iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

n i n o l a R i Z e

socialuri ganwyobis struqtura da Secvla

fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:

fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori revaz qvarcxava

Tbilisi

2009

sarCevi :

Sesavali

Tavi 1 socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi

1.1. sakiTxis istoria

1.2. socialuri ganwyobis struqtura

1.2 a) socialuri ganwyobis struqturis mravalmxrivoba

1.2 b) socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis

struqtura

1.3. socialuri ganwyoba da qceva

1.3 a) rodis gansazRvraven socialuri ganwyobebi qcevas

1.3 b) socialur ganwyobaze qcevis gavlenis

eqsperimentuli Seswavlis ZiriTadi Sedegebi

1.3 g) ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebis amxsneli Teoriebi

Tavi 2 socialuri ganwyobis struqtura (empiriuli kvleva)

Tavi 3 socialuri ganwyobis Secvla

3.1. komunikatori

3.2. komunikacia

3.3. obieqti

3.4. situacia

Tavi 4 socialuri ganwyobis Secvla (empiriuli kvleva)

zogadi daskvnebi

gamoyenebuli literatura

danarTi

3

10

10

20

21

34

46

48

61

62

70

79

79

83

92

96

101

112

113

121

2

Sesavali

socialuri ganwyobebis* kvleva socialuri fsiqologebis

fundamentur interess warmoadgens, rac savsebiT bunebrivia _

socialuri ganwyoba xom centraluri cnebaa sxva adamianebTan,

situaciebTan da ideebTan mimarTebaSi Cveni fiqrebis, SegrZnebebis da

qcevis asaxsnelad.

jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi gordon olportma (olporti

1935) SeniSna, rom Tanamedrove eqsperimentul da Teoriul literaturaSi

arcerTi termini ar Semosula ase swrafad. es popularoba gasagebia:

adamianis qcevaze socialuri garemos gavlenis asaxsnelad fsiqologiis

ganviTarebis garkveul etapze sakmarisi ar iyo mxolod individebis

Tandayolil Tvisebebze miTiTeba; saWiro gaxda iseTi hipoTeturi

cvladis daSveba, romelic Tavisufali iqneboda rogorc upirovno

socialuri Zalebis abstraqtuli Sinaarsebisagan, ise Tandayolilobis

ideisagan. aseTad miiCnies socialuri ganwyobis cneba. is mravali

mecnieris mier iqna gaziarebuli, radgan fsiqologiis sxvadasxva

mimdinareobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira da amitom SesaniSnavad

emsaxureboda maT miznebs.

socialuri ganwyoba nebismieri proporciiT SeiZleba Seicavdes

rogorc instinqts, aseve Cvevasac, SeniSnavs g. olporti. amis gamo igi ar

xdeba arc instinqtTeoriebis da arc mxolod garemoseuli gavlenis

Teoriebis kuTvnileba. socialuri ganwyobis aseTma bunebam gansazRvra

am cnebis sakmaod didi popularoba Tanamedrove socialur

fsiqologiaSi.

ise rogorc Cveva, ganwyobac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi CaTvlili iyo

sagnebis mimarT individis ara pirvelad reaqciad, aramed Semdgom

SemuSavebulad, sxva fsiqikuri procesebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul

movlenad.

cnobierebis aqtivobis mimarT ganwyobis pirveladi Rirebulebis

aRiarebis safuZvelze agebulia ganwyobis uznaZiseuli Teoria.

* socialuri ganwyobis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT inglisurenovan literaturaSi gavrcelebul termins Attitude.

3

fsiqologTa Soris dResac gavrcelebulia debuleba, rom Tu

romelime fsiqikur movlenas sxva fsiqikuri procesebis mimarT

pirveladad CavTvliT, maSin igi Tandayolil movlenad unda miviCnioT.

Tumca savsebiT SesaZlebelia, ganwyoba moTxovnilebis mqone individisa

da Sesatyvisi garemos Sexvedris safuZvelze aRmocenebul pirvelad

fsiqikur movlenad CaiTvalos da amavdroulad ar iqnes miCneuli

Tandayolil instinqtur movlenad.

socialuri ganwyobis cnebam popularobis piks 1930-ian wlebSi

miaRwia, Semdeg interesi ganelda da daaxloebiT 1950-ian wlebidan kvlav

iqca socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis mniSvnelovan sferod. Tumca

unda iTqvas, rom moxda aqcentebis mcired gadanacvleba. ,,axla Cven

ufro dakavebulebi varT ganwyobis cvlilebis dinamikis sakiTxebiT,

vidre ganwyobis gazomviT... meti interesia ganwyobebis, rogorc

sistemebis mimarT: amis magaliTia sxvadasxva sakiTxebis irgvliv

ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobebis kvlevis Tanamimdevruli Teoria,

romelic ikvlevs urTierTobebs sxvadasxva sakiTxebis mimarT ganwyobebs

Soris an rwmenasa da qcevas Soris, agreTve rogor funqcionirebs

ganwyobebi pirovnebis SigniT” _ miuTiTebda uiliam mak-guaieri (mak-

guaieri 1969: 141).

u. mak-guaieris socialuri fsiqologiis saxelmZRvanelos mesame

gamocemam (1985w.) TvalnaTeli gaxada fsiqologiaSi socialuri

ganwyobebis mniSvnelobis STambeWdavi zrda. ganwyobis fsiqologiis

Sesaxeb alis iglim da Seli Ceikenma 1993 wels gamoaqveynes naSromi (The

Psychology of Attitudes), romelic sxva msgavsi Sromebisagan gamoirCeva

sakiTxis ufro detaluri da farTo gaSuqebiT (albarasini ... 2005).

Semdgom dekadaSi igi Zlieri stimuli aRmoCnda socialur ganwyobasTan

dakavSirebuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis, risi Sedegicaa uamravi naSromi

da kritikuli mimoxilva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnieruli interesi periodulad icvleboda,

dReisaTvis kvlav aqtualuria fsiqologiis im obieqtis kvleva, rasac

socialuri ganwyoba ewodeba. amas asabuTebs Semdegi: adamianis

socialuri arsisa da cxovrebis gagebisaTvis mocemuli fsiqikuri

4

struqturis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovneba da misi Znelad gansazRvra

(druJinini 1999).

ganwyobis cnebis gareSe fsiqologiaSi dRes ukve SeuZlebelia

adamianis qcevis mimarTulebis, faruli motivebis, aracnobieri

tendenciebis ganxilva; aseve, warmoudgenelia iseT sakiTxebze msjeloba,

rogoricaa: sazogadoebrivi azris formireba, socialuri gavlena,

RirebulebiTi orientaciebi da sxva.

1999 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi p. Sixirevi socialur ganwyobas

momaval aTwleulSi kvlevis centraluri obieqtis rols

uwinaswarmetyvelebs. is amtkicebs, rom ,,socialuri ganwyobis (anu

atitudis) kvlevebi _ amerikuli socialuri fsiqologiis miniaturuli

aslia...” (Sixirevi 1999: 100).

didma qarTvelma fsiqologma dimitri uznaZem Teoriuli da

eqsperimentuli muSaobis safuZvelze Camoayaliba ganwyobis Teoria,

romelSic gaaerTiana im droisaTvis fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis Sesaxeb

arsebuli monapovrebi. rogorc aRniSnavs S. nadiraSvili: ,,dReisaTvis

ukve momzadebulia myari Teoriuli da eqsperimentuli monacemTa baza,

romelSic SeiZleba gaerTiandes bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi mopovebuli

monacemebi ganwyobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb” (nadiraSvili 2001: 5-6).

dRes, zemoaRniSnulisa da mravali samecniero Sromis miuxedavad,

arsebobs mosazreba, rom socialuri ganwyoba kvlav saWiroebs Seswavlas.

amis erT-erTi dadasturebaa socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis problema.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi raodenobis empiriuli masala

moipoveba, Tumca bevri urTierTgamomricxavi daskvnaa gakeTebuli.

qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebidan mocemul

problemaze muSaobdnen: S. nadiraSvili, d. Carkviani, m. baliaSvili,

r. qvarcxava, b. aruTinova, d. nadiraSvili, T. CxeiZe.

zogadad, kvlevebis Sedegad gamoyofilia sxvadasxva faqtori,

romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikators, komunikaciis arxs, Setyobinebas,

informaciis mimRebs da situacias. arsebuli masalebis gacnobis

Sedegad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba dagvrCes STabeWdileba, rom sakiTxi

amowurulia, yvelaferi garkveulia. Tumca, Tundac is faqti, rom

socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis Semswavleli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba,

5

TavisTavad metyvelebs arsebul mdgomareobasa da sakiTxis aqtualobaze.

marTlac, Tu kargad gavecnobiT sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebs, vnaxavT,

rom erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebi araa miRebuli. faqtia isic, rom rig

SemTxvevebSi laboratoriul pirobebSi miRebuli Sedegebi araa

grZelvadiani, anu pirovneba drois mcire monakveTSi ubrundeba

eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde arsebul sawyis ganwyobas.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare gagviCnda interesi, CavRrmavebodiT

aRniSnul problematikas. miT ufro, rom socialuri ganwyobis Secvla

dakavSirebulia iseT TemebTan rogoricaa: winasaarCevno kampaniebi,

propaganda, socialuri gavlenebi, rac Cveni azriT, kidev ufro

aqtualurs xdis sakiTxs.

rogorc cnobilia, socialuri ganwyobebis Sida struqtura da

ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobis struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis

formirebis gansxvavebul gzebs. kerZod, socialuri ganwyobis Sida

struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT, ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an

iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi reaqciis safuZvelze. meores mxriv,

socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura formirdeba

gansxvavebuli ganwyobebis Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris kavSiris

saSualebiT. amdenad, Cven viziarebT mosazrebas, rom ganwyobebi

erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar arseboben. isini qmnian garkveul

sistemebs, rogorc maT xSirad uwodeben _ Tanavarskvlavedebs, mtevnebs

(clusters). TanavarskvlavedebSi xdeba socialuri ganwyobebis

urTierTqmedeba, Tumca ara erTnairi ZaliT, rac asaxavs socialur

ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis garkveul kanonzomierebas.

Cveni mosazrebiT, socialuri ganwyobis Secvla unda

eqvemdebarebodes socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis

kanonzomierebebs. anu socialuri ganwyobis Secvla dakavSirebuli unda

iyos ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi mis adgilTan, mis

faqtorul wonasTan.

sakiTxis aqtualobidan gamomdinare gadavwyviteT ganwyobaTaSoris

urTierTobis struqturis specifikis ufro safuZvliani Seswavla.

