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ALPHABETICAL GLOSSARY CHAPTERS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 100

NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, AND OFFICIAL TITLES

(Partial. Remaining entries will be added as they are edited. Last updated 12/18/08)

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Accessory Clerk Tso-shi 佐史was the lowest rank among government officials. Hs 19A.29b says, “Below [the officials ranked at] 100 piculs there were the ranks: Official Whose Honorarium [Is Measured by] Tou 斗 and the Accessory Clerk.” Yen Shih-ku quotes the Han-kuan yi A.35a (by Ying Shao ), “Accessory Officials receive 8 hu of grain per month.” (HHs Mem. 28.14a also has this statement). Sc cheng-yi 122.16b says, “Chien Hsüan was 減宣 a man of Yang 楊; as an Accessory Clerk who was learned in the law he served … in the yamen of the Administrator of the Ho-tung [Commandery] 河東郡.” Hs 90.11 echoes this statement. The use of this term in the list of official’s salaries (HHs 28.14b) establishes that Tso-shih is the name of one office, not two. Wei Chao 韋昭, in a note to Hs 2.2a, uses Department Official and Clerk 曹史書 as illustrations of Accessory Officials. Accomplished Talent 茂才 was a term used in Han times [p. to denote a certain sort of person who was recommended for appointment in the bureaucracy, sometimes after a period of study in the Imperial University and upon examination (Cf. Hs 88.5a), so that it became a title.] Pan Piao received this title and was thereupon made prefect of Hsü 徐; Cf. Hs 100A.11b. The term was originally 秀才. The personal name of Emperor Kuang-wu was Hsiu 秀, so that Later Han times changed the title to Mou 茂. [p. Ying Shao specifically mentions this change to Mou-ts ai in Sc 12, and Hs 88.5a the term Hsiu-ts ai has been restored. This term was used by Emperor Wu in an edict of 106 B.C.; Ho Ch’uo says it came from a sentence of Kuan-tzu, chap. “Hsiao-k uang “(prob. 111 cent. B.C.). Cf. Hs 6.30b. It later became the title for those who passed the first civil service examinations, Cf. Hs sub Imperial University. Administrator太守. Cf. Hs Commandery Administrator. An-ch’ang 安昌, which was the seat of a Han Marquisate was located according to [p. Ta-ch’ing Yi-t’ung-chih, west of the present Ch üeh-shan 確山 in Ju-ning Fu 汝寧府, central Honan, and] the Shina redikai chimei yoran, p. 7, 60 li to the southeast of the present Ch’in-yang 沁陽, in northern Honan. Its marquises were Chang Yü 張禹 and his son, Chang Hung 張宏. Cf. Hs 18.21b; 81.12a. [p. 28Aii.7a]

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An-hsi 安釐 King of Weih 魏 was the son of King Chao 昭王 of that state and was King of Weih from 276 to 243 B.C. Yen Shih-ku explains the unusual pronunciation of the second character by pointing out that in the posthumous title 僖 and the phrase 福禧, the words hsi are very often written 釐. [p. Cf. Hs 1B.21a] An-kuo 安國 was, [p. according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a city of the Chung-shan Commandery,] located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 6 li southeast of the present hsien by the name in Hopei which was the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ch’i Chou, in Pao-ting Fu. [p. Its marquises were Wang Ling, Wang Chi, Wang Yu, Wang P’i-fang, Wang Ting, Lin Chi. Cf. Hs 15B.47b; 16.29b; 28Bii.19a] An-ling 安陵 [p. The An Tomb or An-ling was the tomb of the Emperor Hui.] Fu Tsan (fl. ca. 285) says that An-ling was 35 li north of Ch’ang-an; the San-fu huang-t’u (iii to vi cent.) says it was 10 li away from the Ch’ang-ling (Kao-tsu’s tomb, Cf. Hs 1.n. 955), although the Official ed. (1739) says “5 li,” quoting Sung Ch’i as saying that this number is also written as “10”. An-ling became a prefecture in the Yu-fu-feng Commandery of Han times. The T’ai-p’ing yü-lan 457, quotes the Ch’u-Han ch’un-ch’iu (197 B.C.) as saying, “When the Emperor Hui died, the Empress Dowager [p. (née)] Lü wanted a high mound for [him], so that she could see it from the Wei-yang Palace. The generals admonished her, but she did not listen to them. The Marquis of Tung-yang, with tears dropping down, said, “When your Majesty sees the tumulus of the Emperor Hui, your tears will fall down without cessation. This will injure your health. Your humble servant is personally grieved at that. The Empress Dowager then dropped [the idea].” Ao Granary 敖 [The Ao Granary was, according to Meng K’ang 孟康 (ca. 180-260) “northwest of Jung-yang] on a mountain on the shore of the [Yellow] River. “It had been built by the First Emperor (Cf. Mh II, 101, n. 7). Ao was the name of a mountain. Assistant prefect 丞. The Assistant cheng was assistant to a prefect in a hsien. Cf. Mh II, 532, II. According to Hs 19, the assistant’s position was ranked at 400 to 200 piculs. Cf. Hs 4.7b; sub Chief of Police. The Beauties 美人 were imperial concubines originally of the [p. highest] rank [p.

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below the Empress. Emperors Wu and Yüan established higher ranks until Beauty became the fifth rank among the imperial concubines.] Hs 97.2b says, “the Beauties are estimated as [p. equal in civil rank to officials] [ranking at] two thousand piculs and as equal in the noble rank to the Lesser Superior Accomplished [the fifteenth rank in the noble hierarchy]. “The son of Hsiao-hui who was first put on the throne was the son of a Beauty. Cf. Hs 3.lb; 4 .n. 307 {second reference not clear}. [p. At the time of Wang Mang’s second marriage, the Beauties were the second rank concubines. Cf. Hs 99C.20b.] The call-to-arms 檄 was, according to Yen Shih-ku, used as a dispatch to summon troops [p. or for other persons.] It was [p. made of wooden slips] two inches longer than ordinary stationery (which was usually of bamboo or wood slips, a Chinese foot long, i.e., 9 in. Eng. meas.). In urgent cases a bird’s feather 羽檄 was inserted to call attention to its urgency. Cf. Hs Hs 1B.16a. Ch'ai Wu 柴武 title, Marquis Kang 剛 of Chi-p'u 棘蒲 had two surnames, Ch'en 陳 and Ch'ai 柴. Chou Shou-ch'ang suggests that possibly he was reared by the Ch'en family and later changed back to his original surname, Ch'ai. He also suggests that Ch'en Wu had the style Tang 唐, for in Hs 51:8a he is called Ch'ai Tang (although that may have been another person). Before 207 B.C., he arose at Hsüeh 薛, and, as a general with 2500 men, he separately rescued Tung-o 東阿. He went to Pa-shang 霸上 and with Kao-tsu to Han-chung 漢中. On Apr. 26, 201 B.C., he was made Marquis of Chi-p'u. In 196 B.C., he was a General and killed Hanw Hsin at Ts'an-ho 參合. In June/July 177 B.C. he was made General-in-chief against Liu Hsing-chü 劉興居. He died in 163 B.C.

Ying Shao attempts to identify him with the Marquis of Kang-wu 剛武侯 mentioned in Hs IA:14b and Wu Jen-chieh 吳仁傑 with the General P'u 蒲 in 31:11a. Cf. vol. II, p. 49, n. 4. {Reference uncertain.} There was another Ch’en Wu who was a general of Ch'en Hsi 陳豨 and was executed in 197 B.C. Cf. Hs 40:22a. Cf. also Hs 1B:16b; 4:3a, 12a; 16: 19b; 44:4b; 38:7b; 51:11a; Mh II, 345, 471; III, 132. Chan Huo 展獲, style 禽 and posthumous name Hui 惠, often called Hui of Liu-hsia 柳下惠was an official in the state of Lu, mentioned in the Tso-chuan under the date 634 B.C. (Legge, p. 198). He held that service under an immoral

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prince could not contaminate him, so that he need not retire under such circumstances. He was thrice dismissed. Cf. Analects XVIII, ii; Hs 100, n. 319. Chang 張 was a Chinese zoodiacal constellation composed of the stars χ, υ,μ, λ, Φ, ν192G Hydrae, according to J. Ueta, 26. Chang Ao 張敖 [p. title King of Chao,] was the son of Chang Erh 張耳 q.v. In 209 B.C., in compliment to his father, Ch’en appointed Chang Ao Marquis of Ch’eng-tu. In the autumn of 202 B.C. he succeeded his father as King of Chao. He married the Princess Yüan of Lu, who was the daughter of Kao-tsu and the Empress née Lü. The Princess Yüan became the Queen of Chao. In Jan. 201 B.C., when Kao-tsu came back from Ping-ch’eng and passed through the state of Chao, the King waited, very humbly, upon the Emperor Kao-tsu “morning and evening, like a subject and son-in-law”; but Kao-tsu squatted down and scolded-him, treating him without courtesy. The Chancellor of Chao, Kuan Kao, and Chao Wu were very angry at Kao-tsu’s behavior, and urged the King of Chao to give them permission to kill Kao-tsu. Kuan Kao and Chao Wu were more than sixty years old and had been guests of Chang Erh. Chang Ao bit his fingers so hard that the blood ran, and refused permission. Then Kuan Kao and ten others plotted to kill Kao-tsu secretly, so that Chang Ao would not bear the blame. In Oct./Nov. 204 B.C., when Kao-tsu passed through Chao from Tung-yüan, Kuan Kao and the others arranged an ambush in the side-rooms at Po-jen. When the Emperor came thru, he wanted to stop, but he had a premonition, and asked the name of the place. When he found the name was Po-jen, which means “harassed by someone,” he would not stop. In Jan./Feb. 198, Kuan Kao was informed on. Chang Ao and the others were arrested. Chao Wu and more than ten others committed suicide. Kuan Kao was angry and scolded them because they did not first exculpate their King. He came to Ch’ang-an with Chang Ao and took the blame on himself and the others. The officers beat him several thousand strokes, tortured and burnt him until every part of his body was injured, but he refused to say anything else. The Empress née Lü also pleaded with the Emperor for Chang Ao. Finally Kao-tsu pardoned Chang Ao and also pardoned Kuan Kao for his loyal and brave behavior. But Kuan Kao committed suicide. Chang Ao was then demoted to be Marquis of Hsüan-p’ing and died in 182

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B.C. Because of his wife, the Empress née Lü had him ranked as third among the marquises. Cf. Hs 32.7b-9a; 31.5a; [p. HFHD I.117, 121, 123] lB.12a, 13b, 14a; 16.46a. Chang Ch’un 張春, was a general of the rebel Ch’en Hsi, who in 197 B.C. led more than ten thousand foot-soldiers to attack Liao-ch’eng, but was severely routed. Cf. Hs 1B.16b; 37 (Ts’ao Ts’an). The Chang Commandery 障郡 was a commandery of Ch’in times (Cf. Mh II, 132, n. 1, 6°). The Hs 28.I, iii, 31b says that the Tan-yang Commandery was “the former Chang commandery. “The Tan-yang Commandery had its headquarters at the present Hsüan-ch’eng hsien (the Manchu dynasty’s Ning-kuo Fu ), Anhui; the commandery included seventeen prefectures in the present Kiangsu and Anhui. [Cf. Hs 1.ii, 9b.] The Empress née Chang 張 of the Emperor Hsiao-hui was her husband’s maternal niece, the daughter of Chang Ao and the Princess Yüan of Lu, who was the full sister of Hsiao-hui. [p. After the death of the Empress Dowager née Lü she lived in seclusion and died in 163 B.C.] On this girl’s relationship with her husband, cf. 2: n. 48. Since she was of a different surname, her marriage was quite correct. It is still a common practise in China to marry members of one’s mother’s family. [p. At the time of the marriage,] the Emperor was in his 19th year. Her given name is not recorded in either the Sc or the Hs. Huang-fu Mi (215-282) in his Generations and Annals of the Emperors invented given names for this wife of the Emperor Hui, for the Empress Po of Hsiao-wen, and even for her father, concerning which Yen Shih-ku remarks that it was “a pretended display of great knowledge.” [p. Cf. 4. n, 252; Hs 2.5a.] [p. The rule of generations was not observed in Han times; the Empress née Hsü of Emperor Hsiao-ch’eng (q.v.) was a cousin of a generation preceeding his. There were many such marriages in Han times which did not observe the rule of generations; Cf. Hs ] Chang Erh 張耳, posthumous name King Ching of Chao, was originally a man of Ta-liang. He became the magistrate of Wai-huang. When Kao-tsu was a common citizen, he travelled with Chang Erh. When Ch’en Sheng raised a rebellion, Chang Erh came to him and was sent as Colonel, under Wu Ch’en are

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General, to overrun Chao. They preached the gospel of rebellion against the cruelties of the Ch’in government. The message proved popular, and, from a force of three thousand, their troops swelled to several tens of thousands. When Wu Ch’en set himself up as King of Chao, Chang Erh became his Lieutenant Chancellor. He was driven out of Han-tan when Wu Ch’en was killed. Then he set up Chao Hsieh as King of Chao. He was besieged in Chu-lu by Chang Han, but rescued by the allied nobles. He followed Hsiang Yü into Kuan-chung. Hsiang Yü made him King of Ch’ang-shan, and moved Chao Hsieh to the kingship of Tai. But Chang Erh was surprised and defeated by Ch’en Yu, and fled to Kao-tsu, who treated him well. In 203 B.C., Kao-tsu made him King of Chao. He died in the autumn of 202 B.C. Cf. Hs 32.1a-7b; Sc 89. Chang Fang 張放, title Marquis Ssu of Fu-p’ing, was the son of Chang Lin. He became a Palace Attendant, General of the Gentleman-at-the-Household. In 31 B.C. he succeeded to his father’s marquisate of Fu-p’ing, being the fifth generation [p. Rework use material in Hs 59.12aff.] in that marquisate. He died in 7 B.C. [p. His mother was Princess of Ching-wu, a daughter of Emperor Hsüan, and he himself married a younger sister of Emperor Ch’eng’s Empress née Hsü, so that he was doubly related to Emperor Ch’eng. When the latter went out incognito to cock-fights and horse races, he called himself a member of Chang Fang’s household. Chang Fang] was a great favorite of Emperor Ch’eng [p. and always accompanied the latter when the latter went out incognito, and he was said to have slept and with the Emperor (his intimate),] until the influence of the Wang clan drove the Emperor to send him away from the court. [p. Cf. Hs 59.12a-13a; 86.10a; 97B.16a; 100A.4a,b; 27Ba.11a, 95.8a; 18.12a;] HHs Memoirs 25 sub Chang Shun; and 70ii.1a. Chang Han 章邯 was the greatest of the Ch’in generals in the time of Emperor Kao. He fought successfully against the rebels until intrigues at the capital made him surrender. Hsiang Yü made him King of Yung 雍王 [p. in 206 B.C. He was defeated by Kao-tsu, besieged in his capital and committed suicide when it surrendered in July 205 B.C. Cf. Hs 1A, 13, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 45, 51, 64A] Chang Hsiang-ju 張相如, [p. title Marquis Wu of Tung-yang 東陽武侯,] had been Palace Grandee in 201 B.C. Because, as Administrator of Ho-chien, he had attacked Ch’en Hsi, in 196 B.C., Kao-tsu had made him Marquis of Tung-yang with the income of 1300 families. [p. He was made Commander-in-Chief against

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the Hsiung-nu in 165 B.C.] He died in 165 B.C. Cf. Hs 16.47a, 4.15a. Chang Liang 張良, style Tzu-fang 子房, posthumous name, Marquis Wen-ch’eng 文成侯 of Liu , came from a family of chancellors and nobles in the State of Hanh

韓. His father was Chang Ping 張平, who was the Chancellor of King Hsi (295-273 B.C.) and Huan-hui (272-239) of Hanh. His father died in 250 B.C. When, in 230, the state of Hanh was conquered by Ch’in, Chang Liang was young, and so did not become an official. He had more than three hundred retainers in his family. Instead of spending his wealth to bury his younger brother, he used it to find someone to assassinate the First Emperor and avenge the destruction of Hanh, for his ancestors for five generations had been the chancellors of Hanh. He finally secured a mighty man who wielded a bludgeon weighing a hundred and twenty catties. When the First Emperor came East to the Po-lang Sands, Chang Liang and his mighty men attacked the First Emperor’s cortege, but, by mistake, they attacked a carriage following that in which the First Emperor rode, and so failed. Chang Liang fled, changed his name, and hid himself at Hsia-p’ei. Once when he was leisurely strolling by the cliff at Hsia-p’ei, an old gentleman, wearing coarse clothes, came along and dropped his shoe down the cliff. He looked at Chang Liang and said, “Child, go and get my shoe.” Chang Liang wanted to beat the man, but, because of his age, he controlled himself and got the shoe, then knelt down to put it on the man’s foot. The man held out his foot and allowed Chang Liang to put it onto his foot, then smiled and left. Chang Liang was greatly amazed. When the old man had gone about a li, he came back again and said, “Child, you are teachable. In five days, at daybreak, meet me here.” Chang Liang was astonished, but promised to come. In five days, at the break of day, he went to the place, but the old man was already there and said, “Why are you so late at an appointment with an older person? After five days more come earlier. “After five days, Chang Liang arrived at cocks crow, but the old man was there already. He was again angry, and said, “You are late. Why? Come five days later and come earlier.” After five days Chang Liang came at midnight. Soon after, the old man arrived. He was glad to see Chang Liang and said, “You should be like this.“ Then he took out a book and said, “Read this and you will become the teacher of a [true] king. After ten years you will be successful, and after thirteen years you will see me. The yellow stone the Ku-ch’eng Mountain at Chi-pei will be me.” Then he left and disappeared. In the morning, when Chang Liang

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looked at the book, it was the Military Tactics by T’ai-kung-[wang]. While he stayed at Hsia-p’ei, Hsiang Po once killed a man and came to hide with Chang Liang. His friendship later saved Chang Liang’s life. Ten years after, when Ch’en Sheng and others raised the standard of rebellion, Chang Liang gathered together several hundred young men around himself. In Feb. 208 B.C., when Ching Chü set himself up as King of Ch’u, Chang Liang wanted to go and follow him, but on the way he met Kao-tsu, who was then the Lord of P’ei, and had several thousand men. Thereupon Chang Liang joined Kao-tsu, and Kao-tsu made him General of the Stables. Chang Liang talked to Kao-tsu several times about the Military Tactics, and Kao-tsu was very responsive and often used his ideas. But when Chang Liang told others about the book, they did not understand what he was saying, so that Chang Liang said, “Kao-tsu is probably holding the Mandate of Heaven.” Hence he followed Kao-tsu and did not leave him. When, in May, Kao-tsu saw Hsiang Liang, Chang Meng tried to get Hsiang Liang to set up a descendant of the kings of Hanh as King of Hanh. Accordingly Han Ch’eng was made King of Hanh and Chang Liang was made his Minister of the Masses. The two went west and captured several cities of Hanh, but these cities were several times recaptured by the forces of Ch’in. So Chang Liang led his troops to join those of Kao-tsu and captured more than ten cities of Hanh. The King of Hanh was left to hold Yang-ti while Chang Liang went with Kao-tsu to attack and take Yüan and go west through the Wu Pass. At the Yao Pass, Chang Liang advised Kao-tsu not to attack, but to trick and bribe the Ch’in generals. (Cf. Hs 1.i, l8b). When Kao-tsu reached Hsien-yang and entered the palace, he enjoyed the treasures and women of the palaces and wanted to stay there. Fan K uai admonished him, but fruitlessly. Then Chang Liang said, “Because the Emperor of Ch’in was unprincipled, you were able to get here. You should be simple. Now you are enjoying yourself. This is what is called helping Chieh [a tyrant king] to do wrong.” Thereupon Kao-tsu left hsien-yang and led his army back to Pa-shang. When Hsiang Yü arrived and wanted to attack Kao-tsu, Hsiang Po galloped

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to the camp of Kao-tsu at night, saw Chang Liang, and urged him to flee. The latter however told Kao-tsu of his danger and saved the situation. Cf. Hs 1.1, 21b ff. Chang Liang went back to Hanh from Han-chung in the spring of 206, but returned that winter. When Li Yi-chi advised Kao-tsu to set up as kings the descendants of the Six Kingdoms and had seals carved for them, it was Chang Liang who advised him otherwise. Cf. Hs 1A.35a. Chiang Liang advised Kao-tsu to yield to the wishes of Han Hsin and make him temporarily King of Ch’i, thus inducing him and others to come and finally defeat Hsiang Yü. Cf. Hs 1B.1a-b. When, in 201 B.C., Kao-tsu was distributing fiefs, Chang Liang had never fought a battle, but Kao-tsu offered him a position higher than that of anyone else, telling him to choose thirty thousand families from the state of Ch’i for himself. But Chang Liang preferred merely to be the Marquis of Liu and took only 10,000 families. It was he who advised Kao-tsu to enfeoff Yung Ch’ih and thereby forestall serious trouble among his followers. Cf. Hs 1B.10b. He also urged Kao-tsu to follow the advice of Lou Ching and move his capital to Kuan-chung. Cf. Hs 1B.7a. In his physique he was weak and sickly. He followed the Taoist doctrine and did not eat any grain. When he had come to Kuan-chung, he did not leave his house for more than a year. When Kao-tsu wished to alter the succession, Chang Liang advised the Empress née Lü to get the four white-haired old men, whose following Liu Ying finally induced Kao-tsu to keep Liu Ying as his heir. Cf. Hs 100, n. 215. He was a Taoist and sought to make himself light and fly away to the land of the Immortals. He finally found the stone which the old man who he met at Hsia-p’ei had predicted he would find. He found it the thirteenth year after he had become a marquis, when he was touring with Kao-tsu. He took the stone home, treasured it, and worshipped it. When he died, it was buried with him, and every time his family went to visit his tomb, they doubtless also worshipped the Yellow Stone Immortal. When Kao-tsu died, Empress née Lü was grateful to Chang and favored him. He died in 186 B.C. Cf. Hs 40.1-11b, 16.10a, 100, n. 441. [p. Liu Shao in his Jen-wu Chih classifies Chang Liang as a strategist and calls him an outstanding man. Cf. Shryock, Study of Human Abilities, p. 107, 129.]

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The Chang River 漳誰 {11-12:4/4,5} ran south of Han-tan in a northwesterly direction to the present Tientsin. In Han times it ran into the Yellow River. Cf. Mh I, 106, n. 2. Chang Shih-ch’ing 張釋卿, also called Chang Shih 釋 (18.5b) and Chang Ch’ing 張卿 (Hs 35.2a; HHs Mem. 68.2a), and Chang Tse 張澤 (Skk 19.19, Hs 94; HHs 60B) was a Palace Usher and eunuch who was made Marquis of Chien-ling in 180 B.C., because he persuaded the high officials to ask for the appointing of kings from among the Lü family. Yang Shu-ta says that anciently his full name was Chang Shih-ch’ing; in the Tso-chuan and Shih chi either word of a person’s given name was used as an abbreviation of the full name. Cf. HFHD I.310, n. 32. Cf. Hs 3.5a. Chang Ts’ang 張蒼, posthumous name Marquis Wen of Pei-p’ing 北平侯, was a man of Yang-wu (in present Honan). He loved books, the musical tubes, and astronomy. In the time of the Ch’in dynasty, he was Secretary in Charge of the Tablets and Writings. Because of a crime, he fled. At that time, Kao-tsu was overrunning territory and passed Yang-wu. In the capacity of a guest, Chang Ts’ang followed him. Then, in July/Aug. 207 B.C., Kao-tsu attacked the Nan-yang commandery. Chang Ts’ang deserved to be beheaded. When he took off his clothes to put his head on the block, his body was large and great, fat and white like a gourd. He was more than eight feet (6 ft. Eng. meas.) tall. Wang Ling saw him and marvelled at his beauty, so he told Kao-tsu to pardon him, with the result that he was not executed. So he went west with Kao-tsu through the Wu Pass to hsien-yang. In Nov. 205, Kao-tsu made Chang Ts’ang the Administrator of Ch’ang-shan. He followed Han Hsin in the successful attack upon Chao and captured Chen Yü. When Chao was subjugated, Kao-tsu made Chang Ts’ang the Chancellor of Tai to be prepared against attacks on its northern border. Then he was moved to be Chancellor to Chang Erh, King of Chao. He continued as Chancellor of Chao under Chang Erh’s son, Chang Ao. Then he was moved to be Chancellor of Tai. When Tsang Tu rebelled in July/Aug. 202, Chang Ts’ang, in his capacity as Chancellor of Tai, followed Kao-tsu in the campaign against Tsang Tu and distinguished himself. In Sept./0ct. 201 B.C. he was made Marquis of Pei-p’ing with the income of 1200 families. A month later he was made Master of Accounts,

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which position he held for four years. His former experience as Secretary in charge of charts, writings, accounts and registers, and his skill in arithmetic, the sonorous tubes, and astronomy stood him in good stead, so he was ordered as Marquis to be in the Chancellor’s office as chief in charge of the accounts rendered by the commanderies and states. When Liu Ch’ang became King of Huai-nan in Aug./Sept. 196, Chang Ts’ang was made his Lieutenant Chancellor. He helped Chou P’o to bring the Emperor Wen to the throne. In 180, he became Grandee Secretary and in 176 he was promoted to be imperial Lieutenant Chancellor. Until him, in the twenty odd years since the Han dynasty had arisen, only military officials had been the ministers of the court. Chang Ts’ang tried to correct the calendar. Because Kao-tsu had come to Pa-shang in the tenth month, he followed the Ch’in practise of beginning the years with the tenth month. Chang Ts’ang was the first to consider the calendar. [p. He considered that since the Han dynasty had succeeded to the Ch’in capital and institutions, the Han ruled by virtue of the same element as that by virtue of which the Ch’in had ruled, i.e., water.] He loved books, and knew and had read everything. He had been saved by Wang Ling from suffering the death penalty and so favored him greatly. He was dismissed in 162 as a result of a controversy with Kung-sun Ch’en about the five elements, which was settled by the appearance of a yellow dragon at Ch’eng-chi (Cf. Hs 4.15b). The Emperor Wen thereupon summoned Kung-sun Ch’en, made him an Erudite, and changed the beginning of the count of years in his reign, whereupon Chang Tsang resigned on account of illness and age. He died in 152 B.C. When he died, he had lost all his teeth and sucked milk like a baby. He had more than a hundred wives and concubines. When one was pregnant, he did not favor her anymore. He was more than a hundred years old when he died. He wrote a book in 18 chapters about the yin and yang principles and the calendar, which is not recorded in Hs 30. Cf. Hs 42.1a-2a, 5a-6a; 16.31b; 19B.3, 8, 9; Sc 96. [p. Ku Chieh-kang, Ku-shih-pien V.430. William Hung suggests that Chang Ts’ang wrote the Tso-chuan since he was the outstanding scholar of the time when the Tso-chuan was supposed to have been written, since he was the first person who is said to have studied the Tso-chuan in Han times, and since Hsü Shung said that he presented the Tso-chuan to the imperial court; Cf. Ch’i San-ho in Yenching Journal of Social Studies vol. 1, no. 1, June:71.3

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Chang Tzu-fang 張子房 same as Chang Liang, q.v. Chang Wu 張武 was the Chief of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace at Tai in 180 B.C. and advised Liu Heng not to come to Ch’ang-an. When he came, Chang Wu accompanied him and was made Chief of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace in Ch’ang-an. In 167 he was made General of Chariots and Cavalry to encamp north of the Wei River to protect the capital against the Hsiung-nu. In 159 he was stationed in Pei-ti to guard against the Hsiung-nu. At the death of Emperor Wen, Chang Wu was made General in Charge of Replacing the Earth. He accepted bribes, and, to shame him, Emperor Wen gave him still more presents and gifts. He lost his position as Chief of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace in 151 B.C., on the accession of Emperor Ching. Cf. Hs 4, 19B.6b, 94. Chang Yi2 張儀 was a clever politician and adventurer who advocated the leadership of Ch’in. He became Chancellor in Ch’in, 328-312 B.C., broke the plans of his supposed former fellow-student, Su Ch’in, and died in exile in Wei in 310 B.C. His biography is in Sc 70. Chang Yi4 張毅 was a personage mentioned in Chuang-tzu XIX, 5. Cf. Hs 100.n. 260. Chang Yü 張禹 style Tzu-wen 子文, [p. title Marquis Chieh of An-ch’ang], was a man of the Ho commandery. He was a scholar and a teacher of the Emperor Ch’eng. He became Lieutenant Chancellor in 25 B.C., and was dismissed in 20 B.C. He was made Marquis of An-ch’eng when and because he was made Lieutenant Chancellor. He died in 5 B.C. Yang Shu-ta says that he taught the Analects in the imperial palace. His biography is in Hs 81.11aff. Cf. also 18.21b. {A more extensive biography is to be found in the glossary for Ch. 10.} The ancient city of Ch’ang-an 長安 {15-16:4/4} was situated, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, thirteen li northwest of the present city by that name (Hsi-an fu) in Shensi. It became the capital of the Han dynasty. The palaces at Ch’ang-an were only repaired in Oct./Nov. 201 [p. had there been palaces before?] B.C., and, when the new palace was being built in March 200, Kao-tsu had not been in Ch’ang-an regularly (Cf. Hs 1B.12a). Hence he probably lived in Yüeh-yang until the palaces were repaired and built.

