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Doping and its effects
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Transcript of Doping and its effects
Dope” – from Dutch word ‘Dop’ – an
alcoholic beverage from grape skins, used
by Zulu warriors to enhance their power in
battle.
Doping is usually considered to be the
deliberate or accidental use by athletes
of substances or techniques that may
enhance performance.
WADA – World Anti-Doping Agency
• Established in 1999 • HQ – Montreal, Canada
• Created to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against doping in sport in all its forms.
• 192 countries and more than 570 sporting organizations have signed up with WADA
Definition
Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following anti-doping rule violations:
• Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample
• Tampering with any part of the doping control process
• Refusing to submit to sample collection after being notified
• Trafficking a prohibited substance or method
• Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method
• Possession of a prohibited substance or method
• Failure to file athlete where abouts information & missed tests
• Administering or attempting to administer a prohibited substance or method to an athlete
• Complicity in an ADRV Prohibited Association with sanctioned Athlete Support Personnel
India ranks 3rd for third year in a row in WADA doping charts
• Report published by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for 2015 with 117 athletes from the country being punished after testing positive for banned substances.
• Two are non-analytical ADRVs
• Out of the 115 analytical ADRVs, 78 are committed by male athletes while 37 are by female.
Performance
Stimulants
Caffine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Build Muscle /bone
Anabolic steroids
Beta -2 Agonists
hCG
LH
hGH
IGF-1
Insulin
Relaxants
Alcohol
Beta- blockers
Cannabinoids
Mask Pain
Narcotics
ACTH
Cortisone
Localanesthetics
Increase Oxygen delivery
EPO
Blood Doping
Artificial oxygen carriers
Reduce Weight
Diuretics
Mask drug use
Diuretics
Epitestosterone
Plasma expanders
secretion inhibitors
Category Class Examples
Stimulants Caffeine -
Amphetamines -
Cocaine -
Build muscle/bone Anabolic steroids Testerone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione
Beta -2 Agonists Salbutamol, fenoterol
Relaxants Alcohol -
Beta- blockers Labetalol, betaxolol
Cannabinoids marijuana and hashish
Mask pain Narcotics Morphine , methadone, heroin
ACTH -
Cortisone -
Local anesthetics Novacaine, procaine
Increase Oxygen delivery EPO -
Blood Doping -
Artificial oxygen carriers Perfluorocarbons, synthetic or modified haemoglobin
Reduce weight Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide
Mask drug Use Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide
Epitestosterone -
Plasma expanders Albumex, Gelofusine, Haemaccel
Secretion inhibitors Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone
Anabolic Steroids
• In Males
• Baldness
• Aggression
• Breast development
• High blood pressure
In Females
Stimulate hair growth on the face and body
Suppress or interfere with menstrual cycle,
possibly leading to infertility
Thicken the vocal cords, which causes the
voice to deepen, possibly permanently
If pregnant, interfere with the developing
fetus
Mostly testosterone and its derivatives
Peptide Hormones, and others
E.g. Human Growth Hormone
Hormone taken in an attempt to increase size and strength of muscles.
Protein Synthesis, Bone Growth and Breakdown of fat.
Health risks include:
• acromegaly - athlete’s hands, feet and face grow very large
• problems with joints and muscles making it difficult to train or compete
• diabetes
Cntd…
• Insulin and Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1)
• Metabolism of starches, sugars, fats and proteins.
• Stimulates protein synthesis and reduces fat
Side Effect :
• Low blood sugar
Narcotic Analgesics
E.g. heroin, morphine
These are strong painkillers used by athletes to mask the pain of injury.
These can affect the athlete in the following ways:
• a loss of balance
• decreased ability to concentrate
• sleepiness
• breathing becomes slower
• nausea and vomiting
• further aggravation of injury
Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Taken to increase red blood cell count to increase oxygen uptake.
• Health risks include:
• thickening blood
• clots, thrombosis
• stroke or heart-failure
Effects of Blood Doping
• Flaws in technique can lead to complications ranging from
bacterial infections to fatal reactions.
• The sharing of needles or blood can lead to diseases such as
hepatitis or HIV.
Stimulants
• A rise in body temperature
• The body having difficulty cooling down
• Faster breathing
• Increase in blood pressure
• Problems with coordination and balance
• Violent and aggressive behaviour
Diuretics
The use of diuretics may cause the athlete to:
• Faint and become dizzy
• Get headaches
• Feel nauseous
• Lose coordination and balance
• Get cramps
• Have kidney and heart failure
Beta Blockers
Beta Blockers act to:
• lower blood pressure
• slow the heart rate
• steady hand movement
They may cause:
• harm to athletes with low blood pressure, heart problems, asthma
• depressive symptoms such as insomnia, nightmares and depression
• sexual dysfunction
• tiredness
Alcohol
Involvement in sport may actually
encourage alcohol consumption:
• after game drinks to celebrate wins or commiserate losses
• after training drinks
• spectator consumption of alcohol during sporting events
• sporting stars promoting alcohol
• sports events sponsored by alcohol companies
The link between alcohol and the sporting culture is very strong, therefore young athletes may be vulnerable to the misuse of alcohol.
Caffeine
• Caffeine is sometimes used by athletes to try to hide how tired they are feeling.
Covering up this feeling of tiredness can result in injury of sickness.
Caffeine is also responsible for:
• a small increase in blood pressure
• a small increase in body temperature
• an increase in how often a person may need to go to the toilet (diuresis)
• making it more difficult to fall asleep
• headaches is some athletes
Secretion Inhibitors
• Eg . sulfinpyrazone and related compounds
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Allergic reactions and
• Kidney problems
In 2000, discus thrower Seema
Antil was stripped of her gold
medal at the World Junior
Championships and issued a
public warning by her national
federation for testing positive for
psuedoephedrine, a
sympathomimetic drug often
used as a nasal/sinus
decongestant and stimulant.
In 2010, shot putter Saurabh Vij got a
two-year ban for testing positive for
banned stimulant Methylhexaneamine.
In 2011, sprinter
Jauna Murmu tested
positive for
Methandienone in an
out of competition and
was subsequently
handed a two-year
doping ban.
India's hopes for the
upcoming Rio Olympics
2016 suffered a huge
setback when wrestler
Narsingh Yadav was tested
positive for banned
substances by the National
Anti-Doping Agency (NADA).
References
• Anti-Doping Important Facts and Highlights from WADA’s Athlete Guide
• Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis pp 99-126, Part of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology book series (HEP, volume 195)
• V. Birzniece, Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions Volume 45, Issue 3, March 2015 , Pages 239–248
• David J Handelsman, Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in Sport, Endotext[Internet], 2015
• Website:
• https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiT39b4oInWAhXIv48KHV_aBWgQFggnMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaf.org%2Fdownload%2Fdownload%3Ffilename%3Dc3ec4cd7-c80f-4062-85d2-efaf8c26afce.pdf%26urlslug%3DChapter%252015%253A%2520Drugs%2520in%2520sport%2520%252F%2520Doping%2520control%2520&usg=AFQjCNFh-ht71q5j6RjJXe0ZVVNxBsNAnA