6

davuSviT Semdegi hipoTeza: socialuri ganwyobebis struqturaSi

centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan

dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.

hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad davisaxeT Semdegi miznebi:

eqsperimentulad gvekvlia: 1. ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis

struqturis kanonzomierebebi; 2. socialur ganwyobaTaSoris

urTierTobis struqturis gavlena socialuri ganwyobis Secvlaze.

amisaTvis CamovayalibeT amocanebi:

1. Rirebulebebisadmi arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebis

faqtorebis mixedviT dajgufeba;

2. TiToeul faqtorTan korelirebuli Rirebulebebisadmi

arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebisaTvis faqtoruli wonebis

gansazRvra;

3. TanavarskvlavedSi faqtoruli wonis safuZvelze

centraluri (anu sabaziso) da periferiuli socialuri

ganwyobebis dadgena;

4. cdispirebis dajgufeba mcire sadiskusio jgufebad

sakvlevi Rirebulebisadmi socialuri ganwyobebis

valentobis identurobis mixedviT;

5. socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wonis gavlenis dadgena

Tanavarskvlavedis danarCeni socialuri ganwyobebis

Secvlaze.

dasacavad gamotanili debulebebia:

1. socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas gansazRvravs socialur

ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis kanonzomierebebi;

2. socialuri ganwyobebis urTierTqmedeba araerTgvarovania.

kerZod, TanavarskvlavedSi zogierTi maTgani ufro met

zegavlenas axdens sxva danarCenebze;

3. socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis mizezi, garda ukve dadgenili

kanonzomierebebisa SesaZlebelia iyos Sinaarsobrivad

dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis urTierTqmedebac;

7

4. socialuri ganwyobis Secvlaze agreTve gavlenas axdens

eqsperimentis mimdinareobis dros Seqmnili situacia;

5. socialuri ganwyobebi TanavarskvlavedSi jgufdebian faqtorTan

korelirebis mixedviT;

6. rac metia Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli socialuri ganwyobis

faqtoruli wona, miT meti zegavlena aqvs mas Tavis

TanavarskvlavedSi gaerTianebul sxva socialur ganwyobebze.

anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli

socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wona pirdapirproporciulia

Tanavarskvlavedis sxva ganwyobebze misi zemoqmedebis Zalisa.

aqtualobis miuxedavad, aRniSnul sakiTxze mwiri eqsperimentuli

monacemebi moipoveba. amasTanave, socialuri ganwyobis struqturaze

dasavlur socialur fsiqologiaSi dRemde Catarebul kvlevaTagan arc

erTs ar aqvs fundamenturobis pretenzia.

yvelaze axlos Cvens mier dasmul sakiTxTan dgas l. fergiusonisa

(fergiusoni 1939) da T. CxeiZis (CxeiZe 1985) kvlevebi, Tumca bolomde

naTels ver hfens mas. l. fergiusonis mier Catarebuli muSaobis didi

mniSvnelobis miuxedavad unda vTqvaT, rom kvlevis diapazoni ar iyo

farTo _ igi mxolod aTi ganwyobis SeswavliT Semoifargla. amave dros,

ar dainteresebula ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis

kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis eqsperimentuli

kvleviT. T. CxeiZem kvleva Caatara agreTve mcire raodenobis (oTxi)

socialur obieqtebze, romlebic, misi azriT, Sinaarseulad iyvnen

msgavsebi. am SemTxvevaSi T. CxeiZis ZiriTadi interesi iyo konsistentobis

tendenciis Seswavla masSi cnobierebis monawileobis TvalsazrisiT.

dasanania, magram am sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT winsvla

naklebia.

mocemuli problemis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji

gadaidgmeba im faqtorebis gamosavlenad, romlebic monawileoben

socialuri ganwyobis SecvlaSi. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adre

monacemTa damuSavebis mwiri SesaZleblobebis gamo Zneli iyo

srulyofili Sedegebis miReba, Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebis

gamoyenebiT ki monacemTa statistikuri damuSavebis xarisxi gacilebiT

8

maRalia, naTeli xdeba aseTi kvlevis aucilebloba, mniSvneloba. swored

amis gamo davinteresdiT aRniSnuli problemiT.

Cven, 44 Rirebulebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis semantikuri

diferencialis meTodiT kvlevis Sedegad, faqtoruli analizis

gamoyenebiT gamovyaviT socialur ganwyobaTa Tanavarskvlavedebi;

davadgineT TanavarskvlavedSi TiToeuli Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli

socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wonebi, ris safuZvelzedac gamovyaviT

centraluri da periferiuli socialuri ganwyobebi.

mocemuli Sromis siaxle mdgomareobs SemdegSi: eqsperimentulad

davasabuTeT, rom socialuri ganwyobis Secvla damokidebulia

socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi mis adgilze, mis

faqtorul wonaze. kerZod, rac metia Rirebulebisadmi arsebuli

socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wona, miT meti zegavlena aqvs mas

Tavis TanavarskvlavedSi gaerTianebul sxva socialur ganwyobebze.

vfiqrobT, miRebuli Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia yvela im

sferoSi, romelic exeba socialuri ganwyobebis Secvlas (socialuri

gavlena, reklamis fsiqologia, propaganda, pedagogiuri fsiqologia),

agreTve, maTi Setana SeiZleba socialuri fsiqologiis swavlebis

kursSi, rac warmoadgens mocemuli Sromis praqtikul Rirebulebas.

winamdebare Sroma Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan: Sesavali, oTxi

Tavi, zogadi daskvnebi, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvali,

danarTebi. pirveli Tavi _ socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi _

Seexeba socialur ganwyobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Teoriul

analizs, kerZod, fsiqologiaSi socialuri ganwyobis Semotanis

istorias, socialuri ganwyobis struqturas, socialuri ganwyobisa da

qcevis urTierTobas. meore Tavi warmoadgens socialuri ganwyobis

struqturis empiriul kvlevas. mesame Tavi eZRvneba Cveni kvlevis

mizanTan dakavSirebuli literaturis Teoriul analizs, kerZod,

socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas. meoTxe Tavi ki warmoadgens socialuri

ganwyobis Secvlis empiriul kvlevas.

9

Tavi 1

socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi

1 . 1 . s a k iTx i s i stori a

socialuri ganwyobis (attitude) cneba socialur mecnierebebSi

pirvelad u. Tomasma da f. znaneckim Semoitanes. maT Seiswavles

poloneli glexebis aSS-Si gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri

Seguebis problema. u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis azriT (Tomasi ... 1972),

socialuri adaptaciis procesi ori mniSvnelovani faqtoris, kerZod,

sazogadoebrivi struqturis mimarT adamianis damokidebulebis da TviT

individisadmi socialuri sistemis TaviseburebaTa mimarTebis

gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivad, pirovnebasa da

sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli mimarTebis specifikis Sesaxeb

msjelobasTan gvaqvs saqme. aRniSnuli kavSiris aRsawerad avtorebi

socialuri Rirebulebis da socialuri ganwyobis cnebebs iyeneben.

pirveli cneba am avtorebis mier SemoTavazebulia, rogorc socialuri

struqturis aRmweri, xolo meore, rogorc calkeuli adamianis

maxasiaTeblis gamomxatveli. u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis mixedviT,

socialuri ganwyoba ,,individis mier socialuri Rirebulebis

subieqturi mniSvnelobis gancdas”, anu ,,garkveuli socialuri

Rirebulebisadmi individis cnobierebis mimarTebas” warmoadgens.

amdenad, socialuri ganwyobis pirvelive ganmartebaSi igulisxmeboda

socialuri obieqtisadmi adamianis mimarTeba, anu damokidebuleba.

u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis mier socialuri ganwyobis cnebis

Semotanis Semdeg daiwyo misi intensiuri kvleva, rac amJamadac

grZeldeba. arsebuli empiriuli monacemebi zogadad imaze metyvelebs,

rom socialuri ganwyobis formirebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

subieqtis gamocdilebas, xolo misi amoqmedeba aqtualuri

moTxovnilebebiT da arsebuli socialuri situaciis Ria da faruli

maxasiaTeblebiT ganisazRvreba. socialuri ganwyoba subieqtis mier

garesamyaros aRqmis, gaazrebis da Sefasebis sakmaod efeqturi

saSualebaa. subieqtis fsiqikuri aqtivobis procesSi socialuri

10

ganwyobis amoqmedeba, saboloo jamSi, misTvis mniSvnelovani

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas ganapirobebs.

ganwyobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT cnobilia g. olportis (1935),

j. daSilis (1940), j. gibsonis (1941), f. olportis (1955), s. moskoviCis

(1962), u. mak-guaieris (1969), m. rokiCis (1968) da sxva mravali avtoris

Tvalsazrisebi (asmolovi ... 1977). xSirad xdeba u. mak-guaieris sityvebis

citireba ,,kvlevis sagnis Sinagani momxibvlelobis” Sesaxeb, romelic

yovelTvis iqneba mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi (mak-guaieri 1969).

asxvaveben erTmaneTisagan ,,mentaluri” da ,,motoruli” ganwyobis

cnebebs. mentaluri ganwyobis cneba erT-erTma pirvelma gamoiyena

herbert spenserma ,,pirvel principebSi” 1862w. h. spenseri werda, rom

garkveuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis dros swori msjeloba ZiriTadad

damokidebulia im sulier ganwyobaze (Attitude of mind), romelsac adamianebi

ikaveben sawinaaRmdego azris mosmenis dros. am swori ganwyobis

SenarCunebazea damokidebuli msjelobis mimarTuleba, misi saSualebiT

xalxi arkvevs WeSmaritebasa da siyalbes. ufro gvian, roca fsiqologiam

uari Tqva mkacr mentalistur Tvalsazrisze, popularuli gaxda

motoruli ganwyobis cneba (nadiraSvili 1983).

motoruli da sensoruli reaqciis dros Seiswavlida l. lange. igi

ganwyobas ganixilavda, rogorc warsuli gamocdilebiT ganpirobebul

mzaobas (deviatkini 1999).

Semdgom eqsperimentul gamokvlevebSi ganwyoba Seiswavleboda ara

rogorc motoruli aqtivobisaTvis aRmocenebuli mzaoba, aramed rogorc

adamianis yovelgvari aqtivobisaTvis mosamzadebeli fsiqofizikuri

mdgomareoba.

viurcburgis skolis eqsperimentul gamokvlevebSi ganwyobis cnebam

ukiduresi subieqtivisturi da fsiqologisturi elferi miiRo (n. axi,

a. meseri, o. kiulpe) (nadiraSvili 1983). maT SromebSi xazi gaesva ara

individis motoruli momzadebis faqts, romelic gansazRvravs samoZrao

reaqciebis aRmocenebas, reaqciis dros da sxva msgavs motorul

aqtivobas, aramed subieqtis cnobierebis organizacias.

viurcburgis skolis warmomadgenlebis mier ganwyoba sabolood

gagebuli iyo, rogorc cnobierebis daxasiaTebisaTvis gamosadegi, magram

11

cnobierebis TvalsaCino Sinaarsebis gareSe mocemuli gancda. igi

cnobierebisa da aracnobierebis sazRvarze mdebare fsiqikuri

mdgomareobaa. ganwyobis fenomeni cnobierebaSi warmodgenili TvalsaCino

monacemebiT ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes da amoiwuros.

g. olporti aRniSnavs, rom (nadiraSvili 1983), ganwyobis fenomeni

aracnobier fsiqikur movlenaTa sferos pirvelad z. froidma miakuTvna

da fsiqologiaSi am cnebas fundamenturi mniSvneloba mianiWa. fsiqikuri

cxovrebis energetikul bazas, z. froidis azriT, swored es aracnobieri

fsiqikuri qmnis, romlis Sinaarsis wvdoma, cnobierebaSi amotana

specifikur muSaobas, fsiqikis sagangebo analizs moiTxovs.

iTvleba, rom mTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, socialuri

ganwyobis koncepcia jerovnad ver iqna da verc iqneboda damuSavebuli

fsiqologiis Semdeg mimarTulebebSi: fenomenologiur fsiqologiaSi,

egzistencialur, humanistur fsiqologiaSi, aqtebis fsiqologiaSi,

u. jemsis funqcionalur mimarTulebaSi. Tuki g. olporti Tvlis, rom

erT-erTi pirveli adreuli fsiqologi, romelmac gamoiyena termini

“Attitude” iyo g. spenseri _ pozitivizmis fuZemdebeli, a. deviatkini am

upiratesobas a. bines aniWebs (deviatkini 1999). aq mniSvnelovania ara

imdenad prioritetis istoriuli faqti, ramdenadac is, rom a. bines

pozicias n. lange ganixilavs f. brentanos funqcionaluri fsiqologiis

aqtebTan, e. huserlis fenomenologiasTan mimarTebaSi, sadac

intencionalobis cneba erT-erT centralur rols asrulebs.

araferi msgavsi ar aris u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis mier

mowodebul terminSi “Attitude”, romelic maT gamoiyenes Cvens mier

zemonaxseneb cnobil SromaSi amerikaSi poloneli glexebis Sesaxeb.

wesad iqca ganwyobis problemebis ganxilvis dawyeba aRniSnuli naSromis

moxseniebiT. Znelia raime axlis Tqma amasTan dakavSirebiT, magram

mniSvnelovania, yuradReba mivaqcioT TviT socialuri ganwyobis

konstruqcias: ,,Rirebuleba” + ,,Rirebulebisadmi damokidebuleba”.