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The San-fu huang-t’u (iii to vi cent.) writes, “The wall [p. of Ch’ang-an] was thirty-five feet high; at the bottom it was 15 feet broad; [p. above it was 9 feet broad]. The parapet was three pan high [p. a pan was a measure variously stated to be 10 ft., 8 ft. and 2 ft.]; in circuit it was sixty-five li. In the southern part of the wall there was the shape of the Southern Bushel [a Chinese constellation in Sagittarius, in shape like the Dipper; Cf. Schlegel, Uranographie Chinoise, 172f.]; in the north there was the shape of the Northern Bushel [the seven stars of Ursa Major called the Dipper; Cf. ibid. p. 502. The foregoing statement is based on a remark in Hs. 9]. Down to the present, people call the capital city of Han the Bushel City. “The Han chiu yi (written by Wei Hung, fl. 25-57) says, ‘The axes of the city of Ch’ang-an were each 32 li 18 paces [long]. Its area was 97,200 mou. There were eight main streets 街, nine cross streets 陌, three palaces, nine official buildings 府, three temples, twelve gates, nine market-places and sixteen bridges. The soil was all black and rich; now it is as red as fire and as hard as a stone [possibly because of erosion]. The old folks have handed down the tradition, ‘They dug up all the earth of the Lung-hou Mountain [possibly an ancient grave-mound?] for the city wall.’ The well [or ponds] was over 200 feet deep. [p.The trees proper [for the city] were the Huai and elms; the pines and thujas were flourishing and many. Below the wall there was a ditch all around. It was 30 feet broad and 20 feet deep. [p. Bishop, p. 571, measured the ditch at one place; it is 160 ft. wide and still nearly 10 ft. deep. This may not have been typical.] The stone bridges were each 60 feet [long] and connected straight with the avenues.” Szu-ma Chen (viii cent.) quotes from the Han-kung ch’ieh-sou (earlier than iii or vi cent.) to the effect that in the Emperor’s fourth year the eastern face was built, and in the fifth year the northern face. [p. Cf. Hs 2.5b] [p. Hs 28.Ai.20a gives the population of Ch’ang-an as 80,800 households, 246,200 people.] For a further account, cf. Pan Ku’s “Poems on the Two Capitals,” translated by G. Margoulies in Le “Fou” dans le wen-suian, p. 35-57. [p. For an account of the present state of the Han wall, Cf. C. W. Bishop, “An Ancient Chinese Capital.Earthworks at Old Ch’ang-an,” Smithsonian Report, 1938, pp. 569-578. Dr. Bishop seems to have measured the wall near an ancient gate; the

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dimensions he gives are much larger than in the ancient Chinese accounts.] The Marquises of Ch’ang-an were Hsiang Yü (1A.13b) and Lu Wan (1B.3b). Mien 免 was a Chief Palace Grandee, and was appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry in 159 B.C. Cf. Hs 4.17b; 19B.4b, note. [p. his surname is lost] Ch’ang-sha 長沙 had been a commandery under the Ch’in dynasty (Mh II, 132, n. 1, 35); it became a kingdom in Han times. Cf. Mh II, 540, no. 70. Its capital was at Chu [p. and later at Liu-hsiang . It was considered a poor, damp and low state.] (Cf. Mh II, 290 and n. 5). [11.Cf. Hs B28ii.42b.] Ch’ang-shan 常山 was a Han kingdom and commandery located in the present eastern Hopei. [p. Its headquarters as a commandery were at Yüan -shih, which was located NW of the present Yüan shih. This region belonged to the Han-tan Commandery in the Ch’in period; during the Ch’u-Han period, it belonged to the state of Chao. Hsiang Yü enfeoffed Chang Erh as King of Ch’ang-shan, with his capital at Hsiang-kuo. In 204 Kao-tsu made Ch’ang-shan a commandery. In 203 it was made a part of the kingdom of Chao. In March 206 B.C., the state of Chao was divided at Hsiang-kuo , a walled city located, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, southwest of the present Hsing-t’ai in the Manchu dynasty’s Shun-te Fu, Hopei. Its king, Chang Erh, was soon driven out and fled to Han. In Nov./ Dec. 205, Heng-shan was conquered by Han Hsin and Chang Erh and made into a Han commandery. It then had 25 prefectures; later only 18 prefectures were included. In 186 it was made a kingdom of Ch’ang-shan with Lü Pu-yi and Lü Chao, successively, as kings. [p. In 179 it again became part of Ch’ao. In 155 it again became a commandery. In 148 B.C.] it was again a kingdom with Liu Shun and. Liu P o, successively, as kings. [p. In 114 B.C. it again became a commandery.] Because of the taboo on the personal name of Emperor Wen, Heng 恆 was changed to Ch’ang Cf. Hs 28Aii.52bf; 13.19a; 1B.15b; Mh II, 540, no. 71. [p. It belonged to the Yi Province. It had 141,741 households, 677,956 persons and 18 prefectures.] The Ch’ang2 Tomb 長陵 {15-16:4/4} in the county of Ch’ang2-ling, was the tomb of the Emperor Kao. Fu Tsan (fl. 285) says that this place was 40 li north of Ch’ang-an; the San-fu-huang-t’u (iii to v cent.) (B.5a) says it “is to the north of the Wei River, 35 li outside of the city of Ch’ang-an. The Ch’ang2 Tomb mound is 120 paces broad from east to west and 130 feet high. The city-wall of the

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Ch’ang2 Tomb is 7 li 180 paces in circuit. There was also built a hall, with gates leading out of its wall in four directions together with a side-hall, lateral courts, and the buildings of the officials, all of which are inside [the wall].” A photograph of the tumulus is in Segalin, de Voisins, Lartigue, Mission archeologique, Pl. V. [p. Hs 28Ai.29b.] [p. Y & J 229.5a {reference unclear} locates the city of Ch’ang-ling northeast of the present hsien-yang, Shansi 108°1i0 , 24° 20’.] Chang-tzu 長子 {20-21:6/10} was the administrative headquarters of the Shang-tang Commandery and was located west of the present city of the same name, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Lu-an Fu, Shansi. [p. Cf. Hs 28Ai.56b] Ch’ang-yi 昌邑 {37-37:3/5} [p. according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien (1842-1918),] was a city of the Han dynasty’s Shan-yang Commandery 山陽郡, located 40 li northwest of present Chin-hsiang 金鄉, in the Ch’ing Yen-chou Fu, Shantung. [p. Cf. Hs 1A.15a.] [p. According to Hs 28Aii.34a, from 97 B.C. until 73 B.C. the Shang-yang Commandery was called the kingdom of Ch’ang-yi, with Emperor Wu’s son and grandson, Lin Po and Lin Ho as rulers.] The Chariot Company 參 (驂) 乘. Yen Shih-ku says, “[According to] the custom of riding in chariots, the honored person takes the left and the driver takes the center; there is also a person who occupies the right [side] of the chariot in order to prevent an upset sideways [p. and balance the chariot.] In military service he is called the right [man in] the chariot. At other[times] he is then the ts’an-sheng. Ts’an is three. Hence they take the third man as the meaning of his title.” Chavannes did not notice the technical meaning of this phrase. Cf. Hs 4..2b; Mh II, 339, n. 4. [p. The Han-yi 漢儀 by Ting Fou 丁孚 says that when the Empress rides in her chariot, the wife of the General-in-chief acts as Chariot-companion and the wife of the Chief of the Stud. In the Chou-li 32.16a (Biot, II.247) this official is called the Jung-yu.] Chao 趙 {17:4/2} was an ancient feudal state, located in the western part of the present Hopei and in the north of the present Shansi during the Chou period, according to Giles, Dictionary. In Oct. 209 B.C. it was revived by Chao Hsieh, returned to rule Chao. In Dec./Jan, 204/3 Chang Erh was made King of Chao by Kao-tsu. In 201, his son, Chang Ao, succeeded him, but was dismissed in 199. Consequently members of the imperial clan were appointed to the kingship of

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Chao: Liu Ju-yi, Liu Hui, Liu Yu, Liu K’uei, Liu Sui, Liu P’eng-tsu and his descendants, Liu Chiang, Liu Tsun, Liu Kao, Liu Chung, Liu Yin. Wang Mang dismissed the latter. For this location, cf. Hs 28Bii.13b; Mh II, 540, no. 72. Queen Chao-ai 昭哀后 was the posthumous title given to Kao-tsu’s elder sister in 181 B.C. Cf. Hs 3.5a. Chao Chien 趙謙 was the maternal uncle of Liu Chang, King of Huai-nan; in 179 B.C. He was made Marquis of Chou-yang because of that relationship. In 174 he was dismissed for crime. Cf. Hs 18.6b; 1.8a. Chao Fei-yen 趙飛燕 Empress of Emperor Hsiao-ch’eng was originally a Palace Maid in a palace at Ch’ang-an. [p. She was the daughter of Chao Lin and when she was first born, her father and mother did not pick her up (i.e., she was not to be reared), but when on the third day she had not died, she was taken up and reared.] She was put into the household of the princess of Yang-o. She studied singing and dancing, so she was called Fei-yen, lit. “the flying swallow. “Once when Emperor Ch’eng went out incognito, he passed by the residence of the Princess of Yang-o, and the Princess had music (dancing) made for him. The Emperor was delighted with Fei-yen, and summoned her to the imperial harem. [p. There she was greatly favored. She had a younger sister who was also summoned and entered the harem. Both were made] Favorite Beauties. [p. They succeeded in overturning the harem.] When the Empress née Hsü was dismissed, the Emperor wanted to make Fei-yen the Empress. The Empress Dowager made difficulties, but after some months, on July 13, 16 B.C., Fei-yen was appointed Empress. After she was appointed, she gradually lost the imperial favor, while her [p. younger sister was especially favored and was made a Brilliant Companion. (q.v)] Both sisters died without children. When Emperor Ai came to the throne, he honored Chao Fei-yen as Empress Dowager, since she had helped him to the throne. But she was hated by the Wang family, and, when Emperor Ai died, on Sept. 17, 1 B.C., she was degraded to the rank of Empress of Emperor Hsiao-ch’eng, and moved to the Northern Palace. Some months later she was dismissed, made a commoner, and committed suicide. She was Empress for sixteen years. Cf. Hs 97B.9b-16a; 10.lla; 12.la. Chao Hsieh 趙歇 was a descendant of the Kings of Chao who was set up as King of Chao by Chang-Erh and others in Feb. 208 B.C. In Apr./May 206 he was

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moved to be King of Tai with his capital at Tai. Ch’en Yu however moved him back to the kingship of Chao in Nov. 206. In Nov./Dec. 205, Han Hsin and Chang Erh captured him and made his kingdom into commanderies. Cf. Hs 1A.11b, 35a, 13.3a-9a, 31, 32.[Mr. states that this man’s given name should be pronounced like the first word of the phrase Cheng Teh says it should be pronounced as 遏 in the phrase 絕之遏, present o. In a note to Sc 8.23, Su Lin is quoted saying that this word should be pronounced 字, which is almost the same. Hsü Kuang says the pronunciation is 烏轄反. Chao Kao 趙高 was a eunuch who became Chancellor under the Second Emperor of the Ch’in dynasty, and who contributed greatly to the downfall of that dynasty. He was killed by Tzu-ying in Oct./Nov. 207 B.C. Chao-ko 朝歌 {15-16:3/10}, [p. according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien],was a city of the Ho-nei Commandery, located northeast of the present Ch’i 淇 hsien in the Manchu dynasty’s Wei-hui Fu, and, [p. according to the Shina rekitai chimei Yoran, p. 453] and 50 li west of the present Hsün hsien in the same fu, Honan. [p. Cf. Hs 1A.27a; 28Ai.62b Chao Li 趙利 was a descendant of the kings of Chao in Chou times. In Nov./Dec. 201 B.C. he was set up as King of Chao with the help of the Hsiung-nu, by some general of Han Hsinw in rebellion to Kao-tsu. Cf. Hs 1B.11b; ch. 33 (Han Hsinw); 94.1. In the winter of 197 B.C., a general of Ch’en Hsi by the same name is mentioned as defending Tung-yüan, which was besieged and taken by Kao-tsu. Cf. Hs 1B.16b; ch. 40 (Chou P o). Chao T’o 趙佗, often called the Commandant T’o 尉佗, title, King Wu 武王 of Nan-yüeh, was the founder of the kingdom of Nan-yüeh. He was a man from Chen-ting, a place in the state of Chao (present Hopei). When the First Emperor conquered southern China, he established the commanderies of Kuei-lin, Nan-hai, and Hsiang. He sent people to colonize these commanderies, and they intermixed with the Yüeh people. When, thirteen years after, in the time of the Second Emperor, the Commandant of the Nan-hai Commandery, Jen Ao, was sick and dying, he summoned the Prefect of Lung-Ch’uan, Chao T’o. Fearful of invasion, he gave his credentials to Chao T’o and made him the Commandant of the commandery. When Jen Ao died, Chao T’o prepared to resist invasion and

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gradually killed the officials who had been sent by the Ch’in dynasty, making a member of his faction the temporary Administrator. After the destruction of the Ch’in dynasty, Chao T’o combined the Kuei-lin and Hsiang Commanderies with his own, and made himself King Wu of Nan-Yüeh. When Kao-tsu subjugated central China, his army was exhausted and so he did not go to punish Chao T’o. I n June/July 196 B.C. he sent Lu Chia to enfeoff Chao T’o as King of Nan-yüeh and ordered Chao T’o to pacify the barbarian tribes. He made an agreement with Chao T’o that the latter should not harm the southern borders, which were those of the kingdom of Ch’ang-sha. At the time of the Empress of Kao-tsu, the officials begged her majesty to refuse permission to export any iron to Nan-yüeh which was done. Chao T’o replied that he had been regularly enfeoffed by Kao-tsu. So he exalted himself as Emperor Wu of Nan-yüeh, attacked the borders of Ch’ang-sha, and defeated several prefects of the Ch’ang-sha kingdom. The Empress sent Chou Chao to attack him. It was summer and damp and there was an epidemic, so the troops could not cross the mountains. More than a year later, the Empress of Kao-tsu died, and the war was abandoned. So Chao Ts’o got the lords and kings of Min-yüeh, Hsi-ou, and Lo to be under his control. Thus he had more than ten thousand li of territory from east to west. He proclaimed his rule like that of the central empire. In 179 B.C., the Emperor Wen sent an envoy to acquaint the nobles and barbarians that he had become Emperor. Thereupon he built a tomb for the parents of Chao T’o at Chen-ting, established a town of keepers for their tomb, and ordered that their worship should be kept up. He also summoned the brothers and cousins of Chao T’o, made them high officials, and gave them gorgeous presents. The Lieutenant Chancellor Ch’en P’ing suggested that Lu Chia be again sent to Nan-yüeh. The Emperor sent him with an Usher as his assistant, and sent Chao T’o a letter with large presents, admitting that the Empress of Kao-tsu had done him wrong, stating what he had done for his relatives, setting Mt. Fu as the boundary of Chao T’o’s kingdom, but declaring that there cannot be two emperors at the same time. When Lu Chia came to Nan-yüeh, Chao T’o was frightened, received the edict, and replied that he would once more proclaim himself a subject of the Han dynasty and leave off the title of emperor. He died in 137 B.C. Cf. Hs 95.7b-11b; Sc ch. 133.

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Ch’ao Ts’o 鼂 or (晁) 錯 was one of the great statesmen and memorialists of Han times, who contributed greatly to the building of the government. He was known for his advocacy of the strengthening of the imperial power and the curtailment of the rights of the feudal princes, which was first proposed by Chia I. He first proposed the system of strengthening the border defences by establishing military colonies at the Wall. The Discourses on Salt and Iron, by Huan Kuang, fl. 73-49 B.C., devotes ch. 8 to him. The Grand Secretary says of him, “Ch’ao Ts’o was led to change the laws and alter customs, disregard precedent and rule, in his attempt to curb the hereditary houses and curtail the appanages of the feudal lords, until outlying vassals refused allegiance and the royal flesh and blood threw off the bond of consanguinity.” But the Literati reply, “Master Ch’ao was faithful to Han and thus came to be an enemy to the princes.” (Gale trans. p. 51, 53). [p. In Hs 49.8a Chin Chuo states that his personal name should be pronounced like the ts’u 厝 in the phrase 厝置. Yen Shih-ku adds that in Hs 100B.10a, 錯 is rimed with gu故.] Ch’ao Ts’o was a man of the Ying-ch’uan commandery. He studied the teachings of Shen Pu-hai and Shang Yang and the Dialecticians with Chang K’uei of Chih. He had the same teacher as Sung Meng and Liu Tai of Lo-yang. He was recommended as a Literary Scholar and became the Authority on Ancient Matters to the Grand Master of Ceremonies. He was very penetrating and somewhat cruel. At the time of the Emperor Wen there was no one who was an authority on the Book of History except Master Fu of the state of Ch’i. He was one of the former Erudits of the Ch’in dynasty, and was at that time more than ninety years old, so old that he could not come to court. So the Emperor ordered the Grand Master of Ceremonies to have someone go and receive the learning of Master Fu. The Grand Master of Ceremonies sent Ch’ao Ts’o. After he returned, he memorialized the Emperor, [p. recommending the teachings of Master Fu, and] an edict [p. appointed him as Grandee of the Gate in] the suite of the Heir-apparent. [p. He was promoted to be an Erudite. He submitted a memorial declaring that the ruler’s glory and fame depended upon a knowledge of the laws and institutes. (9a) He was thereupon made Household Steward of the Heir-apparent, and because of his dialectic was favored by the Heir-apparent (the future Emperor Ching). In the Heir-apparent’s household he was known as the “bag of wisdom.”] He memorialized the Emperor advocating the strengthening of the army and the

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employment of good officials. The Emperor Wen liked his memorial very much and favored him with an edict in reply. Ch’ao Ts’o also memorialized suggesting that people be invited to move to the border to assist in its defence. He urged the Emperor to reduce the territory of the nobles in order to strengthen the imperial, but the Emperor Wen did not follow this latter advice. He was promoted to be Palace Grandee. When the Emperor Ching came to the throne in 156 B.C., Ch’ao Ts’o was made Prefect of the Capital and was in great favor, so that he was favored above the great ministers. [p. On Sept. 12, 155 B.C., he was made Grandee Secretary.] Many of the laws and acts were revised by him. For that reason many of the high officials did not like him. He was promoted to be Grandee Secretary. He again memorialized concerning the weakening of the nobles. All the officials in the court knew that he was in great favor, so did not dare to argue with him, except for Tu Ying. Ch’ao Ts’o’s father came to the capital and warned Ch’ao Ts’o that he was making enemies. Chao Ts’o replied that the interests of the state required the weakening of the nobles. His father drank poison to avoid the coming calamity. Ten days after, the Seven States rebelled, using the execution of Ch’ao Ts’o as their slogan. One day the Emperor asked Yüan Ang what should be done, and Yüan Ang replied that Ch’ao Ts’o must be killed. The Emperor was silent. Other officials memorialized the throne accusing Ch’ao Ts’o. So he was executed by being cut in two at the waist in the Eastern Market on Mar. 6, 154 B.C. After the death of Ch’ao Ts’o, the old gentleman Teng, a Colonel, was asked by the Emperor what attitude the Seven States had taken to the execution of Ch’ao Ts’o. The old gentlemen Teng replied that the state of Wu had been planning rebellion for decades, that the killing of Ch’ao Ts’o was only a pretext. He feared able men would hereafter keep quiet, for Ch’ao Ts’o was loyal and planned to help the dynasty, but had been killed when his plan was being carried out. The Emperor Ching agreed that he had done wrong. One of Ch’ao Ts’o’s memorials is translated in G. Margoulies, Le Kou wen chinois, p. 68-74; Cf. also ibid. p. 277-279; Sc ch. 101; Hs 49.8a-24b, 19B.9b, 10a,b. Chen3 軫 was a Chinese zoodiacal constellation composed, according to J. Ueta, p.

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26, of the stars γ, ε, β, δ Corvi with γ Corvi as its principal star. . Chen Feng 甄豐 style Chang-po 長伯, was [p. an intimate of Wang Mang, and a son of Chen Han].In 1 B.C. [p. he was Junior Division head and General of the] Gentleman-at-the-Household and was made superintendant of the Imperial Household. In Apr./May I A.D., he was promoted to be Senior General. On May 18, 1 A.D., he was appointed Marquis of Kuang-yang with the income of 5365 households because as General of the Left and Sup’t of the Imperial Household he assisted in bringing Emperor P’ing to the throne. On May 18, 2 A.D., he was made Grand Minister of Works.[p. In April, 6 A.D. he was made Grand Support Aiding on the Right. On Jan. 15, 9 A.D.], Wang Mang made him [p. General of a New Beginning and the Duke tending the Hsin Dynasty and in A.D. 10 Western Chief.] He was executed by Wang Mang [p. in 10 A.D. because he was implicated in the intrigue of his son, Chen Hsün]. Cf. Hs 19B.51a,b, 52a, 18.28a; 12.4a, chs. 29; 26 (Hsin Ch’ing-chi); 85 (Ho Wu); 87; 97B (The Empress of Emperor Hsiao-p’ing and the Concubine née Wei of the King of Chung-shan); 96B; 99A.5a,b, 6a, 11b, 16a, 27a, 29b, 80b, 99B.2a, 15a,b, 16a; 100.5b; HHs Memoir 2 (P’eng Chung); Memoir 42. Ch’en 郴 was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, in the Han dynasty’s Kuei-yang Commandery, and was located in the present hsien by the same name, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s chou by the same name, Hunan. Cf. Hs 1A.30 a. [p. Hs 28Aiii.14.6b.] Ch’en2 陳 was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a locality in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Huai-ning 淮甯 hsien, Ch’en-chou Fu, the present Huai-yang 淮陽, Honan. Cf. Hs 1A.7b. Until 478 B.C. it was the capital of the principality of Ch’en2; after 278 it was the capital of the kingdom of Ch’u; in 209, it became the capital of the new kingdom of Ch’u, founded by Ch’en Sheng. [p. Hs 28Bii.29b.] Ch’en Hsi 陳豨, title Marquis of Yang-hsia, followed Kao-tsu from a time previous to 207 B.C., acting as general of foot-soldiers and brought 500 men of his own to Kao-tsu. According to Teng Chan (fl. dur. 221-265), he came from the Tung-hai commandery. He arose at Yüan-ch’ü and was with Kao-tsu at the surrender of the Ch’in king at Pa-shang. Afterwards he became a detached roving general and subjugated the region of Tai. In 202, he routed Tsang Tu. In 201, he was made Marquis of Yang-hsia and later also Chancellor of State in Tai with

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Kao-tsu’s infant son, Liu Ju-yi, as king. He had Kao-tsu’s entire confidence. Hanw Hsin induced him to revolt, and in Sept./ Oct. 197 B.C., he raised his standard, calling himself a King. Kao-tsu was taken by surprise, but in Feb./Mar. 196 Hanw Hsin was killed and the power of Ch’en Hsi was broken. In Nov./ Dec. 196 Ch’en Hsi was killed and Tai completely subjugated. Cf. Hs 1B, 16.18a; ch. 39 (Hsiao Ho); 41 (Fan K’uai, Li Shang, Hsia-hou Xing, Chin Hsi, Fu K’uan, Chou Hsieh); ch. 48 (Chia Yi); 33 (Hanw Hsin). Ch’en K’uei 陳恢 was in 207 B.C. a member of the suite of Lü Yi, Administrator of the Nan-yang commandery. He admonished his superior not to commit suicide and arranged for his surrender to Kao-tsu, who appointed Lü Yi to the income of 1000 families. Cf. Hs 1A.17a,b. Ch’en-liu 陳留 {36-37:4/3} was a city located, according to the Shina rekidai chimei yoran 20 li north of the present hsien by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s K’ai-feng fu, Honan. In Han times it was the administrative center of the Ch’en-liu commandery. Cf. Hs 80b; Mh II, 260, n. 2. Ch’en P’ing 陳平, posthumous name Marquis Hsien 獻侯 of Ch’ü-ni, was a clever advisor and general of Kao-tsu and Lieutenant Chancellor under the Empress née Lü and the Emperor Wen. When he was young, his family was poor, but he liked to study, and mastered the principles of the Yellow Emperor and Lao-tzu. The family had thirty mou of fields, which his older brother cultivated and sent Ch’en P’ing to travel and study. He was tall and had a fine countenance. Because of his poverty, no wealthy person would give him his daughter to wife. A rich man of his village however had a granddaughter who had been married five times and each time her husband had suddenly died, so that no one would marry her. Ch’en P’ing wanted her, and she was given to him. When revolt against the Ch’in dynasty began, Ch’en P’ing went to Hsiang yü and followed him into Kuan-chung. When Kao-tsu reconquered it and the King of Yin, Ssu-ma Ang, submitted, rebelling against Ch’u, Hsiang Yü made Ch’en P’ing the Laird of Hsiu-wu leading the fugitives from Weih in Chili, and sent him to attack Yin. He made the King of Yin surrender, and then he returned to Ch’u. Hsiang Yü sent Hsiang Han to install Ch’en P’ing as Chief Commandant of Yin, and granted him twenty catties of gold. When Kao-tsu conquered Yin in Apr. 205 B.C., Hsiang Yü threatened to execute the officials of Yin. Ch’en P’ing

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feared execution, so sent his official seal and the gold back to Hsiang Yü. He took only a staff and sword and fled across the river. The ferry-man suspected that he was a fugitive and thought of killing him for the treasure he suspected him to be carrying. Ch’en P’ing saw that the ferry-man was planning, so took off his garments and helped the ferryman to push the boat along. Then the boatman knew that he had no treasure. When he came to Hsiu-wu, he surrendered to Hans. He asked for an audience and was summoned. When Kao-tsu heard that he had been a Chief Commandant, he gave him the title of Chief Commandant and made him his Chariot-companion. Ch’en P’ing went with Kao-tsu to P’eng-ch’eng. He led the troops in that retreat and collected the scattered soldiers. When Kao-tsu came to Jung-yang, he made, Chen P’ing Second General belonging to the force of Hanw Hsin. He was slandered to Kao-tsu as having [p. treated the wealthy generals well and the poor generals ill and as previously having had relations with a sister-in-law.] Kao-tsu called him in, talked with him, was convinced of his ability and loyalty, and appointed him as Inspector of the Army and Palace Military Commander. When Kao-tsu was besieged by Hsiang Yü at Jung-yang, Ch’en P’ing suggested that several ten thousands of catties of gold could be used to create suspicion between Hsiang Yü and his generals. So Kao-tsu gave Ch’en P’ing forty thousand catties of actual gold, without asking him how he used it. Ch’en P’ing scattered the gold around in the Ch’u army, getting people to say that Hsiang Yü’s generals, such as Fan Tsung and Chung-li Mo, had distinguished themselves, but had not been given any territory or kingships, and that they wanted to unite with Kao-tsu to destroy the Hsiang family and divide up the territory of the Hsiang family. Hsiang Yü came to suspect his generals and sent an envoy to the Hans army. The Han officials had the feast from a sacrifice of an ox, sheep, and pig served to Hsiang Yü’s envoy, then openly pretended to be surprised and said, “I thought you were an envoy from Fan Tseng [Hsiang Yü’s confidential advisor], but you are an envoy from King Hsiang.” Then the official had those meats taken away and served the envoy with a mean vegetable dinner. The envoy returned and reported everything to Hsiang Yü, with the result that Hsiang Yü seriously suspected Fan Tseng When Fan Tseng wanted to storm Jung-yang, King Hsiang did not believe him. When Fan Tseng heard that Hsiang Yü suspected him, he went home; but, before he reached P’eng-ch’eng, an abcess on his back killed him.

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Ch’en P’ing also was responsible for the false sortie by means of which Kao-tsu escaped from Jung-yang. (Cf. Hs 1.36a) He acted as Kao-tsu’s adviser. In the spring of 203, he advised making Han Hsin King of Ch’i and in Nov./Dec. 202 he invented the trick by which Kao-tsu captured Han Hsin. (Cf. Hs 1B.8a). Then Ch’en Ping was made Marquis of Hu-yu. In 201 Ch’en P’ing accompanied Kao-tsu to attack the rebel Hanw Hsin. Ch’en P’ing was besieged with Kao-tsu by the Huns for seven days outside P’ing-ch’eng, where they had no food. There Ch’en P’ing’s plan (Cf. 1 n 784) enabled them to escape. Then Kao-tsu changed Ch’en P’ing to be Marquis of Ch’u-ni with the income of the whole place (more than 5000 families). As Inspector of the Army and Palace Military Commander, Ch’en P’ing participated in the campaigns against Tsang Tu, Ch’en Hsi, and Ch’in Pu. Six times in all he produced wonderful plans. When Lu Wan rebelled, the Emperor made Fan K’uai Chancellor of State to attack him. When he had left, Kao-tsu became suspicious, and ordered Ch’en P’ing and Chou P’o to go after him, commanding that Chou P’o take his army away and behead Fan K’uai. On the way Ch’en Ping said, “Fan K’uai is an old friend of the Emperor and has distinguished himself greatly; he is moreover the husband of Lü Hsü, the younger sister of the Empress née Lü. He has relatives and is very honorable. The Emperor was enraged and so wanted to behead him. I fear that he will repent. It is better to imprison Fan and bring him to the capital. The Emperor can himself have him executed. “So they had him sent bound to Ch’ang-an. Ch’en P’ing went with him, while Chou P’o took Fan K’uai’s place in the army. On the way came the news of the Emperor’s death. Ch’en P’ing became fearful of the anger of the Empress and of Lü Hsü, so went ahead in a fast carriage. On the way he met a messenger with an edict for him and Kuang Ying to encamp at Jung-yang. Ch’en Piing received the edict, and at once galloped to the Palace, where he wept piteously and told the Empress before the Emperor’s coffin what he had done. The Empress née Lü pitied him so said, “Sir, go out and rest yourself.” But Ch’en P’ing feared that he would be slandered, so begged her and was permitted to stay in the imperial residence, where he was made Gentleman-of-the-Palace and a teacher of the Young Emperor. When Lü Hsi then came and slandered Ch’en Ping, she could do nothing. When Fan K’uai arrived, he was pardoned and restored to his marquisate and income.

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In 189, when the Chancellor of State Ts’ao Ts’an died, Wang Ling was made Senior Lieutenant Chancellor and Ch’en Ping Junior Lieutenant Chancellor. In 187, the Empress née Lü changed Ch’en P’ing to be Senior Lieutenant Chancellor. Lü Hsi; several times slandered Ch’en P’ing to the Empress Dowager née Lü, saying that he paid no attention to business and drank and played with women. The Empress Dowager was secretly pleased and told Ch’en P’ing in the presence of Lü Hsi; not to fear. When the Empress Dowager made Kings of members of the Lü family, Ch’en P’ing falsely obeyed her; but when she was dead, he plotted with Chou P’o to execute the Lü clan and set up Emperor Wen. The Emperor Wen wanted to make Ch’en P’ing Chancellor, but he resigned on account of illness, for Chou P’o had done more than he in executing the Lü. Emperor Wen questioned him, but he gave his reasons, so Chou P’o was made Senior Lieutenant Chancellor with the first rank. Ch’en P’ing was made Junior Lieutenant Chancellor with the second rank and given a thousand catties of gold and the income of three thousand additional families. Chou P’o soon realized that he did not have the ability to be Chancellor and resigned on account of illness. Then Ch’en P’ing became sole Lieutenant Chancellor. He died in Nov./Dec. 179 B.C . Cf. Hs 40.11b-19b; 16.9b. [p. Liu Shao calls him an astute man; Cf. Shryock, Study of Human Abilities, p. 108.] Chen She 陳涉 same as Ch’en Sheng 陳勝, q.v. Ch’en Sheng 陳勝, style She 陳涉, posthumous name, King Yin 隱王 of Ch’u, was the first to raise the standard of rebellion against the Ch’in dynasty. He was honored by the successful rebels as their first great leader. He was originally from the city of Yang-ch’eng in the Ju-nan Commandery (in present southern Honan). When he was young, he was a farm laborer. He was ambitious, but was laughed at. In Aug./Sept. 209 B.C., nine hundred men were levied from the hsien for public work, and Ch’en Sheng became one of the chiefs of the encampment. When they proceeded to Ta-ts’e-hsiang of Chi, there was a bad rain and the road was blocked so that the men could not reach their destination on time; according to the law they would accordingly be put to death. Hence Ch’en Sheng conspired with the others to rebel [p.with the pretext that they were upholding the claims] of Fu-su, the Heir-apparent of Ch’in, who had been displaced [p. and killed, but

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whose death was not generally known.] They fabricated some false miracles to legitimize themselves. They attacked and captured the city of Ch’en2, whereupon Ch’en Sheng called himself the King of Ch’u. Many responded to the rebels because of the cruelty of the Chin dynasty. Ch’en Sheng sent some generals to capture Chao and others to overrun the Chiu-chiang commandery. They attacked the San-Ch’uan commandery, but could not capture its capital. Then Chang Han, a Ch’in general, routed the rebel forces and drove them away from the siege of Jung-yang. Ch’en Sheng’s subordinate generals were also defeated in by Chang Han. Ch’en Sheng fled to Ju-yin in the P’ei Commandery and then to Hsia-ch’eng-fu, where, in Jan. 208 B.C., his charioteer assassinated him and surrendered to the Ch’in forces. Ch’en Sheng had been killed just at the beginning of the rebellion, but his defeat and death did not stop it. It spread like wild-fire and was successful. The victorious rebels honored Ch’en Sheng as their first leader and king. Kao-tsu appointed thirty families to care for his tomb at Tang and his worship was kept up until the death of Wang Mang. Cf. Sc ch. 48; Hs 31; 1A. Ch’en-ts’ang 陳倉 {15-16:4/3} [p. according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien and the Shina redikai chimei yoran,] was a hsien of the Han Yu-fu-feng Commandery, located n. 201 li east of Pao-chi in the Ch’ing Feng-hsiang Fu, Shensi. [p. Cf. Hs 1A.29a; 28Ai.35b.] Ch’en Ying 陳嬰, posthumous name, Marquis An 安侯 of T’ang-yi, was a faithful official of Ch’u and of Kao-tsu. In 209 B.C. he had formerly been prefect of Tung-yang and had settled there. Because of his high reputation, he was regarded as a chief by the local people. In 209 the people rebelled, killed their prefect, and forced Ch’en Ying to be Prefect in spite of his objections. Then they wanted to make him a king and raised an army of two hundred thousand men with blue caps for him. At the advice of his mother, who pointed to the dangerousness and ill-luck of such a high position, he refused and instead subordinated himself to Hsiang Liang. He became Pillar of State for four years. When Hsiang Yü was killed, he submitted to Kao-tsu, and in 201 was made Marquis of T’ang-yi. He subjugated Yü-chang and Che-chiang and was given the income of 600 families. He was Chancellor for King Yüan of Ch’u, Liu Chiao, for twelve years and died in 184 B.C. Cf. Mh II, 253; Hs 16.8b; 31.l0b; 97A.l0b.

