도가 토양우려기준을 초과한

703mg/kg으로 조사되었다.

- 22 -

본 연구개발 실증 대상 부지인 (구)장항제련소는 1963년에 준공되어 중금속을 함유한

배출가스 및 주변 지역이 슬래그 매립으로 환경오염이 발생한 곳으로 서천군이 한국환경

공단과 한국광해관리 공단에 의뢰해 서천군 장항읍 옛 장항제련소 주변 토양을 정밀 조

사한 결과, 오염원 반경 2km 지역에서 중금속 물질인 비소(As)가 우려기준 1지역 기준치

인 25mg/kg을 초과하였다. 특히 오염원 반경 1.5km 이내 지역은 지하 1m 까지는 비소를

비롯해 납과 카드뮴, 니켈, 아연 등이 기준치를 초과한 것으로 조사되었다. (구)장항제련

소 주변지역 부지는 대부분 논, 밭 토양으로서 미세토 함량이 높고, 비소 오염의 경우 모

든 토양입경분포에서 기준치를 초과한 오염을 보이고 있다. Table 1.1.4에는 장항지역에

추진된 토양정밀조사결과를 나타내고 있다.

Table 1.1.4 장항지역 토양정밀조사 결과(환경부, 2009)

오염 범위 오염기준 오염부지현황

0.5km이내 카드뮴, 구리, 비소, 납, 아연, 니켈 등 6개 항목이

심토까지 토양오염우려 및 대책기준 초과

-오염부지 면적 : 약

2,239,470m2(토양오염

우려기준 ‘가지역’기준

-오염토양(부피) : 약

943,036m3

-오염심도 : 0∼60 cm

0.5∼1.0km 비소, 구리, 납, 니켈, 아연 등 5개 항목 기준초과

1.0∼1.5km 비소, 니켈 등 2개 항목 기준초과

1.5∼2.0km 비소 1개 항목 기준초과(일부 중간·심토까지 오염)

2.0∼4.0km 비소 1개 항목 기준초과(대부분 표토)

토양 중 중금속(비소 등) 오염물질은 자연적으로 소멸되지 않고 주변상황에 따라 토

양, 지표/지하수를 매개로 확산되는 특성을 가지고 있으므로 조기의 원천적인 처리 기술

이 필요로 한다. 중금속 오염토양의 복원기술은 중금속의 오염이동 가능성을 최소화 시키

는 부동화 방법 (Immobilization, 고형화/안정화)과 중금속을 용출/분리하는 방법 (Soil

washing/Soil flushing) 두 가지로 크게 나뉜다(yarlagadda et al., 1995). 미국의 경우 고

형화/안정화 기술이 보편적인 처리방법으로서 중금속으로 오염된 토양의 정화에 적용되고

있다. 그러나 고형화/안정화 기술은 장기적인 측면에서 안정성에 대한 문제가 끊임없이

제기되고 있어 보다 안정적이면서도 근본적인 처리기술의 개발이 요구되고 있다(하동균,

2008).

- 23 -

국내 중금속(비소 등) 오염토양 정화공법으로 널리 이용되는 토양세척공법은 세척수와

기계적 마찰력을 이용하여 오염물질이 주로 흡착된 미세토와 상대적으로 오염농도가 낮

은 조립토를 분리하여 처리하는 방법으로 미세토 함량이 높은 토양은 처리효율이 감소하

며, 미세토에 적용가능한 동전기 공법 또한 입자성 중금속 오염 처리에는 효과가 낮은 단

점이 있다. 따라서 실제 오염지역의 토성 및 중금속 오염특성에 고려한 현장 적응성이 높

은 최적의 원천적인 제거기술 개발이 필요하다.

본 연구에서는 중금속(비소 등) 오염토양에 열탈착 공법을 적용하여 일부 휘발성이 있

는 중금속을 제거하고, 중금속의 존재형태(Tessier et al., 1979) 중 토양에 잔류하여 결합

력이 강한 형태인 Phase Ⅴ가 상대적으로 결합력이 약한 Phase Ⅰ∼Ⅲ으로 상 변화하는

효과를 얻었다. 또한 대부분이 Phase Ⅳ,Ⅴ의 결합력이 강한 형태로 존재하는 장항지역의

비소 오염토에 대한 맞춤형 기술을 개발하기 위하여 아임계추출공정을 적용하였으며 공

정의 최적 조건을 제시하고 그 적용가능성을 평가하였다.

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제2절 연구개발의 국내외 현황

1. 세계적 수준

토양은 일반적으로 오염되었을 때, 오염정도를 알기가 매우 어렵고, 복원하는데 막대한 시

간과 경비가 소요된다. 이에 미국에서는 1980년에 제정된 슈퍼펀드(superfund)법에 정화의무에

대한 사항을 명시하고 있고, 일본에서는 1996년에 개정된 수질오염방지법에 오염자에 대한 정

화의무가 명기되었다.