u. mak-guaieri SeniSnavs, rom Tu kvlevis dasawyisSi mkvlevarebi

dakavebulni iyvnen ganwyobis gansazRvris sakiTxebiT, 20-30-ian wlebSi

gazomvis problema gaxda ufro aqtualuri. Semdeg dadga socialuri

12

ganwyobis formirebisa da Secvlis kanonzomierebebis kvlevis jeri.

bolos ki _ ganwyobis komponentebis da funqciisa (mak-guaieri 1969).

ase da amgvarad, pirveli problema, romelsac met-naklebad ixilavs

TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari, gaxlavT ganwyobis gansazRvris problema. am

sakiTxs uamravi Sroma eZRvneba. u. Tomasi da f. znanecki gansazRvravdnen

ganwyobas ,,rogorc fsiqologiur process, romelic ganixileba

socialur samyarosTan mimarTebebSi da pirvel rigSi, socialur

RirebulebebTan kavSirSi” (Sixirevi 1999: 100).

g. olportma ganwyobis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis ganzogadebis

safuZvelze gaakeTa Semdegi gansazRvreba: ganwyoba aris mzaobis

mentaluri da nervuli mdgomareoba, organizebuli gamocdilebiT,

romelic individis reaqciebze yvela obieqtis Tu situaciis mimarT,

romelTanac is aris dakavSirebuli, axdens mimarTulebis mimcem an

dinamikur gavlenas (olporti 1935). g. olporti definiciaSi xazs usvams

ganwyobis qceviseul tendenciebs, upasuxos situacias garkveuli maneriT.

es aris mdidari da yovlismomcveli definicia, jer isev mniSvnelovani

da arsebiTi, imis miuxedavad, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi mravali

definicia arsebobda (horovici ... 1995).

g. olportis pozicia bevrwilad uaxlovdeboda l. terstounis

(deviatkini 1999) Sexedulebebs, romelic Tvlida, rom informacia

kombinirdeba da am procesis msvlelobaSi formirdeba saboloo

socialuri ganwyoba.

socialuri ganwyobis gansazRvrebis mcdelobaTa klasificireba

moaxdina antoni grinvaldma (grinvaldi ... 1968: 362) yvela zemoaRniSnuli:

,,ganwyobis winamorbedi definiciebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT erT-erTs

Semdegi oTxi klasidan: 1. avtori warmoadgens da amtkicebs ganwyobis

Sesaxeb sakuTar gansazRvrebebs. amasTan igi amtkicebs, rom es

gansazRvreba SeiZleba ar iyos ukve cnobilis identuri (l. dubi (dubi

1947); C. osgudi (osgudi ... 1955). 2. avtori ganixilavs sxva gansazRvrebebis

uamrav variants da erT-erT maTgans aZlevs upiratesobas (C. insko (insko

1967) an gvTavazobs axal gansazRvrebas (g. olporti (olporti 1935).

3. avtori uSvebs ganwyobis gansazRvrebis mravalferovnebas, radgan

sxvadasxva gansazRvrebaTa Soris konsensuss ver poulobs (u. mak-guaieri

13

(mak-guaieri 1969); m. smiti (deviatkini 1999). 4. avtori, romelic cdilobs

ganwyobis sxvadasxva gansazRvrebebis Cveulebriv sasaubro enaze

gadatanas da misi meSveobiT sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis konvergenciis

saSualebis SemuSavebas (d. kempbeli (kempbeli 1963)”. Tavad a. grinvaldi

ki cdilobda ganwyobis yvela cnobili Teoriis gaerTianebas im mizniT,

rom Seeqmna ,,kompleqsuri fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelic Sedgenili

iqneboda bazisuri fsiqologiuri Teoriebis safuZvelze” (grinvaldi ...

1968: 386).

p. Sixirevis azriT, ,,socialuri ganwyoba aris obieqtis an

situaciis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefasebis mimarT individis

winsawarganwyobis myari, latenturi mdgomareoba, romelic am obieqtis

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT iqmneba da axdens maregulirebel,

maorganizebel gavlenas perceptualur, emociur, azrovnebis procesebze

da gamoixateba mocemul situaciaSi mocemul obieqtTan mimarTebaSi

qcevis TanamimdevrulobaSi (rogorc verbalurSi, aseve araverbalurSi)”

(Sixirevi 1973).

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom dReisaTvis mkvlevarTa umravlesoba

socialuri ganwyobis Semdeg ganmartebas iziarebs: socialuri ganwyoba

gamoxatavs socialuri movlenebisadmi adamianis SefasebiT

damokidebulebas, romelic mis SexedulebebSi, grZnobebSi da

mizanmimarTul qcevaSi mJRavndeba (maiersi 2001).

Tu socialuri ganwyoba aris gamocdilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili,

is, savaraudod, daswavliT unda formirdebodes sxvadasxva

gamocdilebebidan da gavlenebidan. Sexeduleba, rom Cveni ganwyobebi

Cndeba mxolod gamocdilebidan, zogierT avtors sakiTxis gamartivebad

miaCnia, vinaidan, sul ufro meti faqti grovdeba, sadac Cans, rom zog

ganwyobas aqvs genetikuri elementi (teseri 1993).

am periodamde socialuri ganwyoba ufro universalurad da

aragamokveTilad moCanda, axla ki am cnebam SeiZina ufro meti

struqturirebuloba.

sanam socialuri ganwyobis miseul gansazRvrebas SemogvTavazebda,

g. olportma gaaanaliza manamde arsebuli 16 definicia. misma kolega

14

h. nelsonma 1939w. gaaanaliza ukve 30 msgavsi gansazRvreba da es moxda

mxolod oTx weliwadSi! (deviatkini 1999).

f. olportis azriT, qcevis aracnobier Semadgenel nawils

warmoadgens socialuri ganwyoba, romelic amzadebs qcevas da aZlevs

mas mimarTulebas, amave dros axdens zogi reaqciis aqtivizirebas da

zogis _ damuxruWebas (deviatkini 1999).

m. smiti, j. bruneri da r. uaiti Tvlian, rom ganwyoba _ ,,es aris

gamocdilebisadmi predispozicia, romelic iwvevs obieqtebis mimarT

garkveuli moqmedebebisadmi individis motivirebas” (deviatkini 1999: 6).

Carlz osgudi socialuri ganwyobis mTavar Tvisebad xedavs:

,,winaswarganwyoba reagirebaze, romelic damokidebulia sxva

mdgomareobebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa: SefasebiT pasuxze

winaswarganwyobis mzaoba” (osgudi ... 1957).

i. sarnofi gansazRvravs ganwyobas, rogorc obieqtTa garkveul

klasze dadebiTad an uaryofiTad reagirebis midrekilebas (deviatkini

1999).

daswavlis Teoriis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, romlebic

fsiqologiaSi umetesad bihevioristul Tvalsazriss icaven, ganwyoba

aris gamocdilebis procesSi SeZenili iseTive fsiqikuri fenomeni,

rogoricaa codna da Cveva. am Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, individis qaoturi

elementaruli aqtebidan daswavlis kanonebis mixedviT xdeba garkveuli

moqmedebebis Camoyalibeba, maT Soris, ganwyobis formirebac.

erT-erTi pirveli avtori, romelmac daswavlis Teoriis principebi

gadaitana socialuri ganwyobis kvlevis sferoSi, iyo leonard dubi

(1947). man 1947w. gamoaqveyna statia “The bahavior of attitudes”, romelSic

socialuri ganwyoba gansazRvra, rogorc daswavlis implicituri

mosalodneli reaqcia. am gansazRvrebaSi ufro xazgasmulia is, Tu ra

aris TviT socialuri ganwyoba da ara is, Tu ra tendenciebs Seicavs igi.

definicia ar Seicavs Ria qcevas, Tumca uSvebs, rom socialuri ganwyoba

gavlenas moaxdens individis qcevaze. es definicia gamomdinareobs

daswavlis stimul-reaqciis tradiciebidan da socialuri ganwyoba

konceptualizirebulia, rogorc reaqcia (Tumca ufro implicituri,

vidre eqsplicituri). l. dubi, g. olportis msgavsad, socialur

15

ganwyobas miawers rogorc dinamikur, ise mimarTulebis mimcemis

Tvisebas, romelic axdens qcevis Camoyalibebasac da mimarTulebis

micemasac. ganwyobis bihevioraluri Teoriebis umravlesoba Tanxmdeba

maTi formirebis gzebis gagebaSi. l. dubis Teoria gaxda fundamenti sxva

mkvlevarebisaTvis (m. fiSbeini, k. hovlandi, i. jainisi, h. keli, a. loti

da sxva).

karl hovlandma masobrivi komunikaciebis kvlevisas daiwyo

socialuri ganwyobebis problemebis Seswavla. komunikaciuri procesi

mas esaxeboda, rogorc individis stimulebi da reaqciebi da maTi

gamaSualebeli fsiqikuri procesebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ganwyobis cnebas aRiarebda mravali mecnieri,

arsebobda am cnebis sxvadasxva definicia, iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic

cdilobdnen ganwyobis cnebis gandevnas. aq pirvel rigSi unda

davasaxeloT velisa da fenomenologisturi Teoriebis warmomadgenlebi,

romelTac surdaT misi Secvla iseTi cnebebiT, rogorebicaa: velis

efeqtebi, ganzraxva da sxva. velis Teoriis mimdevrebi _ v. keleri da

m. verthaimeri _ cdilobdnen aRqmisa da azrovnebis procesSi

gamovlenili ganwyobiseuli kanonzomierebis dayvanas velis efeqtebze.

velis Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma _ k. levinma (levini

1951) velSi (rogorc erT-erTi ganzomileba) Semoiyvana pirovneba Tavisi

warsuli gamocdilebebiTa da moTxovnilebebiT, romlebic garkveul

daZabulobas qmnian adamianis sasicocxlo velSi. adamianis qceva am

daZabulobaTa moxsnas emsaxureba da Tavisi funqciiT es cnebebi iseTive

rols asruleben adamianis fsiqikaSi, rac ganwyobis cnebas ekisreba. am

gziT k. levins surda fsiqologiuri cnebebis sistemidan ganwyobis

cnebis amogdeba da misi Sesatyvisi kanonzomierebis gagebas cdilobda

sasicocxlo velis cnebiT.

iyo mcdeloba, ganwyobis cneba daeyvanaT iseT cnobierebis

Sinaarsebze, romlebic garkveuli mimarTulebiT moqmedebis

ganzraxvasTan arian dakavSirebuli. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ganwyobis

Sinaarseuli mxare cnobier-fsiqikuri movlenaa, xolo im meqanizmis

aqtivoba, romlis safuZvelzedac am Sinaarsebis realizacia xdeba da

saTanado qceva aRiZvreba, fiziologiur procesebs warmoadgenen. es

16

Tvalsazrisi adamianis qcevas cnobier fsiqikur da aracnobier

fiziologiur procesad yofs. mas aRiarebdnen iseTi mkveTrad

gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa: fenomenologisturi

Sexeduleba fsiqikaze (a. boWoriSvili, (boWoriSvili 1966) da

biheviorizmi (d. mileri, i. galanteri da k. pribrami (mileri ... 1965).

dReisaTvis socialur fsiqologiaSi uamravi literatura arsebobs

im faqtorebze, romlebic exeba ganwyobis aRmocenebas, fiqsirebasa da

cvlilebas, aseve, adamianis aqtivobaze ganwyobis zegavlenis

kanonzomierebebs.

ganwyobis maformirebeli faqtorebidan t. niukombma sagangebo

yuradReba miaqcia socialur faqtors (deviatkini 1999). misi azriT

ganwyobis Camoyalibebisa da SecvlisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs

adamianTa Soris urTierTobas.

m. Serifma da h. kentrilma ganwyobebis SemuSavebisa da ganmtkicebis

kanonzomierebaTa Seswavlis dros yuradReba gadaitanes gare stimulebis

aRqmisa da Semecnebis Taviseburebebze (nadiraSvili 1983).

f. haiderma ganwyobis emociur-afeqturi mxare Seiswavla. adamianis

qcevis gagebas f. haideri geStaltTeoriis poziciebidan fiqrobda. amave

dros, k. levinis msgavsad, igi cdilobda sasicocxlo velis

Taviseburebidan gaerkvia adamianis qcevis mimarTuleba da am

mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli is ganwyobebi, romlebic mas Seeqmneba

sinamdvilis movlenebis mimarT (nadiraSvili 1983).

adamianTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebSi f. haiderma win

wamowia ganwyobis emociur-afeqturi mxare. amis gamo xSirad mis

gamokvlevebs adamianTa ganwyobebis kvlevad ar Tvlidnen, magram

rodesac es gamokvlevebi ganwyobis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneboda, ganwyobis

cnebaSi mxolod emociur-afeqturi aspeqti igulisxmeboda, rac ganwyobis

cnebis calmxriv, araswor gagebas iwvevs.

d. kreCma, r. kraCfildma da e. balaCim (nadiraSvili 1985) mogvces

ganwyobis sistemuri ganxilvis nimuSi. maT ganwyobis cnebaSi gaaerTianes

yvela is aspeqti, romelic sxva mkvlevarebis mier fragmentulad,

erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad Seiswavleboda. d. kreCis, r. kraCfildisa

da e. balaCis mixedviT, socialuri ganwyoba izolirebul movlenas ar

17

warmoadgens, igi ganwyobaTa mTeli sistemis elementia. yoveli calkeuli

ganwyoba, maTi azriT, aris obieqtis pozitiuri an negatiuri Sefasebis,

sasiamovnod an usiamovnod gancdis, misadmi mtrulad an sasikeTod

moqmedebis tendenciebis mTeli sistema (baliaSvili 1980). adamianis

yoveli qceva garkveuli ganwyobis zemoqmedebas ganicdis da qcevis

Sesrulebis Semdeg xdeba masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobis gaZliereba,

Sesusteba an Secvla. Tu gvinda adamianebze sasurveli gavlenis moxdena,

saWiroa, vicodeT maTi ganwyobebi da am ganwyobebis gaZlierebis,

Sesustebisa da Secvlis kanonebi.

ueWvelad didia socialuri ganwyobis Teoriaze biheviorizmis

gavlena. S. nadiraSvili Tvlis, rom g. olports, r. kraCfilds, g. merfs,

d. kreCs, a. laCinss, t. niukombs da sxvebs bihevioristuli pozicia

ukaviaT, amasTan, ebrZvian elementarizms da ganixilaven ganwyobas,

rogorc gancdaTa safuZvelze warmoSobil meorad fsiqikur fenomens

(nadiraSvili 1974).

j. gibsonis cnobil SromaSi (nadiraSvili 1983), mocemulia

ganwyobis cnebis kritikuli analizi. a. asmolovis Tanaxmad ,,ucxour

fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis cnebaSi Cadebuli sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebis

klasifikaciis mcdeloba swored j. gibsons ekuTvnis (asmolovi 1977).

j. gibsonis kritikuli analizis safuZvelze a. frangiSvilma

(frangiSvili 1967) da a. asmolovma (asmolovi 1977) SemogvTavazes

ganwyobis kvlevebSi ZiriTadi poziciebis klasifikacia.

j. gibsonis klasifikaciis bazaze a. asmolovi gamoyofs ramdenime

ZiriTad pozicias: 1. o. kiulpe, XX saukunis dasawyisSi, atarebda ra

aRqmaze eqsperimentebs, ganwyobis cnebis qveS gulisxmobda ,,obieqtebis

Tvisebebis an urTierTobebis winaswar Seqmnil molodins”;

2. o. zangvilis pozicia bevrwilad ganagrZobs o. kiulpes xazs. ganwyoba

aq gagebulia, rogorc ,,konceptualuri sqema, ara mosalodneli, aramed

gamowveuli stimulis paterniT”; 3. reaqciis droze eqsperimentTa

seriebSi ganwyoba warmodgenilia, rogorc ,,specifiuri moZraobiT

reagirebis ganzraxva”; 4. karl kofkas ganwyoba warmoudgenia, rogorc

,,Cveuli fsiqikuri operaciebis Sesrulebis ganzraxva”; 5. sipola,

a. laCinsi aRniSnavdnen, rom ganwyoba aris ,,fsiqikuri operacia an

18

meTodi amocanebis Seswavlisa an gadaWris procesSi aqtualizirebuli

da ara ganzrax warmoSobili”; 6. kurt levini Tvlida, rom ganwyoba

,,Sewyvetili aqtivobis damTavrebis tendenciaa”; 7. mak-farlendi

ganwyobis cnebis qveS gulisxmobda ,,Sesabamisi” pirobebis gaqrobis

Semdeg aqtiurobis gangrZobis tendencias (perseveracia)” (asmolovi 1977:

61-65).

arsebobs d. sirsis (fridmeni ... 1981) klasifikacia: 1. definiciebi,

romlebSic xazgasmulia socialuri ganwyobis qceviseuli tendenciebi. am

mxriv tipiuria g. olportis mier mocemuli definicia; 2. definiciebi,

romelSic xazgasmulia socialuri ganwyobis draiviseuli buneba, e.i. is,

Tu ras warmoadgens socialuri ganwyoba da ara maTi tendenciebi. am

mxriv tipiuria l. dubis definicia; 3. definiciebi, romlebic aerTianeben

zemoT miTiTebul orive princips. magaliTad, d. kreCisa da

r. kraCfildis definicia.

S. nadiraSvili, ganixilavs ra yvela zemoaRniSnul Sexedulebas,

aRniSnavs, rom aq SeimCneva ,,ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri gagebis

gaxleCvis tendencia” sxvadasxva fsiqikuri warmonaqmnebis formiT _ imiT,

rasac hqvia “set” da “Attitude”. S. nadiraSvili miuTiTebs, rom saubaria

saerTo kanonzomierebis mqone erTi da igive meqanizmis sxvadasxva

aspeqtze, Tumca aseTi midgomiT es saerTo kanonzomiereba ikargeba da

cneba “set” sensomotorul sferoSi da cneba “Attitude” socialuri

aqtivobis sferoSi dispoziciuri ganwyobis moqmedebas miekuTvnebian

(nadiraSvili 1987).

ganwyobis integrirebul TeoriebSi ganwyobas dakisrebuli aqvs

qcevis aRmZvreli TiTqmis yvela faqtoris gaerTianebis funqcia, magram

sazRvargareTul fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis cneba mainc ver iqca adamianis

qcevis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel da amxsnel cnebad.

socialuri ganwyobis fsiqologiaSi yvela kvleva pirobiTad

SeiZleba movaTavsoT fsiqologiis ori mTavari mimarTulebis sazRvrebSi

_ bihevioristuli da kognituri. calke unda gamovyoT d. uznaZis skola,

romelsac gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs.

19

1 . 2 . soci aluri g a n w yob i s struqtura

socialuri ganwyobebis struqtura aris ganwyobis Teoriis erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.

socialuri ganwyobis obieqtTan dakavSirebiT adamianebis gonebaSi

pozitiuri da negatiuri gamocdilebebia Senaxuli. amdenad, adamianebi

kavSirs amyareben socialuri ganwyobis obieqtsa da Sesabamis wina

gamocdilebas Soris. aseT kavSirebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdes garkveuli

kanonzomiereba, rac fsiqologebs saSualebas aZlevs, miaweron maT

sxvadasxva struqturuli Tviseba. socialuri ganwyobis Sida

struqturaSi (intra-attitudinal structure) swored es aspeqti igulisxmeba. amas

garda, vinaidan adamianebs uyalibdebaT mravalricxovani socialuri

ganwyobebi, SesaZlebelia es ukanasknelni gonebaSi daukavSirdnen

erTmaneTs. aseT, ufro globalur struqturebs, romlebic erTze met

socialur ganwyobas moicavs, ewodeba ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis

struqturebi (inter-attitudinal structure) (igli ... 1998; qvarcxava ... 1985).

socialuri ganwyobebis Sida struqtura da ganwyobebs Soris

urTierTobis struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis formirebis kontrastul

gzebs. socialuri ganwyobis Sida struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT,

ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi

reaqciis safuZvelze. am dros xdeba informaciis Senaxva, romelic

gulisxmobs ganwyobis obieqtsa da masze reaqcias Soris kavSirs.

Sefaseba ganzogaddeba am kavSiridan da socialuri ganwyoba Sesabamisad

formirdeba SedarebiT martivi kavSirebis generalizaciiT.

arsebobs socialuri ganwyobis Camoyalibebis sxva, alternatiuli,

saSualebac _ gansxvavebuli ganwyobebis Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris

kavSiri. aRniSnuli kavSirebi inaxeba TviTon socialur ganwyobasTan

erTad. socialuri ganwyobebis struqturebis umetesobas rogorc wesi

aqvT orive aspeqti _ ganwyobis Sida da ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobis.

is, rom socialur ganwyobebs aqvs struqturis sxvadasxva formebi,

srulebiTac ar niSnavs maT statikurobas. Tu gaviziarebT azrs, rom

socialuri ganwyobis struqtura aris aspeqti mentaluri mdgomareobis,

romelic warmoSobs socialur ganwyobas, obieqtis mimarT individis

20

socialuri ganwyobis struqtura SesaZlebelia savsebiT gansxvavebuli

iyos drois sxvadasxva momentSi, obieqtTan dakavSirebiT axali

gamocdilebis arqonis pirobebSic ki.

imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratomaa calkeuli socialuri ganwyobis

struqtura cvalebadi, saWiroa gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan arsebuli

(available) da xelmisawvdomi (accessible) struqturebi (higinsi 1996).

struqturis arsebuloba gulisxmobs mis Senaxvas mexsierebaSi, anu

potenciurad misi gaaqtiurebis SesaZleblobis arsebobas, xolo

struqturis xelmisawvdomoba aris misi aqtivaciis potenciali, anu

zustad droulad gaaqtiurebisaTvis mzaoba.

1.2 a) socialuri ganwyobis struqturis mravalmxrivoba socialuri ganwyobis struqturis Semadgeneli komponentebi

SemecnebiT, grZnobad da qceviT Tvisebebs moicavs (brekleri 1984).

socialuri ganwyobis es Semadgeneli nawilebi gancalkevebulad ki ar

moqmedeben, aramed isini raime socialuri obieqtis mimarT pirovnebis

urTierTdakavSirebul SemecnebiT, grZnobad da qceviT sistemur

mTlianobas qmnian da imave obieqtis mimarT adamianis tendenciis,

winaswari mzaobis saxiT warmodgebian.

ganwyobis kognituri komponenti, romelsac perceptualurs,

informaciulsa da stereotipul komponentsac eZaxian, dakavSirebulia

imasTan, Tu rogor aRiqmeba obieqti, misi konceptualuri konotacia, an

obieqtis ,,stereotipi”. esaa ganwyobis obieqtis Sesaxeb adamianebis

rwmenebi. am Sexedulebis mixedviT xdeba obieqtisadmi sasurveloba-

arasasurvelobis, sargebloba-mavneblobis da a.S. TvisebaTa miwera.

mocemuli komponenti Seicavs pirovnebis Sexedulebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra xasiaTis qceva aris am obieqtis Sesatyvisi, mowonebas imsaxurebs igi,

Tu gakicxvas. kognituri komponenti azrovnebis, anu mizansa da

saSualebas Soris mimarTebis damyarebis process efuZneba, ufro zustad,

_ obieqtis Tvisebebsa da adamianis miznebs Soris, rogorc es saerTod

RirebulebiTi msjelobisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

21

am komponentis tipiur sazoms warmoadgens zedsarTavebis

sakontrolo sia _ eTnikuri jgufebis stereotipebis gamosamJRavneblad

(gilberti 1951). d. kacma da e. stotlandma 1959w. SemogvTavazes

socialuri ganwyobis kognituri komponentis gaanalizeba Sexedulebebis,

maTi elementebis raodenobis, struqturis donisa da am elementebis

ierarqiis da im obieqtebis intensiobis saSualebiT, romlebzedac

mimarTulia kognituri elementi (igli ... 1998).

kognituri komponentis gaanalizebis odnav sxva xerxi SemogvTavaza

m. rokiCma 1960w. (fridmeni ... 1981), romlis arsic mdgomareobs

darwmunebis gradientis centralizaciis, SeRwevadobis ganxilvaSi.