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Ch’en Yü 陳餘 was one of the rebels against the Ch’in dynasty and became King of Tai, only to be killed by the Hans forces. He came originally from Ta-liang and treated Chang Erh as a father. He went to Ch’en Sheng together with Chang Erh, when Ch’en Sheng raised a rebellion. He was sent as a Colonel under Wu Ch’en as General to overrun Chao. When Wu Ch’en set himself up as King of Chao, Ch’en Yü became General-in-chief. He failed to come to the relief of the King of Chao, Chao Hsieh and Chang Erh at Chü-lu, and gave up his command when the allied rebels raised that siege. After the conquest of Kuan-chung, Hsiang Yü appointed him Marquis of three prefectures in Nan-p i. He was enraged that Chang Erh had secured a kingdom and he only a marquisate, got forces from T’ien Jung, surprised and defeated Chang Erh. Then he called back Chao Hsieh from Tai, made him again King of Chao, and was himself in turn made King of Tai. When Kao-tsu asked for allies to attack Hsiang Yü, Ch’en Yü replied that if Kao-tsu would kill Chang Erh, who had taken refuge in Kuan-chung, he would send aid. So Kao-tsu got a person like Chang Erh and sent his head to Ch’en Yü, who thereupon sent troops. After Kao-tsu’s defeat at P’eng-Ch’eng, Ch’en Yü rebelled, so Kao-tsu sent Chang Erh and Han Hsin against him. In 205 B.C. they routed and killed Ch’en Yü. Cf. Hs 32.la-7b; Sc ch. 89. Cheng Ch’ang 鄭昌 was a prefect in Wu, who in Sept. 206 B.C. was made King of Hanh by Hsiang Yü. In Nov. he was defeated by Han Hsin and submitted to the state of Hans. Cf. Hs 1.29b, 30b; ch. 31 (Hsiang Yü); 33 (Han Hsin); 13.5a,b. Cheng K’uan-chung 鄭寬中 was one of the teachers in the imperial palace at the time of the Emperor Ch’eng (32-7 B.C.). He was an authority upon the Book of History. Cf. Hs 88.13b; 100A.2b. [p. incomplete references? Ch. 81 also mentions him sub Chang Yü.] Ch’eng 成 was a city of the T’ai-shan Commandery, located, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, north of the present Ning-yang 寧陽, in the Ch’ing Dynasty’s Yen-chou Fu, Shantung. Its marquises were Tung Hsien and his descendants, Tung Ch’ih, Tung Pa-chin, Tung Chao. Later Liu Hsi was appointed to this marquisate. Cf. Hs 16.16 b; 15B.4a; 28Aii.62a. King Ch’eng of the Chou dynasty 周成王 was the son and successor of King Wu, the founder of that dynasty. He is supposed to have reigned 1115-1079 B.C. [p. For the rebellion against him, Cf. Hs ch. 7, note a .] {Reference unknown.}

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Ch’eng-chi 成紀 {22-23:5/8} was the place where the legendary Fu-hsi was supposed to have been born. Yen Shih-ku says that it was a prefecture of the Lung-hsi Commandery [p. but it was in the T’ien-shui Commandery]. Wang Hsien-ch’ien says that it was located 30 li north of the present Ch’in-an 秦安 in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ch’in chou, Kansuh. Cf. Hs 4.l5ab. [p. 28Bi.12b] Ch’eng-fu 城父 {36-27:5/4}was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a walled city in the P’ei Commandery, located at the present village by the same name, 79 li southeast of the present Po hsien 亳縣 (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Po chou) in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ying-chou Fu, Anhui. Chavannes translates this name Ch’eng-pu; cf. Mh II, 315, n. 3; but I can find no evidence to justify his pronunciation; I merely find that the Sc cheng-yi (737) and Yen Shih-ku say that the second character in this name should here be pronounced in the third, not in the fourth tone. Cf. Hs 1B.lb. [p. 28Aii. 4-b] The Ch’eng-hsin Marquis 成信侯 was a title possibly meaning, “the Marquis Fulfilling His Trust. “It was given to Chang Liang in Nov. 206B.C. Cf. Hs 1.i, 30a; 40.5a. Ch’eng-kao 成皋 {15-16:4/9} was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a city northwest of the present Ssu-shui in the Ch’ing dynasty’s K’ai-feng fu, Honan, Cf. Hs 1.i, 35b. [p. 28Ai.73b] Ch’eng-wu 成武 {36-37:4/4} was a prefecture of the Shan-yang Commandery, located in the present hsien by the same name, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ts’ao-chou Fu, Shantung. Cf. Hs 1.i, 14b; [p. 28Aii.34b; 18.32b. The Marquis of Ch’eng-wu 成武侯 was Sun Chien. Ch’eng-yang 城陽 {36-37:3/7} was a city, according to the Sc so-yin, in the Chi-yin Commandery of Han times. Wang Hsien-ch’ien says it was located southeast of the present Pu hsien; the Shina redikai chimei yoran says that it was 60 li southwest of the present Ts’ao hsien, both in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ts’ao-chou fu, Shantung. Cf. Hs 1.i, 12b, 14b. Ch’eng-yang 城陽 was a kingdom and commandery, according to Wang

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Hsien-ch’ien, was not the same place as the city of Ch’eng-yang. The commandery that was temporarily organized in the period after the downfall of the Ch’in dynasty, composed of territory that was originally part of the Ch’in dynasty’s Lang-ya commandery. [p. In 178 B.C. Emperor Wen established it as a kingdom.] It is mentioned in ch. 28 as the kingdom of Ch’eng-yang. It is located about the present Chü hsien (the Ch’ing dynasty’s ChU Chou in Yi-chou Fu), southeastern Shantung. Cf. Hs 2.4a; [p. 28.1I,ii, 28b; 14.6b] Chi1 箕 is a Chinese zoodiacal constellation, composed of the stars γ, ς, ε, η Sagitarii, according to J. Ueta. He says that γ Sagitarii was the principal star. Chi1 蘄 {36-37:5/6} was a city of P’ei commandery, according to Su Lin (fl. 196-227), located, according to the Shina rekidai chimei yoran, 35 li south of the present Su hsien 宿縣 (the Manchu dynasty’s Su chou in Feng-yang fu), Anhui Su Lin [p. states that this name is pronounced the same as 機, which in ancient times was also pronounced ch’i. (Karlgren from Su #547a)] Cf. Hs 1A.7b [p. Hs 28Aii.42b]. Cf. Hs 1A.7b. Chi4 薊 {18-19:4/3} was located according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, in the present Peiping, Hopei, at a place outside the Te-sheng Gate, in the northern part of the Inner City. The Discourses on Salt and Iron (73-49 B.C.) mentions it as a famous and rich city. Cf. Hs Gale, p. 18; [p. 28Bii.25a]. Prince Millet (Hou-chi 后稷) was the title of Ch’i 棄 the son of Chiang Yüan, consort of the legendary Emperor K u , B.C. 2436. He was said to have been Minister of Agriculture under Yao and Shun and progenitor of the Chou dynasty. Cf. Hs Giles, Biographical Dictionary, n. 664. Chi Ch’eng 紀成 was the father of Chi T’ung 紀通. Chi Ch’eng became a general, participated in Kao-tsu’s attack on Kuan-chung, went to Hanh, and died in battle at Hao-shih in June/July 206 B.C. Cf. Hs 1A.22b, 16.43b. Chi Chia 紀嘉, identified by some as Chi T’ung 紀通. Chi Hsin 紀信 was a general of Kao-tsu who in June/July 204 B.C. gave his life to enable Kao-tsu to escape from the siege of Jung-yang. Cf. Hs 1A.35b, 36a. He

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was burnt to death by Hsiang Yü. He was later made God of Walls and Moats at Jun-chou, Chen-chiang fu, Kiangsu. Cf. T’oung Pao, 1916, p. 247. Chi K’uei-yüeh 紀恢悅 was a son of Chi T’ung. In Jan./Feb. 154 B.C., he was charged with planning to revolt [p. and said that his father knew of his plans.] Chi K’uei-yüeh was executed. [p. Emperor Ching declared that his] father did not know of his plans [p. and restored him to his honors.] Cf. Hs 5.4a. Chi-men 棘門 was, according to Meng K’ang (ca. 180-260), “north of Ch’ang-an; in the time of the Chin [dynasty it was called] Kung-men 宮門.” Ju Shun tells that the San-fu huang-t’u says that Chi-men was outside of Heng-men 橫門. Cf. Hs 4.18b. Chi-mo 即墨 {36-37:2/9} was situated, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 60 li southeast of the present P’ing-tu 平度, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Lai-chou fu, Shantung. It was the capital of Chiao-tung. [p. 28Bii.27a.] Chi-nan 濟南 was a comnandery, which for a time was made a kingdom. [p. Its headquarters were at Tung-p’ing-ling which was located, acc. to Ta-Ch’ing yi-t’ung-chih, at the same place as the present Tung-cheng-ch’in in Li-ch’eng hsien 歷城縣] (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chi-nan fu), Shantung. Cf. Hs 5.-i-; 28.I, 72b; Mh II, 542, no. 91. Its king was Liu Pi-kuang . [p. Hs 28Aii.72b]. Chi-po or Chi-pei 濟北 {9-10:3/8} was a commandery and kingdom, located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran [p. with its capital headquarters at Lu , which was located, acc. to Ta-Ch’ing yi-t’ung-chih, 25 li south of present Ch’ang Ch’ing 長清,] in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chi-nan fu, Shantung. Previously in Mar. 206 B.C., Hsiang Yü shifted the King of Ch’i to Chi-pei and set his capital at Po-yang, a place southeast of present T’ai-an 泰安, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s T’ai-an fu, Shantung. Ch’i was then divided into three states: Lin-tzu (also called Ch’i), Chi-pei and Chiao-tung. By July 206, T’ien Jung had conquered and reunited these three states, making them into Ch’i again. In 201, Chi-pei was made part of the kingdom of Ch’i under Liu Fei and his successors. In pursuance of the imperial policy of dividing up large fiefs, Chi-pei was made a separate kingdom again in 187 B.C., with the kings Liu Hsing-chü, Liu P’o, Liu Hu and Liu K’uan , successively. Cf. Hs 14.7a, 9b.

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Chi-p’u 棘蒲 {11-12:4/4} was located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, p. 582, in Han times, south of the present Chao hsien (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chao chou), in Hopei. Its Marquis was Ch’ai Wu. According to the Shih-san chou chih, written by K’an Yin (fl. 373-389), Chi-p’u belonged to the state of Chin during 722-481 B.C.; during 403-255 B.C. its name was changed to Ping-chi 平棘; during the Han period it was called Chi-p’u again; later its name was again changed to P’ing-chih. The Chi-szu Laird 稷嗣君 was a title given to Shu-sun T’ung 叔孫通 by Kao-tsu in 205 B.C. Meng K’ang (ca. 180-260) said that it was the name of a town, but he is very probably wrong. We have not been able to find any such place. Hsü Kuang (ca. 352-425) says that it probably means that his virtue was sufficient to be the [p. successor to the traditions of Chi-hsia in[the State of] Ch’i. Chi-hsia was the place where King Hsüan of Ch’i gathered scholars from all over China. This title should accordingly be translated, “The Laird who is the successor to [the learned man of] Chi-[hsia].” Cf. Hs 43.14b; 1B.3b. Chi, Viscount of 箕子. The Viscount of Chi was the uncle of King Chou-hsin, the last monarch of the Yin dynasty. He frequently remonstrated with the King, but in vain. He feared that the King would kill him, so he feigned madness and gave himself to menial occupations. The King sent him to prison. Upon being released by the victorious King Wu of the Chou dynasty, he is supposed to have delivered Bk. IV of Pt. V on the Book of History. Cf. Mh 1.206, 207, 237, 247; Hs 100.n. 318. [p. He is supposed to have been enfeoffed with Ch’ao-hsien by King Wu. Mh IV, 230. Chi4 Yen 計研 was a famous rich man, scholar, lightening calculator, and strategist under King Kou-chien of Yüeh (496-465 B.C.). The famous Fan Li considered Chi Yen as his teacher. Chi Yen is also called Chi Jan 計然 and Chi I 計倪. [p. His surname is also given as Hsin.] Cf. Hs ch. 91. [ Ch’i2 齊 was an ancient feudal state, revived in Ch’u and Han times, which later became a Han kingdom. It was located in the northern part of the present Shantung. [p. Hs 28Aii.79a]

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Ch’i1 祁 was a place, located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 7 li southeast of the present hsien by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s fu, Shansi. Its marquises were Tsen Ho 繒賀 and his descendants, Tsen Hu 繒胡, and Tsen T’o 繒它. Cf. Hs 16.24b; 4.12a. Chia Shou 賈壽 was Chief of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace in 180 B.C. He is not mentioned in the table of officials in Hs 19. Cf. Hs 3.6b. Chia I 賈誼 (200-168 B.C.) was one of the outstanding writers and statesmen of China. He came from Lo-yang. At the age of 18, because of his ability in writing and in reciting the Books of Odes and of History, he was well known in his commandery. The Grand Administrator of Honan, the old gentleman Wu, hearing of his excellent qualifications, summoned him to his office and made him one of his subordinates. He was in very great favor. When the Emperor Wen came to the throne in 179 B.C., he heard that the Grand Administrator of Ho-nan had the best administration in the empire, so made him Chief Justice. The old gentleman Wu recommended Chia I to the Emperor, and the Emperor made him an Erudit. At that time Chia I was only a little over twenty years of age and was the youngest among the Erudits. Whenever there was any edict or order handed down for deliberation, all the older men would not say anything, while Chia I answered so well that each one of them was pleased, for what Chia I answered was as if they had expressed their own ideas. So the Erudits thought that he was really capable. Emperor Wen was very happy to have him and he was promoted unusually rapidly. In a year he became a Great Palace Grandee. Chia I [p. championed the notion that since earth triumphs over water in the accession of the five elements, and since the Ch’in dynasty ruled by virtue of water, the Han dynasty took the throne by virtue of the element earth. The dynasty had ruled] for more than twenty years and the empire was at peace, the dynasty should change the beginning of the year, change the color of the official robes, change the regulations of state, fix anew the titles of the officials, and encourage rites and music. So he drafted a set of rules of ceremony, exalting the color yellow and the number five and changing the official titles and other regulations from those of the Ch’in dynasty. Emperor Wen was modest and humble, so did not feel able to make such changes. Yet all the changes in the laws and regulations made by Emperor

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Wen, such as sending the nobles to their states, were those of Chia I. Emperor Wen wanted to make Chia I one of his highest officials, but many officials were jealous of him [p. and criticized him to the emperor], so he was not promoted. Later he was not in as high favor as before and was made Grand Tutor of the King of Ch’ang-sha which was almost an exile. He wrote a poem lamenting the fate of Ch’ü Yüan (and his own fate). After three years, one day an owl flew into his room and settled at the corner of a seat. The owl is an evil bird, hence Chia I felt a presentiment of death. So he wrote his Fu on the Owl. More than a year after, Emperor Wen summoned Chia I to the court and asked him about matters concerning the spirits. Chia I answered so satisfactorily that the Emperor listened until midnight. After the talk the Emperor praised his knowledge. He made Chia I the Grand Tutor of King Huai of Liang, Liu Yi the favorite son of the Emperor. At that time the Huns were powerful and often raided the borders. The empire was just settled and the regulations and laws were very loose and incomplete. Various nobles were occupying territories, claiming honors beyond the regulations, etc. So Chia I memorialized the Emperor concerning the way of government, and wrote his famous Plan for Peace and Government, which has so often been quoted by statesmen since his time. He argued that the noble fiefs should be cut up and the power of the nobles lessened. The Emperor was greatly impressed and adopted his ideas in part. He sent the nobles to their states, allowed high officials who had committed crimes to commit suicide, and cut up the large state of Ch’i among the heirs of its king. But the Emperor did not accept all his ideas. Soon after that, King Huai of Liang died from a fall from his horse. Chia I felt personally responsible and often wept and lamented. More than a year after, he died at the age of thirty-three. He wrote altogether 59 p’ien. He is considered a Confucian, but was so much influenced by Chuang-tzu that Pan Ku groups him with Chuang-tzu. More particularily he was a follower of Chü yüan , the author of the Li sao. Cf. Mh II, 219-236. Liu Yi died in July/Aug. 169 B.C.; hence Chia I died in 168 and was born in 200 B.C. Cf. Hs 48.la, 36a; Sc ch. 84 [p. 100A.17a; O. Franke, Geschichts I, 283; Doré, Recherches sur les superstitions, XIV, 313; Han-Wei Po-shih K ao, A.19b; Ku Chieh-kang in Ku-shih-pien I, 431f.]

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Chiang 姜 was the clan name of the princes in the state of Ch’i during Spring and Autumn times. This clan was later supplanted by that of T’ien. Cf. Hs 100.n. 280, 297. Chiang 絳 was the capital of the ancient feudal state of Chin before 669 B.C. Wang Hsien-ch’ien says it was a city of the Ho-tung Commandery. The Shina redikai chimei yoran locates it 2 li southwest of the present Ch’ü-wu 曲沃, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s P’ing-yang fu, Shansi. Its marguises were Chou P’o and Chou Sheng-chih. Cf. Hs 16.13a. [p. 28Ai.72a]. Chiang-li 杠 里 was, according to Ju Shun, a military camp established by the Ch’in dynasty. The Fang yü chi yao (xvii cent.) says it was west of Ch’eng2-yang , q.v. Yen Shih-ku says that the first character is pronounced 江. Cf. Hs 1A.14b. Chiang-li was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a prefectural city of the Nan Commandery, located in the present hsien by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ching-chou Fu, Hupeh. Cf. Hs 1A.14b. [p. 28Aii.17a].

Chiang-nan 江南 was the region of the Yangtze valley below the gorges. In 277 B.C., the Ch’in dynasty’s commandery of Ch’ien-chung was made out of this region (Mh II, 87, 132, n. 1, 340). It included the previous Wu and Chiang-nan Commanderies of the state of Ch’u.

Ch’iang-tao 羌道 (The Ch’iang March) belonged, according to Yen Shih-ku, to the Lung-hsi Commandery. Wang Hsien-ch’ien says, “It was located 160 li northwest of [the present Wu-tu, which was the Ch’ing dynasty’s] Chieh Chou, [Kansuh].” The Ch’iang were western peoples, also called the 西羌. Fu Ch’ien (ca. 125-195) says, “When a prefecture contains barbarians it is called a march (tao).” Cf. Hs 3.3a, [p. 28Bi.5a].

Chiao-hsi 膠西 was a Han kingdom (and commandery) located around the present Kao-mi in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chiao Chou, Shantung. [p. It was a part of the

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Lang-yen Commandery in Ch’in times; in Han times it originally belonged to Ch’i. In 164 B.C. it was separated off for Liu Ang, who was made its king.] In 73 B.C. it became the kingdom of Kao-mi 高密. Cf. Hs 28Bii.27b; Mh II, 536, no. 20.

Chiao-tung 膠東 was a kingdom and commandery of Han times. In Mar. 206 B.C., Hsiang Yü shifted the King of Ch’i, T’ien Tu, to the kingdom of Chiao-tung, but a few months later he was killed and Chiao-tung was reunited with Ch’i. T’ien Tu’s capital was at Chi-mo (Mh III, 70), which Wang Hsien-ch’ien says was a walled city of the Han state Chiao-tung, and the Shina redikai chimei yoran locates it 60 li southeast of the present P’ing-tu 平度 in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Lai-chou Fu, Shan-tung. In 201 B.C., Chiao-tung was made part of the kingdom of Ch’i. In 164, it became a separate kingdom with the kings Liu Hsiang-ch’u, Liu Ch’e, Liu Chi, Liu Hsien, Liu T’ung-p’ing, Liu Yin, Liu Shou, and Liu Yin successively. Cf. Hs 14.8b, 17a, 28Bii.27a.

Chief Governor 令尹 was a title used during the period of the Contending States in the state of Ch’u for its chancellor. Ying Shao says, in a note to Hs 1A.13b, “The [chancellor of]the Son of Heaven was called the Master Governor 師尹; the [chancellors of] the nobles are called Chief Governors . At this time [208 B.C.] it was still near [the period of] the Six States, hence [the state of Ch’u] established a Chief Governor.“ Fu Tsan [fl. ca. 285) adds, “Of the ministers 卿 of the nobles, only [the state of] Ch’u named a Chief Governor. The rest of the states named chancellors 相. At this time [208 B.C., Hsiang Liang ] set up a descendant of [the kings of] Ch’u, hence the officials who were established were all like ancient Ch’u.” The Chief Governor sometimes acted as commander-in-chief of the army. In the Tso-chuan, Bk. V, yr. 26 & 27, Chief Governor Tzu-yü is said to have directed the troops of Ch’u, although the Minister of War was along. Cf. Hs 1A.13b.

The Chief Commandant 都尉 of a commandery was the name to which the title of the Commandant of a commandery was changed in 148 B.C. This title is

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however used in the Sc under the date 207 B.C. of a Ch’in dynasty official, possibly anachronistically (Cf. Mh II, 273). The Chief Commandant had charge of the military forces in a commandery. He was ranked as equivalent to 2000 piculs. [p. Chief Commandant was also a military title unconnected with commandery administration.] Stein found that the officer in charge of the Jade Gate at the border had this title. Cf. Hs 19A.29a, 21a,b, 5.6a; Chavannes, Documents chinois decouverts, xi; Stein, Serindia, 745. [p. The second word of this title anciently had a pronunciation like wei, not like yü; the P’ei wen yün-fu, Ch. 64 lists all the official titles with this word under the 五未韻 and under 五物韻 (ch. 94) lists only a surname.

The Chief Commandant of Water and Parks 水衡都尉 was in charge of the streams and pastures, especially of the large park, the Shang-lin Park. Ying Shao says, “Anciently the official [set over] the mountains and forests was called heng. He had charge of the various pools and pastures, hence he was called shui-heng. “Chang Yen (prob. iii cent.) says, “He controlled the waters at the capital together with the Shang-lin Park, hence he was called shui-heng. He controlled various officials, hence he was called tu. He had soldiers and retainers for military purposes, hence he was called wei.” Cf. Hs 19A.20a; Mh II, 523, XXIII; III, 586. [p. add 7.G. 14. {unkwn reference} Han-kuan Ta-wen 4.6a.]

The Chief Commandants of the [Imperial] Equipages 奉車都尉 drove the imperial equipage. These officials were ranked as equivalent to 2000 piculs. [p. There were no fixed number of these Chief Commandants; one source says there were three of them. They drove the imperial chariot of state. Imperial relatives and intimates were given this concurrent office.] Cf. Hs 19A.23b; Mh II, 526, XXIX; [p. HHs T 25.5; Han-kuan ta-wen 4.11a; HFHD I.230, n. 2.

The Chief Commandant of Agriculture 農都尉 was an official in some commanderies. HHs T 28.5a says that he was in charge of the fields at the border encampments cultivated by the garrison soldiers, and directed the sowing and planting. This office was established by the Emperor Wu. Cf. Hs 19A.29a, 100.2a; Mh II, 532, I; Han kuan ta-wen 4.12a.

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The Chief Commandant of a Dependent State 屬國都尉 was the official in charge of some barbarian state which had become subordinate to the Chinese Emperor. In 120 B.C., five Chief Commandants of Dependent States were appointed for An-ting, T’ien-shui, the Shang Commandery, Hsi-ho , and Wu-yüan. In 7 B.C. Pan Chih {great grand uncle of Pan Ku} was made a Chief Commandant of the Dependent State of Hsi-ho. Cf. Hs 19A.19b; 100A.5a; Mh II, 532, I.

The Commandant of Justice or A Chief Justice 庭尉 was the officer in charge of punishments and the courts of justice. Doubtful cases were appealed to him. Cf. Hs 19A.13a; 4.12b; Mh II, 519, XIII. Cases that he could not decide were referred to the throne. The decisions he made were memorialized to the throne for confirmation or rejection. When the Emperor was ill, such final decisions were made by the Lieutenant Chancellor. The Chief Justice also had charge of the military law. Common people who committed crimes were punished by their village officials; officials who committed crimes were sent in chains to Ch’ang-an for the Chief Justice to sentence and punish. The laws and standard measures were preserved in the office of the Chief Justice. If he committed a crime, another official judged him. Cf. Han-kuan ta-wen 2.9b.

The Chief {=Prefect} of the Gentlemen-at-the-Palace 郎中令 had charge of the imperial palace, its buildings, side-halls, gates, and openings. The title was inherited from the Ch’in dynasty. He was commandant of the officers inside the palace and superintendent of the palace. Cf. Hs 19A.8a; 4.4b; Mh II, 515, IX.

The Chief of the Palace Grandees 中大夫令 was the name to which the title of the Commandant of the Palace Guards, q.v., was changed in the years from 156 to 143 B.C. He was in charge of the soldiers guarding the palace gates. Cf. Hs 19A.11b; Mh II, 517, XI.

The Chief of the Heir Apparent’s Palace Patrol 中盾. He was a subordinate official of the Supervisor of the Household of the Empress and the Heir-apparent.

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Ying Shao said that the Chief of the Palace Patrol had charge of the patrolling guards and was ranked at 400 piculs. Cf. Hs 19A.19a; Han-kuan ta-wen 4.4a. The Han-chiu yi (written by Wei Hung, fl. 25-57) says that this position was ranked at 400 piculs, and this this official had charge of patrolling within the imperial palace. [p. HHs Tr. 27.4b repeats this information.] But Hsiao Kao (fl. 581-612) in his Han-shu yin-yi says that Wei Chao (197-273-4) said, “The Chief of the Palace Patrol was [an officer] in the palace of the Heir-apparent.” According to Hsiao Kao, the second character of this title is pronounced yün3, and Wang Hsien-ch’ien suggests that it should be written 允, since this character and the second character in the title above were interchanged and the character he suggests had the correct pronunciation. Cf. Hs 100A.5a. [p. This word is written 允 in HHs M 30A.5a. The Chief of the Palace Patrol in the entourage of the Heir-apparent, with a Chief and an Assistant, who had charge of the Heir-apparent’s guard. Cf. HHs T 27.4b.]

Chief of Police 尉 Hs 19A.29b says, “Prefectures all have assistant [prefects] and chiefs of police.” On the foregoing Ying Shao is quoted as saying, “Large prefectures have an assistant [prefect] and a junior and senior chief of police, who are called the three mandated ministers 命卿. Small prefectures have one assistant [prefect] and one chief of police, who [are called] the two mandated ministers.” Wang Hsien-ch’ien says that, according to the HHs, prefectures each have one assistant [prefect]; large prefectures each have two chiefs of police, small prefectures have one chief of police. The assistant [prefect] writes letters and communications, controls the granary and jail; the chief of police has charge of [warding off] robbers and thieves. Cf. Hs 4.7b; 19A.29b.

The Grand Coachman 太僕 was the superintendent of the imperial carriages and horses. He was ranked as fully two thousand piculs. On special state occasions, he actually drove the imperial equipage. He also had charge of the large pastures where the horses for state use were reared. His herdsmen cared for 300,000 horses. Cf. Hs 19A.12a-b, 4.4a; Mh II, 517, Han-kuan ta-wen 2.8a.

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The Chief Officials 長吏 in the prefectures, were the Prefect or Chief, his Assistant, and the Chiefs of Police. Cf. Hs 19A.29b; Mh II, 532, n. II. But the Emperor (Hs 5.8a) defines “chief officials “as those above the rank of 600 piculs, [p. and the administrators of commanderies were sometimes included (Hs 56.12b)]. Yet he also calls an Assistant Prefect (Wang Hsien-ch’ien says it should read Assistant Commandant), who received much less than that sum, a “chief official.” Some high officials had a subordinate called “Chief Clerk” 長史. Cf. Hs 1B.13a. [p. “Chief Official “was a popularly used term for the major administrators outside the capital.]

The Master of the Food 尚食 had charge of the food in the palace. [p. The T’ung tien section on offices quotes] the Han chiu yi, written by Wei Hung (fl. 25-57), cf. its Han chiu yi pu-yi A.5a) “in the forbidden apartments there were five officials called 尚; the Master of the Food 尚食, the Master of the Imperial Hats 尚冠, the

Master of the Imperial Curtains 尚帳, the Master of the Imperial Garments 尚衣,

and the Master of the Imperial Mats 尚席.” Outside the forbidden apartments

there were also the Master of the Writing 尚書, and the Gentleman Keeper of the

Credentials and of the Imperial Seal 尚符璽郎. Cf. Hs 2.2a.

Chieh Ni 桀溺 was a famous recluse, mentioned in Analects XVIII, vi. He told Tzu-lu that he had better forsake the world, and thereupon fell to raking his newly sown seed. Cf. Mh V, 361-3; Hs 20.82b.

The Chien-ch’eng Marquis 建城侯 (the Sc writes the second word 成) was a title given to P’eng Yüeh before he became a king. It is not found in his biography, only in 1B.2b and in the Sc (Mh II, 314, 378, 381). It might be translated, “The Marquis Who Is The Foundation of Our Ramparts.”

Chih 織 (surname lost) was the Marquis of Nan-wu and in Mar./Apr. 195 B.C.

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was made King of Nan-hai q.v. by Kao-tsu. Hs 44 [p.(Sub. the King of Huai)] speaks of him as coming to bring jade and silk as presents to the emperor, so he really did take his throne. Cf. Hs IB.21b.

Chih3 軹 was a city of the Ho-nei Commandery, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien. It was located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 13 li south of the present Chi-yüan 濟源, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Huai-ch’ing Fu, Honan. The Discourse on Salt and Iron (Gale, p. 18) speaks of it as “a famous city.” It was the seat of a marquisate; its marquises were Lü Ch’ao, Li So, Po Chao, Po Jung-nu, Po Liang. Cf. Hs 17.9b; 18.4a, 6b. [p. 28Ai.64a].

Chih5 酈 (now pronounced li ) was, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, a walled city, located 10 li northeast of the present Nei-hsiang, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Nan-yang Fu, Honan. [p. In a note to Hs 1A.18a, Su Lin (fl. 196-227) and in a note to Hs 28Aii.13b, Ju Shun states this name should be pronounced like the first word of the phrase 蹢躅, present chih5, T’ang d’iäk (Karlgren GS, 877 o); Ju Shun gives , T’ang d’i (Karlgren GS 961 p) -iäk (849a). Yen Shih-ku approves both pron. In a note to Hs 34.24a Yen Shih-ku however says it is pronounced 郎益反.. T’ang lang (735 n) -iäk = liäk. In a note to 41.2b, he says it is pronounced

直益反, -iək (919a) -iäk = d’iäk. Kuo P’o (276-324) however gives for this the same pronunciation as T’ang ljie (#23 f); Tsou Tan-sheng (fl. 479-501) gives -liek (858 h), both present li. The Yü-p’ien, Sbby, A.16b (543) gives both T’ang lang t’iek (#1120 h), present li, and 蹢. There were two places by this name.

The Chih-tao t’ing 枳 or 軹道亭 is said by the Han shu kung-tien su (lost, prob. written in Han times; quoted by Ssu-ma Cheng) to have been “4 li east from the lookout of the Pa city wall; the lookout is a hundred paces east from the Pa River.” Su Lin (fl. 196-227) says, “It is 13 li east of Ch’ang-an.” Cf. Hs 1A.19b.

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Ch’ih-yu 蚩尤 is plainly a god of war in Hs 1A.9a. M. Granet, Danses et Legendes, pp. 350-60, 607; Chinese Civilization, p. 195-7 has recounted the principal legends concerning him. Ch’ih-yu was a legendary maker of weapons and a war god; Ying Shao says, “The Yellow Emperor fought at P’an-Ch’uan [Cf. Mh I, 29] in order to pacify the empire. Ch’ih-yu was also an ancient Son of Heaven who loved the five [kinds of] weapons. Hence [Kao-tsu ] sacrificed to him in order to seek prosperity and good fortune.” Kuan-tzu [iv. cent. B.C., interpolated later] ch. 77.2a reads, [The Yellow Emperor] cut into Mt. Lu 盧. When it was opened, water issued forth. Metal, following it, issued forth. Ch’ih-yu received it and made swords and lances.” The Sc 28.9b (Mh III, 433 f.] reads, “The third [of the eight gods] is called the Master of War. Ch’ih-yu is sacrificed to. [The tomb of] Ch’ih-yu is [located] in the district of K’an 闞 [in the prefecture] of [ Tung-p’ing-]lu, [in the kingdom of T’ung-p’ing], on the western borders of [the state of] Ch’i.” The Shina redikai chimei yoran locates this place west of the present Wen-shang 汶上, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Tung-ch’ang Fu, Shantung, about 70 miles from P’ei. Ssu-ma Cheng says that the Huang-lan (iii cent.) says, “The tomb of Ch’ih-yu was in the midst of the city of K’an-hsiang in the prefecture of Shou-chang 壽張, the Tung-p’ing Commandery.“ (This is the same location as the last.) Hs 30.60b mentions among the books on military matters, “Ch’ih-yu in two chapters.” The Han dynasty’seems to have carried his cult to the capital. Hang Shih-chin (1696-1773) summarizing what the histories tell, says, “Kao-tsu established a temple to Ch’ih-yu at Ch’ang-an; the Emperor Hsüan thereafter sacrificed to him at Shou-liang. The Later Han [dynasty] ordered Ma Yen when passing the Military Storehouse to sacrifice to Ch’ih-yu.... Shou-liang was the location of Ch’ih-yu’s tomb.” Hence there was a cult of Ch’ih-yu, first in Shantung, near Kao-tsu’s birthplace, then in Shensi. Ch’ih-yu was also connected with a comet. The Sc (Mh III, 392, quoted in Hs 26.37b) says, “The flag of Ch’ih-yu is like a brown comet, but at the end it is curved like a flag. When it appears, then a [true] king will wage war in all directions.” Later (Mh III, 408) it says, “In the years 134-129 B.C. and in the years 122-117 B.C., the Flag of Ch’ih-yu appeared twice; its size was such that it filled half the sky; following this event, the armies of the capital went out four times; they massacred [the barbarian] Yi and Ti during many tens of years and the attacks against the [barbarian] Hu were still more violent.” Dr. J. K.

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Fotheringham (Cf. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 79 (Jan. 1919): 162-67) has identified the Flag of Ch’ih-yu with the comets of 134 and 120 B.C. It was quite natural that Kao-tsu, when about to embark upon a military career, should have sacrificed to the founder of founders, the Yellow Emperor, and to the god of war, Ch’ih-yu, whose cult was not distant from his city, and that, when he was victorious, he should have carried that cult to his capital. The curious fact that he did not at this time sacrifice to Yao indicates that he had not yet traced his ancestry to Yao. [p. Cf. Hs 20.7a] Chang Chu, in a note to his reconstruction of the Shih-pen , quotes the Lu-shih (compiled 1170) as quoting the Shih-pen, saying, “Ch’ih-yu also made the five [kinds of] weapons, the dagger-axe, the lance, the pike, the leader’s lance [20 ft. long], and the destroying lance [24 ft. long, for use in chariots]. The Yellow Lord executed him in the wilderness of Chou-lu. According to the Yin Classic of the Planet Venus, Fu-hsi used wood for weapons, Shen-nung used stones for weapons, and Ch’ih-yu used metal for weapons. [p. Cf. H. Maspero, “Legends mythologiques dans le Chou King,” JA (1924):55-8, 79-81, 84. He was the lord of armies, a local cult added to the official religion of Ts’in in 219 B.C. (Mh III, 434), centered at his two tombs, at K’an 鬫 or 監 (Huang-lan after 8 c); and at Shou-chang, in both in western Shantung, on the present Yellow R., ancient Tsi R. Emperor Wen built a temple to Ch’ih-yu in Shansi, near T’ai-yüan, because of an apparition to him was interpreted as of Ch’ih-yu. Rites continued to VI cent. A.D.]