미국의 경우에는 최소 20,000여개에 이르는 유해 화학물질 폐기지역을 정화하기 위한 슈퍼

펀드법을 시행함에 따라 시장 규모가 급격히 신장하게 되었으며, 시장규모는 1994년에 이미

70억$를 넘어섰다. 그 결과 미국에서는 수많은 기업이 토양정화사업에 참여하고 시장 점유율

을 높이기 위해 치열한 경쟁을 하고 있다. 기타 국가의 경우 미국에 비하여 시장규모가 적기

는 하지만 일본, 독일, 프랑스 등에서도 이미 일정규모의 시장이 형성되었으며 특히 토양오염

관련 법규가 재정비되면서 향후 시장규모는 더욱 커질 것으로 예상된다(현대환경연구소,

1999).

중금속 정화기술 중 현재 실용화되어 활용 중이거나 거의 실용화 단계에 이른 토양정

화기술에는 다음과 같은 것들이 있다(현대환경연구소, 1999).

가. 차폐처리

차폐하는 기술로는 차단공, 차수공, 복토, 식재공 등이 있는데 토양오염 수준에 맞추

어 적용한다. 이것들은 대부분의 오염토양에 대해 적용 가능한 기술이지만, 오염토양을

정화하는 것이라기보다는 오염원의 확산을 막는 것이 주목적이기 때문에 근본적인 해

결책으로는 볼 수 없다.

차단공이란 콘크리트를 이용하여 오염토양을 외부 환경으로부터 철저하게 차단하는

방법이다. 차수공은 오염물질이 주변의 수역으로 확산되지 않도록 불투수 쉬트나 강철

판, 점토 등을 차단막으로 이용해서 오염토양으로부터의 오염물확산을 방지하는 방법이

다. 또 복토, 식재공은 토양의 지표면으로부터 오염물이 확산되는 것을 막는 방법으로

차단공, 차수공과 병용해 이용된다.

나. 고화처리

고화처리는 수경성 시멘트나 각종 화합물 등을 오염토양과 혼합하여 오염토양을 고

화해서 무해화 처리하는 방법이다. 처리된 토양은 오염원 위치에 폐쇄하여 처리하거나

- 25 -

또는 최종 처리장소에 매립 폐기된다. 이것은 차폐처리기술과 같이 오염토양의 확산을

방지하는 것이 주요 목적이다. 일례로서 6가크롬이 오염원이 되었을 때, 6가크롬은 토양

중에서 수용성의 산화물 상태로 존재하기 때문에 확산을 일으키기 쉽다. 이를 막기 위

해 환원제와 알칼리제를 오염토양에 첨가하여 화학반응을 일으켜 수용성 산화물 형태

의 크롬을 불용성의 수산화크롬으로 바꾼다. 이 토양은 시멘트로 고화시켜 처리하든지

최종 처리장소로 옮겨져 매립 처리하게 된다.

다. 가열처리

가열처리는 오염토양에 열을 가함으로써 고온 휘발성의 오염물질을 토양과 분리하고,

비휘발성의 오염물질은 토양과 함께 고화시켜 슬래그화 하는 방법이다. 가열하는 과정

에서 휘발한 오염물질을 회수해서 처리하기 위한 시설을 병용해야 한다. 하지만 중금속

과 휘발성 유기화합물에 의한 복합 오염토양에 있어서도 유용한 처리방법이 될 수 있

다. 비용이 많이 소요되고 2차오염을 유발할 가능성이 있는 단점이 있지만 오염도가 높

은 경우에 적용되는 기본기술이다. 여기에는 글래스고화, 용융, 소각기술 등이 포함된다.

오염원 위치에서의 글래스고화기술은 미국의 에너지부가 방사성 폐기물을 대상으로

개발한 기술이다. 오염토양에 전극을 삽입하고 전류를 흘려줌으로써 1,600∼2,000℃의 고온까지 가열하여 토양 중에 포함되어 있는 실리카를 용해하여 고화한다. 실리카 고화

와 함께 오염물질이 차폐 처리되기 때문에, 안정적인 면에서는 콘크리트 고화보다도 뛰

어나다고 할 수 있다. 용융기술은 오염토양에 1,200∼1,300℃의 열을 가하여 오염토양을 정화하고, 잔류토양과 고온 비휘발성의 오염물질을 슬래그화 한다. 소각기술은 소각로를

이용해 800∼1,000℃의 고온에서 연소시키는 방법이다. 이들은 모두, 가열 중에 휘발한 유해물질을 대기 중에서 포집하여 2차 처리한다. 열탈착기술은 로터리킬른 등을 이용해

오염토양을 비교적 저온인 약 300∼650℃에서 가열하여 휘발성오염물질의 일부는 열분해하고 나머지는 비산재(fly ash)와 분리·수집한 후 처리하는 방법이다. 휘발성오염물질

에 고농도로 오염된 경우에 보다 적합한 기술이다.