C. osgudis (osgudi ... 1957) semantikuri diferencialis Tanaxmad misi

Sefasebis faqtori konotaciuri analizis dros SeiZleba gamoyenebul

iqnes afeqturi komponentis sazomad, xolo sxva faqtorebs SeuZliaT

asaxon kognituri komponenti. esenia Zalis, aqtivobis da sxva faqtorebi.

ganwyobis afeqturi (anu ,,grZnobadi”, anu ,,emociuri”) komponenti

gamoxatavs, upirveles yovlisa, mocemuli obieqtisadmi subieqtis

grZnobebs: siamovneba-usiamovnebas, simpaTia-antipaTias, mowoneba-

armowonebas, siyvarul-siZulvils da a.S. iTvleba, rom emociuri

datvirTva aZlevs socialur ganwyobas motivaciur Zalas. zogierTi

mkvlevari afeqtur komponents mxolod SefasebiT komponentad Tvlis da

amitom mas ganixilavs, rogorc ganwyobis birTvs, maSin, rodesac

kognitur da qceviT komponentebs ganixilavs, rogorc Tavisebur

,,wamonazards”, romelic formirdeba mis irgvliv matricis msgavsad,

romlisganac isini amoizrdebian (mak-guaieri 1969: 156).

ganwyoba yovelTvis aucileblad unda ganixilebodes konkretuli

individisa da misi garemomcveli samyaros CarCoebSi. is yovelTvis aris

,,ganwyoba mimarTuli raimeze”. ganwyoba ar SeiZleba iyos ,,ubralod”

ganwyoba, ,,Teoriuli konstruqcia”. socialuri ganwyobis samkomponentian

struqturad dayofas ar iwoneben a. asmolovi, m. kovalCuki, p. Sixirevi

(asmolovi ... 1977; Sixirevi 1979).

qceviTi (moqmedebis tendenciis) komponenti Seicavs socialur

sferosTan dakavSirebul qceviT mzaobebs _ daxmarebis, dacvis, zianis

miyenebis, dasjis da sxv. moqmedebis tendenciis komponenti niSnavs

22

mzaobas da ar emTxveva, ar faravs realur qcevas. Tumca avtorebi

Tvlian, rom socialuri ganwyobis wvlili qcevaSi didia, saWirod

scnoben, xazi gausvan aSkara qcevasa da moqmedebis tendencias Soris

gansxvavebas, rasac asabuTeben im debulebaze dayrdnobiT, rom qcevas,

garda socialuri ganwyobisa, aqvs iseTi determinantebi, rogoricaa

garegani socialuri Tu fizikuri viTarebebiT iZuleba. garda amisa,

socialuri ganwyobebi erTnairad ar saWiroebs qcevaSi gamovlinebas,

realizacias _ arseboben socialuri ganwyobebi, romlebic emsaxurebian

pirovnebis iseT funqcias, romelsac aSkara gamoxatva ar sWirdeba. es

funqcia socialuri ganwyobis mxolod arsebobiTac kmayofildeba.

amrigad, socialuri ganwyobis qceviTi komponenti mkveTrad unda

gaimijnos realuri qcevisagan.

qceviT komponents a. deviatkini (deviatkini 1999) aRniSnavs, rogorc

moqmedebisaken ganwyobis tendencias da gamotanili aqvs socialuri

ganwyobis cnebis sazRvrebidan. a. deviatkinsac socialuri ganwyoba

samkomponentianad aqvs warmodgenili, magram qceviTi komponenti mas

Canacvlebuli aqvs ekologiuri komponentiT da Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli

avtoris mixedviT, socialuri ganwyoba Sedgeba Semdegi sami

komponentisagan: ekologiuri, kognituri, afeqturi. amasTan dakavSirebiT

a. deviatkinma Camoayaliba socialuri ganwyobis struqtura. socialur

ganwyobas aqvs sami done:

1. ganwyobis ekologiuri komponentis done;

2. socialuri ganwyobis ,,atituduri” komponentis done;

3. moqmedebisaken tendenciis done.

pirveli _ ekologiuri komponentis done _ uzrunvelyofs gare

samyaros SesaZleblobaTa analizis funqcias da SesaZleblobaTa

arCevans. es aris sakuTriv ganwyobis done, sadac xdeba moTxovnilebisa

da SesaZleblobis ,,Sexvedra”. socialuri ganwyobis ekologiuri

komponentis dones aqvs samyaros Sesaleblobebis pirveladi

(ekologiuri) arCevanis Tviseba, individis socialuri ganwyobis saerTo

struqturaSi formirebuli ganwyobebis CarTvis Tviseba. socialuri

ganwyobis ekologiur komponents aqvs intencionalobis Tviseba, romelic

23

mas aZlevs individis socialur-ekologiur niSaSi arsebuli

SesaZleblobebis gaanalizebis saSualebas.

meore done _ ,,atitudis” done, afeqturi da kognituri

komponentebis done. am dones aqvs ,,atitudis” yvela funqciis Tviseba,

amave dros tradiciulad Tavis TavSi Seicavs kognitur da afeqtur

komponentebs.

mesame done _ moqmedebisaken tendenciis done. es ukve mTlad

socialuri ganwyoba araa, magram arc qcevaa, rogorc misi realizacia. aq

SeiZleba moqmedebdes rogorc ganwyobiTi, aseve ganwyobisgare

meqanizmebi. moqmedebisaken tendenciis done a. deviatkinma calke doned

gamoyo imitom, rom xazi gaesva misi gansakuTrebuli kavSirisaTvis

individis qcevasTan.

socialuri ganwyobis gansazRvrebis amgvari poziciebidan

gaanalizebam avtori miiyvana daskvnamde, rom socialuri ganwyoba unda

iyos organizmis fsiqosomaturi funqcia, romelsac aqvs garemomcveli

samyaros SesaZleblobebis analizis Tvisebebi, socialuri ganwyobebis

konsistentur sistemaSi ukve formirebuli socialuri ganwyobebis

CarTvis Tvisebebi.

socialuri ganwyobis ganzomilebiTi struqtura

tradiciulad, socialuri ganwyobebi izomeba bipolarul

ganzomilebaze, romelic varirebs ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT ukiduresi

keTilganwyobidan arakeTilganwyobamde. socialuri ganwyobis Sida

struqturis codna gvexmareba ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT reaqciebis ukeT

winaswarmetyvelebaSi.

debatebis (ZiriTadad _ socialuri da politikuri) dros

adamianebi acnobiereben, rom maTi sakuTari socialuri ganwyobebi

zemoaRniSnuli ori sapirispiro polusidan erT-erTs warmoadgenen.

amitomac, am SezRuduli mimarTulebiT aRiqvamen TavianT pirad

ganwyobebs. am Tvalsazrisis gaziarebiT, C. judma da j. kulikma (judi ...

1980) scades daemtkicebinaT, rom sakuTar socialur ganwyobebs

adamianebi iazreben TavianTi gagebis bipolaruli kontinuumis

24

farglebSi da gamomdinare aqedan, erT polusze ganaTavseben socialuri

ganwyobis relevantur informacias, romelsac isini eTanxmebian da

sawinaaRmdego polusze _ informacias, romelsac ar eTanxmebian, magram

amis miuxedavad, mxars uWeren, rasac sxvebi iwoneben.

ganzomilebiTi struqturis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba ganavrco

a. pratkanisma (pratkanisi 1989). kerZod, _ is azri, rom socialur

ganwyobas SeiZleba hqondes bipolaruli an unipolaruli struqtura,

anu adamianebma SeiZleba warmoadginon TavianTi codna socialuri

ganwyobis kontinuumis orive mxares erTdroulad, an mxolod im erT

mxares, romelsac isini emxrobian. Tu davuSvebT, rom adamianebi arian

unipolarulebi, amis gamo ZiriTadad floben codnas, romelic

SesabamisobaSia maT sakuTar poziciasTan, maTTvis rTuli iqneba

ganwyobisaTvis Seusabamo informaciis kodireba (igli ... 1998). amis

sapirispirod, Tu davuSvebT adamianebis bipolarulobas, igulisxmeba,

rom maTTvis nacnobia rogorc misaRebi, ise sapirispiro Tvalsazrisebi.

ankongenialuri (Seusabamo) informacia SeiZleba gadamuSavdes iseve

iolad, rogorc kongenialuri (Sesabamisi). a. pratkanisis monacemebis

mixedviT, bipolaruli struqturebi SeiZleba iyos saerTo iseT sadao

socialur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa aborti, maSin, roca unipolaruli

struqturebi SeiZleba saerTo iyos sxvadasxva saxis TemebisaTvis (mag.;

sporti, musika), romlebze ganwyobebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas adamianebi

naklebad ganicdian. a. pratkanisma agreTve warmoadgina mtkicebulebebi,

rom socialuri ganwyobis struqturis bipolaruloba, gansxvavebiT

unipolarulisagan, gavlenas axdens ganwyobisaTvis relevanturi

informaciis gadamuSavebaze.

azri, rom socialur ganwyobebs xSirad aqvs sadao sakiTxebze

bipolaruli struqturebi, arsebiTia m. Serifisa da k. Serifis

socialuri gansjis TeoriisaTvis (Serifi ... 1961) Serifebma ivaraudes,

rom adamianebi sakuTar socialur ganwyobebs warmoadgenen

ganzomilebiTi sqemis pirobebSi, rasac maT uwodes fsiqosocialuri

skala anu Sinagani (internaluri) Sesabamisobis skala. Semdgom maT

SemogvTavazes, rom adamianebi socialur ganwyobasTan dakavSirebul

kontinuums yofen sam zonad: miRebis-Tanxmobis, uaryofis-armiRebis da

25

Caurevlobis (neitralobis) diapazonad. miReba-Tanxmobis diapazoni

Seicavs informacias im sakiTxze, romelic pirovnebas misaRebad miaCnia,

uaryofisa _ Seicavs misTvis miuRebel informacias, xolo Caurevlobis

(neitralobis) _ Seicavs iseT informacias, romelic arc misaRebia da

arc miuRebeli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri ganwyobis kvlevaSi

samdiapazonianma midgomam gauZlo xangrZlivi drois gamocdas (jonsoni

... 1995), es dayofa unda miviCnioT socialuri ganwyobis ganzomilebis

mxolod erT-erT versiad ufro zogad struqturul TvisobriobaSi.

f. kerlingerma da ramdenime sxva mkvlevarma (igli ... 1998) aCvenes,

rom opoziciuri socialuri ganwyobebis mqone adamianebi umeteswilad

sakuTar ganwyobebs afuZneben sxvadasxva mosazrebebze. isini SesaZloa,

arc ki uaryofdnen sxva opoziciuri banakis rwmenebs. es umetesad

aSkarad socialuri konfliqtis dros SeiZleba gamoikveTos iseT

sakiTxze, sadac adamianebis socialuri ganwyobebi xdeba bipolaruli, im

gagebiT, rom isini yofen codnas kongenialuri da arakongenialuri

ideebis Tanavarskvlavedebad ise, rogorc amas gvTavazobs miReba-

uaryofis ganzomilebis cneba.

socialur ganwyobebTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebi

iTvleba, rom socialuri ganwyobebi asaxavs adamianTa rwmenebs

ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT. amdenad, socialuri ganwyobis TeoriaSi

rwmenebi ganwyobis fundamentur safuZvels warmoadgens. am

TvalsazrisiT, rwmenebi aris kavSirebi, romelsac pirovneba amyarebs

ganwyobis obieqtsa da sxvadasxva atributebs Soris.

socialuri ganwyobis zogierTi Teoretikosi interesdeba,

ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli socialuri ganwyobis winaswarmetyveleba

rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobidan. am mxriv yvelaze popularulia

miCiganis universitetis socialuri fsiqologebis jgufis (rozenbergi

1956) molodini-Rirebulebis modeli, rac gulisxmobs, rom socialuri

ganwyobebi rwmenebis funqciaa. socialuri ganwyoba = ∑molodini X

Rirebuleba.