Chin 晉 was a powerful feudal state in the earlier part of the Chou dynasty, located in southern Shansi. After 403 B.C. it was divided up among its noble families into the three states of Chao, Weis and Hanh. Its history is given in Sc ch. 39 (Mh IV, 249 ff).

Chin Ch’iang or 靳彊 was a close follower of Kao-tsu . As a Gentleman-of-the-Palace he led a thousand cavalry; as Palace Military Commander he routed the army of Chung-li Mo. In 196 he was made Marquis of Fen-yang. He became Chief Administrator of the Nan Commandery. He died in 185 B.C.

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His posthumous name was Marquis Yen 嚴 of Fen-yang. Cf. Hs 16. 52b, 1A.22b; HHs Memoir 76; Sc ch. 95.

The Chin-hua Hall 金華殿 was, according to the San-fu huang-t’u 3.3a, a hall in the Wei-yang Palace. [p. Cheng Kuan-chung and Chang Yu taught Emperor Ch’eng the Book of History and the Analects in this Hall.] Cf. Hs also 100A.2b.

Chin-yang 晉陽 was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a prefectural city of the T’ai-yüan Commandery, located northeast of the present T’ai-yüan, in the Ch’ing fu by the same name, Shansi. Cf. Hs 1B.10a.

Ch’in 秦 was a feudal state of Chou times, located in the southern part of the present Shensi. It finally conquered all China and established the Ch’in dynasty. Later the name became a geographical designation for Shensi or Kuan-chung.

Ch’in Chia 秦嘉 was a man of Ling, who came originally from the principality of Tan. When he heard that Ch’en Sheng was dead, in Feb. 208 B.C., he set up Ching Chü as King of Ch’u at Liu. In May 208 the two were attacked and killed by Hsiang Liang. Cf. Hs 1A.11b, 12a; 31.7a; ch. 34; 32.

Ch’in-chung 秦中 is another name for Kuan-chung , q.v.

Ch’ing Pu 黥布 came from Liu, a place 13 li north of the Ch’ing dynasty’s Liu-an Chou, An-hui. He was a valiant fighter, a follower of Hsiang Yü. He rebelled and turned to Kao-tsu was made King, but finally rebelled and was killed. Pan Piao cites him as an example of great bravery. Cf. Hs 100A.9a.

His surname was originally Ying 英. When he grew up, he was sentenced to be tatooed (ch’ing a token of enslavement, cf. Hs 12.9a) and probably took the surname Ch’ing from that circumstance. He was ordered to be sent to work at Mt.

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Li, where there were several hundred thousands toiling. Ch’ing Pu [p. associated with the chiefs and stalwarts among them, and fled to the Yangtze valley where he] became a robber. When Ch’en She revolted against the Ch’in dynasty, Ch’ing Pu met Wu Jui, and Wu Jui gave him his daughter as his wife. Ch’ing Pu joined Hsiang Liang after the latter had crossed the Huai River. When King Huai was enthroned, Ch’ing Pu was made Laird of Tang-yang. He was sent as a general with Sung Yi and Hsiang Yü to rescue the King of Chao. Ch’ing Pu was the first to cross the River in that expedition, and was one of those sent to massacre the two hundred thousand men in the surrendered army of Chang Han. When Hsiang Yü found the barrier at the Han-ku Pass closed, he sent Ch’ing Pu and others by a side road to rout the troops defending the barrier. At the division of the territory, Ch’ing Pu was made King of Chiu-chiang with his capital at Liu. Hsiang Yü sent Ch’ing Pu to kill the Emperor Yi; Ch’ing Pu sent a general to do the deed. When T’ien Jung rebelled, Hsiang Yü summoned Ch’ing Pu, but Ch’ing Pu feigned illness and did not come. Instead he sent a general with several thousand men. When Kao-tsu went to defeat Hsiang Yü at P’eng-ch’eng, and Hsiang Yü summoned Ch’ing Pu, the latter asserted that he was ill and did not come, so that Hsiang Yü several times sent messengers to rebuke and summon Ch’ing Pu. Then Ch’ing Pu feared Hsiang Yü the more and did not dare to come. Kao-tsu sent Sui Ho to persuade Ch’ing Pu to rebel against Hsiang Yü. Ch’ing Pu promised secretly to do so; to make sure, Sui Ho appeared at court when the messenger of Hsiang Yü was there demanding troops, and answered that Ch’ing Pu had turned from Ch’u to Hans; then he rebuked the messenger for asking for troops. Then Ch’ing Pu had to rebel. Han Sheng and Lung Chu were sent against Ch’ing Pu and routed his army. Ch’ing Pu fled by by-paths with Sui Ho to Kao-tsu in Jan./Feb. 204 B.C. Hsiang Po collected Ch’ing Pu’s troops and killed his wife and children. Ch’ing Pu’s messengers got several thousand followers for Ch’ing Pu from Chiu-chiang. Kao-tsu gave Ch’ing Pu more troops and went out collecting troops with him. In Aug. 203, Kao-tsu made Ch’ing Pu King of Huai-nan. Ch’ing Pu sent people to Chiu-chiang and secured several cities. In Dec. 203, Ch’ing Pu and Liu Chia entered Chiu-chiang and induced Chou Yin, the Commander-in-chief there, to rebel against Ch’u. Then he raised troops and attacked Hsiang Yü with Kao-tsu at Kai-hsia. In 201, Ch’ing Pu was confirmed as King of Huai-nan, with the commanderies of Chiu-chiang, Lu-chiang, Heng-shan, and Yü-chang as his

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territory. When in 197 Han Hsin and P’eng Yüeh were killed, Ch’ing Pu became afraid and secretly started to collect troops from the neighboring commanderies. A man went to Ch’ang-an with the news that Ch’ing Pu was rebelling, but Hsiao Ho declared it slander. A Han envoy was sent to investigate, so Ch’ing Pu raised his troops and rebelled. Ch’ing Pu attacked Ching (or Wu). Its king, Liu Chia, fled and died at Fu-ling. Then Ch’ing Pu seized all of Liu Chia’s troops, crossed the Huai, and attacked Ch’u whose troops fought between Hsü and T’ung. The Emperor himself commanded the force sent against Ch’ing Pu. Kao-tsu routed Ch’ing Pu at Kuei-chiu. Ch’ing Pu fled across the Huai River, stopping at several places and fighting unsuccessfully. At last with a hundred odd men he fled to Chiang-nan. The King of Ch’ang-sha sent people to lure Ch’ing Pu, pretending to intend to flee to Yüeh with him. So Ch’ing Pu fled in that direction. When he came to Po-yang, the people there killed him in Nov./Dec. 196 B.C. Cf. Hs 31.15a-21b, 13.3a-17a, 1A,B passim.

Ching 京 was a city which had been the capital of the ancient city state of Cheng. It was located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 30 li to the southeast of the present Jung-yang, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s K’ai-feng Fu, Honan. [p. Hs 28Ai.68b]

Ching 荊 was (1) one of the nine legendary provinces of the Lord, Yü (Book of History, Legge, p. 112). (2) It was also an ancient name for the state of Ch’u. Because the word, ch’u had been part of the personal name of King Chuang-hsiang of Ch’in, the word ching was always used for Ch’u in Ch’in times; later, that practise was continued. (3) In Mar. 201 B.C., Kao-tsu set up a kingdom of Ching in addition to and different from the kingdom of Ch’u, with Liu Chia as its king; but that kingdom was disestablished when Liu Chia was killed by Ch’ing Pu in 196 B.C., leaving no issue. Cf. Hs 14.8b.

Ching, Emperor 景帝 - same as Hsiao-ching, q.v.

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Ching Chü 景駒 was made King of Ch’u in Feb. 208 B.C. by the Laird Ning of Tung-yang and Ch’in Chia. Kao-tsu went to him, but secured little help. In May, Ching Chü was attacked and killed by Hsiang Liang. Cf. Hs 1.11b, 12a; 31.7a.

Ching-hsing 井陘 lit. “the well pass,” was, according to Fu Ch’ien (ca. 125-195) a mountain in the Ch’ang-shan Commandery of Han times, located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, in the present hsien by the same name, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Cheng-ting Fu, Hopei. Cf. Hs 1A.35a.

Ching-kuo 靖郭 seems to have been the name of a town. Ju Shun says that

Ching-kuo “is the name of a town 邑; in the time of the Six Kingdoms [467-207 B.C.] in [the state of] Ch’i there was a Laird of Ching-kuo. [The first word of this name] is pronounced ching4.” This man was so well-known that it is possible that Ching-kuo became the name of a town, but we have not been able to find it in modern geographical dictionaries. During that period the town of Kuo was located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran (1933), northeast of the present Chung-ch’iu-ch’eng 重邱城 in Liao-ch’eng 聊城 Hsien, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Tung-ch’ang Fu, Shantung. Yen Shih-ku says, “Hs 18.6a notes, the Marquis of Wu, Ssu Chün, who was made marquis because he was the maternal uncle of the King of Ch’i. How could he first be appointed to Ching-kuo and later to be made [Marquis of] Wu 鄔, [which Wang Hsien-ch’ien says was a prefecture

of the T’ai-yüan Commandery (present Shansi)]? [This word 鄔] is pronounced wu4 and also yü4. “Ssu-ma Cheng says that probably he was first appointed to Ching-kuo and later changed to Wu. Sc 10.7b writes the name of this marquisate as Ch’ing-kuo 清郭, but Szu-ma Cheng says that the first word was pronounced

like 靜. Ssu-ma Cheng says that this Wu belonged to the Chü-1u Commandery, but Wang Hsien-ch’ien in Hs 18.6a says it belonged to the T’ai-yüan. [p. The marquis of Ching-kuo was Ssu Chün; cf. Hs 4.8a. Sc 19.12a lists this marquisate as 清都, which Takagara Kametaro ( Skk 19.23) says is a mistake for 清郭 . Hsü

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Kuang says that it is also written ch’iao 鄡, pronounced 苦堯反.

King Ch’ing 頃王 was, according to Hs 15, the posthumous name of Liu Chung, the older brother of Kao-tsu, who was made King of Tai, and later resigned and was made Marquis of Ho-yang. His son, Liu P’i became King of Wu and gave his father this posthumous title. [p. Cf. Hs 4.3b]

Ch’ing-ho 清河 was a Han commandery and kingdom. [p. Its capital was at the ancient Ch’ing-yang, which the Ta-ch’ing yi-t’ung-chih locates east of the present Ch’ing-ho, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Kuang-p’ing Fu, Hopei. Cf. Hs 28Aii.57a; Mh II, 542.

Chio 角 (surname lost) was prefect (Lord) of Hsiao and was sent in Sept. 206 B.C. by Hsiang Yü to attack P’eng Yüeh. The latter defeated him completely. Cf. Hs 1A.29b; ch. 31.

Chiu-chiang 九江 was a commandery of Ch’in times and became a kingdom in Mar. 206 B.C. when Hsiang Yü appointed Ch’ing Pu its king. In 203 B.C., Kao-tsu continued him as king, changing the name of his kingdom to Huai-nan. It was made into a commandery after his revolt and death in 196 B.C. In 122 B.C., it was again called the Chiu-chiang Commandery. Its capital was originally Liu, which was 12 li north of the present Liu-an, in Ch’ing dynasty’s Liu-an Chou, Anhui. Later it was Shou-ch’un 壽春, which the Ta-ch’ing yi-tung-chih locates at the present Peng-t’ai, the Ch’ing dynasty’s Shou-chou, Anhui.] Cf. Hs 28.I, ii, 31a; Mh II, 133.

Chou Chang 周章, style Wen 文, was a general of Ch’en She. He had been an officer of Hsiang Yen, the grandfather of Hsiang Yü, and had served Prince Ch’un-shen, the famous ancient chancellor of Ch’u. Ch’en She made him a general in Oct. 209 B.C. He marched west into Kuan-chung with a thousand

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chariots and ten thousand troops to Hsi where he encamped and was defeated by Chang Han. Chou Chang fled out of the Pass, was pursued, again defeated, and committed suicide. Cf. Hs 1A.10a; 31.4b, 5a; ch. 32; 40; 64B; Mh II, 336.

Chou Ch’ang 周昌, posthumous name Marquis Tao 悼of Fen-yin was a man of P’ei. His cousin Chou Ho was, in Ch’in times, an officer of the army in the Ssu-shui Commandery. When Kao-tsu arose at P’ei, they routed the Administrator and Inspector of Ssu-shui. Chou Ch’ang and Chou Ho followed Kao-tsu as officers in his army. They accompanied him to Kuan-chung, when Kao-tsu became King of Han, Chou Ch’ang was made Palace Military Commander. Because of the gallant deeds of his cousin at Jung-yang, Kao-tsu, in 204 B.C. made Chou Ch’ang Grandee Secretary in succession to his cousin. He was with Kao-tsu at the final rout of Hsiang Yü. In 201 B.C. he was made Marquis of Fen-yin. He was strong, brave, and frank. Before 197, Kao-tsu moved Chou Ch’ang to be Chancellor of Chao in order to provide a protector for his son Liu Ju-yi , the King of Chao, in case the Empress née Lü should try to injure him after Kao-tsu’s death. After Kao-tsu’s death, the Empress Dowager née Lü sent for Ju-yi, but Chou Ch’ang had him announced himself ill. The Empress Dowager sent messengers three times. Then she sent for Chou Ch’ang himself. He came and was scolded by the Empress Dowager. Then she sent again for Liu Ju-yi. More than a month after he reached Ch’ang-an, he was poisoned. Chou Ch’ang begged leave because of illness, did not appear at court for three years, and died in 192 B.C. Cf. Hs 42.2a-4a; l6.15b.

Chou Fu 周巿was a man of Weih who was ordered in 209 B.C. by Ch’en Sheng to overrun the region of Weih in Honan. He induced Yung Ch’ih to revolt from Kao-tsu with Feng. With an army he went as far north as Ch’i in Shantung. He was driven back and set up Wei Chiu as King of Wei, with himself as Chancellor. He came to the rescue of Wei Chiu and was killed at Lin-tzu in 208 B.C. Cf. Hs 1A.11a, 31.4b ff; 64A. The pronunciation of his given name should be fu5, not shih, as Chavannes {and Michael Loewe} has it. Shih 市, meaning “market,” carries too mercantile

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a connotation to be suitable for a noble’s personal name. Fu 巿 (written with one stroke less than shih) was a noble’s leather apron. The Shuo wen says it means pi 韠, which latter is defined by the Shuo wen as “that whereby one’s front is protected. It is leather below, two feet wide. Above, it is one foot wide. Its neck is five inches [wide].” The Shuo wen says of fu, “The pi was [an article of] clothing of very ancient times [used] merely to protect one’s front. The fu was like it. The Son of Heaven had a vermillion fu, the nobles had red fu, the grandees had tsung-heng.” The fu is mentioned as an article of noble attire in the Book of Odes, I, XIV, ii, 1 (Legge, p. 221), and II, III, iv, 2 (Legge, p. 286). Thus fu, with its connotation of high rank, had a quite suitable meaning for a given name, whereas shih had not. The famous magician of the First Emperor, who led an expedition to search for the Fairy Isles, was named Hsü Fu 徐巿, not Hsü Shih, as even Chavannes writes it. The commentators are positive about this pronunciation; cf. the Skk and the Tz’u-yüan sub this name, and the comments on his name in Sc 7.17b. Fan Kuai’s son was also named 巿人, but the first word of his name should probably be pronounced fu or fei. Cf. Hs 16.14a.

Chou Ho 周苛 was the second cousin of Chou Ch’ang. He followed Kao-tsu as an officer in the army, and was made Prefect of the capital. In 206 B.C., he became Grandee Secretary. In 204 he was left in charge of Jung-yang when Kao-tsu fled. In July/Aug. of that year, Hsiang Yü captured Jung-yang, tried and failed to lure Chou Ho to turn traitor, and boiled him alive. He was made God of Walls and Moats in Jung-chia (Wen-ch’ou Fu), Chekiang. His son was made a marquis because of his father’s deeds. Cf. Hs 1A.36, 37; 19B.lb; ch. 42.2a ff (Chou Chiang); 31 (Hsiang Yü); 33 (Wei Pao; Han Hsin). [p. Chavannes (Mh II, 502) translates this man’s given name as K’o, but in a note to Hs 42.2a Yen Shih-ku says that this word is pronounced the same as 何.

Chou P’o 周勃, title, Marquis Wu of Chiang, was one of the outstanding fighters and generals of Kao-tsu. He rose to be Minister of War, and took the lead in driving out the Lü clan, then became Lieutenant Chancellor under Emperor Wen. Chou P’o was a man of P’ei.

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He blew the flute at funerals and became an able-bodied soldier carrying a strong bow. When Kao-tsu arose at P’ei, Chou P’o followed him as chung-chüan in the attack upon Hu-ling the subjugation of Fang-yü, and subsequent campaigns. At Hsia-yi he was the first to mount the walls and was granted the rank of Fifth Rank Grandee. When, in Oct. 208 B.C., Kao-tsu made chief of the Tang Commandery, he made Chou P’o Magistrate of Hsiang-fei. He accompanied Kao-tsu in his subsequent campaigns. When Kao-tsu was made King of Han5 he made Chou P’o Wei-wu. Chou P’o went to Han-chung, where he was installed as General. He was in the campaign against the three parts of Kuan-chung and was granted the income of Huai-te. He besieged Chang Han at Fei-ch’iu and routed him. He was sent to guard the Yao Pass. Then he attacked Hsiang Yü’s force at Ch’u-yung, where he received a greater distinction than anyone else. Next he guarded the Ao Granary and participated in the final pursuit and defeat of Hsiang Yü. After the death of Hsiang Yü, he was sent east, where he subjugated 22 cities of Ch’u in the Ssu-shui and Tung-hai Commanderies. Then he was sent to guard Lo-yang and Yüeh-yang and was made the Marquis of Ying-yin with the income of Chung-li. He was in the campaign against Tsang Tu in the capacity of a general. In 201 he was finally made Marquis of Chiang with the income of 8280 families. He was also as a general in the campaign against Han Hsin. He was made Minister of War. In that capacity he was in the campaign against Ch’en Hsi. He subjugated 12 cities of Yen-men, 12 in Yu-chung, and 9 in Tai, where he beheaded Ch’en Hsi in 196 B.C. When the King of Yen, Lu Wan rebelled, Chou P’o was sent against him with the title of Chancellor of State, to take the place of Fan K’uai as General. He secured many of Lu Wan’s high officials and subjugated 12 cities of Shang-ku, 16 of Yu-pei-p’ing, 29 of Liao-tung, and 22 of Yu-yang. Altogether, in the train of Kao-tsu, he captured one Chancellor of State, 2 Lieutenant Chancellors, 2 Generals, 3 officials of 2000 piculs; in a separate command he routed 2 armies, took three capitals, 5 commanderies, 79 cities, and captured a Lieutenant Chancellor and a General-in-chief. He was ranked fourth among the marquises. He was strong, honest, and generous. He did not love literature or learning. After the death of Kao-tsu, he served Emperor Hsiao-hui, and in 189, when the officer of Minister of War was established, Chou P’o was given that position. In 180 he took the lead in executing the Lu family and calling Emperor Wen to the throne. Cf. Hs ch.3 He was made the Senior Lieutenant Chancellor and given

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the equivalent of 5000 catties of gold and the income of 10,000 families. After more than ten months, Chou P’o was persuaded that his too great honors would bring him misfortune, so begged and was permitted to resign his position. More than a year after, the Lieutenant Chancellor, Ch’en P’ing died, and Chou Po was given that position. But more than ten months after that, Chou P’o was removed and sent to his state as an example to the marquises to go to their states. After more than a year, whenever the Administrator of Ho-tung came to the city, Chou P’o was afraid of being executed, so he secured armor and had his retainers wear it. Then someone informed that Chou P’o was planning to rebel. The Chief Justice arrested him, and Chou P’o, out of fear, was not able to answer the interrogation. Chou P’o’s son had married a daughter of the Emperor Wen. Chou P’o gave a thousand catties of gold to the jail official, who then wrote out the accusation against him in very favorable terms, suggesting that his daughter-in-law might prove his innocence. Previously, when Chou P’o’s marquisate had been increased, he had given all of the increase to Po Chao; when he was imprisoned. Po Chao spoke for him to the Empress Dowager née Po, who interceded with the Emperor Wen. The Emperor realized that Chou P i would not rebel, so pardoned him and restored him to his rank and his income. He died in 196 B.C. Cf. Hs 40.20a-25a; 16.13a.

Chou She 周舍 was made General of the Guard, commanding the armies at the capital which had charge of the capital, in 167 B.C. Cf. Hs 4.15a. Nothing more seems to be known of him.

Chou Tsao 周竃, title, Marquis K’o 克 of Lung-lu, was a loyal follower of Kao-tsu. As a soldier he followed Kao-tsu from Tang. As a lien-so he went to Han5 and as a Chief Commandant Wielding a Long Sword he attacked Hsiang Yü. He was made marquis in 201 B.C. and died in 163 B.C. Cf. Hs 16.18a; 3.5a; 94A.

Chou Tso-ch’e 周左車 was the grandson of Chou Ch’ang, Marquis of Fen-yin, and was appointed Marquis of An-yang in 149 B.C. because of his grandfather. In 140, he was condemned for crime and dismissed. Cf. Hs 16.16a; ch. 42.

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Chou Ya-fu 周亞夫, title, Marquis of T’iao, was a famous general and chancellor of Emperors Wen and Ching. He was the second son of Chou Po. In 164 B.C., before he had become a noble, when he was Commandant of Ho-nei, the old dame Hsi Fu physiognomized him and prophesied that the third year after he would be a marquis, then after eight years he would be a general and chancellor and hold the power of the state and be so honored and exalted that there would be no one else as great as he in the empire, but nine years after he would die of hunger. Chou Ya-fu laughed and said that his older brother had become marquis in succession to his father and had a son to take his place, so that there was no chance for him to become a marquis, and certainly none for him to die of hunger. But the old dame pointed to his mouth and said, “Horizontal wrinkles enter your mouth which is, according to the book of physiognomy, the sign of death by hunger.” After three years the Marquis of Chiang, his brother, committed a crime and was dismissed. The Emperor Wen wanted to select another son of Chou P’o to take his place, so in 162 or 161 B.C. Chou Ya-fu was made Marquis of T’iao. In 158, when the Hsiung-nu invaded, the Emperor made Chou Ya-fu a General. He encamped at Hsi-liu. The Emperor went to inspect and inspire the army. At the encampments at Pa-shang and Chi-men, the Emperor galloped into the armies and the generals came out of their quarters to welcome him. But when he came to the encampment of Chou Ya-fu at Hsi-liu, the soldiers were all fully armed, with their weapons in their hands and arrows set on their bows, so that the Emperor’s escort, which went before the Emperor, could not get into the encampment. The officer said that in the army they obeyed only the commands of the general and not those of the Emperor. The Emperor arrived soon after and also was not allowed to enter. Then a messenger was sent into the camp with credentials to Chou Ya-fu, to inform him of the Emperor’s arrival, and Chou Ya-fu ordered the gate to be opened. The soldiers at the gate moreover said to the Emperor that it was the order of their general that no galloping was allowed in the encampment. So the Emperor had to slow down his horse. When the Emperor reached the center of the encampment, Chou Ya-fu was standing there with his hands together in salute. He said, “An armed man does not bow to the ground. So I beg your Majesty for permission to receive you according to the military rites.” The Emperor was deeply impressed and lowered his head to the rail in the front of his chariot in respect for Chou Ya-fu. The Emperor sent an officer to thank Chou Ya-fu, saying, “The Emperor is now

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paying respect to the General.” When the Emperor left the gate of the encampment, all the officials who followed the Emperor were frightened and amazed. But the Emperor said, “Aha! This is a real general. The encampments at Pa-shang and Chi-men cannot be compared to this one.” Later, when the war was over, Chou Ya-fu was made Palace Military Commander. When the Emperor Wen was about to die, he told the Heir-apparent that in an emergency Chou Ya-fu would be the one who could be the commander. After the death of the Emperor Wen, Chou Ya-fu became a General of Chariots and Cavalry. In 154 B.C., when the Seven States rebelled, Chou Ya-fu was made Minister of War. His plan was to let the state of Liang bear the brunt of the attack and for the imperial troops to avoid a battle until the rebels were worn out. His plan was successful. For his tactics in that war, Cf. 5 app. I. {Citation unclear.} In 150 he was made Lieutenant Chancellor. The Emperor Ching respected him greatly. But he memorialized the Emperor that no change should be made in the succession. After that time the Emperor cooled towards him. There was more friction and he was dismissed in 147 B.C. Later he was arrested and died, probably in 143 B.C. For these circumstances, Cf. 5.app. {Citation unclear.} IV. Cf. Hs 40.25a-29a; 16.13a; 5.n. 175. {Citation unclear.}

Chou-yang 周陽 was located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 29 li east of the present Wen-hsi, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chiang Chou, Shensi. Its marquis was Chao Ch’ien. Cf. Hs 4.8a.

Chou Yin 周殷 was Commander-in-chief of the Ch’u forces in 203 B.C. and was in Chiu-chiang. Liu Chia persuaded him to rebel against Hsiang Yü. He captured and massacred the people of Liu and called back Ch’ing Pu to be King of Chiu-chiang, captured Ch’eng-fu , and joined forces with Kao-tsu at Kai-hsia where Hsiang Yü was finally surrounded. Cf. Hs 1B. 1b; ch. 31 (Hsiang Yü); ch. 34 (Ch’in Pu); 35.lb; ch. 40 (Ch’en P’ing); ch. 26.

Chou Ying 周應 was the grandson of Chou Ch’eng. In 159 B.C. he was appointed Marquis of Sheng because of his grandfather Chou Ho. Cf. Hs 16.45a; 5.4a; 5.n. 5,6. The Sc ch. 11 (Mh II, 502) calls him Chou P’ing [p. and says that he was the grandson of Chou Ho, but Hs 16.45a and Sc 18.45a make Chou P’ing

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the son of Chou Ying.]

Ch’ou 犨 was, according to the Ta Ch’ing yi-t’ung Chih, a prefecture of the Nan-yang Commandery, located fifty li southeast of the present Lu-shan, in the Ch’ing Fu by the same name, Honan. Cf. Hs 1A.16b; Hs 28Aiii.9a.

The Colonels of the Picked Cavalry 越騎校尉 were commanders of squadrons of cavalry formed of picked troops. These officials ranked as equivalent to 2000 piculs. Ju Shun says that these squadrons were formed of people from the state of Yüeh; but Ho Ch’uo replies that Yüeh [present Chekiang] has never been known for its cavalry! Chin Shao (fl. ca. 275) interprets yüeh as surpassing. [p. In 23 A.D., when Wang Mang suspected that the soldiers at the city gates were unreliable because they came from the east, he selected some of the Picked Cavalry to guard the gates. He would hardly have done so if these men came from Yüeh in the east! Cf. Hs 99C.26b. Chavannes’ interpretation (Mh II, 525) is hence mistaken.] Cf. Hs 100A.2a; 19A.22b; Han-kuan Ta-wen 4.10b. Commandant – Cf. Commandery Commandant.

The Commandant of the [Palace] Guard 衛尉 was in charge of the guard of soldiers encamped at the gates of the imperial palaces, called the Southern Army, q.v. His office was inside the palace walls. There were also Commandants of the Palace Guard for the several palaces, but there were not always persons assigned to these latter posts. Cf. Hs 19A.11a; 3.n. 125; Mh II, 517, XI. [p. Han-kuan Ta-wen II 6b; Chin. Soc. and Economic Hist. Rev. Vol. 5 (Mar. 1937) no. 1, Ho Chang-chung, “The Northern and Southern Troops in the Early Years of Han Dynasty.”]

The Commander-in-chief 大司馬 was the title used in the state of Ch’u for the commander of the army, just as General-in-chief 大將軍 was the title used by the Han forces. In 139 B.C. the title of Grand Commandant was finally abolished and in 119 the title of Commander-in-chief was established for the chief of the generals in a particular campaign. In 67 B.C. the title of Commander-in-chief was

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revived, without making him the General-in-chief and without seal and cord or subordinates. From 8 B.C. on, this official was given a gold seal with a purple seal-cord and official subordinates, and he was ranked as equal to the Lieutenant Chancellor but without concurrent title of General. In 7 B.C., his seal, cord, and subordinates were dropped, and he was also entitled as General, but in 1 B.C. the seal, cord, and subordinates were restored but the title of General was dropped. His rank was then above that of the Minister of the Masses. Cf. Hs 19A.4b, 5a. After the time of the Emperors Wu and Chao, the General-in-chief was always also entitled to Commander-in-chief. In the time of the Emperor Ai (6 B.C. 1 A.D.) the Commander- in-chief became one of the three Dukes, the three highest officials in the government. In the latter part of the Earlier Han dynasty, the Commander-in-chief was the actual head of the government. Cf. Han-kuan ta-wen [p. 1.4a-b. Hs ch. 10 n 15.4 {Citation unclear.}; Hs 99C.7a. In 20 A.D. in addition to this Commander-in-chief, in the court Wang Mang established five commanders-in-chief outside the courts who were called commanders-in-chief of the Van, Rear, Right, Left, and Center.]

The Commandery Administrator 郡守, a title inherited from the Ch’in dynasty, was the official in charge of the government in a Commandery. He ranked at 2000 piculs. In 148 B.C., this title was changed to Grand Administrator 太守. Cf. Hs 19A.28a; Mh II, 337, n. 1; 531, no. 1.

The Commandery Commandant 郡尉, a title inherited from the Ch’in dynasty, was the assistant to the Commandery Administrator and the superintendent of military matters and soldiers in a commandery. He ranked as equivalent to 2000 piculs. In 148 B.C., this title was changed to Chief Commandant. Cf. Hs 19.28b; 5.6a; Mh, II, 337, n. 1; II, 531.

[p. The Commissary Chief Commandant 治粟都尉 was probably a subordinate of the Commissary Prefect of the Capital, who was an official under the Ch’in dynasty and whose title was later changed to be Grand Minister of Agriculture. This Commissary Chief Commandant evidently was the title of Han Hsin in 206 B.C. Cf. Hs 1.28b.]

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The Contending States 戰國 denotes the period of Chinese history from 403 to 225 B. C., the time of civil war just before the conquest of the country by Ch’in.

Chu 邾 was, according to Meng K’ang (prob. ca. 180-260), a walled city in the Chiang-hsia Commandery, located, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, in the present Huang-kang hsien, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Huang-chou Fu, Hupeh. Cf. Hs 1.27b. [p. 28Aii.24a]

Chu-tzu 祝茲 was a town, located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, southwest of the present Chiao Hsien (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chiao Chou), Shantung. Sc 19.8a (Mh III, 161, no. 17) writes the first character of this marquisate as 松; Hsü Kuang says that one copy writes as the Hs does, and Mh IV, 151, n. 2 notes another case of the same reading. Its marquises were Hsü Li, Hsü Tao, Hsü Yen, and Liu Yen-nien. Cf. Hs 16.64b; 15A.54b.

Chu Yün 朱雲 style Yu 游, was a stalwart fighter who became a scholar and daring and outspoken critic of bad government. He came from Lu. The family moved to the P’ing Tomb. In his youth he associated with the Robin Hoods and assisted a guest of his in a revenge. He was more than 8 feet tall (6 ft. Eng. meas.), very stalwart in features and form, and known for his strength and bravery. When he was in his fortieth year, he changed, followed the Erudit Po Tzu-yu, and studied the Book of Changes with him. He also served the General Hsiao Wan-tzu and studied the Analects with him. He was recommended to the Emperor Yüan (48-33 B.C.) for the position of Grandee Secretary, but was slandered. [p. At this time Privy Treasurer Wu-lu Ch’ing-tsung was in great favor and was an authority on the interpretation of the Book of Odes by Liang-ch’ing Ho. Emperors Hsüan and Yüan approved this interpretation and the latter wanted to examine into its similarities and differences with other schools. Wu-lu Ch’ing-tsung had an honorable position and was able in arguing, so that none of the other literati dared to argue with him and all declined on account of illness and Chu Yün was recommended and summoned and spoke right out, raising difficulties and countering Wu-lu Ch’ing-tsung.] Hence he was made an Erudit and promoted to be Prefect of Tu-ling. The Palace Assistant Secretary Ch’en Hsien made a league with Chu Yün

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against the eunuch Shih Hsien. The Lieutenant Chancellor Wei Hsüan-ch’eng however gave information that Chu Yün was tyrranical and undignified in his government. Chu Yün was tried for some deeds he had done in his youth; both he and Ch’en Hsien were sentenced to work on the fortifications and patrol in the dawn. When the Emperor Ch’eng came to the throne (32 B.C.), Chu Yün petitioned for an audience and asked permission to behead the Lieutenant Chancellor Chang Yu as a flatterer. The Emperor was greatly angry and ordered Chu Yün to be imprisoned, but he grasped the palace railing and broke it. The Junior General Hsin Ch’ing-chi pled for him and knocked his head on the ground until it bled. The Emperor freed him. After this, Chu Yün did not again serve in the government, but dwelt as a private citizen. When Hsieh Hsüan was Lieutenant Chancellor, Chu Yün went to see him and was treated courteously and invited to stay in the Tung-ko to see the scholars from all quarters, but he refused. He died at the age of seventy odd. He was ill at home, but would not call a physician or take medicine. Cf. Hs 67.4b-7a.

