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American University in DubaiSchool of Engineering
Infrastructure Sustainability and Assessment Center
Durability and Service Life of Reinforced Concrete Structures in the Arabian Peninsula
By
Mohamad Nagi
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The period of time during which a structure meets or exceeds
the minimum requirements set for it
Requirements limitation can be technical, functional or
economical
Durability
ASR
Sulfate attack
Corrosion
Service Life
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What is Durability
Durability by definition is the ability of concrete to
resist weathering action, chemical attack, and
abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering
properties
Concrete ingredients, proportions and interaction
Placement and curing
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Degradation Mechanisms
Chemical attack
• Leaching
• Acid and base attack
• Alkali-silica reactions
• Delayed ettringite formation
• Sulfate attack
• Steel reinforcement corrosion
Physical attack
• Salt crystallization
• Freezing-and-thawing attack
• Abrasion, erosion, and
cavitation
• Thermal damage
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Alkali Silica Reactivity
This is caused by reaction of certain
aggregates with alkali in cement to form
expansive gel that eventually leads to craking
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Sulphate Attack
A reaction between sulphate ions and
calcium hydroxide and form gypsum and
ettringite.
BRE and ACI 201 Classification in AP
Low w/c ration and use of SCM
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What is CorrosionWhat is Corrosion
Deterioration of a material as a result of reaction with
its environment-M.G. Fontana
Destructive attack of a metal by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with its environment-H.H.
Uhling.
Metal corrode because they have a strong driving
force to return to their natural state
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Corrosion Deterioration
Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete
Chloride induced corrosion
Carbonation corrosion
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Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Cathode and anode sites co-exist on the Steel
The steel is the conductor, and
Concrete acts as electrolyte
Passivity layer is damaged by chloride ions
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Service Life
One Century of Service Life
Is Required???
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100 Years Service Life?!!?
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Designing Durable Structures
ACI 318
AASHTO
EUROCODE 2
BS 5400
BS 8500
CS 163
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Service Life Prediction Models
Deterministic Models
Empirical relationship
Probabilistic Models
Based on the idea that service life cannot be accurately
predicted
Service life = Initiation time + Propagation time of corrosion
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Establish the Deterioration Model
Diffusion process where chlorides diffuse from the concrete surface to the reinforcement
Initiation process where reinforcement corrosion initiates and rust product develops on the reinforcement
Cracking/spalling process where sufficient corrosion develops on the bar to form a tensile crack or rust stain at the surface
Deterioration Model can be considered in three parts:
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Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
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Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
Time
Loss o
f cro
ss-S
ection
Concrete Cover
Diffusion Coefficient
Chloride Threshold
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Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
Time
Loss o
f cro
ss-S
ection
Concrete Cover
Diffusion Coefficient
Chloride Threshold
Corrosion Rate
(µm/year)
End of Service
Life
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Kyosti Tuuti’s Service Life Model
Time
Loss o
f cro
ss-S
ection
Concrete Cover
Diffusion Coefficient
Chloride Threshold
Corrosion Rate
(µm/year)
End of Service
Life
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How to Achieve it- Role of Concrete Tech.
Concrete Mix Design
Use of corrosion inhibitor and other corrosion
preventive methods.
Construction practice
Curing, surface protection, curing temperature
QA/QC procedures
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MEDRC Experimental Program
Selected Concrete Mix Design.
Laboratory Tests
Service Life Prediction
Field Testing Stations
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Studied Mixes
Portland CementType V Cement
(SRC)
Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag
Fly Ash Silica FumeGGBS/Silica
Fume
Fly Ash / Silica Fume
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ASTM G 109 Test
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ASTM G 109 Specimens
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Further Research to Improve our Understanding of SLP
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536
Inte
grat
ed C
urr
ent
(Co
ulo
mb
s)
OPC
OPC/MCI
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Further Research to Improve our Understanding of SLP
Chloride Migration vs. Diffusion
y = 1.571e0.201x
R² = 0.938
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Ch
lori
de
Dif
fusi
on
x 1
0-1
2m
2/s
ec
Chloride Migration x 10 - 12
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Determination of SL-Case Studies
Existing Structures
Chamberlain Bridge
Existing Building (Marine Exposure)
New Structures
Burj Khalifa
Convention Center
Jumeirah Bridges
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Chloride Diffusion Analysis
Cl- Diffusion Coefficient Prediction
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Depth (mm)
Cl- (
% b
y w
t. c
oncre
te)
Samples Best Fit
D = m2/s
Cs = %
Co = %
Max Cover
Cover
Min Cover
Mean Cover
Threshold Cl-
0.130.02
6.10E-13
Measured Data
Fitted curve
Results
Prediction when Corrosion initiated
)n
o
oca
snx
)t
t.(.tD2
xerf(1CC
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Enhancing Service Life of Existing Structures
Adequate repair
Coating and sealer application
Use of migrating corrosion inhibitors
Use of sacrificial anode CP
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Convention Center Doha
Durability Study
100-year service life assessment
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Pre-Construction Service Life Assessment
Deterioration scenarios
Ground Conditions
Level of chloride up to 21 g/L
pH between 7.1 and 7.6
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Scenarios-Buried Concrete
Scenario M ix D iffusion
C oefficient
(x10-12
m2/s)
C oV C over
(m m )
B ar s ize
(m m )
BC 1 40% PFA +
SF
1.5 15% 75, 100 12, 16,
16 (ASTM A
1035 stee l)*,
32^
BC 2 70% G G BS +
SF
2.0 15% 75, 100 12, 16,
16 (ASTM A
1035 stee l)*,
32^
*A ssum es A STM A 1035 steel – corrosion threshold is increased
^assum es m ain bars w ith additional cover due to tie bars (typically T12)
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Scenarios- Atmospheric Concrete
Scenario M ix* D iffusion
C oefficient
(x10-12
m2/s)
C oV C over
(m m )
B ar s ize
(m m )
AC 3
(Exterior
colum ns)
25% PFA +
SF
2.0 15% 55, 65, 75 16, 32
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Calculated Reliability Index-Atmospheric Exposure
Scenario
Bar diam eter
(m m )
R I 100 y
(55 m m cover)
(dry)
D=2.0x10-12
m2/s
R I 100 y
(65 m m cover)
(dry)
D=2.0x10-12
m2/s
R I 100 y
(75 m m cover)
(dry)
D=2.0x10-12
m2/s
16 0.9 2.3 4.2 AC 3
32 0.3 1.6 3.2
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Time to Corrosion
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Time to Cracking
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Burj Khalifa
Durability Study
100-year service life assessment
High quality Concrete
Use of MCI Inhibitor in the Podium
Use of CP system for deep foundation
QA/QC and IVTA
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Moderate Exposure Conditions Structures
100-year service life
Moderate sulfate and chloride exposure
Normal concrete with relatively low w/c
Use of SRC
Adequate cover
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Implementation of Performance-Based Specification for
Concrete Durability
What are performance-based specifications
Challenges with implementing Performance-
based specifications
What is the concrete industry doing to move
toward a performance-based Specifications
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Conclusions
The Gulf region is considered the most corrosive location in the world
Corrosion is the main durability factor leads to deterioration of concrete structures
Use of SCM will improve the performance of RC structures and extend their service life
Use of Quality Concrete and good QA/QC system are the key to achieve the required service life
Use of corrosion protection systems such as corrosion inhibitors extend the service life of structures as well
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Thank you
شڪرا ً
Questions?