26

algebruli midgomebi, rogoricaa n. andersonis informaciis

integraciis Teoria (andersoni 1981), rwmenebis socialur ganwyobebTan

urTierTobis warmosaCenad uzrunvelyofen maTematikuri modelebis

ufro farTo speqtrs. am mxriv, molodini-Rirebulebis modeli erT-erTi

im gantolebaTagania, romelsac SeuZlia asaxos rwmenasa da ganwyobas

Soris urTierToba adekvaturi maTematikuri modeliT.

ganwyobis Sida struqturis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens

rwmenebis SefasebiTi konsistentoba an SeWiduloba (kohesiuroba).

obieqtis yovlismomcveli Sefaseba, romelic vlindeba pirovnebis

rwmenebSi, SeiZleba iyos met-naklebad konsistenturi pirovnebis

abstraqtul SefasebasTan an saerTo ganwyobasTan. amasTanave, pirovnebis

rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTTan met-naklebad

konsistenturni iyvnen.

am or struqturul TvisebaSi, romlebSic rwmenaTa Sesabamisoba

mxedvelobaSia miRebuli, ar aris mTlianad amowuruli SefasebiTi

ganwyobisSida Sesabamisobis problema, radgan ganwyobebi SeiZleba

dafuZnebuli iyos ganwyobis obieqtTan afeqtur da qceviT

gamocdilebaze iseve, rogorc kogniturze. amitom, socialur ganwyobebsa

da maT Semadgenel rwmenebs Soris konsistentobasTan erTad

mniSvnelovania ganwyobebsa da maT Semadgenel afeqtebs da qcevebs Soris

konsistentobis mxedvelobaSi miReba. amdenad, socialuri ganwyobebi

SeiZleba iyos met-naklebad Sesabamisi yovlismomcvel SefasebasTan,

romelic gamoxatulia ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT afeqturi kavSirebiT an

qceviTi kavSirebiT. rogorc rwmenebi SeiZleba icvlebodes erTmaneTTan

TavianTi SefasebiTi konsistentobiT, afeqtebi, iseve, rogorc qcevebi

SeiZleba Sinaganad iyvnen konsistenturi an arakonsistenturebi. amas

garda, SefasebiTi konsistentoba SeiZleba agreTve icvlebodes

reagirebis klasebSic. mag.; pirovnebis rwmenebma ganwyobis obieqtis

mimarT SeiZleba igulisxmos sxvadasxva abstraqtuli Sefaseba obieqtze,

vidre pirovnebis afeqturma kavSirebma. ambivalentobis termini xSirad

gamoiyeneba SefasebiT pasuxSi arakonsistentobis aRsawerad, romelic

xvdeba reaqciis klasebSi, anu rodesac individi SeiZleba aRvweroT,

27

rogorc ori ganwyobis matarebeli: erTi _ dadebiTis, meore _

uaryofiTis.

konsistentoba socialur ganwyobasa da SefasebiTi reaqciebis sam klass

Soris

socialur ganwyobebsa da masTan dakavSirebul rwmenebs, afeqtebs

da qcevebs Soris absoluturi konsistentobis arsebobis varaudis kargi

mizezi arsebobs. socialuri ganwyoba xom yalibdeba ganwyobis obieqtis

mimarT kognituri, afeqturi da qceviTi reaqciebis bazaze da erTxel

Camoyalibebuli ganwyoba gavlenas axdens ganwyobis obieqtTan

dakavSirebuli adamianis Semdgomi fiqrebis, grZnobebis da qcevebis

ganwyobasTan Sesabamisobaze. faqtiurad, rwmena-ganwyobis urTierTobis

raodenobrivi modelis Tanaxmad, adamianebi ganwyobebs ayalibeben maTi

rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobis integraciiT. arsebiTad, es modelebi

varaudoben absolutur konsistentobas rwmenebsa da ganwyobebs Soris.

amdenad, adamianebma SeiZleba Camoayalibon sakuTari ganwyobebi

ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT afeqturi da qceviTi reaqciebis SefasebiTi

mniSvnelobis integraciiT. rac Seexeba am modelebSi rwmena-ganwyobis

urTierTobis ganxilvas, afeqtsa da ganwyobas da qcevasa da ganwyobas

Soris sruli kosistentoba igulisxmeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

ganwyobebi Cveulebriv korelaciaSi arian maTTan dakavSirebuli

rwmenebis, afeqtebis da qcevebis SefasebiT mniSvnelobasTan, es ar

gamoricxavs iseT konistentobas, rogoricaa ganwyobis struqturis

Tviseba, iyos cvalebadi. Semdgom es Tvisebebi iqneba aRniSnuli, rogorc

SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba, SefasebiT-afeqturi konsistentoba

da SefasebiT-qceviTi konsistentoba.

SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba miuTiTebs konsistentobis

xarisxze, romelic arsebobs pirovnebis mier ganwyobis obieqtis mTlian,

abstraqtul Sefasebasa da obieqtis Sesaxeb pirovnebis rwmenebis

SefasebiT mniSvnelobas Soris. konsistentobis es forma pirvelad

SemogvTavaza m. rozenbergma (rozenbergi 1960), rogorc ganwyobis

struqturis cvalebadi Tviseba. man da misma momdevno mkvlevarebma

28

ganixiles SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba ara zogadpirovnul

Tvisebad, aramed individualur gansxvavebad, romelic specifiuria

calkeuli socialuri ganwyobisaTvis.

struqturis aRniSnul Tvisebaze kvlevebis umetesobaSi

gamoyenebulia m. rozenbergis termini _ afeqtur-kognituri

konsistentoba (igli ... 1998). m. rozenbergi termin ,,afeqts” iyenebs

,,Sefasebis” sinonimad.

struqturis am Tvisebis gamokvleviT (rozenbergi 1956) da imis

CvenebiT, rom socialuri ganwyobebi, amoqmedebulebi, rogorc zogadi

Sefasebebi, Cveulebriv, konsistenturebi arian rwmenaTa SefasebiT

mniSvnelobasTan, damtkicda ganwyobis molodini-Rirebulebis modelis

sicocxlisunarianoba. es Sroma friad mniSvnelovania _ winaswar cxadi

gaxda, rom konsistenturi ganwyobebi arakonsistenturebTan SedarebiT,

naklebad saalbaToa, rom Seicvalos socialuri gavlenis mcdelobisas

da ufro mdgradebi arian droSi. Semdgom kvlevebSi gameorda es

Sedegebi da agreTve gamoCnda, rom maRali konsistentobis ganwyobebi

ukeT winaswarmetyveleben qcevas (igli ... 1998).

marTalia, m. rozenbergma (rozenbergi 1960) dauSva, rom SefasebiT-

kognituri arakonsistentoba SesaZlebelia, radgan adamianebi floben

rwmenebs, romlebic absoluturad Seusabamoa maT sakuTar ganwyobebTan,

man meore interpretacia SemogvTavaza _ saxeldobr, rom aseTi

arakonsistentoba miuTiTebs ,,uSinaarso (cariel)” ganwyobaze an

p. konversis (horovici ... 1995) terminebiT ,,araganwyobaze”.

dabali da maRali konsistentobis ganwyobebi gansxvavdebian

struqturulad. maRali SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentobis ganwyobebi

arian Zlierebi, radganac maT Tan axlavs damxmare kogniciebis kargad

organizebuli kompleqti. Tumca, ganwyobebs dabali SefasebiT-kognituri

konsistentobiT SeiZleba ar axldeT amgvari SeTanxmebuli kogniciebi,

ar SeiZleba maTi, rogorc araganwyobebis, aSkarad uaryofa (Ceikeni ...

1995).

mosazreba, rom ganwyobis komponentebi SeiZleba moicavdes afeqts

da qcevas, iseve rogorc kognicias, gulisxmobs imas, rom es damatebiTi

Tvisebebi agreTve aris ganwyobis Sida struqturis potenciurad

29

mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi. pirveli am damatebiTi Tvisebebidan _ SefasebiT-

afeqturi konsistentoba _ exeba konsistentobas pirovnebis mier

ganwyobis obieqtis yovlismomcvel Sefasebasa da obieqtTan

dakavSirebuli emociebis SefasebiT Sinaarss Soris. SefasebiT-afeqturi

konsistentoba empiriulad gansxvavdeba SefasebiT-kognituri

konsistentobisagan. maSin, roca SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba

dakavSirebuli iyo ganwyobis mimarT Seusabamo informaciis ukeT

damaxsovrebasTan, SefasebiT-afeqturi konsistentoba ukavSirdeboda

Sesabamisi informaciis ukeT damaxsovrebas (Ceikeni ... 1995; zimermani ...

1996). sxva aRmoCenebi gvTavazobs, rom dabali SefasebiT-kognituri

konsistentobis ganwyobebi SeiZleba aRweril iqnas rogorc uSinaarso

(uazro), mxolod maSin, roca isinic dabalia SefasebiT-afeqtur

konsistentobaSi (Ceikeni ... 1995).

SefasebiT-qceviT konsistentobas adgili aqvs maSin, roca ganwyobis

obieqtis yovlismomcveli Sefaseba Seesabameba masTan qceviTi

gamocdilebis SefasebiT Sinaarss. naTelia, rom am struqturuli

Rirebulebis mimarT jerovania kiTxva: axdens Tu ara ganwyoba

adamianebze gavlenas, moiqcnen am ganwyobis Sesabamisad?

r. facios gamokvlevam (facio 1989) naTelyo, rom ganwyobis

obieqtTan pirdapir gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli ganwyobebi ufro

Zlieria ramdenime mniSvnelobiT (ufro SesaZlebelia Semdgomi qmedebis

winaswarmetyveleba), vidre iribi gamocdilebis safuZvelze

Camoyalibebuli ganwyobebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miviRebT, rom pirdapir

gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli ganwyobebi maRalia SefasebiT-qceviT

konsistentobaSi, es aRmoCenebi SesabamisobaSia aRmoCenebTan, romlebic

aRniSnaven, rom SefasebiT-kognituri da SefasebiT-afeqturi

konsistentobebi aris agreTve ganwyobis siZlieris wyaro. amas garda,

vinaidan ganwyobis obieqtTan qceviTi urTierTqmedeba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs

mis mimarT emociur reaqciebs iseve, rogorc mis Sesaxeb informacia

(milari ... 1996), pirdapir gamocdilebas SeuZlia warmoqmnas ufro Zlieri

ganwyobebi ara mxolod ufro Zlieri qceviTi gamovlenisas, aramed

agreTve ufro didi afeqturi da kognituri gamovlenis dros,

30

gansakuTrebiT im mosazrebiT, rom gamovlenis samive tipi konsistenturia

saerTo ganwyobasTan.

sabolood, SefasebiTi konsistentobis am sami formis aRmoCeniT

miRebul iqna teqnologia ganwyobis Camoyalibebis safuZvlebis

gansxvavebis warmosaCenad. kerZod, ganwyobis upirvelesi safuZvelia

reaqciis tipi _ kognituri, afeqturi, an qceviTi, romlebic warmoqmnian

umcires SefasebiT Seusabamobas mTlian ganwyobasTan.

kognituri konsistentobis TeoriebSi aqcentia gakeTebuli

ambivalenturi (an arakonsistenturi) struqturebis arastabilurobaze

da droebiTobaze, radgan aRmqmeli upiratesobas aniWebs kognituri

struqturebis konsistentobas (abelsoni ... 1968). am perspeqtivaze uars

ambobs v. skoti (skoti 1969), romelic ambivalentobas ganixilavs,

rogorc ganwyobis potenciurad ufro mdgrad struqturul Tvisebas. am

Tvisebis Sesafaseblad k. kaplanma (kaplani 1972) Semdgom SemogvTavaza

mniSvnelovani teqnika. k. kaplanis saxeli ukavSirdeba socialuri

ganwyobis tradiciul bipolarul gazomvas. man moaxdina semantikuri

diferencialis teqnikis modifikacia, raTa mieRo erTpolusiani,

gancalkevebuli Sefasebebi respodentTa ganwyobebis dadebiTobaze da

uaryofiTobaze. erTpolusiani sazomiT k. kaplanma Seafasa

ambivalenturoba maTematikuri formuliT.

k. kaplanis Semdeg bevrma mkvlevarma gaiziara misi unipolaruli

teqnika. zogierTma maTganma ambivalentobis gazomvis alternatiuli

formulebic ki SemogvTavaza imisaTvis, rom gamosworebuliyo k. kaplanis

formulaSi arsebuli naklovanebebi (igli ... 1998).

kvlevam daamtkica, rom zogierTi adamiani ufro metad

ambivalenturia ganwyobis mravalkomponentian (an/da mravalfunqciur)

obieqtebTan mimarTebaSi (tompsoni ... 1995). Sromebis umetesobaSi

ambivalentoba ganxilulia, rogorc individualuri gansxvaveba.