Ch’u 楚 was, before its conquest by Ch’in, a state that included the Yangtze valley and also the plain along the sea-coast up to Shantung. After Ch’in captured its ancient capital (iii cent. B.C.) and made it cede the valley of the Han river, the state of Ch’u centered in the basin of the Huai river, the present northern Anhui and Kiangsu. Cf. Maspero, La Chine antique, p. 418. In Aug. 209 B.C., the state of Ch’u was revived, after its conquest by Ch’in, by Ch’en Sheng who called himself its king. After his death in Jan. 208, Ching Chu was made king, but he was killed in May. In July King Huai was made king. In Mar. 206, Hsiang Yü made himself King of Western Ch’u, nominally promoting King Huai to be Emperor Yi; in reality the latter was marked for assassination. Hsiang Yü is usually called the King of Ch’u, and his forces those of Ch’u. His capital was in P’eng-ch’eng, in the present northern Kiangsu. After his death in Dec./Jan 203/2, Ch’u submitted to Kao-tsu, and Han Hsin was made its king. In 201, Liu Chiao was enfeoffed as King of Ch’u; he was succeeded by Lin Yin-k’o, Liu Wu, Liu Ao, Liu Fang, Liu Yen, and Liu Yu., Cf. Hs 28Bii.38a; 14.5a, 22a; Mh II, 541, no. 80.

Chuan-hsü 顓須 was the name of a legendary ruler and a god, supposed to have reigned 2514-2436 B.C. His surname was Kao-yang [p. and was the name of his

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fief (Skk 1.63). He was the grandee of the Yellow Lord, a son of Ch’ang-yi and Ch’ang-p’u a daughter of the Shu-shen clan. Hence he was asserted to be the ancestor of the reign of Shu.] Ying Shao in a note to 100A.11b says, “Chuan-Hsü [occupies] the place of the north and the water [element].” [p. He was the Black Lord. He is frequently called the Lord Chuan-Hsü. His clan name was Chi. Hs 20.10b ranks him among the 1st class, the sages. Cf. Skk 1.16-18. Ching Yen in a note to Sc 1.192 states that Chuan-hsü was his style and Ko-yang a place-name (his surname). Cf. Karlgren BMFEA18.211-12; Mh T 36-39.

Chuang 壯 (surname lost) was Administrator of the Ssu-shui Commandery for the Ch’in dynasty and was defeated by Kao-tsu in Dec. 209 B.C. and later killed. Cf. Hs 1A.10b.

Chuang Chou 莊周 or Chuang-tzu was a famous philosopher of the fourth cent. B.C. who is often credited with founding philosophical Taoism. He was a drastic Critic of Confucianism and an advocate of quietism. His biography is in Sc ch. 63.

Chuang Chia 莊賈 was the charioteer of Ch’en Sheng, King of Ch’u. In Jan. 208 B.C., he killed his master in order to be able to surrender the city of Ch’en to the Ch’in forces. But Ch’en was captured by Lü in Ch’en, who killed Chuang Ku. Cf. Hs 1A.11a; 31.7a.

Chuang wu 壯武 was located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 16 li west of the present Chi-mo in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chiao Chou, Shantung. Its marquis was Sung Chang. Cf. Hs 4.8a. [p. 28 Bii.27b]

The Old Gentlemen Chung 終公 was a general of Hsiang Yü who was left to defend Ch’eng-kao in June/July 204 B.C., and was routed by Kao-tsu. Cf. Hs 1A.36b.

Chung-li Mo 鐘離眜 was one of the most important generals of Ch’u and and

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Hsiang Yü. His home was at Yi-lu in the Tung-hsi commandery (Northern Kiangsu). After the death of Hsiang Yü, he fled. He had a good friend in Han Hsin and fled to him when in 202 B.C. Han Hsin was made king of Ch’u. Kao-tsu heard of his being there and ordered his arrest. Han Hsin paid no attention to the order and Kao-tsu became fearful that Han Hsin would rebel, so in Dec./Jan. 202/1, Kao-tsu made a trip through Ch’u with an army and surprised Han Hsin. Han Hsin was advised to kill Chung-li Mo and see Kao-tsu, so Han Hsin asked Chung-li Mo for his advice. Chung-li Mo cursed Han Hsin and cut his own throat. Yen Shih-ku gives the pronunciation of his given name 莫葛反. Cf. Hs 34.11b, 12a; 1A.38a; ch. 31 (Hsiang Yü); ch. 10 (Ch’en P’eng); 41 (Li Shang).

Chung-shan 中山 was a Commandery and Kingdom of Han times, whose capital was Lu-nu , which is, according to the Ta-ch’ing Yi-t’ung-chih, the present Ting Hsien, the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ting Chou Hopei. The Discourse on Salt and Iron (1st cent. B.C.) speaks of “the singing girls of Chung shan” (Gale, p. 56). Its kings were Liu Shang, Liu Chang, Liu K’un-ch’ih, Liu Fu3, Liu Fu5, Liu Hsiu, Liu Ching, and Liu Hsing. [p. It had 668,080 persons, and 14 prefectures.] Cf. Hs 5.4b; 14.11b, 23a, 23b; 28Bii.17b, 18a; Mh II, 541, no. 78. [p. It was a commandery until 54, then a kingdom till 55, a commandery until 47, then a kingdom again. Wang Mang called it Ch’ang-shan Commandery. It belonged to Chi Province.]

The Chung-ti Commandery 中地 was located in southern Shensi. It was established in 205 B.C., and was later renamed Yu-fu-feng. Cf. Hs 28Ai.30b; Mh II, 543, no. 102.

Chung-tu 中都 was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien a prefecture of the the T’ai-yüan Commandery, located northwest of the present P’ing-yao, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Fen-chou Fu, Shensi. It was the capital of the state of Tai under Liu Heng; he had previously had his capital at Chin-yang. The palace at this place was visited by Emperor Wu. Cf. Hs 4.lb, 1B.17a; 6.28b.

Chung-yu 仲由 style Tzu-lu 子路 or Chi-lu 季路 was one of Confucius’s most important disciples, known for his impetuosity and bravery. He was killed in the

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rebellion of K’uai Wai fighting bravely for his master, K ung K uei. Cf. Soothill, Analects, pp. 79, 80; Mh IV, 207-209.

Ch’ung-erh 重耳 was the personal name of Duke Wen of Chin, who ruled 635-628 B.C. For his romantic story. Cf. Hs 100, n. 289, 291.

Chü-chu 句注 {20/21:3/10} was, according to Ying Shao “the name of a difficult place in the mountains at Yin-kuan of the Yen-men [Commandery].” It was located in the present Tai Hsien (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Tai Chou ), Shansi, 25 li west of the present Tai Hsien, where there is a Chü-chu Mountain and a Chü-chu mountain pass. Cf. Hs 4.18a; Mh II, 484, n. 4.

Chü-lu 鉅鹿 {17:4/2} was, according to Yen Shih-ku originally the name of a marsh, a prefecture of the Han dynasty’s Chü-lu Commandery, located at a place in the present P’ing-hsiang 平鄉 Hsien, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Shun-te Fu, Hopei. The siege of the King of Chao at Chü-lu in the winter of 208/7 B.C. was a turning point in the rebellion against Ch’in. In the autumn of 1108, Chü-lu was inundated by the Yellow River and destroyed; recently fine porcelains have been dug up there. Cf. T’oung Pao, 22.375-9. [p. 28Aii.50b]

Chü-yeh 鉅野 {36/37:3/5} was, according to Yen Shih-ku, originally the name of a marsh, which name was given to a walled city belonging, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, to the Shan-yang Commandery, located south of the present hsien by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ch’ao-chou Fu, Shantung. Cf. Hs 1B.29b.

Ch’ü-chou 曲周 {17:4/3}was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a city of the Kuang-p’ing Commandery, located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, at a place southwest of the present hsien by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Kuang-p’ing Fu, Hopei. Its marquises were Li Shang and Li Chi. Cf. Hs 16.14b, [p. 28Bii.16b].

Ch’ü-ni 曲逆 {17:2/3} was a prefecture of the Han dynasty’s kingdom of

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Chung-shan according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien and the Shina redikai chimei yoran, and was located 20 li southeast of the present Wan 完 Hsien in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Pao-ting Fu, Hopei. Chavannes (Mh II, 394, n. 3) mistakenly gives a different location for it, in Honan; but the Hs 28Bii.19a-b lists Ch’ü-ni as a in the state of Chung-shan, which was at Ting Hsien in Hopei. Cf. Hs 1B.16b.

Ch’ü-yung 曲遇 {15/16:4/10} was a place east of the present Chung-mou, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Kai-feng Fu, Honan, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien. Su Ling (fl. 196-227) says that the first word of this name is pronounced 齲 and the second 顒. Yen Shih-ku says that the first word is pronounced 丘羽反. Cf. Hs 1B.16a.

A chün 鈞 was a weight of 30 catties. Cf. HFHD I. ch. 4, app. I.

The Director of Dependent States 典屬國, a title inherited from the Ch’in dynasty, was the official in charge of barbarians who had surrendered to the Chinese empire. Cf. Hs 19A.19b; Mh II, 523, XXII; Han-kuan Ta-wen 3.lb. [p. This office was abolished in July/Aug. 28 B.C. and its duties given to the Grand Herald.]

The Director of Guests 典客, a title inherited from the Ch’in dynasty, was in charge of the reception of all barbarians who came to subject themselves to the emperor. In 144 his title was changed to Chief Grand Messenger and in 104 to Grand Herald. Cf. Hs 19A.13b; Mh 518, XIV; Han-kuan Ta-wen 3.1a.

The district (hsiang) 鄉 was an administrative division of a prefecture. Hs 19A.29b, 30a reads, “Ten hamlets [make] one t’ing 亭. A t’ing had a chief 長. Ten ting [make] a district. A district has a San-lao 三老.... [This was] a Ch’in regulation.” The Han-kuan (by Wang Lung, fl. 25 A.D.) says, “When a district contains 5000 families, there is appointed a [San-lao] who has a rank.”

Dowager Marchioness 太夫人 was a title given to the wife of a marquis whose son was also a marquis. Ju Shun says, “The wives of the marquises 列侯妻

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were called Ladies 夫人; when a marquis has died and his son is again made a marquis, [his mother] then gets the title, Dowager Marchioness; if the son is not made a marquis, [his mother] does not secure this title.” Cf. Hs 4.13a.

The Empress 皇后 was the chief wife of the Emperor. She was appointed and could be dismissed at his wish, but was not divorced. She was given a jade imperial seal like that of the Emperor, with a golden tiger knob. She had the income of thirty cities, which were called her private towns. In the spring, with her officials and the imperial concubines, she picked mulberry leaves and cultivated silk-worms and worshipped the God of Silk-worms. The silk was made into sacrificial garments for the Emperor and napkins for the Empress. Once every five days the Empress presented food to the Emperor; the food was also given to the Emperor’s entourage. The Empress remained with the Emperor until the next day and at dawn she went back to her palace. The betrothal price of an Empress was ten thousand catties of gold. The Empress’s son was made Imperial Heir-apparent, whereupon an amnesty was usually granted to the empire. In Hs 99C.13a the Empress is called the mother of the common people. Cf. Han-kuan ta-wen IV, 5a; Han chiu-yi B.2a.

The Encourager of Scholarship 勸學 seems to have been an official in attendance upon the Emperor, like the later Attendant Lecturer 侍講 and Attendant Reader 侍讀. HHs Mem. 15.22a states that Ma Chuan was newly appointed as a Gentleman and ordered to be an Encourager of Scholarship within the Palace. HHs Mem 44.8a states that because Yang Ping was learned in the Book of History he was summoned to court and entered official life as Encourager of Lecturing. The San-kuo chih, Shu, 12.9a states that in 223-2 Chu-ko Liang, Lieutenant Chancellor of Shu, ordered the Shepherd of Yi Province to make Yin Mo and Ch’iao Chou provincial Attendant Officials Encourager of Scholarship 勸學從事. The Chin-shu, the memoir of Meng Chia, tells that he likewise became an Encourager of Scholarship. The Emperor Yüan of the Liang Dynasty established an official with the same title in Ching-chou, Cf. the Yü-hai. Probably in commanderies and districts the words for attendant officials 從事 were added to this title. [p. From Chou Shou-ch’ang in a note to Hs 100.A, 2a.]

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The Erudits 博士 were officials whose duty was to be conversant with the past and present. The title was inherited from the Ch’in dynasty. The date of Kao-tsu’s coronation was fixed by the Erudit, Shu-sun T’ung. Cf. Hs 19A.7b; Han-kuan ta-wen, II.3; Mh II, 515, no. VIII. [p. The number of the Erudits reached as many as several tens of persons. The First Emperor had seventy Erudits (Mh II, 179). In 136 B.C., Emperor Wu first established Erudits for the Five Classics (q.v.). In his time there may have been only five Erudits. In 51 B.C. Emperor Hsüan increased their number considerably to twelve and ranked them at 600 piculs. Originally they were ranked at 400 piculs. In the time of Emperor Wen, the Erudits seem to have numbered more than seventy persons, and have worn black silk court robes. The Grand Master of Ceremonies examined their relative merits and selected the wisest and gravest of them to be the Libation Officient at the Offering of the Sacrificial Wine and to be the general director of the Erudits. According to the institutions of Emperor Wu, when the Erudits presented their congratulations [at court], their position was next below the Gentleman-at-the-Household and Officials in the government offices. The emperor called them Masters sirs chün. Their disciples were called the persons at their gates. [The Erudits] were in charge of [being conversant] with the past and present. If any governmental matter was doubtful, they might be questioned about it. In important matters they met in discussion with the officials ranking at fully 2000 piculs. When Ho Kuang selected and later dismissed Lin Ho from the throne, it was in accordance with historical precedents of preceding ages, so that the Erudits must have had great influence in determining the Han constitutional procedure. After the middle period of the Former Han dynasty, most of the Erudits concurrently served in the Palace, so that they could enter the imperial court and be ready to be questioned. At times they were sent out to settle territorial limits. They were also sent out to inspect [peoples ] customs, to promote good officials, to accuse covetous and wicked persons, to recommend capable persons, and to record unjust criminal sentences. Those who were selected to be Erudits had to be in their fiftieth year or over. They were persons of high rank in scholarship and learning, who had cultivated scholarship and literary pursuits, understood ancient writing and were able to write well. Persons who knew the Classics and whose deportment was cultivated were

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summoned to fill vacancies as Erudits. Sometimes the Lieutenant Chancellor, Grandee Secretary, or officials ranking at 2000 piculs recommended persons for this position; sometimes Grandees consultant were promoted to this position. Erudits who took the highest ranks in three examinations became Masters of Writing; those of the next rank became Inspectors. Those who did not understand government administration were after a long time next given vacancies among the Grand Tutors of the nobles. Some were promoted to Director of Service to the Lieutenant Chancellor. In the time of Emperor Hsüan, Erudits who understood administration were selected to be sent out to fill vacancies among the Chancellors of kingdoms and Administrators of Commanderies. In the time of Emperor Kao-tsu and Emperor Hui, Erudits probably merely had charge of ancient and present matters and were expected to be prepared to reply to questions, and none was given special duties to transmit a Classic. In the time of Emperor Wen Erudits were established for the Analects, Classic of Filial Piety, Memoirs, and the Erh-ya, and Erudits were also established for the doctrines of the various other philosophers. Emperor Wu abolished the Erudits for the various other philosophers and established Erudits for the Five Classics (q.v.).]

Fa 發 was the name of King Wu of the Chou dynasty, who ruled 1122-1116 B.C. according to the usual chronology. Cf. Hs 100 n. 290.[p. Chi 姬 was his clan name. Fa his personal name. In Han times, when the great histories were written, summaries were in common use, and the use of clan-names of ancient worthies as surnames, with their personal names, whenever an exact designation was needed was devised. For a use of Chi Fa, cf. Shang-shu chuang hou (pub. end of i cent. B.C.) C.4a (in Ma Kuo-han 馬國翰. Yü-han shan-fang ch’i-yi-shu 玉函山房輯佚

書, vol. 79). The common absence of a surname with such personal names is probably ellipsis.]

Fan 樊 {36/37:3/5} was located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, north of the present Chi-ning 濟寧 (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chi-ning Chou), Shantung. Its marquis was Ts’ai Chien. Cf. Hs 4.8b, 28Bii.35a.

The Fan Clan 范氏, a famous clan in the state of Chin, was claimed as ancestors by Han Kao-tsu. The clan also used the surname Shih 士 from the office of

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Ssu-shih (Chief Criminal Judge) held by its founder. Shih Hui (fl. 632-573 B.C.), the grandson of Shih Wei the Minister of Works in Chin (fl. 670-661 B.C.), became a Grandee of Chin and was allocated the fief of Fan, so took that family name. In the civil wars preceding the division of Chin, the Fan family had to flee. Cf. Mh IV, 333, 335, 482; V, 33-5, 38, 42, 137, 174, 229; Tso-chuan.

Fan Hsüan-tzu 范宣子, Viscount Hsüan of Fan, surname Shih given name Kai 士匄, was the son of Viscount Wu of Fan Shih Hsieh, and a grandson of Shih Hui. He was a Grandee in the state of Chin and is mentioned by the Tso-chuan in the years 575-549 B.C.

Fan K’uai 樊噲, title Marquis Wu of Wu-yang, was a close friend of Kao-tsu, a valiant fighter and general, who became a high official and an influential promoter of the Lü clan. He was originally a dog-butcher in P’ei. (In ancient times dog meat was commonly eaten.) Together with Kao-tsu he hid in the mountains and marshes between Meng and Tang. Cf. Hs 1A.7b. When Ch’en Sheng raised the standard of rebellion, Hsiao Ho and Ts’ao Ts’an asked Fan K’uai to find Kao-tsu and bring him to P’ei. He was with Kao-tsu as a member of his suite in the taking of Hu-ling and Fang-yü. He was made commander of the force at Feng and routed the Inspector and the Administrator of Ssu-shui. He fought with Ssu-ma Yi east of Tang, killed fifteen persons, and so was given the rank of State Grandee (the sixth noble rank). He was with Kao-tsu in fighting against Chang Han at P’u-yang where he first mounted the city wall, killed 23 persons, and so was given the rank of Lieh Grandee (the seventh rank). He was with Kao-tsu in the attack upon Yang-ch’eng where he first mounted the city wall. He routed the army of Li Yu, killed 16 persons and so was given the rank of Shang-wen (the eighth rank). At Ch’eng-wu he repelled the enemy, killed 14 men, and captured 16 men. He was then given the rank of Fifth Rank Grandee (the ninth rank). At the battle north of K’ai-feng he repelled the enemy, was the first to mount the city wall, killed a captain, took 68 heads, and captured 26 persons. Then he was given the rank of Ch’ing (between the eleventh and sixteenth rank). At Yüan-ling he first mounted the city wall, killed 8 people and captured 44, so was given the rank of Capable and Accomplished Laird, but without any territory. He first mounted the wall at Yüan. At Li (a city of the Nan-yang Commandery), he repelled the enemy,

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killed 14 men, and captured 44 more, so he was made Ch’ung-feng (given double salary). Between the attack on the Wu Pass and the arrival at Pa-shang he killed 1 Chief Commandant, 10 privates, captured 146 more, and made 2900 men surrender. At Hung-men, when Hsiang Chuang danced the sword dance (Cf. Hs 1.20b), Kao-tsu was alone with Chang Liang. As soon as Fan K’uai heard of Kao-tsu’s danger, he took his weapons and went to the tent. The guards tried to stop him, but Fan K’uai fought his way into the tent. While he was standing there, Hsiang Yü noticed him and asked who he was. Chang Liang said that he was Kao-tsu’s Chariot Companion. Hsiang Yü said, “He is a brave man,” and gave him wine and a shoulder of meat. After Fan K’uai had finished the wine, he drew his sword and cut off the meat to eat it. Hsiang Yü said, “Can you drink more?” Fan K’uai said, “I do not shun death, why fear more drink?... The Lord of P’ei was the first to enter Kuan-chung. He subjugated Hsien-yang.… waiting for you, great King. But now you, great King, listen to the slander of petty people and are estranged from the Lord of P’ei. I am afraid that the empire will be broken up, and people will suspect you, great King.” Hsiang Yü was silent. When Kao-tsu went to the toilet, he called Fan K’uai to join him. Then Kao-tsu left with Fan K’uai and three others, and returned to Pa-shang. Had it not been for the presence of Fan K’uai, Kao-tsu would have been killed. When Kao-tsu was made King of Han, he made Fan K’uai the Lin-wu Marquis (probably an empty title), and promoted him to be a Gentleman-of- the-Palace. Fan K’uai went with Kao-tsu to Han-chung and fought in the conquest of the three parts of Ch’in. At Hao-ssu, he first mounted the wall, first penetrated the enemy’s force, killed a Prefect, an Assistant Prefect, 11 soldiers, and captured 20 men, so he was promoted to be Cavalry General of the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace. After the battle of Jang he was promoted to General. In flooding the city of Fei-ch’iu, he distinguished himself more than anyone else. After Yüeh-yang he was given the village of Fan in Tu. After the battle of P’eng-ch’eng, Fan K’uai returned to Jung-yang and Kao-tsu added 2000 families to his income. As General he guarded Kuang-wu for a year. When Kao-tsu ascended the throne, he added 800 families to Fan K’uai’s income. That autumn, Fan K’uai was in the campaign against Tsang-t’u. When Han Hsin was suspected of rebelling, Fan K’uai was the one who arrested Han Hsin. Fan K’uai was finally made the Marquis of Wu-yang with the income of 5400 families. He was in the campaign against Han Hsinw and in that against

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Ch’en Hsi, then he was promoted to be Junior Lieutenant Chancellor. Fan K’uai took the sister of the Empress née Lü, Lü Hsü, as his wife, and by her had a son, K’ang. Hence he was more intimate with the Lü family than the other generals. When Kao-tsu was ill with his wound, he ordered that no one should be admitted. After more than ten days, Fan K’uai walked in, followed by some high officials. They found Kao-tsu lying on a bed with a eunuch as a pillow, whereupon they wept and advised Kao-tsu to associate with his courtiers rather than eunuchs. When Lu Wan rebelled, Kao-tsu ordered Fan K’uai as Chancellor of State to attack Yen. When Kao-tsu was seriously ill, he was told that if he were to die, Fan K’uai would kill the Lady née Ch’i and her son, Ju-yi. So Kao-tsu sent Ch’en P’ing to take command of Fan K’uai’s army and kill Fan K’uai. But Ch’en P’ing was afraid of the Empress née Lü, so he did not kill Fan K’uai, but merely brought Fan K’uai to Ch’ang-an. When they arrived, Kao-tsu was already dead. The Empress née Lü set Fan K’uai free and restored to him his noble rank. He died in the summer of 189 B.C. At the time of the Empress née Lü, he ran the government, and the high officials were all afraid of him. When the Empress née Lü died, the high officials killed his wife, Lü Hsü, and his son, Fan K’ang, and ended his marquisate. Cf. Hs 41.1-6a; 16.13b. Fan K’uai is now the patron god of butchers. Cf. in Heckin, Chinese Mythology, p. 332. .

Fan Sui 范睢 was an adventurer and politician who became chancellor in Ch’in, but, when he met with serious defeats, he retired into private life in 255 B.C. An account of him is in Sc ch. 79.

Fan Tseng 范增 a general and close adviser of Hsiang Yü. He came from Ch’ao (near the present hsien by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Lü-chou Fu, Anhui). He was born about 178 B.C. In 208 he advised that a descendant of the kings of Ch’u be set upon the throne of Ch’u. He was made Lowest Ranking General in the army sent to raise the siege of Chü-lu. He became the advisor of Hsiang Yü, who called him ‘Second Father.’ At the siege of Ch’eng-kao, Hsiang Yü became suspicious of Fan Tseng and took away some of his authority; consequently Fan Tseng became angry and left. On the way to P’eng-ch’eng he died of an abscess on his back in May/June 204 B.C. Cf. Hs 1A passim, 31.11b and passim, ch. 39.

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Fang 房 is a Chinese zodiacal constellation, composed of the stars, β, δ, π, ρ and π Scorpionis, with as the principal star. Its Kou-ling is and Scorpionis, according to J. Ueta.

The “double passageways” fu-tao 復道 or 複道 seem to have been elevated (and possibly roofed) galleries, which connected the palaces in Ch’ang-an. Ju Shun says, concerning these double passageways, “Above and below there were paths, hence they are called ‘double’複.” Cf. Hs 1B.l0b. The San-fu huang-t’u tells of a double passage-way that led from the Kuei Palace (q.v.) in the northern part of Ch’ang-an, over the city wall, to the Chien-chang Palace outside the city. Ch’eng Ta-ch’ang (1123-1195), in his Yung lu 2:20b, 21a says, “The double passageways of Han [times] were not merely at the Wei-yang and Ch’ang-lo [Palaces]. North of the Wei-yang [Palace] there were the Kuei Palace, the Northern (Pei ) Palace, the Ming-Kuang [Palace] and the like, each of which were separate palaces, yet it was regularly possible to go to and from among them, for all had double passageways. The Miao-chi 廟記 [by Lu Ch’eng 陸澄, 425-494] {It is not clear on what basis authorship of the Miao chi has been assigned to Lu Ch’eng. Sui shu “Ching-chi chih” 33.984 does not give an author, and Yao Chen-tsung, Sui shu ching-chi chih k’ao-ch’a, 362c, says the author is not known. (Er-shih-wu shi pu-pien, 4.5400)} says, “The Kuei Palace possessed the Purple Room (Tz’u-fang 紫房) Double Passageway, which connected with the northern [part of] the Wei-yang Palace. In its circuit it was 40 li. Between [these two palaces] there was the Hall of Brilliant Light (Ming-kuang Tien 明光殿); the Hall had a passage-way from within the Palace going up westwards to the top of the city wall and to the tower of the Gods (Shen-ming t’ai 神明臺) of the Chien-chang Palace.’ (Quoted from the T’ai-p’ing huan-yu chi {太平寰宇記 compiled by Yüeh Shih 樂史, 930-1007}). According to my opinion, the Chien-chang Palace was outside of the Ch’ang-an city wall, facing and separated from the Wei-yang and other palaces by the city wall, hence to cross the city wall there was made a wooden bridge, so that it was [even] more different from the ordinary [pathways]. The San-fu ku-shih 三輔故事 [written between 265 and 420] says, ‘The Tower of the Gods is in the Chien-chang Palace.’ Hence the suspended beams of the flying bridge went west from within the Palace up and over the city-wall and out [of the city] to the Chien-chang [Palace]. Hs 81:17b says that when the grandmother of

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Emperor Ai , the Queen Dowager of Ting-t’ao 定陶 lived in the Northern Palace [probably a mistake for the Kuei Palace, cf. sub Northern Palace] ‘there was the Purple Room Double Passageway reaching to the Wei-yang Palace,’ and the Queen Dowager ‘by way of the double passageway went morning and evening to the place where the Emperor was.’ Then wherever there was a palace, there was a double passageway.” These double passage-ways probably had roofs; the T’ai-p’ing yü-lan 534:7a quotes the San-fu kuang-t’u, concerning the Imperial Academy, as saying, “The students lived together; when they went [anywhere] no matter whether it was far or near, they all followed the covered galleries, and in the rain they did not mire their feet and in the hot weather they did not expose their heads to the sun.” Some of these double passageways were wide. The T’ai-p’ing yu-lan 181:4b quotes the Han-kuan tien-chih 漢官典職 [by Ts’ai Chih ,蔡質 ii cent.] as saying, “The southern and northern palaces [in Ch’ang-an (Lo-yang?)] were seven li from each other. In between there was made a great building and double passageways with three lanes. The Son of Heaven accordingly traveled in the central one, and the high dignitaries followed on the right and left.” That the double passageways were above and not on the ground is shown by the reproof of Shu-sun T’ung 叔孫通 in Hs 43:17b (cf. HFHD 2.185 n 5) when Emperor Hui 惠帝 was building these passageways above the sacred road to Emperor Kao-tsu’s 高祖 Temple, “Why should his descendants climb up and travel above the [sacred] road of the ancestral temple?”

The Four white-haired men 四皓 were four hermits who entered the service of the future Emperor Hui of the Han dynasty while he was still Heir-apparent, and whose adhesion prevented Kao-tsu from changing the succession to the throne. Kao-tsu wished to change the Heir-apparent to Liu Ju-yi, the son of the Concubine née Ch’i. The Empress née Lü was worried; Chang Liang advised that her son should secure four aged men whom Kao-tsu respected highly, but whom he had not been able to secure. They had retired to a mountain in order not to become servants of the Han dynasty, for they disliked Kao-tsu’s neglectful and contemptuous ways with his courtiers. At the feast ordered by Kao-tsu for the purpose of announcing the change in the succession, when the guests were arriving, the Heir-apparent, Liu Ying, the future Emperor Hui, entered, followed by these four old men. Kao-tsu was astounded and asked who they were. When he found

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that these four, who were universally respected by the literati, were following Ying, he did not change the succession, in spite of the weeping and pleading of his favorite concubine and the knowledge that after his death she and her son would be in danger of their lives from the Empress née Lü. [p. Cf. Sc 55.9bff; Hs 40.8a-11a; 72.1b-2a.] {Text missing} The Marquis of Liu (Chang Liang), sent the Imperial Heir-apparent to greet them by means of humble language and bound silk, and thus welcomed and fetched them (to the capital) in comfortable chariots. After their arrival, these four hermits followed the Heir-apparent and had an interview with Emperor Kao who respected them and treated them as (honourable) guests. (As a result of this interview), the Heir-apparent was highly estimated (by the Emperor) and consequently was feeling much at ease.” Hs 40.10b gives a better account of this interview. “In the 12th year (of the reign of Emperor Kao of the) Han (dynasty), the Emperor returned from the subjugation of (Ch’ing) Pu. His illness was becoming worse. (He was) more anxious to replace the Heir-apparent. (Chang) Liang dissuaded against it, (yet the Emperor) did not listen to him. Consequently on account of illness, (he) did not attend his office. Shu-sun (T’ung), the Grand Supervisor of the Heir-apparent, quoted ancient (precedents) to remonstrate on the risk of being executed for the sake of the Heir-apparent. The Emperor pretended to promise him, but in fact he was still inclined to replace the Heir-apparent. At the dinner, when the wine was served, the Heir-apparent was waiting on (the Emperor) while the four hermits followed the Heir-apparent. They all aged more than 80. Their eye-brows and beards were snow-white and their dress was extremely magnificent. The Emperor was surprised and asked. “Who are they?” The four hermits advanced and each answered their names. The Emperor was then greatly astonished and said. “I looked for you, but you avoided me. Now why are you with my son by yourselves?” The four hermits replied. “(It was because) Your Majesty looked down upon scholars and used to rebuke them. In our duty to our principles, we could hardly bear the embarrassment, hence we were frightened, fled and hid ourselves. Now we are told that the Heir-apparent is kind, filial, respecting and fond of scholars. None in the country is not willing to prostrate his neck to die for the Heir-apparent. Therefore we have come.” The Emperor said. “Very obliged, Sirs! Please kindly look after and protect the Heir-apparent.” The four hermits then wished the Emperor long life and after that they took leave. The Emperor saw them off with his eyes.”