라. 토양세척

일반적으로 토양 중의 오염물질은 미세한 흙알갱이에 부착되기 때문에, 이러한 성질

을 이용해서 그것들만 분리해서 세정하는 기술이다. 오염토양은 분리 과정에 의해 세립

자만 추출되고, 또한 부유선광법에 의해 크기별로도 분리된다. 이 때, 분산·흡착제로는

물, 계면활성제 혹은 알칼리세정제가 이용된다. 처리된 오염토양은 탈수 후에 고화처리

되는데, 사용된 세정제에 대한 후처리가 필요하다.

- 26 -

마. 전극분리

오염토양에 전극을 끼워 넣어 전류를 통하게 함으로써 전기삼투압(electro-osmosis)을

발생시켜 음극에 중금속 이온을 붙게 하여 회수하는 기술이다. 토양, 슬러지, 퇴적물 내

에 함유된 중금속, 방사성물질, 유기오염물을 분리하고 추출하는 데 적용할 수 있다. 제

거율은 낮은 편이고 또한 전류를 통하게 하기 위해서 물을 첨가해야 하기 때문에 오염

물질이 확산될 수 있는 위험성도 있다. 기술적으로 아직 보완이 필요하지만 오염원 위

치에서의 처리가 어려운 중금속 오염토양에도 적용 가능한 기술이다.

바. 열탈착 처리

본 연구에서 적용하고자 하는 기술인 열탈착 처리기술은 국외의 경우 아직 상용화되

지 않은 상태이며, 현재 연구개발 단계로 볼 수 있다. 이와 관련하여 미국에서는 저온

열탈착 장비에 의한 중금속 오염물질의 종류, 처리시간 및 온도, 토양의 수분함량, 심도

별, 오염토양, 처리용량 조건에 따라 실시한 중금속 처리 실험을 진행한 예가 있다. 그

예로서 미국의 수퍼펀드(Superfund)지역인 Sand Creek Industrial의 중금속 오염토를

상용화장비(Full-scale)를 이용하여 처리하였으며, 역시 수퍼펀드(Superfund) 지역인

Cape Fear의 중금속 오염토를 상용화장비(Full-scale)를 이용하여 처리하였다. 해외의

중금속 오염토의 열탈착 정화사례를 Table 1.2.1에 나타냈다.

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Table 1.2.1. 국외 열탈착 정화사례

Site Name,

LocationMedia Contaminants

Year

Operation

Began

Year

Published

Rocky Mountain

Arsenal, CO

Soil;

Organic

Liquids

Pesticide/Herbicides;

Heavy Metals; Arsenic1993 1998

Anderson

Development

Company Superfund

Site, MI

Soil ;

Sludge

PAH;

Semivolatiles-Nonhalogenated

; Volatiles-Halogenated;

BTEX;

Volatiles-Nonhalogenated;

Heavy Metals

1992 1995

Arlington Blending

and Packing

Superfund site, TN

Soil

Pesticide/Herbicides;

Semivolatiles-halogenated;

Arsenic

1996 2000

Brookhaven National

Laboratory(BNR),

NY

Soil Heavy Metals Not provided 2002

Cape Fear

Superfund Site, NCSoil

PAH;

Semivolatiles-Nonhalogenated

; Arsenic; Heavy Metals;

Volatiles-Nonhalogenated;

BTEX

1998 2002

Fort Ord, CA

Debris/

Slag/

Solid;

Off-gas

Heavy Metals 2002 2004

Industrial Lartex

Superfund Site, NJ

Soil;

Off-gas

Pesticide/Herbicides;

Semivolatiles-halogenated;

PAHs; PCBs; Arsenic

1999 2002

- 28 -

Table 1.2.1. 국외 열탈착 정화사례(계속)

Site Name,

LocationMedia Contaminants

Year

Operation

Began

Year

Published

Letterkenny Army

Depot Superfund

Site, K Areas, OU1,

PA

Soil

TCE;

Volatiles-Nonhalogenated;

Heavy Metals

1993 2000

Lipari Landfill,

Operable Unit 3, NJSoil

TCE; BTEX;

Volatiles-halogenated;

Volatiles-Nonhalogenated;

Arsenic; Heavy Metals;

Semivolatiles-halogenated;

Semivolatiles-Nonhalogenated;

1994 2002

Metaltec/Aerosystems

Superfund Site,

Frankiln Borough,

NJ

Soil

TCE; DCE;

Volatiles-halogenated;

Heavy Metals

1994 2001

Pristine, Inc,

Superfund Site, OHSoil

Pesticide/Herbicides; PAH;

Semivolatiles-Nonhalogenated;

Heavy Metals;

1993 1995

Sand Creek

Superfund Site, OU

5, CO

SoilPesticide/Herbicides;

Arsenic19994 2000

Waldick Aerospaces

Devic