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom ukiduresi ganwyobebi zogadad naklebad

ambivalenturebi arian, vidre zomieri ganwyobebi. k. kaplanis (kaplani

1972) azriT, saSualo qulebi bipolaruli ganwyobis skalebze SeiZleba

warmoadgendes rogorc ambivalentobas, aseve indiferentobas.

31

miuxedavad imisa, rom ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT gazomvis Sedegad

miRebuli pozitiuroba da negatiuroba sinamdvileSi SeiZleba iyos

fsiqometruli TvalsazrisiT ekvivalenturi, adamianebis ganwyobebis

negatiurma aspeqtebma SeiZleba sabolod ufro Zlieri zegavlena iqonion

qcevaze, vidre dadebiTma (kaCiopo ... 1994). aRmoCnda, rom ambivalentoba

SeiZleba ufro metad iyos dakavSirebuli negatiurobis aqtivaciasTan,

vidre dadebiTobisa (kaCiopo ... 1997).

socialuri ganwyobis valentoba

koncefcia, rom socialuri ganwyoba aris samkomponentiani sistema,

aRZravs sakiTxs im zomis Sesaxeb, romliTac es komponentebi

Tanmimdevrulad, harmoniulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. maT Soris

konsistentobis sakiTxi dgeba. erTi komponentis valentobis xarisxi

emTxveva Tu ara danarCeni komponentebisas? erTnairia Tu ara samive

komponentis sirTulis xarisxi? sxva sityvebiT, ra korelacia arsebobs

am komponentebs Soris valentobisa da sirTulis mxriv? gamokvlevebma

daadastura valentobis mixedviT komponentebs Soris konsistentobis

tendenciis arseboba. gansakuTrebiT maRali Sesatyvisoba komponentebs

Soris napovnia kontinuumis boloebze. sirTulis Sesaxeb kvlevebis

Sedegebi orazrovania.

ganwyobis struqturis samive komponenti xasiaTdeba valentobisa da

sirTulis garkveuli xarisxiT. valentoba aris socialuri ganwyobis

komponentebis pozitiurobisa Tu negatiurobis garkveuli done,

ukiduresi pozitiurobidan nulovani valentobis zonaze gavliT

ukidures negatiurobamde yovel komponentSi _ SefasebaSi, grZnobasa da

moqmedebis tendenciaSi.

komponentis meore maxasiaTebeli _ sirTule _ exeba calkeul

komponentSi Semaval elementTa ricxvs da mravalferovnebas. iTvleba,

rom rac ufro rTulia komponentebi, miT ufro uZneldeba pirovnebas

sakuTari socialuri ganwyobebisaTvis sityvieri gansazRvrebebis micema,

gansakuTrebiT _ zustis.

sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebisa da Sesatyvisi sagnebis zemoqmedebiT

aRmocenebuli ganwyobebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis qcevebs aRZravs.

32

zogierTi ganwyobis safuZvelze sagnebisadmi miswrafebis, dadebiTi

damokidebulebis gamomxatveli qceva sruldeba, zogis safuZvelze ki

piriqiT _ uaryofiTi damokidebulebis, ganridebis qceva. garkveul

situaciebsa da sagnebze ganwyobis fiqsaciis dros adamians maT mimarT

swored amgvari dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ufiqsirdeba.

ganwyobis es niSani _ dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sagnisa da

movlenebis mimarT _ did rols TamaSobs garemoSi orientaciis saqmeSi.

misi saSualebiT xdeba individis mier sinamdvilis pirveladi

fsiqologiuri klasifikacia. sinamdvile individisaTvis dadebiT da

uaryofiT movlenebad jgufdeba, romelTa mimarT mas eqmneba Sewynarebis

an ukugdebis damokidebuleba, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi ganwyoba (maRraZe

1980).

socialur fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis sakiTxebis intensiuri kvleva

daiwyo l. terstounis mier ganwyobis sazomi skalis SemuSavebis Semdeg

(nadiraSvili 1983). am meTodis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli aRmoCnda

pirovnebis ganwyobis Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi maCveneblebis dadgena,

ramac Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebeli gaxada pirovnebis ganwyobebze

sazogadoebrivi gavlenisa da mis Sedegad ganwyobis formirebisa Tu

Secvlis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva.

,,pirovnebis formireba sinamdvilis Semecnebasa da misadmi

valenturi damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas gulisxmobs. pirovnebis

fsiqikis es momentebi misi ganwyobis komponentebs warmoadgens.

aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeba sasurveli mimarTulebiT maT formirebas

gulisxmobs. pirovnebis fsiqikis im momentis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,

romelic ganwyobis valentobis cnebiT gamoixateba, SeuZlebelia imis

dadgena, Tu rogor moiqceva adamiani garkveul socialur viTarebaSi.

ganwyobaTa sistemaTa analizis safuZvelze, maTi valentobis

gansazRvriT, romelic aqvs pirovnebas sinamdvilis mimarT, SesaZlebeli

xdeba pirovnebis bunebis gageba. misi ganwyobaTa sistemis formirebis

funqciobisa da Secvlis kanonebis Seswavla ki SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

sasurveli gavlena movaxdinoT adamianis fsiqikaze: sasurveli

mimarTuleba mieces misi pirovnebis ganviTarebas; SevcvaloT misi

negatiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebi sasurveli mimarTulebiT ... socialuri

33

ganwyobis formirebisa da Secvlis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva ZiriTadad

ganwyobis valentobisa da misi xarisxebis cvlilebis bazaze gaxda

SesaZlebeli” (nadiraSvili 1985: 196).

pirovnebis socialur ganwyobaSi asaxulia misi valenturi

damokidebuleba sinamdvilis mimarT. igi warmoadgens pirovnebis mzaobas,

moaxdinos Tavisi fsiqofizikuri Zalebis fokusireba garkveuli

mimarTulebis qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. mis safuZvelze pirovnebas

uCndeba tendencia dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Seafasos garkveuli sagnebi

da movlenebi, moimarTos maT mimarT keTilganwyobili, an mtruli qcevis

gansaxorcieleblad (nadiraSvili 2001). pirovnebis es myari mimarTuleba

gamoxatavs mis ZiriTad socialur orientacias, rac mas situaciur,

sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaTa gavlenisagan aTavisuflebs da sinamdvilis

cvalebad mimdinareobaSi myari mimarTulebis aqtivobis mqone pirovnebad

aqcevs. misi es Tavisebureba kargad mJRavndeba adamianis socialur

saqmianobaSi. Tu situaciuri ganwyobebi uSualod gansazRvravs individis

qcevis mimdinareobas da am qcevis mimarTuleba sasicocxlo

moTxovnilebebiTaa ganpirobebuli, socialuri ganwyobebi sxvagvarad

moqmedebs qcevaze. qcevasTan maTi urTierToba ufro rTulia.

1.2 b) socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura

socialuri ganwyobebi, Cveulebriv, izolirebulad ar arian

adamianebis gonebaSi, isini dakavSirebulebi arian sxva ganwyobebTan.

socialuri fsiqologebi ganwyobebis didi sistemebis struqturasa da

dinamikas ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ganixilavdnen balansis

Teoriis poziciebidan. aseve sruliad gansxvavebuli midgomebis

gamoyenebiT, fsiqologebma daaskvnes, rom ganwyobebi dakavSirebulebi

arian sxva ganwyobebTan Tematurad Sesatyvisi struqturebiT, romlebic

cnobilia, rogorc ideologiebi. orive zemoaRniSnuli midgoma _

balansis Teoria da ideologiuri analizi _ naTels hfens ganwyobebs

Soris urTierTobebs (igli ... 1998).

34

balansis Teoria

balansis Teoria dakavSirebulia fric haideris saxelTan.

gansakuTrebul popularobas socialur fsiqologTa Soris aRniSnulma

Teoriam 1960-ian wlebSi miaRwia. f. haideris azriT, adamianebi

ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturas zogjer simboluri eniT

gamoxataven. es ena Seicavs elementebs, romlebic gamoxataven ganwyobis

obieqtebs da damokidebulebebs elementebs Soris. es damokidebulebebi

warmoadgenen aRmqmelis mier ganwyobis obieqtebis Sefasebebs, rasac

f. haideri uwodebs sentimentalur damokidebulebebs, xolo elementebs

Soris araSefasebiT damokidebulebebs _ erTeul damokidebulebebs.

f. haideri gamoyofs aRmqmels (P), situaciaSi meore pirovnebas (O) da

obieqturad arsebul sagans (X), romlis mimarTac orive _ P da O flobs

ganwyobebs. elementebs Soris arsebuli sentimentaluri

damokidebulebebis amsaxavi ganwyobebi SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an

negatiuri. aRmqmelis ganwyoba sxva pirisadmi gamoixateba

sentimentaluri damokidebulebiT, romelic akavSirebs P-s da O-s. P-s

ganwyoba obieqturad arsebuli sagnis mimarT gamoixateba, rogorc

sentimentaluri damokidebuleba damakavSirebeli P-si X-Tan. Tavis mxriv,

P-s aRqma O-s ganwyobisa X–is mimarT, warmodgenilia sentimentaluri

damokidebulebiT O-sa da X-s Soris. yvela elementi da damokidebuleba

gaazrebulia ise, rogorc es asaxulia aRmqmelis gonebaSi, Sesabamisad

ufro metad aRqmulia, vidre realurad arsebuli. am sami

damokidebulebis warmodgeniT P, O da X–s Soris, gamoikveTeba martivi

ganwyobaTaSorisi urTierTobis struqtura triadis formiT. vinaidan es

triada Seicavs sam ganwyobas _ or P-s ganwyobas da P-s aRqmas sxva

pirovnebis ganwyobis Sesaxeb _ balansis Teoriam dasva mniSvnelovani

kiTxvebi ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis Sesaxeb. kidev ufro

martivi ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura, romelic f. haiderma

ganixila diadaSi, moicavs mxolod or elements _ P-s da O-s da

warmoadgens P-s ganwyobas O-s mimarT da P-s aRqmas O-s ganwyobisa P-s

mimarT.