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Skk 55.26-27 gives the same account with the names of the four hermits which are quoted in Hs 72.1b. These names are however self-styled titles and are not therefore their real names and surnames. As Yen Shih-ku remarks in his gloss to Hs 72.1b, “It was because the hermits, being hidden to get far from harm, would not like to disclose themselves, but kept secret their names and clans. Hence the Histories could not get their full details. As to the (commentators of the ) later generations, such as Huang-fu Mi and Chuang Tsen and others, as well as the various writings on geography in which they tried to invent names for the four persons, their theories are contradictory to each other and their sayings are without reference. Pan Ku did not record (their names) in the History. All the schools (concerning the names of the four hermits) are without foundation. Now (I) give up and omit all of them and have accepted none.” Concerning the four white-haired men, Han-shu 72.1b-2a says, “When the Han [dynasty] rose, there were His Excellency of the Funerary Park (yüan-kung), Chi of Ch’i Hamlet (Ch’i-1i Chi), Excellency Huang of Hsia, and the Master of Lu Hamlet (Lu-li Hsien-sheng). These four persons during the Ch’in period, avoided [public appearances] and went into the deep mountains of Shang [a city and county located 85 li east of the present place by the same name in Shensi] and Lo [a city and county located at the present Kuang-han Shensi Shina redikai chimei yoran, 648b)], in order to await the pacification of the country. When the Eminent Founder [Emperor Kao] heard of them and summoned them, they did not come [to court]. Later, the Empress [née] Lü used the plan of the Marquis of Liu [Chang Liang], and had the Imperial Heir-apparent [the future Emperor Hui] humbly send them bundles of silk, with due courtesies and a comfortable carriage to bring them [to court, with the result that these] four persons finally arrived. They followed the Heir-apparent to an audience, and the Eminent Founder treated them as guests and respected them, and the Heir-apparent succeeded in being considered [by his father] as an important [person] and was thereupon given the position [of becoming the next emperor] and saved himself. An account is in the ‘Memoir of the Marquis of Liu.’” Yen Shih-ku (lived 584-641) glosses. “The names and titles of the four white-haired men arose from this [passage]. In addition to [the above] they had no surnames or given names by which they were called, as can be known from this [passage]. They were probably persons who lived in retirement and hid themselves in order to avoid harm, not putting themselves forward, and keeping secret their surnames and clan-names. Hence the histories and traditions did not secure any details about them. [But] in later times, Huang-fu Mi [lived 215-282]

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and his disciples [who wanted to] name everything, together with the explainers of the writings on geographical matters, vied with one another to give these four persons suitable surnames and courtesy names and got themselves into errors, so that their saying are not even classical. Mr. Pan [Ku, the author the Han-shu] does not record them in his book. Various persons all have their own opinions. I now cast them all aside and do not accept any one of them.” In another note to this passage, Ch’i Shao-nan quotes T’ien Ju-ch’eng (fl. 1524) as saying, “The given name and courtesy name of [one of] the four white-haired men should be read as Chi-li Chi-hsia, but later persons have mistakenly read it as excellency Huang of Hsia.” But the above suggestion does not appear likely to me. Concerning the pronunciation of the place-name in the name the Master of Lu Hamlet, Ch’i Shao-nan quotes a passage from Sung-shih ch. 431 (?), where Ts’ui Wu-ch’üan 崔偓佺 is asked about this character, which is composed of the word 用 with a stroke to the left (p’ieh) (this character is commonly read as chio and copied as 角), and replies, “Your servant has heard that [the character] knife with yung makes chio, and [yung] with two dots makes lu. Yung with one left stroke (p’ieh) or one dot above it both do not constitute a character.” Chang Shou-chieh (fl. 737), in a note to Shih-chi 55 (Skk 55.23), likewise reads this character as lu. In spite of Yen Shih-ku’s caustic remarks about giving names to these four white-haired men, such names are found in annotations, and are repeated here for what they are worth. In a note to Shih-chi (Skk 55.22), Ssu-ma Cheng (fl. 713-742) remarks as follows, “These four persons were the four white-haired men. They were his Excellency of the Eastern Funerary Park (Tung-yüan Kung), Chi of Ch’i Hamlet (Ch’i-li Chi), excellency Huang of Hsia (Hsia Huang Kung), and the Master of Lu Hamlet (Lu-li Hsien-sheng). According to the Treatise on [Persons in] the Chen-liu [Commandery] (Chen-liu [Jen-wu] chih) [written by Chiang Chang, fl. dur. 317-417], His Excellency of the Funerary Park had the surname Yü and the courtesy name Hsüan-ming. He lived in a funarary parl (yüan), and used it for his appellation. The excellency Huang of Hsia had the surname Tsui, the given name Kuang, and the courtesy name Shao-tung. He was a man from [the state] of Ch’i [present Shantung] and lived in retirement in the hamlet of Hsia, where he cultivated the Tao[ist philosophy]. Hence, he took for his appellation. The Master of Lu Hamlet was a man from Chih in Ho-nei [Commandery], [located 13 li south of the present Chi-yüan, Huai-ch’ing Fu, Honan], and was a descendant of Tai-pe [an ancestor of the

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princes in the state of Wu, and an uncle of King Wen of the Chou dynasty; cf Chavannes, Memoirs Historiques, 1.215, who transcribes this name ”T’ai-po”]. His surname was Chou, his given name was Shu, and his courtesy name was Yüan-tao. In the imperial capital [Ch’ang-an] he was called the master of Pa-shang [Pa or Pa-shang was a city east of Ch’ang-an], and also Master of Lu Hamlet.” Chang Shou-chieh adds the following: “Huang-fu Mi, in his ‘Account of Eminent Gentlemen (Kao-shih chuan)’ [says that] the four white-haired man were : first, his excellency of the Eastern Funerary Park, second, Chi of Chi Hamlet, third, the Master of Lu Hamlet, and fourth, excellency Huang of Hsia. All were people from Chih of Ho-nei [Commandery]. The Han shu wai-chüan [book unknown] says, “[Concerning] his excellency of the Funerary Park, the county of the funerary park of Ch’en-liu [meaning uncertain, there seemingly was no place by the name of Yüan], this was [the place of] his ancestors, so he became the excellency of the Funerary Park. The “Memoir of the Customs and Practises in Ch’en-liu Commandery [Ch’en-liu feng-su chüan, by Ch’üan Ch’eng, fl. 100 A.D.], says, ‘The park [surnamed] Yü, with the courtesy name Hsüan-ming.’ The ‘Words on the Corners of the Kung-yang Commentary to the Spring and Autumn (Kung-yang Ch’un-ch’iu leng-yen) [book unknown] says that [his excellency of] the Eastern Funerary Park had his home at Shan-fu and became an Erudit [po-shih] to the Ch’in [First Emperor]. He happened upon the rebellion [at the downfall] of the Ch’in [dynasty] and fled to the region of the Southern Mountains [south of Ch’ang-an]. When Emperor Hui was Heir-apparent, he immediately was made the excellency of the Funeral Park and the Minister over the Multitude [that office did not exist at that time] and he yielded his position to the Heir-apparent and was enfeoffed as the Marquis of the Southern District of the town of Kuang-hsiang.” Etc.

Fu-hsi T’ai-hao 伏羲太昊 was the first of the legendary Three Sovereigns. His clan name was Feng. He is supposed to have reigned 2953-2839 B.C. The last word of his name is also written 顥 and 皞. He also had the surname Pao-hsi 庖羲. [p. Cf. Mh I, 1-9. He was the Green Lord. Cf. also Karlgren BMFEA 18.218.]

Fu-yen 傅巖yue was the place where Fu yüeh, q.v., lived when he was an

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unimportant person. It is said to have been located 35 li east of the present P’ing-lu (in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chieh Chou), SHansi. Cf. Hs 100.23a.

Fu-yüeh 傅說 was the chancellor of King Wu-ting of the Yin dynasty, who is supposed to have reigned 1324-1266 B.C. Fu-yüeh was originally a poor man; the Emperor dreamt that he found an able chancellor and found Fu-yüeh by the likeness thus revealed to him. Cf. Hs 100.n. 436.

Feng-ch’un Laird 奉春君 was a title given by Kao-tsu to Lou Ching in May/June 202 B.C. Chang Yen (prob. iii cent.) said, “spring is the beginning of the [agricultural and the people’s] year. [p. At this time Lou Ching first entered official life. Hence he was called the Feng-ch’un Laird “(possibly the Laird who is responding to the spring). Cf. Hs 1B.7a.]

General-in-chief 大將軍 was a title used in time of war during the first part of the earlier Han period; in peace, this office was abolished. But the Emperor Wu established a General-in-chief when there was no war, making it a title of honor [p. but he did not participate in the government. But after] the time of Ho Kuang as the Commander-in-chief (q.v.) and (concurrently) General-in-Chief dominated government, the title of Commander-in-chief was added to that of General-in-chief. This official’s rank was next to that of the Lieu-tenant Chancellor, but his power was greater than that of the Lieutenant Chan-cellor. Ying Shao, in the Han-kuan yi I.7a, says, “General was a Chou [dynasty] title. When the Han [dynasty] arose, it established a General-in-chief, whose position was above that of Lieutenant Chancellor.” Cf. Hs l9A.4b-5a; HFHD II.416, n 15.5; Han-kuan ta-wen, I.7a. [p. In 20 A.D. Wang Meng established 25 Generals-in--chief in addition to the General-in-chief in the court. All the Shepherds of Provinces were entitled Generals-in-chief. Hs 99c.7a.]

The General of the Guard 衛將軍 was a position created by the Emperor Wen in Nov. 180 B.C. to be the commander of both the larger Northern Army, q.v., and the smaller Southern Army at the capital. It was shortly afterwards abolished. Cf. Hs 4.4h.

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The Gentlemen-of-the-Household 中郎 were a class of Gentlemen 郎 who had charge of guarding the palace gates and the imperial cortege. The word chung, in this and similar titles, refers to the imperial palace, the 省中. The Gentlemen-of-the-Household were ranked as equivalent to 600 piculs, whereas the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace were only ranked as equivalent to 300 piculs. At the beginning of the Han period, the Gentlemen-of-the-Household were the chiefs of the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace; the other two classes of Gentlemen were added later. Cf. Hs 2.1a; 19A.9a-b; Mh II, 516, 2o, a&c.

The Gentlemen-of-the-Palace 郎中 were attendants upon the Emperor. They were selected from young men of good families who possessed the property necessary to pay the very heavy purchase-money required for admittance to this position. Cf. 5. n. 190. {Reference uncertain.} Their expenses were so very heavy that this position could only be maintained by quite wealthy persons. They were generally promoted to positions in the bureaucracy. At the beginning of the Han period, the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace served with the army; Kuan Ying commanded the chariots and infantry of the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace. Later the ranks of Gentlemen-consultants, the Gentlemen-of-the-Household, and the Gentlemen-in-Attendance were established as above that of Gentlemen-of-the-Palace; the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace became the same rank as the earlier Gentlemen-outside-the-Household, q.v. The Gentlemen-of-the-Palace were ranked as 300 piculs. They wore black clothes and were privi-leged to be exempt from punishment except by imperial order. At court receptions they lined the throne, several hundred in number. They accompanied the emperor on his travels. They were sent as envoys to distant lands and were appointed as superintendents to the horse pastures at the northern boundaries. Cf. Hs 19A.9a-b; 2.1a; Mh II, 516, 2°d; Han-kuan ta-wen, II.5a-b.

The Gentlemen-outside-the-Household 外郎 are not mentioned in Hs19, the list of officials. Wang Hsien-ch’ien argues that in 195 B.C. they were the lowest class of Gentlemen, and they were really the same rank as those later called Gentlemen-of-the-Palace, the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace at this time being the same as the higher classes of Gentlemen established later, for the highest class, the Gentlemen-consultants, are not mentioned in this period. Yao Nai (1731-1815) says that the Gentlemen-of-the-Household were assigned to the forbidden courts of the palace -they were close attendants of the emperor; the Gentlemen in the other

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parts of the palace, in the outer halls and offices, were called Gentlemen-outside--the-Household. In view of the absence of any mention of these officials in Hs 19, and of their evident inferiority to the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace in this passage, Wang Hsien-ch’ien’s explanation seems preferable. Cf. Hs 2.1b.

The Grand Administrator 太守 was the name to which the title of the Commandery Administrator was changed in 148 B.C. This official had complete charge of the commandery to which he was assigned and was ranked at 2000 piculs. Cf. Hs 19.28b, 29a; 5.6a.

The Grand Empress Dowager 太皇太后 or Grand August Empress Dowager was the title used for the grandmother of the reigning emperor. During her son’s reign she was Empress Dowager 皇后; when her grandson came to the throne he gave her this title. It seems to have been unparalleled in European nobility.

The Grand Emperor 太上皇 was a title first bestowed posthumously by the First Emperor of the Ch’in dynasty upon his father; Kao-tsu was the first to grant this title to his father while he was still alive. [p. A parallel title, “The Lord’s Father” had been taken by King Wu-ling of Chao after his abdication in favor of his son Ho in 298 B.C. Shan-fu the grandfather of King Wen of the Chou dynasty was called the Grand King.] It became the title regularly used for the father of a reigning emperor who was not himself an emperor, usually for the father of the founder of a dynasty. Cf. Mh II, 128, n. 1.

The Grand Exemplar 太宗 was a title (temple name) given to the Emperor Wen. It was also the name of the temples built to him at the capitals in the states and commanderies. Cf. Hs 5.2b, 6a.

Grand Founder 太祖 was the ‘temple name’ first given to Emperor Kao. It was later changed to Eminent Founder, q.v. Cf. Hs 4.6b; 5.2b.

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The Grand Herald 大鴻臚 (lit. “the Grand Great [p. lit. Swan; the swan is the emblem of the carrying of messages, etc.] Announcer”) was the official charged with the care of the nobles and subject barbarians. In Ch’in and early Han times, he was called the Director of Guests; in 144 this title was changed to the Chief Grand Messenger; in 140 it was again changed to Grand Herald. This official had in charge the ceremonies of enfeoffment; he granted the kings’ posthumous titles and funeral eulogies, gave them certificates of appointment. He was ranked as fully two thousand piculs and had charge of all rites and ceremonies in connection with the surrounding countries and vassal states, the ranks in the court, rites at the imperial sacrifices and temples and at the court receptions. Later he had the supervision of the government of marquisates. He received accounts from the commanderies and kingdoms. Cf. Hs 19A.13b; 5.5b & n. 115; Mh II, 518; Han-kuan ta-wen III.1.

The Grand Messenger 大行 was an assistant to the Grand Herald. Previous to 114 B.C. his title had been Messenger. He granted the marquises’ posthumous titles and funeral eulogies, gave them certificates of appointment, etc., and did the same for other high officials. Cf. Hs 19A.13b; 5.5b.

The Grand Minister of Works 大司空 was the title to which the title of the Grandee Secretary, q.v., was changed in 8 B.C. and 1 B.C. It was a title that had been used in Chou times [p. for the minister in charge of “water and land.” Lin Shao says this office requires the virtue of a practiced man; Cf. Shryock, Study of Human Abilities, p. 111.]

The Grand Palace Grandee 太中大夫 was a high official, ranked as equivalent to 1000 piculs. His duties consisted in answering imperial questions, discussing governmental affairs, and enforcing the usages and customs. He was sent as an envoy to distant lands. When marquises died, this official was sent to take charge of the funeral and seat the heir. Erudits or Secretaries were promoted to this position. Cf. Hs 19A.9a; 5.6a; Mh II, 515, IX, 2°; Han-kuan ta-wen, II.4b.

The Grand Provisioner 太官 was a subordinate of the Privy Treasurer. He was in charge of provisioning the imperial household. The HHs says he was ranked at

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600 piculs. He also took care of the emperor’s suite and of the aged officials whom the emperor honored and the Expectant Appointees at the Yellow Gate. Cf. Hs 19.i, 15a, 17a; Mh II, 520, 3o; Han-kuan ta-wen III, 7a. [p. Yen Shih-ku, in a note to 8.6b says “The Grand Butcher has 72 butchers and 200 cutters.

The Grand Tutor 太傅 was the chief advisor of the ruler. His rank, in Han times, was above that of the three [p. highest ministers and his duties were purely nominal, so that the emperor sometimes promoted a prominent official who could not be dismissed to this rank in order to eliminate that official from the government.] During Chou times, this official was [p. one of the three chief ministers. Chieh Yi (Hs 48.22a) says that his duty was to instruct the ruler in virtue and justice.] This office was first established at the imperial court, in Han times, in 187 B.C.; later disestablished, then reestab-lished. The vassal kings were also given Grand Tutors by the imperial court to advise them. Cf. Hs 19A.6a, 3a, 26b; 5.5b; 99B.2a, 29a; HHs Treatise 24.2a; Mh II, 514, [p. Han-kuan Ta-wen 1.7a. Wang Mang made the Grand Tutor one of the Four . His full title was Chief of the Southern Sacred and Grand Tutor . Cf. Hs sub

Grandee 大夫 was the title, both in the bureaucracy and in the aristocracy. The Grandees at court were consultants of the emperor, and included the Grand Palace Grandees, q.v., the Palace Grandees of the Imperial Household Grandees, q.v., and the Grandee-remonstrants, q.v. Grandee was also the fifth rank in the aristocracy (counting from the lowest). This term is sometimes trans-lated “great officer.” These nobles were also called Village Grandees 鄉大夫. In 202 B.C. people with this and lower noble ranks were personally exempted from public service and their households were not required to do public service. Cf. Hs19A.8b, 25ab; 1B.5a; Mh II, 529, no. 5. [p. In 14 A.D. Wang Mang established Grandees in each of the six neighboring commanderies, Ho-tung , Ho-nei, Hung-nung, Yung-yang, Ying-Ch’uan, and Nan-yang, with duties like those/the Grand Administrators. Cf. Hs 99B.24b.]

The Grandee-remonstrants 諫大夫 were a group of palace officials whose function was probably largely the same as the modern Censors. They were several tens in number and had no definite number. They were first appointed in 118 B.C. They ranked as equivalent to 800 piculs. Cf. Hs 19A.8b; Mh II, 515,

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IX, 1°.

The Grandee Secretary 御史大夫 was an official position inherited from the Ch’in court. This official ranked as one of the highest of the ministers. He was given a silver seal and green seal-cord. His charge was second to that of the Lieutenant Chancellor. He was sometimes called the Ruling Chancellor. He had two Assistants who were ranked at 1000 piculs. His own monthly salary was 400000 cash. In governmental affairs, he discussed matters with the Lieutenant Chancellor and then acted; if these two officials disa-greed, they argued it out before the emperor, who decided. If any official committed a crime, the Grandee Secretary sent an official to investigate. If there were any robbers in a commandery or state, a Secretary and an official of the Lieutenant Chancellor were sent to pursue and apprehend them. When a government policy was to be carried out in a commandery or state, an official of the Grandee Secretary and an official of the Lieutenant Chancellor were sent to do this work. Imperial edicts were first sent to the Grandee Secretary and he transmitted them to the Lieutenant Chancellor. Memorials from the public offices came to the Secretary’s office to be forwarded to the emperor. The commanderies and states likewise forwarded memorials to the Secretary, who informed but the emperor. The office of the Secretary was in the imperial palace, but like the Lieutenant Chancellor’s office it had no drums to beat out the time. When com-manderies and states sent officials to present their reports, the Grandee Secretary saw them outside the Ssu-ma Gate. When the commanderies and states recommended Filially Pious and Honest gentlemen, an imperial edict ordered the Secretary to give them an examination and install the best of them as Gentlemen--of-the-Palace. When Imperial Sons were appointed, the Grandee Secretary had charge of this matter. The Grandee Secretary was appointed from among those who had been one of the nine highest ministers. He was installed in the Front Palace and escorted to ascend the steps and receive his credentials. Those ranking as fully two thousand piculs assisted on the left and right; the Marshall of the Gentlemen-of-the-Household passed him his seal and seal-ribbon. In 8 B.C. his title was changed to Grand Minister of Works with a gold seal and purple seal-ribbon, and with a salary equal to that of Lieutenant Chancellor, but in 7 B.C. the office of Grandee Secretary was reestablished. In 1 B.C., he was again made Grand Minister of Works. In Hs 1B.17b, the transmission of an imperial edict is traced from the emperor to the Grandee Secretary, then to the

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Chancellor of State, then to the vassal kings and Commandery Administrators, and finally to the people. Not until the Later Han period did this office take on the functions of a “censorate.” In Former Han times, the Grandee-remonstrants had the functions of the Ch’ing dynasty’s censors. Cf. Hs 19A.5; Mh II, 514; III, 502; Gale, Discourse on Salt and Iron, p. 106, n. 1; Han-kuan ta-wen, I.5. [p. For a Grandee Secretary’s certificate of appointment, cf. HFHD I.334, .app. I. In Former Han times, the salary of the Grandee Secretary was 40,000 cash per month. Cf. HFHD II.416, n. 15.4.]

The “Major Praises” 大雅 is Pt. III of the Book of Odes.

The Grooms 騶 were, according to Ying Shao and Yen Shih-ku, originally grooms of the imperial stable; later they were horsemen. Cf. Hs 2.2a. [p. 19A.11a]

The Shield bearers 執楯 were, according to Ying Shao members of the imperial guard stationed around the throne. Shen Ch’in-han says that they and the Spear-bearers were Gentlemen, for they are mentioned in Sc 126 as such.[p. shun means both “balustrade “and “shield.” In Hs 2.2a the chih-shun are mentioned with the Spear-bearers; as such the meaning here is probably “shield-bearers.” Sc 126.11 mentions certain Gentlemen of the First Emperor as 陛楯者 and the context shows that they guarded the balustrade about the throne. Thus there may be two different meanings of this word in these two passages.]

Hai-ch’un 海春 was the title of a marquisate given to Ts’ao Chiu in Ch’u before 204 B.C. It does not seem to have been the name of a locality, but only an honorary title. “Marquis of the Sea and Spring” does not however make sense. Cf. Hs 1.i, 37b.

The Hall for Banqueting Intimates 宴昵 was, according to Chang Yen (prob. iii cent.) the hall in the imperial palace for banqueting and meeting relatives of the imperial household, especially those related on the distaff side. Cf. Hs 100.i, 2a.

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Hanh 韓 was a state of late Chou times, formed out of a section from the former feudal state of Tsin, located in the present western Honan and south-eastern Shensi, with a detached section in the present Shansi. In Han times it became a kingdom. Wang Ying (fl. 196-220) says that from “south of Hsin-cheng in the Ho-nan [Commandery] to the north of the Ying-ch’uan [Commandery], the region all belonged to [the ancient state of] Hann .” This name became a geographical designation for this region. [p. After Kao-tsu came to the throne in 202 B.C. he made Hanw Hsin its king, but in 201 B.C., he moved Han Hsin to a new kingdom of Hanh with his capital at Chin-yeng (q.v.) in Shansi. This territory had in part belonged to the Hanh of later Chou times. The old Hanh became the Ying-Ch’uan Commandery (q.v.). The new Hanh endured only some months, when Han Hsin rebelled and went over to the Huns. That place then became the T’ai-Yüan Commandery. To distinguish it from the region of Hans in western Shensi, of which Kao-tsu became king, we shall always use a subscript h for the Honan Hanh and either use no subscript or add a subscript s for the Shensi Hans to distinguish these two different places. Cf. Hs 28Ai.5b; 1A.16a.

Hans 漢 was the name of the state to which Hsiang Yü appointed Kao-tsu in Mar./Apr., 206 B.C. It included 41 cities in the commanderies of Han-chung (from which its name was taken), Pa, , and Shu. His capital was put at Nan-cheng. although Kan-tsu later conquered much more territory than this, he continued to be called the King of Hans until 202 B.C., when he became Emperor and took Hans as the name of his dynasty. For the subscript s, Cf. Hanh . Hans is also sometimes used to denote Han-chung, q.v.

Han Ch’eng 韓成, before 208 B.C., was Laird of Heng-yang. He was a descendant of the Kings of Hanh . The Hs uses Hanh as his surname Cf. Hs 13.3a). He was made King of Hanh in May 208 B.C. by Hsiang Liang. After Hsiang Liang’s death in Sept. 209, Han Ch’eng fled to King Huai of Ch’u. In the subsequent wars, he achieved nothing, so, in Mar. 206, Hsiang Yü did not give him any kingly appointment, making him Marquis of Jang. He him took him back with himself to P’eng-ch’eng and killed him in Aug. 206 B.C. Cf. Hs 1A.29b, 3a-4b, 33.6a-b, 40 sub (Chang Liang).

Han-chung 漢中 was a commandery of Ch’in and Han times, located around the

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present Nan-cheng, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Han-chung Fu, Shensi. This region is often called merely Hans. Cf. Hs 28Aiii.61a; Mh II, 132 n. 1, 31o, 535 n. 7.

Han Fei 韓非 was a famous writer on philosophy and law, who is said to have attracted the very favorable attention of the First Emperor by his essays. Jealousy caused Li Ssu to have him thrown into prison, where he committed suicide in 233 B.C. His writings are still extant. An account of him is in Sc ch. 63. Cf. Hs 100.n. 413.

Han Hsin 韓信 Ch’u, Marquis of Huai-yin (not the same as Hanw Hsin), was one of Kao-tsu’s generals, the best general in the country next to Hsiang Yü . He succeeded in making himself master of Ch’i, but was feared and mistrusted by Kao--tsu. Although Han Hsin showed a desire to be independent, he in the end remained loyal to Kao-tsu; nevertheless he was demoted, and finally killed. Pan Piao mentions him as an example of great bravery. Cf. Hs 100A.9a. Han Hsin came from Huai-yin , which was 5 li east of the present Ch’ing-ho, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Huai-an Fu, Kiangsu. Han Hsin’s family was very poor and frequently lived on charity, so that when his mother died, they had no means to bury her. He followed the chief of the Nan-Ch’ang t’ing in the Hsia-hsiang prefecture and was fed by him; the chief’s wife mistreated him, so he left and went fishing. A washer-woman pitied and fed him. When Hsiang Liang crossed the Huai River with his army, Han Hsin took his staff and followed him. After the defeat of Hsiang Liang, he followed Hsiang Yü and became a Gentleman-of-the-Palace. Several times he tried to suggest plans to Hsiang Yü, but Hsiang Yü would not pay any attention to him, so, when Kao-tsu went to Han-chung, Han Hsin fled from the army of Ch’u and came to that of Kao--tsu. At that time his name was unknown, he was merely a Lien-so (a Ch’u military title). Han Hsin was sentenced to be beheaded together with thirteen others because they had violated the law. When the executioner came to him, Han Hsin said to Hsia-hou Ying, “Does not the King want to become the Son of Heaven? Yet he beheads a strong man.” Hsia-hou Ying was impressed with him, admired his appearance, freed him, and upon talking with him, was much pleased with him. So he told Kao-tsu about him, and Kao-tsu made Han Hsin Commissary Chief Commandant.

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At Nan-cheng, several tens of generals escaped. Han Hsin laid his plans before Hsiao Ho, telling him that if the King did not wish to use him, he would escape too. When Hsiao Ho heard that Han Hsin had left, he himself went after him, brought Han Hsin back, told Kao-tsu that without Han Hsin he could not become Emperor, and made him install Han Hsin as General-in chief with the appropriate ceremonies of fasting, etc. Han Hsin pointed out to Kao-tsu that Hsiang Yü, by his jealousy of capable persons and his negligence in distributing territory to anyone outside of his own family, had alienated the nobles. The kings of the three successor states to Ch’in had likewise alienated their people because they had been generals of the Ch’in armies who caused the loss of many lives by surrendering to the rebel nobles, whereupon the general’s whole army was massacred by Hsiang Yü; the people of Kuan-chung knew that Kao-tsu had been promised it and rightfully should be its king; they liked him because of his actions when he first conquered the region. He concluded that Kao-tsu should now march eastwards to take Kuan-chung. Kao-tsu was delighted and succeeded in conquering Kuan-chung. After Kao-tsu’s defeat at P’eng-ch’eng, Han Hsin sent out new troops which met Kao-tsu at Jung-yang and routed the forces of Ch’u between Ching and She, so that the troops of Ch’u could not go west. When, at that time, the kings left Hans for Ch’u, Kao-tsu appointed Han Hsin Junior Lieutenant Chancellor to attack Weih. He subjugated it and captured its king, Wei Pao. Then he asked Kao-tsu for thirty thousand men with the plan of going north to take Yen and Chao then east to attach Ch’i, south to cut the roads by which provisions were brought to the Ch’u army, then west to meet Kao-tsu at Jung-yang. Kao-tsu gave him the troops and sent Chang Erh to go with him. When Han Hsin had conquered Weih and Tai, Kao-tsu suddenly sent a messenger to collect his experienced soldiers and bring them to Jung-yang. So Han Hsin and Chang Erh went east with several tens of thousands of troops to attack Chao. The King of Chao, Chao Hsieh, was advised to cut off Han Hsin’s baggage train and remain in a fortified camp until Han Hsin’s troops began to starve. He refused to do so because that would be a trick, and he professed to have “righteous troops.” So Han Hsin came over the mountains and arranged ten thousand men in a battle array. When the army of Chao, which was said to number two hundred thousand, came out to fight, Han Hsin sent a force of two thousand light horsemen to enter the empty Chao camp and plant the red flags of Han in it. Then, when the Chao forces returned after a long period of fighting, they would not enter their camp because of the Han flags on it. So the Han forces captured the Chao army, beheaded Ch’en Yü and took prisoner Chao Hsieh, the

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King of Chao. Then, with Kao-tsu’s approval, Han Hsin set up Chang Erh as King of Chao, to hold the territory. In July/Aug. 204, Kao-tsu fled from Ch’eng-kao and at daybreak galloped into the entrenchments of Chang Erh and Han Hsin by calling himself an envoy. They were not yet awake, so he went to their beds, took their seals and credentials, summoned their generals, and easily established himself in command of their army. When the two men awakened, they found that Kao-tsu had taken their army from them. Kao-tsu ordered Chang Erh to guard Chao and installed Han Hsin as the Chancellor of State at Chao. Han Hsin next took advantage of the fact that Li Yi-chi had persuaded the King of Ch’i, T’ien Kuang, to submit to Hans, and surprised and defeated T’ien Kuang. T’ien Kuang appealed to Ch’u for succor, and Lung Chü was sent with two hundred thousand men against Han Hsin. In Dec./Jan. 204/3, the Ch’u forces awaited Han Hsin on the Wei River. At night Han Hsin had ten thousand sacks filled with sand and with them dammed the river; then at mid-night he crossed the river and attacked Lung Chü’s army. He pretended to be defeated and returned across the river; Lung Chü pursued him. Then Han Hsin sent to have the dam of sacks broken. The water rushed down and the larger part of the Ch’u army could not cross. Then Han Hsin quickly attacked those who had crossed and killed Lung Chü. The rest of Lung Chü’s army scattered and fled. Then T’ien Kuang fled, but was captured. The troops of Ch’u surrendered. Han Hsin now asked to be made Acting King of Ch’i to hold the country. Kao-tsu was not at first willing to give him that title, but finally, in Mar./ Apr. 203 he sent Chang Liang to install Han Hsin as King of Ch’i. Hsiang Yü tempted Han Hsin to rebel against Kao-tsu and divide the country into three parts with Ch’i as one part, but Han Hsin refused to desert Kao-tsu, for Hsiang Yü had once despised Han Hsin’s advice. In Nov. 203, Kao-tsu promised Han Hsin more territory, especially his home town in Ch’u, and thereby got him to bring his troops to defeat and kill Hsiang Yü at Kai-hsia. But after Hsiang Yü was dead, Kao-tsu surprised and took away Han Hsin’s army, and in Jan./Feb. 202 removed Han Hsin to be King of Ch’u with his capital at Hsia-p’ei. Chung-li Mo, a general of Hsiang Yü, had been a friend of Han Hsin, and took refuge with him. Kao-tsu heard that he was there, and or-dered him arrested and sent to the capital. Han Hsin had newly come to his kingdom and was traveling around its cities and towns, going in and out with his army. Word was

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brought to Kao-tsu that Han Hsin was planning to revolt. Kao-tsu thereupon made a surprise trip to Ch’u with an army. In Dec./Jan. 202/1, Han Hsin had Chung-li Mo commit suicide and, with his head, came to Kao-tsu. Kao--tsu had Han Hsin bound and thrown into a carriage, but released him. When the cortege reached Lo-yang, Kao-tsu pardoned Han Hsin and made him Marquis of Huai-yin. Kao-tsu feared and was jealous of Han Hsin’s ability, and Han Hsin knew it, so he pronounced himself ill and did not come to court, cherishing his grudge. When Ch’en Hsi was made Chancellor of Tai, he went to take leave of Han Hsin, and Han Hsin suggested that he rebel. (This story looks however very much like a fabricated justification of Han Hsin’s execution.) When Ch’en Hsi rebelled in Sept./Oct. 197, Han Hsin was ill and did not accompany Kao-tsu, but secretly sent word to Ch’en Hsi and planned with his household to forge an amnesty for the government’s criminals and slaves and attack the Empress née Lü and the Heir-apparent. A member of his suite had offended Han Hsin and Han Hsin imprisoned him, intending to kill him. But in Feb./Mar. 197 the brother of that member of his suite informed the Empress that Han Hsin was intending to revolt. The Empress was afraid to summon Han Hsin directly, and so she planned with Hsiao Ho to make as if word had come from the Emperor that Ch’en Hsi was dead. All the officials came to congratulate Hsiao Ho and lured Han Hsin to come with them. As soon as he entered the Ch’ang-lo Palace, the Empress née Lü had Han Hsin bound and beheaded in the Bell Room. Thereafter all his relatives were also executed. When Kao-tsu came back, and heard that Han Hsin was dead, he was glad but sorrowed for him. Cf. Hs 34.1a-13a; 16.23a; 1A&B. [p. Liu Shao calls Hsin a military hero and an exceptionally brave man. Cf. Shyrock, Study of the Abilities of Men, pp. 110, 129. Add Kui Tung 45.2b-5b; 16.?a-57b; 27ff-14b; 43.4b. (sic!).]

Hanw Hsin 韓信 was a general of Kao-tsu, who became the King of Hanh but finally rebelled and went over to the Hsiung-nu. His name is always written 韓王

信, except in Hs 1A.30b, hence, to distinguish him from the more famous general by the same name, we shall always write this man’s name with a subscript w, to indicate the second character of that writing. Hanw Hsin was a descendant of King Hsiang of Hanw (ruled 311-296 B.C.). He was eight feet five inches tall (6 ft. 4-1/2 in. Eng. meas.). When, in May/June 207 B.C., Kao-tsu was going to Yang-ch’eng, he sent Chang Liang to Hanw as the Minister of the Masses in Hanw to overrun the region of Hanh. He secured Hanw

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Hsin and made him a General of Hanh. Han Hsin followed Kao-tsu thru the Wu Pass and to Han-chung. Kao-tsu promised to make him King of Hanh, so he first installed him as Minister of War in Hanw and sent him to overrun the region of Hanw When Hsiang Yü heard of it, he made Cheng Ch’ang King of Hanw to oppose the forces of Hans. Hanw Hsin captured some ten cities of Hanh and compelled Cheng Ch’ang to surrender. So in Dec. 206 Kao-tsu made Hanw Hsin the King of Hanw with permission to lead the troops of Hanh in the train of Kao-tsu. Hanw Hsin was left with Chou Ho to defend Jung-yang. When it was taken by Hsiang Yü in July/Aug. 204, Hanw Hsin surrendered to Ch’u, but escaped, and returned to the camp of Hans and was remade King of Hanh. In the spring of 202, Hanw Hsin was made King of Hanh with his territory located in the Ying-ch’uan Commandery (the present Honan). But in Mar. 201, Kao-tsu moved the kingdom of Hanh north of the Yellow River into the present SHansi, and made Hanw Hsin king of a new Hanh, which was composed of 31 cities of the T’ai-yüan Commandery with his capital at Chin-yang. Thus he was granted permission to remove his capital to Ma-yi. In Oct./Nov. 201, the Hsiung-nu besieged Hanw Hsin at Ma-yi. Hanw Hsin several times sent envoys to the Hsiung-nu to ask for peace. Kao-tsu suspected that Hanw Hsin was disloyal and sent a letter reproving him; whereupon Hanw Hsin feared execution and so made a treaty with the Hsiung-nu to attack the Chinese empire with them, surrendering Ma-yi to them. Kao-tsu himself then took the field and routed Hanw Hsin at Tung-ti, beheading his general, Wang Hsi. Hanw Hsin thereupon fled to the Hsiung-nu and, through his generals, set up a descendant of the former king of Chao, Chao Li, as King. His generals collected Hanw Hsin’s scattered troops for Chao Li. The Hsiung-nu sent more than 10,000 cavalry and encamped from Kuang-wu to Chin-yang. But the Hans army routed them and pursued them to Li-shih, where they were again routed. The Hsiung-nu collected northwest of Lou-fan . When the Han armies attacked them, the Hsiung-nu constantly were defeated, fled, and were pursued. Kao-tsu heard that the Hsiung-nu had encamped at Tai-ku. He was at Chin-yang and sent messengers to observe them. The messengers reported that the Hsiung-nu could be defeated. Kao-tsu accordingly went to P’ing-ch’eng and climbed the Pei-teng, a hill 7 li outside of the city. There the Hsiung-nu cavalry besieged him. Kao-tsu sent large presents to the wife of the Shan-yü, and she advised her husband not to hinder the Chinese emperor. After seven days the forces of the Hsiung-nu left slightly. It was misty and they succeeded in getting out of the siege and into P’ing--ch’eng. When the relieving army came, the Huns left.

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After that Hanw Hsin became a general of the Hsiung-nu, leading troops in and out of the boundary. He ordered his general Wang Huang to tempt Ch’en Hsi to rebel in Sept. 197. In the spring of 196, Han Hsin with some Hsiung-nu cavalry went to Ts’an-ho. Kao-tsu sent Ch’ai Wu to attack him and sent a letter asking him to return. He refused and General Ch’ai Wu beheaded Hanw Hsin at Ts’an-ho in Feb./Mar. 196 B.C. Hanw Hsin had taken his son to the Hsiung-nu territory with him; the son and grandson surrendered to the Emperor Wen and were made marquises. They distinguished themselves in the campaign against the rebellious Seven States and some of his descendants attacked the Hsiung-nu. Cf. Hs 33.6a-9a.

Hans, King of 漢王. The King of Hans was a title by which the founder of the Han dynasty was known for a time. Cf. Kao-tsu.

The Han-ku Pass 函谷 {15-16:4/8} was the most important means of entrance into Kuan-chung and the capital of China. Wen Ying (fl. ca. 196-220) says, “At that time [206 B.C.] the Barrier was in a hsien of the Hung-nung [Commandery] in the Heng Mountains. Now it is moved eastward to the Ku-ch’eng hsien of the Ho-nan [Commandery].” The older Han-ku Pass was situated 10 li south of the present Ling-pao, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Shen Chou, Honan, according to the Shina rekidai chimei yoran. Cf. Hs 1.20b. [p. In the winter of 115/4 the barrier at the Han-ku Pass was moved some 270 li eastwards to Hsin-an and the former Han-ku Pass prefecture was renamed Hung-Hung. Cf. Hs 6.18b.]

Han Kuang 韓廣 was a military officer of the Sheng-ku Commandery who overran and set himself up as King of Yen in Oct. 209 B.C. In Mar./Apr. 206, Hsiang Yü made him King of Liao-tung with his capital at Wu-chung. In Sept. 206 he was killed by Tsang Tu. Cf. Hs 1A.13; 13.2-5; ch. 31.5b ff; ch. 32; 64B.

Han-tan 邯鄲 {17:4/2}was a city located, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, 10 li southwest of the present city by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Kuang-p’ing Fu, Hopei. [p. It had been the capital of feudal state of Jao.] The Discourse on Salt and Iron (i cent. B.C.) mentions it as a famous and rich city (Gale, p. 18). Hs 100.6b, remarks on the manner of walking in that city. Cf. Hs

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1B.15b. Han-tan had also been the name of a commandery under the Ch’in dynasty. Cf. Mh II, 132, n. 1, 22°. [p. Hs 28Bii.14a. On the Han of the Contending States period, the capital of Jao in 386 B.C. and destruction in 209 B.C., cf. “Han-tan, Excavation at the Ruins,” pub. by Far Eastern Archeological Society, Tokyo 1954.]

Hao-chih 好畤 {15-16/4/4}was one of the four sacred places of Ch’in. It was a walled city, now a village by the same name, located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 40 li southeast of the present Ch’ien Hsien 乾縣 (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ch’ien Chou), Shensi. The tables mention several important persons as having been killed in the battle at Hao-chih in 206 B.C. Cf. Hs 1A.29a, [p. 28 Ai.37b].

The Hat of the House of Liu 劉氏冠 was an article of formal attire permitted only to those above the rank of Public Chariot (the eighth noble rank). Chavannes (Mh II, 330, n. 1) quotes a commentator who says that this was called the “magpie tail hat.” The T’ai-p’ing yü-lan (written by Li Fang 978-983), ch. 684, however quotes the San-Li-t’u (by Cheng Hsüan 127-200) as saying that Kao-tsu made the “Long Hat” out of bamboo, and that it was popularly called “the hat of the House of Liu.” The HHs Treatise 39.4b says, “The Long Hat is also called the Hat of Purification. It is seven inches tall and three inches wide. It is made of a black silk band. Its construction is like a board. Bamboo is used for the lining. At first, when Kao-tsu was an unimportant person, he made it of bamboo-skin. It is called the Hat of the House of Liu. It is of the style of a Ch’u hat. [p. People call it the Magpie tail hat, which is wrong. In sacrificing in the imperial ancestral temples, and at the other sacrifices, it was worn.... This hat was invented by Kao-tsu, hence it was considered the most solemn of sacrificial attire.”] It was only permitted to high noblemen. (Cf. Hs 1B.13a). By “bamboo-skin “is meant the sheath of young bamboo-sprouts, which is still used for hats. Kao-tsu seems to have devised this hat, possibly made one himself, and then sent to Hsieh to a professional to have one made. [p. Cf. Hs 1A.5a, 1B.13a]

Heng-shan 恆山 {11-12:3/4}} was [p. a sacred mountain, a kingdom, and a

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commandery. It was usually, but not always,] called Ch’ang-shan in the present Hs; the change was made, according to Ju Shun , because of the taboo on the first word due to its having been the name of the Emperor Wen. Consequently the Hs regularly calls it by its later name. For its location, cf. Hs sub Chang-shan. It should not be confused with the Heng-shan in Hunan. Its kings were Chang Erh, Lu Pü-yi, Lü Yi, Lü Ch’ao, Liu Shun, Liu P’o. Cf. Hs 28Aii.52b, 13.19a-21a, 14.19a.

Heng-shan 衡山 {7-8:2/5-6} was an ephemeral state set up by Hsiang Yü in Mar. 206 B.C. with Wu Jui as its king. It was disestablished in 202 B.C. It was the region of the Yangtze valley and its tributaries just east of the gorges; the Chung-kuo ku-chin ti-ming ta-tz’u-tien says that it was that stretch of territory from northeast of Li hsien 酈縣 (which was in the eastern part of the present Nei-hsiang 內鄉 Hsien, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Nan-yang Fu, Honan) to the southeastern part of Hunan. Its capital was at Chu 邾, the present Huang-kuang, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Huang-chou Hupeh. [p. Cf. Hs 28Aii ). The identification of this kingdom with that of Heng-shan in Anhui (Mh II, 537, no. 38, n. 3) is incorrect. Later, Ying Pu, when King of Heng-shan, had his capital at Liu; but that was another Heng-shan. According to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, there were three Heng-shans: in Hunan, in Anhui, and in Chekiang.

Doctor Ho 醫和 from the state of Ch’in is mentioned in the Tso-chuan under the date of 541 B.C. (Legge, p. 580, 573, 574), “The Marquis of Chin asked for the help of a physician from Ch’in, and the Earl sent one Ho to see him.” [p. Cf. Hs 20.69b.]

Mr. Ho 龢氏 of Ch’u was a legendary person who is said to have found the famous jade circled (pi) and to have had his feet cut off in attempting to persuade his kings that it was genuine. Huai-nan-tzu creates an apologue around this story. [p. He is mentioned in Huai-nan-tzu, 19.? & 239)] Cf. Hs 100.n. 467.

Ho-chien 河間 {17:2/4}was a Han kingdom existing 198-165 or 164 and 155-A.D. 9 located near the present Hsien 獻 Hsien, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ho-chien Fu,

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Hopei. Its kings were Liu Pi-ch’iang and his son, Liu Fu; then Liu Te5a and his descendants, Liu Pu-chou, Liu Chi, Liu Huan, Liu Ch’ing, and Liu Yüan. Cf. Hs 4.10a, 14.10b, 13b, 28Bii.23b; Mh II, 535, no. 9.

Ho-hsi 河西 was, according to Chavannes, the region between the Yellow River on the east and the Lo River of Shensi on the west. Cf. Mh V, Ind., sub Ho-si. [p. In the time of Emperor Kuang-wu, it was however the region west of the Yellow River, i.e., the present Ninghsia, western Kansuh, and surrounding region, for Tou Yung, who controlled this territory led the Grand Administrators of the Wu-wei, Chang-yeh, Chiu-ch’ang, Chin-Ch’uan Comnianderies; Cf. HHs, Mem. 13.8a.]

Ho-nan 河南 {15-16:4/8} was a kingdom of Ch’u and Han times and a commandery of Han times, located around the present Lo-yang in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ho-nan Fu, Honan. Hsiang Yü made Shen Yang its king in Mar. 206 B.C., but in Nov. of that year the latter submitted to Kao-tsu, and his kingdom was made into a commandery. Cf. Hs 28Ai.65b; Mh II, 535, no. 10.

Ho-nei 河內 {15-16:3/9} was a region and a commandery located with its headquarters at the ancient Huai which was southwest of the present Wu-chih in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Huai-ch’ing Fu, Honan. Cf. Hs 28Ai.60b; Mh II, 535, no. 11. [p. Ta-Ch’ing Yi-t’ung-chih 202.2b. This name was given to this area in the Period of the Warring States by the kingdom of Weih. Previously the whole region north of the Yellow R. was called Ho-nei (within the Yellow R).]

The Ho-shang Commandery 河上郡 was located in southern Shensi. It was instituted in 205 B.C., and was later called Tso-ping-yi, q.v. Cf. Hs 28Ai.24b; Mh II, 542, no. 97.

Ho-tung 河東 {15-16:3/7}was a Ch’in and Han commandery north of the Yellow River, in what is now the southwestern part of Shansi. Kao-tsu reestablished it in 205 B.C. Cf. Hs 28Ai.45a; Mh II, 133, n. 1, 2°; 535, no. 13. [p. Its headquarters were at An-yi , a city located, according to the Ta-Ch’ing Yi-t’ung Chih, in the northern part of the present Hsieh Hsien in southern Shensi. The name was given

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by the state of Weih in the Period of the Warring States.

Ho-yang 合陽 was, according to 28Aii.69b, a city of the Ping-yüan Commandery and was located, according to the T’ai-p’ing huan-yü chih (by Yo-shih 930-1007) east of Hsiu-tu which is located, by the Shina redikai chimei yoran, p. 303, at the present Chi (the Ch’ing dynasty’s Chi Chou ), Hopei. This place was the seat of Liang Hsi’s marquisate (17.30a) and that of his descendants Liang Fang and Liang Mang, not that of Liu Hsi

Ho-yang 郃陽 {15-16:3/6} was, according to Hs 28Ai.27b, a prefecture of the Tso-ping-yi Commandery, located at the present hsien of the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s T’ung-chou Fu, Shensi. Hs 1B.12a, 15.2a, and ch. 35 write the first word of this name 合, which is erroneous and the name of another place, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien. This Ho-yang was the seat of the marquisate occupied by Liu Hsi . Cf. Hs 1.12a.

The old gentleman Hou 侯公 was the envoy of Kao-tsu who in Sept. 203 B.C. succeeded in inducing Hsiang Yü to make a treaty of peace with Kao-tsu and divide the country. He was thereupon appointed P’ing-kuo General (or Laird). Cf. Hs 1A.40a, 31.22b; Mh II, 312, 313. Another person by the same name is mentioned in the Sc as an official of the First Emperor. Cf. Mh II, succeeded in inducing Hsiang Yü to make a treaty of peace with Kao-tsu and divide the country. He was thereupon appointed P’ing-kuo General (or Laird). Cf. Hs 1A.40a, 31.22b; Mh II, 312, 313. Another person by the same name is mentioned in the Sc as an official of the First Emperor. Cf. Mh II, 167, 168.

Hou Ch’ang 侯敞 was Lieutenant Chancellor under Ch’en Hsi, the rebel who set himself up as a king in 196 B.C. Hou Ch’ang acted as his general. Kuan Ying was detached to attack him, routed him at Ch’ü-ni, and executed him in that year. Cf. Hs 1B.16b, ch. 41 (Li Shang, Kuan Ying ,Ch’en Hsi ).

Household Steward 家令 was the superintendent in the households of the Grand Emperor, the Imperial Heir-apparent, and the Princesses. The Han-chiu-yi B:3b

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says, “The Household Steward [of the Heir-apparent] was ranked at 1000 piculs. He had charge of [the Heir-apparent’s] granaries and jails. The fallen Hsin 新

[Dynasty] changed [his title] to be Ordinary Chieftain of Conscripts 中更.” Cf. also Hs 19a:19a. The Han-chiu-yi, B:2b says, “The Imperial Heir-apparent is called ‘the Household 家’; his actions are called ‘following 從.’” So, the ‘Household Steward’ preeminently belongs to the Imperial Heir-apparent’s suite. According to Hs 1B:10b, the Grand Emperor also had a Household Steward. In a note to that passage, Shen Ch’in-han says that Princesses also had Household Stewards, while marquises had Household Assistants 家丞. For an account of the Household

Steward and his assistants in T’ang times, cf. the T’ang liu-tien 唐六典, 27:4b-5b..

Hsi4 戲 was a river and a t‘ing (commune) on it, mentioned in HHs Treatise 19, located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran in the present Lin-t’ung Hsien 臨潼縣, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Hsi-an Fu, Shensi. Cf. Hs 1A.10a; Mh II, 205, n. 2.

Hsi5 析 {15-16:5/7} was a walled city and prefecture of the Nan-yang Commandery located 120 li northwest of the present Nei-hsiang 內鄉 in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Nan-yang Fu, Honan. Cf. Hs 28Ai.43b.

Hsi-ho 西河 {20-21:3/8} was a Han commandery established in 125 B.C., located within and to the northwest of the great northward bend of the Yellow River [p. with its headquarters originally at P’ing-ting a place in the northeastern border of the Yü -lin, Shensi territory, and in Later Han times at Shih-li located in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Yung-ming Chou.] Cf. Hs 28Bi.28a; Mh II, 539, no. 62.

Hsi-liu 細柳 {42-43:4/4}. Shen Ch’in-han says, “The T’ai-p’ing yü-lan, 190.6a quotes the San-fu ku-shih 三輔故事 (written ca. dur. 265- 420) as saying, Chou Ya-fu encamped at Hsi-liu. It is the present Shih-chi. West of Shih-chi there is the Hsi-liu granary. According to the Yüan-ho chün-hsien southwest of

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Hsien-yang. When Chou Ya-fu encamped at Hsi-liu, this was the place. There was also a Hsi-liu Plain 32 li southwest of Ch’ang-an. This was a different Hsi-liu. [p. In my opinion, [the Hsi-liu] of Chang [Yi] was south of the K’un-ming Pond. This was the Hsi-liu Plain of Ch’ang-an Prefecture, not the Hsi-liu [where Chou Ya-fu encamped.]”] Fu Ch’ien (125-195) says that Hsi-liu was northwest of Ch’ang-an. Ju Shun (fl. dur. 189-265) says, “The Hsi-liu Granary at Ch’ang-an is north of the Wei River.” Chang Yi (fl. 227-233) said, “South of the Kun-ming Pond [inside the Ch’ang-an] today there is a Liu Market, which is this place.” But these last were other places than the one mentioned. Cf. Hs 4.18b; Mh II, 484, n. 6.

The Hsia 夏 dynasty is supposed to have reigned 2205-1766 B.C. Its name is sometimes used to designate the Chinese people.

Hsia-ch’iu 瑕丘 {36-36:3/5} was a city located, according to the Shina redikai chimei yoran, 25 li west of the present Tzu-yang , in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Yen-chou Fu, Shantung. It was also called Fu-hsia 負瑕. During the later Chou period it had belonged to the state of Lu. Hs 28Aii.37b.

Hsia-hou Ying 夏侯嬰, often called the Lord of T‘eng 滕公, title Marquis Wen 文侯 of Ju-yin was an intimate friend and loyal follower of Kao-tsu. He was Kao-tsu’s charioteer and became Master of the Stud. He came from P’ei and was originally a driver in the magistrate’s stable at P’ei. Very often, when he was ordered to drive guests home, on his way back, when he passed by the Ssu-shang T’ing, he chatted with Kao-tsu until sunset. So they became good friends. Later Hsia-hou Ying became a pre-fectural official. Once Kao-tsu, in play, wounded Hsia-hou Ying. Someone in-formed on Kao-tsu. At that time Kao-tsu was Chief of T’eng and he was charged with assault. Kao-tsu denied that he had injured Hsia-hou Ying, and Hsia-hou Ying testified on his behalf, but the case was tried again, and Hsia-hou Ying was sentenced because of Kao-tsu and was imprisoned for more than a year and received several hundred stripes, so that Kao-tsu was not punished. Hsia-hou Ying helped Kao-tsu to get P’ei to surrender, and so Kao-tsu made Hsia-hou Ying a Seventh Rank Grandee and Master of the Stud. He always drove

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Kao-tsu’s chariot. He was with Kao-tsu in the conquest of Hu-ling and other cities and in several battles, so was made Magistrate of T eng. Hence he is often called the Lord of T’eng. He still went with Kao-tsu in his conquests. When Kao-tsu became King of Han, he made Hsia-hou Ying the Marquis of Chao-p’ing (possibly an empty title). In the flight from P’eng--ch’eng, Hsia-hou Ying was the one who rescued the future Emperor Hui and the Princess Yüan of Lu when they fell out of the chariot. After the final victory over Hsiang Yü, Hsia-hou Ying was the given the added income of the city of Tzu-shih; when Kao-tsu became Emperor he was changed to have the income of Ju-yin. He was with Kao-tsu at the escape from Ping-ch’eng, when Kao-tsu was surrounded by the Hsiung-nu. His income was gradually increased until finally he was made Marquis of Ju-yin with the income of 6900 families. After the death of Kao-tsu, the Emperor Hui and the Empress Dowager née Lü felt so grateful to him for his rescue of her two children that he was given the residence next to the palace. After the death of Hui, he was still the Master of the Stud. After the death of the Empress née Lü, he and Liu Hsing-chü were ordered to clear the palace for the Emperor Wen. He served the Emperor Wen as Master of the Stud for eight years before his death in 172 B.C. Cf. Hs 41.9a--11b; 16.6a.

Hsia-p’ei 下沛 {36-37:4/6} was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, in the Han dynasty’s Tung-hai Commandery, located 3 li east of the present P’ei 沛 Hsien, (the Ch’ing dynasty’s P’ei Chou ), in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Hsü-chou Fu, Kiangsu. Cf. Hs 1A.36b.

Hsia-yi 下邑 {36-37:4/5} was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a city of the Han dynasty’s kingdom of Liang, located east of the present Tang-shan in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Hsü-chou Fu, Kiangsu. Cf. Hs 1A.12a, 28Bii.33b

Hsieh 契 (originally written 偰) was the Minister of Education under Shun (2255-2206 B.C.) and the progenitor of the Yin dynasty. He is said to have come from the principality of Sung , lived at the time of Yü and to have helped him.] Cf. Mh I, 173-175.

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The Lord of Hsieh 薛公 (name unknown) was a general of Hsiang Lü who was defeated and killed at Hsia-p’ei in 204 B.C. He was not the same person as the old gentleman Hsieh in Hs 1B.19b (see next). Cf. Hs 1A.36b; ch. 31 (Hsiang Yü); ch. 34 (Ch’in Pu ); ch. 41 (Kuan Ying ).

His Excellency Hsieh 薛公 (personal name unknown) was the Chief Adminis-trator of the state of Ch’u. In 196 B.C. he told Kao-tsu how to deal with the rebellion of Ch’ing Pu and was appointed to the income of a thousand families. The Hsieh Kuang-te whose biography is in ch. 71 claimed this man as his ancestor in the fifth generation. Cf. Hs 1B.19b; ch. 34 sub Ying Pu.

Hsieh 薛 {36-37:4/6} was a Ch’in dynasty commandery, located in the present Shantung. It included the ancient state of Lu and was made, in 206 B.C., into the kingdom of Lu, q.v. Cf. 1 n 304, (3) (sic!); Mh II, 132 n 1, 11°; 255 n 3.

Hsieh 薛 was a city of the kingdom of Lu located, according to the Shina rekidai chimei yoran, 40 li southwest of the present T’eng Hsien, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Yen-chou Fu, Shantung. Cf. Hs 1A.6a, 28Bii.37b.

Hsieh Ou 薛歐 followed Kao-tsu as a member of his suite from Feng; he went with him to Pa-shang and became a Gentleman. He went to Hans and as a General attacked Chung-li Mo , the general of Hsiang Yü. In Oct. 206 he was a General. In 201, he was made Marquis of Kuang-p’ing with the in-come of 4500 families. He died in 188 B.C. His posthumous name was Ching He was ranked fifteenth among the marquises. Yen Shih-ku says that Ou is to be pronounced in the fourth tone. Cf. Hs 1A.30a; 16.7b; ch. 19.

Hsien-yang 咸陽 {5-6:4/6} was the capital of the Ch’in dynasty. It was located, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, east of the present Ch’ang-an Shensi. Wen Ying (fl. ca. 196-220) says, “Hsien-yang is the present Wei-ch’eng north of the Wei River.” Cf. Hs 1A.3b.

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Hsiang 相 {36-37:5/5} was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, the headquarters of the P’ei Commandery, located in the northwest of the present Su Hsien, in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Feng-yang Fu, Kiangsu.

Hsiang-ch’eng 襄城 {36-37:5/2} was, according to Wang Hsien-ch’ien, a prefecture in the Han commandery of Ying-ch’uan located west of the present city by the same name in the Ch’ing dynasty’s Ch’en-chou Fu, Honan. It was the scene of a terrible massacre by Hsiang Yü. It became the seat of a marquisate; the marquises were Han Ying , Han Shih-chih, Chieh Lung , Chieh Ping-ssu, Lü Yi. Cf. Hs 1A.12a, 14a; 3.2b; l6.69a,17.8b; 18.3b; 28Ai.87b.

Hsiang Chi 項籍, style Yü 羽, title King Pa 霸王 of Western Ch’u was the greatest general during Ch’u and Han times and was the most important rival of Kao-tsu. He never lost a battle and was only finally tricked to flee and seek death. He was a man of Hsia-hsiang (a place 7 li west of the present Su-ch’ien in the Manchu dynasty’s Hsü-chou Fu, Kiangsu). His uncle was Hsiang Liang and his grandfather had been the famous general of Ch’u, Hsiang Yen. His family had supplied generals to Ch’u for generations. As a youth Hsiang Chi would not study books. He left school and studied swordsmanship, which he also left without completing. When his uncle re-proved him, he said, “Books are merely sufficient to record names; swordsman-ship is for individual fighting and not worth studying. I want to study fighting with ten thousand men.” So Hsiang Liang taught him the Military Methods 兵法, whereupon Hsiang Chi was delighted . He knew its general ideas, but did complete his learning. Hsiang Liang committed a homicide, so he and Hsiang Yü fled to Wu to avoid the resulting feud. There Hsiang Liang became an outstanding person. Hsiang Chi was eight feet two inches (6 ft. 2 in. Eng. meas.) tall and could lift a three-legged cauldron. In ability and spirit he surpassed all others, so that the young people of Wu all feared him. When, in Oct. 209 B.C., Chien She [p. the rebellion in the 7th month; but this event occurred in the 9th] raised the standard of rebellion, Yin Tung , the temporary Administrator of K’uai-chi admired Hsiang Liang, called him in, and was advised to rebel. At the conference, Hsiang Liang called in Hsiang Chi, and, at a prearranged signal, Hsiang Chi decapitated Yin

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Tung. Then the two killed about a hundred men. Hsiang Liang took the Administrator’s seal and cord and assumed his authority. Thus he secured eight thousand soldiers and was entitled the General of K’uai-chi. Hsiang Chi was called the Assistant General. In 208, Shao P’ing, a general under Ch’en She, heard that Ch’en She was defeated and had fled and that Chang Han was coming, so he fled across the Yangtze and without unauthorization appointed Hsiang Liang as First Pillar of State in Ch’u, with orders to attack the forces of Ch’in. So, with eight thousand men, Hsiang Liang crossed the Yangtze and went westwards. Ch’en Ying there brought troops and became his subordinate because of the Hsiang family reputation. When Hsiang Liang crossed the Huai River, Ying Pu and the general of P’u also came to him with troops, Hsiang Liang encamped at Hsia-p’ei with sixty to seventy thousand men. Ch’in Chia at this time had already set up Ching Chü as King of Ch’u and encamped east of Pang-ch’ang intending to resist Hsiang Liang. Hsiang Liang did not yet know of the death of Ch’en She, so declared Ch’in Chia traitor, attacked, and killed him, and took his troops. He sent Hsiang Chi to attack Hsiang-ch’ang, but it would not surrender, so he captured it and massacred its inhabitants completely. When Hsiang Liang heard that Ch’en She was really dead, he called the generals to a conference. Fan Tseng advised seeking a scion of the kingly family of Ch’u. So the grandson of King Huai, Hsin was found herding sheep as a commoner. He was set up as King Huai of Ch’u in order to gain the approval of the people. His capital was put at Hsü-yi, and Ch’en Ying was made First Pillar of State. Hsiang Liang called himself the Laird of Wu-hsin. The forces of Ch’in were besieged by Chang Han at Tung-o. Hsiang Liang led a rescuing force and severely routed the Ch’in forces at Tung-o. Then he sent Hsiang Chi and the Lord of P’ei (Kao-tsu) to attack Ch’en--yang, whose inhabitants they massacred. They then went west, routed a Ch’in army east of P’u-yang, and drove them into P’u-yang. Next they attacked Ting-t’ao, failed to take it, so went west, and overran the country. At Yung-ch’iu they routed a Ch’in army and beheaded Li Yu then they returned and attacked Wai-huang , but did not take it. Hsiang Chi started from Tung-o and again went to Ting-t ao , where he twice routed a Ch’in army. Hsiang Chi and others had moreover beheaded Li Yu’s body and hence despised the power of Ch’in. Hsiang Liang became arrogant, and Sung Yi admonished him, but he paid no attention. In Sept. 208 B.C., Chang Han surprised and severely routed his

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army at Ting-t’ao, killing Hsiang Liang. The Lord of P’ei and Hsiang Chi had left Wai-huang and attacked Ch’en-liu, but did not take it. When they heard of the death of Hsiang Liang, with Lü Ch’en they led their troops eastwards and encamped around P’eng-ch’eng, while Chang Han went north and attacked Ch’ao. Because Sung Yi had forseen Hsiang Liang’s defeat, King Huai made him First Ranking General. Hsiang Chi was made Second General and Fan Tseng the Lowest General. They were sent north to rescue the King of Chao. When Sung Yi reached An-yang , he stopped for forty-six days and did not advance. In Dec./Jan. 208/7, it was cold and raining; the troops were starving and freezing, while Sung Yi held great feasts. So Hsiang Chi cut off Sung Yi’s head and sent orders through the army that Sung Yi had rebelled against his King and that the King had secretly sent orders to Hsiang Chi to kill him. The generals were astounded, but did not dare to do anything. They all said that Hsiang Chi came of the family of Ch’u generals so they together appointed him as Acting First Ranking General and sent to kill Sung Yi’s son . King Huai appointed Hsiang Chi as First Ranking General. He advanced. When his army had crossed the Chang River, he sank his boats and destroyed all but three day’s provisions, so that his army would have no thought of returning. Then he besieged Wang Li, the Ch’in general of the besiegers, fought nine battles with the Ch’in forces, cut the walled road to their stores, and severely routed them, killing a general and capturing Wang Li. She Chien did not surrender and burnt himself to death (15a). Thus the siege of Chü-lu was raised and the King of Chao was saved. The fame of it stirred the empire and Ch’u became the outstanding state in the empire. The nobles flocked to Hsiang Chi. Chang Han was encamped at Chi-yüan, south of Chü-lu, and Hsiang Chi was encamped south of the Chang River, watching each other. But Chang Han feared that the Ch’in Chancellor of State, Chao Kao, would have him killed. Chang Han had fought during three years and had lost over a hundred thousand soldiers in his campaigns. While he was hesitating, Hsiang Chi sent troops to encamp south of the Chang River and fight with Chang Han. They twice routed the Ch’in troops. Next Hsiang Chi led his whole army to attack the Ch’in encampment on the Wu River and routed it severely. Then Chang Han was willing to surrender on condition of being made King of Yung. With the troops of the nobles, more than three hundred thousand strong, Hsiang Chi overran the territory south to Ho-nan and west to Hsin-an. Meanwhile Chang Han’s army was showing signs of discontent, so Hsiang Chi had it massacred at night, killing more than two hundred thousand persons, leaving alive only its three chiefs, who were

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later made kings in Kuan-chung (17a). When Hsiang Chi came to the Han-ku Pass, it was defended. Hsiang Chi heard that the Lord of P’ei had captured Hsien-yang. He was enraged and sent Chin Pu to attack the guard at the Pass. Then Hsiang Chi came to Hung-men west of Hsi; there he heard that the Lord of P’ei wanted to be king of Kuan-chung and had taken sole possession of the treasuries, the jewels and valuables of Ch’in. Fan Tseng was enraged and urged Hsiang Chi to attack the Lord of P’ei. Hsiang Chi feasted his troops with the intention of attacking the next morning. But his uncle, Hsiang Po, went to tell his close friend Chang Liang; Chang Liang told the Lord of P’ei; conse-quently Hsiang Po explained things to Hsiang Chi. The next day the Lord of P’ei came to Hung-men with more than a hundred cavalry, begged Hsiang Chi’s pardon, and told him that he had sealed up the treasuries of Ch’in and returned his army to Pa-shang. Fan Tseng tried to have the Lord of P’ei assassinated, but the Lord of P’ei, relying upon Chang Liang and Fan K’uei escaped. Cf. Hs 1A.22b. Several days later, Hsiang Chi massacred the people of Hsien-yang, killed the surrendered King of Ch’in, Tzu-ying, and burnt the palaces and courts at the capital. The fire did not cease for three months He collected its treasures and goods and took its women back east. Master Han advised Hsiang Chi that he should make his capital in Kuan-chung, for it was a fastness girdled by the Yellow River, with mountains on all sides, and fertile within. But Hsiang Chi saw that the palaces and courts of Ch’in had been burnt and destroyed, and decided to go back east, killing Master Han when he showed displeasure. King Huai ordered Hsiang Chi to keep the agreement that the first person to conquer Kuan-chung should be its king, but Hsiang Chi cared not for this agreement. He openly honored King Huai with the title of Emperor Yi and re-moved him to Ch’en in the state of Ch’ang-sha and then divided China among the nobles who had come with him. Fan Tseng had led Hsiang Chi to suspect that the Lord of P’ei had not yet become reconciled to them, yet Hsiang Chi hated to go contrary to the convenant, for fear that the [p. 18a] nobles would rebel against him. So he plotted secretly, saying, “The road to Pa and Shu is dangerous; the exiles of Ch’in dwell there, so that it is said that Pa and Shu are also the region of Kuan-chung.” Hence, he made the Lord of P’ei the King of Hans, with Pa, Shu, and Han-chung as his territory. Then he divided Kuan-chung into three parts and made the three Ch’in generals its kings to be a barrier to the King of Hans. Chang Han was made King of Yung, ruling the region west of Hsien-yang; Ssu-ma Hsin

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had done a kindness to Hsiang Liang, so he was made King of Sai, ruling east from Hsien-yang to the Yellow River; and Tung Yi, who had originally urged Chang Han to surrender, was made King of Ti ruling the Shang Commandery. Wei Pao was removed to Western Weih ruling over Ho-tung. The Lord of Hsia-ch’iu, Shen Yang, was a favorite of Chang Erh and had first subjugated Ho-nan and welcomed the forces of Ch’u on the Yellow River, so he was made King of Ho-nan. The General of Chao, Ssu-ma Ang had conquered Ho-nei and several times distinguished himself, so he was made King of Yin, ruling over Ho-nei. The King of Chao, Chao Hsieh was moved to be King of Tai. The Chancellor of Chao, Chang Erh, had shown himself capable and had followed Hsiang Chi through the Pass, so was made King of Ch’ang-shan ruling over the region of Chao. The Laird of Tang-yang, Ying Pu, was a Ch’u general, and had constantly commanded the army, so he was made King of Chiu-chiang. The Laird of P’o, Wu Jui, had led the many Yüeh to assist the nobles, and had followed Hsiang Chi through the Pass, so he was made King of Heng-shan. The Pillar of State of the Emperor Yi, Kung Ao, led led troops in attacking the Nan Commandery and had distinguished himself highly, so he was made King of Lin-chiang. The King of Yen, Han Kuang, was moved to be King of Chiao-tung. The Yen General, Tsang T’u had followed the forces of Ch’u to rescue the King of Chao. Because he had followed Hsiang Chi through the Pass, he was made King of Yen. The King of Ch’i, T’ien Fu was moved to be King of Chiao-tung. The Ch’i general, T’ien Tu, had followed Hsiang Chi and together with him had rescued the King of Chao and had passed thru the Pass, so he was made King of Ch’i. T’ien An the grandson of the King of Ch’i who had surrendered to Ch’in, T’ien Chien, had subjugated several cities of Chi-pei while Hsiang Chi was crossing the river and rescuing the King of Chao, and had surrendered to Hsiang Chi, so he was made the King of Chi-pei. T’ien Jung had rebelled against Hsiang Liang and had been unwilling to assist the forces of Ch’u in attacking Ch’in, so he was given no appointment. Ch’en Yü had lost his general’s seal and had left, not going through the Pass, yet his ability had been heard of and he had distinguished himself in Chao. Hsiang Chi heard he was in Nan-p’i so he was appointed to three prefectures. Mei Hsüan , a general of the Laird of P’o, Wu Jui, had distinguished himself greatly, so he was appointed himself as King Pa of Western Ch’u ruling over nine commanderies of Liang and Ch’u, with his capital at P’eng-ch’eng. Then the nobles each went to their states. When T’ien Jung heard that Hsiang Chi had moved the King of Ch’i, T’ien Fu, to Chiao-tung. So he had Ch’i rebel against receiving T’ien Tu and attacked him when he arrived. T’ien Tu fled to Ch’u. But T’ien Fu was afraid of Hsiang

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Chi, so escaped to Chiao-tung, going to the state appointed to him. T’ien Jung was angry, pursued him, and killed him at Chi-mo then set him-self up as King of Ch’i. He gave to P’eng Yüeh a general’s seal and ordered him to rebel against Hsiang Chi in the region of Liang. P’eng Yüeh thereupon attacked and killed the King of Chi-pei, Tien An. Then T’ien Jung reunited the three parts of Ch’i. At the same time the King of Hans (Kao-tsu) returned from Han-chung and subjugated the three parts of Ch’in. When Hsiang Chi heard that the King of Hans had united the parts of Kuan-chung and was coming east, and that Ch’i and Liang had revolted against him, he was very angry and made the former Prefect of Wu, Cheng Chang, King of Hanh to resist the forces of Hans and ordered the Lord of Hsiao, Chio, and others to attack Peng Yüeh. But Peng Yüeh defeated the Lord of Hsiao, Chio, and the others. At that time Chang Liang was overrunning Hanh and sent King Hsiang [Chi] a letter saying, “The King of Hans lost his position. He wants to obtain Kuan-chung in accordance with the covenant. Then he will stop and not dare to come east-wards.” So, because Ch’i and Liang had rebelled, and because of the letter, Hsiang Chi had no intention of going westwards to attack the King of Hans and went northwards to attack Ch’i. Hsiang Chi summoned troops from the King of Chiu-chiang, Ying Pu, but Ying Pu declared himself ill and sent his general in-stead with several thousand men. In 206/5, Hsiang Chi secretly sent the King of Chiu-chiang, Ying Pu, to kill the Emperor Yi. Ch’en Yü persuaded T’ien Jung to give him troops to attack Ch’ang-shan, and routed its forces severely. Chang Erh, the King of Ch’ang-shan, fled to Hans. Ch’en Yü recalled the former King of Chao, Chao Hsieh, and remade him King of Chao; Chao Hsieh then made Ch’en Yü the King of Tai. When Hsiang Chi reached Ch’eng-yang, T’ien Jung had already led troops to battle with him, but T’ien Jung was not victorious and fled to P’ing-Yüan, where the people killed him. Hsiang Chi thereupon went north, burnt and levelled the inner and outer city walls, the houses and dwellings of Ch’i, massacring all its surrendered soldiers, leading captive its aged, weak, wives, and women, overrunning Ch’i to the Northern Sea. Where he had passed by, destroyed and exterminated, the people of Ch’i gathered together and rebelled against him. So T’ien Heng the younger brother of T’ien Jung, was able to collect several tens of thousands of escaped soldiers and rebel at Ch’eng-yang. Therefore Hsiang Chi was detained by a series of battles, but was not yet able to conquer him.

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The King of Hans forced the troops of five nobles, five hundred and sixty thousand men, to march eastwards to chastise Hsiang Chi. When Hsiang Chi heard of it, he ordered his generals to attack Ch’i and led thirty thousand of his selected soldiers south from Lu out of Hu-ling. The King of Hans had routed the defenders of P’eng-ch’eng and had collected its goods and taken possession of Hsiang Chi’s Beauties. Daily he was holding great feasts. Hsiang Chi from Hsiao at daybreak attacked the army of Hans and drove it east to P’eng-ch’eng. By noon [p. (20a) ] he had severely routed the army of Hans. The army of Hans all fled. It was pursued to the Ku and Ssu Rivers. The Han army all went south and fled to the mountains. It was pursued and attacked to a place east of Ling-pi on the Sui River, where many soldiers of Hans were killed. Over a hundred thousand went into the Sui River, so that the Sui River was stopped up. The King of Hans escaped with several tens of horsemen. His father and the future Empress née Lü sought the King of Hans by by-paths, but instead met the Ch’u army, which took them to Hsiang Chi, who constantly kept them in his army. The King of Hans collected some scattered soldiers. Hsiao Ho also sent troops from Kuan-chung, who were collected at Jung-yang and fought a battle between Ching and So , where the forces of Ch’u were defeated, with the result that the forces of Ch’u could not pass Jung-yang to the westwards. The forces of Han encamped at Jung-yang and built a walled road to get grain from’s the Ao Granary for food. In 205/4 B.C., Hsiang Chi several times attacked and cut the walled road of Hans. The King of Hans was lacking food and begged for peace, offering to cut off Jung-yang and westwards as the state of Hans. Hsiang Chi wanted to agree to this proposal, but Fan Tseng persuaded him to refuse. So Hsiang Chi actively besieged Jung-yang. The King of Hans was worried, so he gave Ch’en P’ing forty thousand catties of gold to make a breach in Ch’u between the prince and his important subject. Hsiang Chi then suspected Fan Tseng and took away some of his authority. Fan Tseng was angry and left. He did not get to P’eng-ch’eng, but died on the way. So the Hans General Chi Hsin deceived the troops of Ch’u into thinking that the King of Hans was surrendering and the King of Hans was able to escape from the city with several tens of cavalry from the West Gate, leaving Chou K’o, the old gentleman Ts’ung, and Wei Pao to defend Jung-yang. The King of Hans entered the Pass, collected troops and went out to a place between Yüan and She, travelling and collecting troops with the King of Chiu--chiang, Ch’ing Pu. When Hsiang Yü heard of it, he led his troops south,

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but the King of Hans had entrenched himself firmly and would not come out to give battle. At this time P’eng Yüeh had crossed the Sui River and fought with Hsiang Sheng and the old gentleman Hsieh at Hsia-p’ei, killing the old gentleman Hsieh. When Hsiang Chi heard of it, he went east to attack P’eng Yüeh. Then the King of Hans led his troops north and encamped at Ch’eng-kao. Hsiang Chi routed P’eng Yüeh and made him flee, led his own army west and took Jung-yang, boiled Chou Ho alive, killed the old gentleman Ts’ung and captured Hanw Hsien, and advanced to besiege Ch’eng-kao. But the King of Hans fled, accompanied only by Hsia-hou Ying. He crossed the Yellow River to [Hsiao]-hsiu-wu and went to Chang Erh and Han Hsin. Then Hsiang Chi captured Ch’eng-kao. But the King of Hans got the army of Han Hsin and sent Lu Wan and Lu Chia to cross the Yellow River at the Pai-ma Ford, enter the territory of Ch’u, and assist P’eng yüeh attack and rout the army of Ch’u west of the suburb of Yen. They burnt his accumulated stores and subjugated more than ten cities of Liang. When Hsiang Chi heard of it, he told the Hai-ch’un Marquis, the Commander--in-chief Ts’ao Chiu, to hold the city of Ch’eng-kao and not risk a battle with the King of Hans, promising to conquer Liang and return in fifteen days. Then he led his troops east. In 204/203 B.C., Hsiang Chi attacked Ch’en-liu and Wai-huang. Wai-huang would not open its gates, but surrendered in several days. Hsiang Chi led all the males in their fifteenth year and over east of the city, intending to kill and bury them all. But a boy in his thirteenth year, a child of a man in the suite of the Prefect of Wai-huang, spoke to Hsiang Chi and pointed out to him that there were more than ten cities east of Wai-huang, and that if Hsiang Chi killed and buried the people of Wai-huang, these other cities would not open their gates. So Hsiang Chi pardoned the people of Wai-huang. As he went east to Sui-yang, those cities who heard of his actions were anxious to surrender. When the King of Hans had several times tried to lure the army of Ch’u to fight at Ch’eng-kao and it refused, he sent people to shame it. After five or six days, the Commander-in-chief became very angry, and led out his army. When it was halfway across the Ssu River, the forces of Hans routed it severely and secured all the gold, jewels, goods, and booty of Ch’u. The Commander-in-chief, Ts’ao Chiu, and the Chief Official, Ssu-ma Hsin, (the former King of Sai) committed suicide on the Ssu River. This was Nov./Dec. 204. When Hsiang Chi reached Sui-yang and heard that Ts’ao Ch’iu and the others had been routed, he led his troops west and returned. The army of Hans

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was then besieging Chung-li Mo east of Jung-yang. When the army of Hsiang Chi arrived, the army of Hans was fearful of the Ch’u army and all fled to a pre-cipitous and difficult place. Hsiang Chi also encamped at Kuang-wu and the two armies watched each other. So Hsiang made a high altar and placed the King of Hans’s father on it, telling the King of Hans, “Now if you do not quickly submit, I will boil alive the old gentleman, your father.” The King of Hans said, “Together with you I have faced north, received the orders of King Huai, and made a covenant with you to be brothers. My father is then your father. If you must necessarily boil your father, please favor me by sending me a cup of the soup.” Hsiang Chi was angry and wanted to kill the old gentleman, but Hsiang Po said, “The future of the empire cannot yet be determined. Moreover those who wield the empire do not care for their families. Although you kill him, it will benefit nothing. It will merely increase his grudge against you.” Hsiang Chi followed his advice. Then he sent people to ask the King of Hans to fight a duel. But the King of Hans excused himself, laughing, and said, “I prefer a contest in intelligence; I do not know how to contest in strength.” So he or-dered his valiant men to go out and fight duels. Hans had a good horse-archer who was called [the man of] Lou-fan. A man of Ch’u fought three rounds of a duel with him, when the man of Lou-fan unexpectedly shot and killed his opponent, Hsiang Chi was greatly angry and himself put on his armor, took his spear to fight a duel with the man of Lou-fan. When the man of Lou-fan wanted to shoot, Hsiang Chi fixed his eyes on him. T he eyes of the man of Lou-fan could not look at him, and his hands could not loose an arrow. He fled and returned into the entrenchments and did not dare to come out again. The King of Hans was greatly astonished. On that account Hsiang Chi met the King of Hans on the banks of the gully at Kuang-wu and they talked together. The King of Hans enumerated Hsiang Chi’s ten crimes. Hsiang Chi was enraged and shot a hidden cross-bow, and wounded the King of Hans. So the King of Hans entered Ch’eng--kao. This was Nov./Dec. 204. At that time P’eng Yüeh had several times rebelled in the region of Liang and cut the communications for food from Ch’u. Han Hsin had also routed the forces of Ch’i and wished to attack Ch’u. Hsiang Chi sent his second cousin once removed, Hsiang T’o, as General-in-chief and Lung Chu as Assistant General to rescue Ch’i, but Han Hsin routed and killed Lung Chu and pursued his troops to Ch’eng-yang, capturing the King of Ch’i, T’ien Kuang. Han Hsin thereupon set himself up as King of Ch’i. When Hsiang Chi heard of it, he became afraid and sent Wu She to talk with Han Hsin. At this time the troops of Hans increased in number and had plenty of food while the troops and food of Hsiang Chi were

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scanty. The King of Hans sent the old gentleman Hou to persuade Hsiang Chi, so Hsiang Chi made a treaty with the King of Hans to divide the empire, cutting it at the Hung-kou, west of it to be Hans, east of it to be Ch’u. Hsiang Chi returned the father, [mother], wife, [and son] of the King of Hans. [Hs 1 says only father and wife.] When the treaty was made, Hsiang Chi went east. In Dec./Jan., 203 B.C., the King of Hans advanced his troops to pursue Hsiang Chi to Ku-ling and was again defeated by Hsiang Chi. The King of Hans employed the plans of Chang Liang and caused the troops of the King of Ch’i, Han Hsin, and of the Chien-ch’eng Marquis, P’eng Yüeh, together with Liu Chia, to come to the region of Ch’u and besiege Shou-ch’un. The Commander-in-chief Chou Yin rebelled against Ch’u and raised troops in Chiu chiang. Then Liu Chia welcomed Ch’ing Pu back to Chiu-chiang and met with the nobles of Ch’i and Liang. Hsiang Chi entrenched himself at Kai-hsia, but his troops were few and his food gone. The King of Hans led the nobles to surround it with several lines. Hsiang Chi in the night heard the army of Hans on all, four sides all singing the songs of Ch’u. He was astonished and said, “Has Hans already obtained all of Ch’u? How is it that there are so many men of Ch’u?” He got up to drink. In his tent there was a Beauty née Yü whom he had constantly favored and who had accompanied him, and his fine horse named Piebald, whom he constantly rode. In his sadness he made a song which runs thus. “My strength has plucked up mountains, My spirit covered the world, The time was inappropriate; For Piebald could not travel fast enough. If Piebald could not travel fast enough; What can I do? Yü! Yü! What can I do for you? Yü! Yü! He sang several verses and his Beauty accompanied him. Hsiang Chi dropped several tears and those around him all wept too. None was able to look up at him.

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Thereupon Hsiang Chi mounted his horse. Under his General-in-chief’s banner more than eight hundred horsemen followed him. In the night he broke thru the besiegers and galloped till dawn. When the Hans army realized what had happened, the cavalry general Kuan Ying was sent with five thousand horsemen to pursue Hsiang Chi. When Hsiang Chi crossed the Huai River, only over a hundred horsemen were able to accompany him. When Hsiang Chi came to Yin-ling, he lost his way. He asked a farmer, but the farmer deceived him and directed him to the left. But to the left he fell into a large marsh. For that reason the pursuing forces of Hans caught up with him. Hsiang Chi again led his men east to Tung-ch’eng. He had only twenty-eight horsemen, while the pursuers numbered several thousand. Hsiang Chi himself saw that he could not escape, so he said to his horsemen, “It is eight years from the time that I first raised an army. I myself have fought more than seventy battles. Those whom I met have been routed; those whom I attacked have submitted. I have never been defeated and fled. As Lord Protector I have wielded the empire. But now at last I am pressed to this condition. This is because Heaven has destroyed me. It is not because of any military error. Today I will certainly sacrifice my life. I intend to open the battle for you, gentlemen. I must succeed in three things: break through the encircling troops, behead a general, cut down a stand-ard. After that I can die, in order to make you gentlemen know that I com-mitted no military error. Heaven has destroyed me.” Then he led his horse-men to the Szu-k’uei Mountain, which the Hans horsemen surrounded with several lines. Hsiang Chi told his horsemen, “I will take that general for you,” and ordered his horsemen to gallop down the four sides of the hill and meet at three places east of the hill. Thereupon Hsiang Chi shouted loudly and galloped down. The Hans ranks were broken and Hsiang Chi killed a general of Hans. At this time Yang Hsi was a Gentleman. He had ridden to pursue; Hsiang Chi turned and moved towards him; Yang Hsi, both rider and horse, were frightened and ran several li. Hsiang Chi’s horsemen met at three places. The Hans army did not know with which group Hsiang Chi was, so it divided its forces into three and again surrounded him. Hsiang Chi again decapitated a Hans [Commandery] Chief Commandant and killed ten or a hundred men. He again collected his horse-men. He had lost two horsemen. Then he said to his horsemen, “How about what I promised you! “The horsemen all acquiesced and said, “It was as you said, great King.” So Hsiang Chi led them east, intending to cross at Wu-chiang (northeast of the present Ho Hsien in Anhui). The Chief of the Wu-chiang t’ing brought a boat

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to the shore and said to Hsiang Chi, “although Chiang-tung is small, it is a thousand li square and its people number several tens of thousands. It will be sufficient for you, King. I hope that you, great King, will quickly cross. Now only your servant has a boat. When the army of Hans comes, it will not be able to cross.” Hsiang Chi laughed and said, “Heaven has destroyed me; why should I cross? Moreover I, Chi, crossed, going west, with eight thousand young men of Chiang-tung. Now I have not one of them left. When I return, even if the elders of Chiang-tung will pity me and make me King, how can I have the face to look at them. If it is done and nothing is said, will I, Chi, be un-ashamed in my heart?” .So he said to the Chief of the t’ing, “I know you, sir, are an elder. I have ridden this horse for five years. I t is unequalled. He regularly travels a thousand li in a day. I cannot bear to kill him. I grant him to you, sir.” Then he ordered his horsemen all to dismount and fight on foot. Hsiang Chi alone killed several hundred men in the Hans army and was wounded more than ten times. He saw a mounted Hans Commander, Lu Ma-t’ung, and said, “Are you not one of my old friends?” Lu Ma-t’ung (24b) turned his back to him, turned to Wang Yi, pointed, and said, “This is King Hsiang.” Hsiang Chi however said, “I have heard that Hans has put a price of a thousand catties of gold and towns totalling ten thousand families on my head. I will get it for you, sir.” Then he cut his own throat. Wang Yi took his head and there was a fight over his members {i.e., parts of his corpse} in which several tens of people killed each other. At the end, Yang Hsi, Lu Ma-t’ung, the Gentleman of the Palace Mi Sheng, and Yang Yu each had a member. Hence the territory was divided amongst them and all were appointed marquises. Hsiang Chi’s death happened in Dec./Jan. 203/2 B.C. The King of Hans buried Hsiang Chi with the rites of a Duke at Lu at Ku-ch’eng. He did not kill all the members of the Hsiang house, but appointed Hsiang Po and three others as marquises, giving them the surname Liu. The foregoing account is taken from Hs 31.8b-24b, and is largely translation. Li Tao-Yüan (died 527, a very old man) reports that 3 li northwest of the ancient city of Ku-ch’eng, q.v., there was the tomb of Hsiang Chi, half destroyed, with a stone tablet bearing the inscription, “The grave of King Hsiang.” Wang Hsien-ch’ien says that the tomb of Hsiang Chi southwest of the ancient P’eng-ch’eng (his capital) and the ancient Ku-yang-ch’eng (75 li northwest of the present Ling-pi in the Manchu Feng-yang Fu, Anhui) is also false. Cf. Hs 1B.2a;

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20.104a. [p. Liu Shao says that Hsiang Chi was both an outstanding man and an exceptionally brave man and classes him with Kao-tsu, Cf. Hs Shryock, Study of the Human Abilities, p. 129.] Kang-wu 剛武 Marquis of. The Marquis of Kang-wu was a general who was met by Kao-tsu in Jan/Feb. 207 B.C., when Kao-tsu 高祖 was still the Lord of P'ei 沛公 and as he was gathering troops preparatory to going west to capture Hsien-yang 咸陽. The Lord of P'ei took away by force the army of the Marquis of Kang-wu which numbered 4000 men and united it with his own army. His name and surname seems to have been lost. Ying Shao attempts to identify this man with Ch’en Wu (q.v.). Cf. Hs 1 A:14a and HFHD I:49, n. 4. Lieutenant Chancellor 丞相. {Dubs’ rendering is apparently meant to capture the meaning of ch’eng. It is misleading, however, since this was the highest ranking office in the bureaucracy. The position is now usually simply rendered “chancellor.“} The Han-kuan Ta-wen 1.1a ff says, "The Lieutenant Chancellor was at first called by Kao-tsu the “Lieutenant Chancellor.” In 196 B.C. he was entitled “Chancellor of State” 相國. [Emperor] Hsiao-hui again entitled him the “Lieutenant Chancellor.” In 1 B.C. Emperor Ai changed his title to “Grand Minister over the Masses” 大司徒. At first [this official] had a golden seal with a purple seal cord. In 196 B.C. Kao-tsu changed it to a green seal-cord. [The office] was ranked at ten thousand piculs. [Its occupant] received 350 hu of grain and 60,000 cash per month. "The Ch'in [dynasty] had Junior and Senior Lieutenant Chancellors 左右丞

相. Kao-tsu established one Lieutenant Chancellor. The Empress of Kao-[tsu] established a Junior and Senior Lieutenant Chancellor. In 178 B.C. Emperor Wen returned to one Lieutenant Chancellor. "[The Lieutenant Chancellor] had charge of assisting the Son of Heaven and of assisting in regulating the manifold mechanism [of government]. In giving office to persons and the government [the Lieutenant Chancellor] had charge of all matters. When any matter came up, if the Son of Heaven sent his orders to the Lieutenant Chancellor, then the Lieutenant Chancellor carried them out; if he sent them to the Grandee Secretary, then the [Grandee] Secretary carried them out. If

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[an appointment was to be made] to an office [ranking at] 2000 piculs, [the Lieutenant Chancellor] suggested to the Son of Heaven whom [to appoint] and [the latter] made the appointment. With [positions ranking at] 600 piculs and less, the Lieutenant Chancellor by his own authority appointed [their incumbents]. For subordinates of [officials ranking at] 2000 piculs, [the officials ranking at] 2000 piculs suggested to the Lieutenant Chancellor [whom they wanted], and he appointed them. If great officials committed crimes, [the Lieutenant Chancellor] sent officials to examine them without it being necessary to memorialize or beg [the Emperor for permission]. Sometimes he first beheaded them and afterwards reported [to the Emperor about it]. "The Lieutenant Chancellor did not have frequent audiences with the Son of Heaven. Once every five days the Son of Heaven held court. If there was any government business, the Lieutenant Chancellor wrote a memorial and sent it to the Emperor; then the Emperor summoned him to an audience. If the Son of Heaven did not personally attend to the government, then the Lieutenant Chancellor took the place of the Son of Heaven in deciding things on his own authority. “Yearly [the Lieutenant Chancellor] recommended [to the emperor] gentlemen who were straight-forward, simple, sincere, genuine, and had [good] character. The Inspectors recommended [persons of] abundant talent, transmitting their names to the Lieutenant Chancellor. The Lieutenant Chancellor examined them and took one person from each of the classes: those who understood the Classics, those who understood the law-code, and those who were capable in dealing with troublesome cases. According to the imperial edict, Grandee-remonstrants, Gentleman-consultants, Erudits, Tutors to vassal kings, and Chiefs of the Gentlemen-at the Household were to be selected from among those who understood the Classics. Chief Justice's Judges, Superintendants, or Referees to try cases were selected from among those who understood the law-code; the Prefects of Ch'ang-an and [of prefectures] in the three capital commanderies were selected from among those who [were capable] in dealing with troublesome cases. All of them were [first] tried out as acting [occupants of their office] and wore the small cap. [After] a full year they became titular [occupants of their office] and in [due] order were promoted. When they guided [the imperial chariot?] they [wore] the large hat. "When, in the commanderies or kingdoms, a law case was decided not according to the law, it was announced and reported to the Lieutenant Chancellor. The Lieutenant Chancellor [then] sent one of his division heads to examine it.

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When in the commanderies or kingdoms there were bandits or robbers, [the Lieutenant Chancellor] with the Grandee Secretary, sent division head officials to pursue and arrest them. When administrations had to be exercised in the commanderies or kingdoms, [the Lieutenant Chancellor] with the Grandee Secretary sent upper-class officials to go and carry out those matters. When the Son of Heaven rode in the chariot of state, the [Lieutenant Chancellor] led the chariot for the Son of Heaven. "Every year, when the commanderies sent an Assistant [Administrator] and the kingdoms sent a Chief Official to present their accounts and records, the Lieutenant Chancellor sent the official in charge of the accounts to receive them, to examine which [commandery or kingdom] was last and which first, and to memorialize who should be rewarded and punished. When the business of presenting the accounts was finished, and the Assistants and officials were going to return [to their commanderies and kingdoms], the Lieutenant Chancellor came out and seated himself in the upper part of his hall, where he himself asked about what the common people suffered from, gave warnings and orders, and sent [the Assistants and officials back]. "When [persons who had been] recommended as capable and good or as abundant talents reached the imperial capital, they went to the office of the Lieutenant Chancellor, where their accomplishments, their appearance, and their age were written down. "When Emperor Wu abolished the officials of the Minister of War, [the duties of that office] were given to the Lieutenant Chancellor, so that both civil and military authority completely belonged to the Lieutenant Chancellor. Hence the position of the Lieutenant Chancellor was the greatest of all. "According to custom the Grandee Secretary was selected to be Lieutenant Chancellor. He was installed in the Front Hall [of the Wei-yang Palace] and was conducted to and mounted [the steps to the throne] to receive his diploma. A General of the Left, of the Right, of the Van, or of the Rear announced him; a Planetary [General of the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace] transmitted to him his seal and cord. When the Lieutenant Chancellor went to an audience with the Son of Heaven, if the emperor was seated, he rose for [the Lieutenant Chancellor]; if [the Emperor] was on his chariot, he got down for [the Lieutenant Chancellor]. If [the Lieutenant Chancellor] became ill, the Son of Heaven went to ask about [his illness], and the other officials asked about his health once every three days. From the court there was sent the best Palace Attendant Grand Physician; imperial food

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and delicacies were continuously [sent]. When [the Lieutenant Chancellor] became well and attended to his business, the Chief Master of Writing or an Imperial Household Grandee transmitted to him from the Emperor an ox and wine. When [a Lieutenant Chancellor] died, the Emperor himself went to console, presented the coffin, and articles for encoffining, and granted him money and a place for burial. On the day of his burial, the various officials all gathered. "At the beginning of the Han [period], a full marquis was made Lieutenant Chancellor, and was addressed as chün-hou 君侯. Shen-t'u Chia 申屠嘉 was installed [as Lieutenant Chancellor] while he was a Kuan-nei Marquis and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Ku-an 故安侯. Kung-sun Hung 公孫宏 was promoted [to be Lieutenant Chancellor] from being a commoner, and was enfeoffed as a marquis; after him it became a custom [to make the Lieutenant Chancellor a marquis]; to the end of the Han period all the Lieutenant Chancellors were made marquises. Marquises were enfeoffed in the spring; if the season was not appropriate for enfeoffing [a newly appointed Lieutenant Chancellor as marquis], then he was first granted [the noble rank of] Kuan-nei Marquis. "[In the time of Emperors] Chao and Hsüan, the authority lay with the General-in-chief, yet the rank of the Lieutenant Chancellor was still above that of the General-in-chief. "The law of the Han [dynasty] was, however, severe with the Lieutenant Chancellor, and it was easy for him to commit a crime. Those who were sent to prison, executed, committed suicide, or were dismissed for crime were many. If there was a visitation or marvel or if his government was not good, an imperial edict reproved him in detail. If there was a great phenomenon of heaven or earth, or a great crime in the empire, then he was granted dismissal. If [the trouble] was still more serious, he committed suicide. When [a Lieutenant Chancellor had committed] a fault, and a messenger bearing the written document came, he came out of his office on foot, and rode a soldier's carriage (chan-ch'e 棧車), and returned to his hamlet. "The Yamen of the Lieutenant Chancellor had four gates leading out of it. In accordance with the seasons, he attended to business. The gates of the Yamen had no bars. No bell was hung, and there was no prohibiting drum. Slaves reported [the time] for arising and reposing from the clepsydra [in the imperial quarters]. "When courtiers and below wrote memorials, they sent them to a Master of Writing, and the Master of Writing forwarded them to the Son of Heaven. The

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Son of Heaven sent them down to the Grandee Secretary, and the [Grandee] Secretary sent them down to the Lieutenant Chancellor for discussion. Edicts to be sent down to the vassal kings were sent down directly to the Lieutenant Chancellor. Matters memorialized by the commanderies and kingdoms were presented to the Lieutenant Chancellor to report [to the Emperor]. After the time of Emperor Wu, there were Expectant Appointees at the Golden Horse Gate 金馬

門, at the Yellow Gate 黃門, the office of the eunuchs 宦者暑, and at the [Majors in Charge of] the Official Carriages 公車司馬; previously Expectant Appointees waited in the Lieutenant Chancellor's Yamen." (The foregoing account from the Hktw is composed mostly of quotations from various parts of the Sc, Hs, HHs, Han-chiu-yi, Han-kuan-yi, etc.)

Lü Hsü 呂嬃 or 須 (anciently the two latter words were interchanged), title Marquise of Lin-kuang 臨光侯, was the younger sister of the Empress Dowager née Lü and the wife of Fan K’uai 樊噲. She was a woman of considerable spirit and determination and was especially hated by the cabal against the Lü clan. She was beaten to death in 180 B.C. Hs 99A.10a, 29b; HHs, Mem. 17 sub Tu Lin. Cf. Hs 3.6a, 8a; ch. 35 sub Liu Tse; ch. 40 sub Ch’en Ping & Wang Ling; ch. 41 sub Fan K’uai. The Shuo-wen 12B.3b says, “Hsü is a girl’s style. The Ch’u-tz’u [in the Li-sao, by Ch’ü Yüan, ca. 343-277 B.C.; cf. Wen-Hsüan, 32.7b] says, ‘The Lady Hsü is beautiful’ [Wang Yi (ca. 89-158) comments, “The lady Hsü was the older sister of Ch’ü Yüan.”] The Palace Attendant Chia [K’uei (30-102)] explains that the people of Ch’u call an older sister Hsü.” The Book of Changes, Hex. 54, uses Hsü for “inferior concubine.” But it is clear that Lü Hsü was the younger sister of the Empress; Hs 40.17a says that after Ch’en P’ing had been ordered by Kao-tsu to kill Fan K’uai, he reflected, “[Fan] K’uai is the husband of the Empress [née] Lü’s younger sister, Lü Hsü.” Wang Ming-sheng accordingly says that Hsü was a general term for an older or younger sister. Mao 昴 was a Chinese zodiacal constellation, composed of the Pleiades, according to J. Ueta, with η Taurus as its principal star. We have used Taurus (Alcyone), the brightest star in the Pleiades, in calculating the position of this constellation.

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