35

f. haiderma gaiazra konteqstebi, romlebic moicavs P-s da or sxva

adamians (O da Q). agreTve gaaanaliza konteqstebi, romlebic ar moicavs

sxva pirebs, aramed aRmqmels da or sagans (X da Y). es P-X-Y triadebi

struqturebis konsistentobis Seswavlis saSualebas iZleva,

struqturebisa, romlebic Sedgebian sakiTxebisadmi

urTierdakavSirebuli ganwyobebisagan.

f. haiderma aRwera ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis ori

SesaZlo mdgomareoba. esenia: balansirebuli da arabalansirebuli

mdgomareoba. pirvelis SemTxvevaSi elementebi da damokidebulebebi

harmoniuli da stabiluria, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ araharmoniuli da

arastabiluri. f. haideris Tanaxmad, arabalansirebul struqturebs aqvT

balansirebulebad gardaqmnis tendencia. balansis gansazRvrisas

mecnierma (haideri 1946) aRniSna, rom es mdgomareoba miiRweva

orelementian struqturaSi, Tu orive damokidebulebas erTnairi niSnebi

aqvs da _ samelementian struqturaSi, rodesac yvela samive

damokidebuleba dadebiTia, an ori uaryofiTia da erTi _ dadebiTi.

aRniSnuli principis axleburi, abstraqtuli formulireba

SemogvTavazes d. kartraitma da f. hararim (igli ... 1998), riTac samze met

elementian struqturebSi balansis gansazRvris saSualeba mogvces.

f. haideris balansis principi warmoadgens adamianebis socialuri

ganwyobebis urTierTqmedebis sqemas, an konceptualur kanons. adamianebs,

amgvarad, SeiZleba hqondeT principi _ Cveulebriv, eTanxmebodnen maT,

vinc moswonT da piriqiT _ ar eTanxmebdnen maT, vinc ar moswonT. am

ideas eTanxmeba kvlevis Sedegic _ informacia advilad daiswavleba da

inaxeba imis mixedviT, ramdenadac esadageba am kanons (fridmeni ... 1981).

amas garda, adamianebi ufro efeqturad gadaamuSaveben im informacias,

romelic balansirebul triadebs exeba, vidre arabalansirebuls

(sentisi ... 1979).

balansis Teoriis Tanamedrove midgoma mdgomareobs am Teoriis

principebis ufro zogad kognitur principebTan gaerTianebis

mcdelobaSi, rac arsebiTad damaxasiaTebelia mexsierebis asociaciuri

qselis modelebisaTvis da damakavSirebeli modelebisaTvis (smiti 1998).

ganwyobebis asociaciuri qselis interpretaciebma SeiZleba advilad

36

miiRos balansis principebi, radgan es perspeqtiva socialuri ganwyobis

obieqtebs warmoadgens, rogorc kvanZebs, romlebic arian

dakavSirebulebi (judi ... 1989).

asociaciuri qselis Teoriis zogierTi versia (andersoni 1983)

kvanZebs (mag.; ganwyobebs) miawers Zalis Tvisebas. Zala asaxavs kvanZis

gaaqtiurebis sixSires warsulSi. rac ufro meti aqvs nafiqri pirovnebas

ganwyobis obieqtze, miT ufro Zlieri xdeba kvanZi. kvanZebs Soris

kavSiri Zlieria imdenad, ramdenadac Zlieria sakuTriv orive kvanZi.

ganwyobis kvanZebis dakavSirebis siZliere gansazRvravs cnobierebaSi maT

dauyovnebliv amotivtivebas. C. judi da j. krosniki (judi ... 1989) Tvlian,

rom es ganwyobebi gaxdebian SefasebiT konsistenturebi balansis

principebis mixedviT. es winaswarganWvreta axali ar aris im

TvalsazrisiT, rom r. abelsonma da m. rozenbergma (igli ... 1998) bevrad

ufro adre daamtkices, rom arabalansuroba gadaiWreba mxolod im

zomiT, rom arakonsistenturi elementebi gaxdeba fiqris sagani.

damtkicebulia, rom balansis Teoria, romelic asaxavs adamianuri

logikis ZiriTad principebs, warmoadgens ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis

struqturis gagebis myar dasayrdens (safuZvels, midgomas). Tumca,

Tanamedrove midgomebiT, balansi xSirad ar funqcionirebs rogorc

calke mdgomi Teoria, aramed _ integraciul kognitur modelebTan

erTobliobaSi.

balansis Teoriis ZiriTadi debuleba isaa, rom pirovnebis

arabalansirebuli mdgomareoba iwvevs masSi gansazRvruli mimarTulebis

afeqtur tendencias. arabalansirebuli mdgomareoba Seicavs Tavis TavSi

fsiqikis harmoniul, arakonfliqtur mdgomareobad gardaqmnis

tendencias.

S. nadiraSvili (nadiraSvili 1974) aRniSnavs, rom ganwyobis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa SeuTavsebadi, konfliqturi komponentebis

Tavsebad mdgomareobaSi moyvana, rasac ganwyobis reharmonizacias

uwodebs.

mravali fsiqologiuri mimarTuleba cdilobs am kanonis calkeuli

aspeqtebis gamokvlevas. aRniSnuli aspeqtebi asaxulia k. levinis ,,velis

TeoriaSi”, f. haideris ,,fsiqikuri balansis”, C. osgudisa da

37

p. tanenbaumis ,,kongruentobis”, t. niukombis ,,simetriisaken miswrafebis”

cnebisa da l. festinjeris ,,kognituri disonansis” TeoriaSi. yvela am

Teoriasa da cnebaSi wina planze wamoweulia ganwyobis zogadi Teoriis

erT-erTi aspeqti, xolo d. uznaZis zogad TeoriaSi mocemulia am

Teoriebis yvela amosavali tendencia da amitom d. uznaZis ganwyobis

Teoria Tavis TavSi Seicavs maTi gaerTianebis SesaZleblobas. d. uznaZis

ganwyobis Teoria warmoadgens zogad Teorias ara mxolod adamianis

aqtivobis calkeuli aspeqtebis, aramed mTeli fsiqofizikuri aqtivobis

Sesaxeb.

t. niukombis (nadiraSvili 1974) gamokvlevebis safuZvelze SeiZleba

gamovitanoT daskvna, rom balansirebis tendencia vlindeba ara mxolod

adamianTa emociur-fsiqikur sferoSi, aramed adamianTa ganwyobebis

organizaciasa da urTierTqmedebaSi saerTod. t. niukombis mixedviT,

adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli ,,simetriisaken miswrafebis tendencia”

gavlenas axdens adamianebis ganwyobaze da erTmaneTs amsgavsebs im

individebis ganwyobebs, romlebic dadebiT mimarTebaSi arian

erTmaneTTan.

g. maRraZis azriT (maRraZe 1980), ,,simetriisaken miswrafebis

tendencia” warmoadgens igive balansisaken miswrafebis tendencias.

balansis Teoria ganaviTares C. osgudma da p. tanenbaumma (osgudi ...

1955) im aspeqtiT, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo adamianis ganwyobis

Secvlis mimarTulebis gansazRvra, roca adamiani arabalansur fsiqikur

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. C. osgudi da p. tanenbaumi Tvlidnen, rom

f. haideris mier miTiTebuli fsiqikis tendencia, rogorc fsiqikis

maorganizebeli Sinagani stimuli, romelic warmoiSoba arabalansirebul

mdgomareobaSi, ar saWiroebs adamianTa urTierTmimarTebis realurad

arsebobas. es tendencia warmoadgens TviT pirovnebis fsiqikis Sinagan

stimuls da gamoixateba cnobierebis gansazRvruli organizaciisaken

miswrafebaSi anu mis kongruentobaSi; roca adamianis fsiqikaSi

warmoiSveba am organizebuli mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdego

inkongruentuli mdgomareoba, Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT mimarTeba,

romliTac unda Seicvalos adamianis ganwyobebi da orientaciebi.

adamians yovelTvis aqvs ganwyobebis Tavisi sistema. mis safuZvelze is

38

gamoTqvams azrebs, Sexedulebebs, romlebic lagdebian garkveul

sistemebSi. C. osgudis da p. tanenbaumis azriT, adamianTa fsiqikaSi

yovelTvisaa kongruentobis tendencia, romelic aRZravs mas ukeTesi

organizaciisaken da sistemaSi mocemuli Sexedulebebisa da azrebis

ufro martivi sistemis saxiT formirebisaken. aseTi saxis Sinagani

organizaciis safuZvelze sistemebisa da movlenebis zemoqmedebis

Sedegad pirovneba ganicdis iseT cvlilebebs, romlebic saboloo

angariSSi zrdian mis kongruentobas, mis harmonizacias garemosTan.

adamians SesaZloa hqondes urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi,

socialuri ganwyobebi da sxva, magram maT urTierTSesabamisobas igi

maSin ganicdis, roca isini Tavs iCenen erT gansazRvrul qcevaSi, e.i.

roca isini ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, rogorc erTi qcevis komponentebi.

socialuri ganwyobebis ideologiuri konteqsti

socialur ganwyobebs SeiZleba hqondes ierarqiuli struqtura, rac

saSualebas iZleva, rom ufro konkretuli da specifiuri ganwyobebi

warmoiqmnan ufro abstraqtuli da zogadi ganwyobebisagan. zogadad,

rogorc n. feza (feza 1996) amtkicebda, ganwyobebi xSirad Casmulia

ganwyobebs, rwmenebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris urTierTobis kompleqsur

qselSi, romelSic dominirebuli faseulobebi warmoadgenen birTvs anu

centralur elementebs im gagebiT, rom isini bevr ganwyobasTan da

rwmenasTan arian dakavSirebuli, iseve rogorc sxva RirebulebebTan.

ideologiebis kvlevebSi aqcenti gakeTda socialuri ganwyobis

struqturis ierarqiul aspeqtebze (igli ... 1998). ideologiebi gagebulia,

rogorc ganwyobebis da rwmenebis jgufebi (clusters), romlebic

urTierTdamokidebulni arian, im gagebiT, rom organizdebian

dominanturi socialuri Temis garSemo, rogoricaa mag. liberalizmi da

konservatizmi. am tipis struqturaSi ufro farTo ganwyobas SeiZleba

Tavis obieqtad hqondes liberalizmi an konservatizmi (an romelime sxva

ideologiuri Tema). rwmenebma, romlebic dakavSirebulia am zogad

ganwyobebTan, SeiZleba gamoiwvios specifiuri socialuri sakiTxebis

mimarT ganwyobis Camoyalibeba.

39

ideologiis Teoriam da kvlevam gamoavlina ganwyobaTaSoris

urTierTobis struqturis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. miuxedavad imisa, rom es

kvlevebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia, yvelgan aqcentirebulia struqturis

ierarqiuloba, romelSic socialuri da politikuri ganwyobebi

nawilobriv mainc formirdeba zemodan qvemoT ufro farTo ganwyobebis

ganzogadebis gziT.

zedapirulad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba Candes, rom ganwyobebi,

rogorc specifiurad urTierdakavSirebuli elementebi, balansis

TeoriaSi gansxvavebulad ganixileba. da mainc, rogorc n. feza (feza

1996) amtkicebda, Rirebulebebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc ukana planis

faqtorebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben ganwyobebis Zalasa da niSanze,

romlebic warmodgenilia standartul balansirebul struqturebSi.

rodesac laparakia ideologiuri da balansis midgomebis Serigebaze,

ideologiaSi nagulisxmevi ganwyobebi da Rirebulebebi SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, rogorc kognituri elementebi (an kvanZebi) da

davuqvemdebaroT balansis analizs. amas garda, balansis Teoria aris

sruliad SeTavsebadi ideasTan, rom ganwyobebi SeiZleba formirdebodnen

zemodan-qvemoT meTodiT sxva ganwyobebTan maTi kavSirebis saSualebiT.

meti sicxadisaTvis, klasikuri P-O-X struqtura gvTavazobs, rom sadavo

sakiTxebis mimarT ganwyobebi SeiZleba gamomdinareobdnen im

politikosTa mimarT ganwyobebisgan, romlebic warmatebiT icaven TavianT

poziciebs aRniSnul sadavo sakiTxebze. aseve, P-X-Y struqturebSi

ganwyobebi X-isa da Y-is mimarT SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes Tavisi farTo

ganzogadebulobis gamo da savsebiT realuria amaTgan erT-erTi

ganwyobis meorisagan warmoSoba. miuxedavad amisa, ideologiuri

analizis wvlilia Rirebulebebis wina planze wamoweva maSin, roca

balansis analizma ganwyobebis zogadobisa da abstraqtulobis

miuxedavad, aqcentireba gaakeTa ganwyobebs Soris kavSirebze.

iTvleba, rom ufro mravalricxovani da SeWiduli Sinagani

struqturis mqone ganwyobebi droSi stabiluria da savaraudod, qcevas

ukeT winaswarmetyveleben (doli ... 1992; igli ... 1995). aseTi ganwyobebi

gavlenas axdenen ganwyobis Sesabamisi informaciis gadamuSavebaze.

40

maRali SefasebiT-afeqturi konsistentoba da dabali

ambivalentoba winaswarmetyvelebs ganwyobis ufro met stabilurobas.

ambivalentoba amcirebs ganwyoba-qcevis Sesabamisobas.

konsistentobis Teoriis perspeqtividan, sxva ganwyobebTan mTavar

struqturaSi dakavSirebulma ganwyobam SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba gauwios

Secvlas, amis mizezi isaa, rom aseTi cvlileba gamoiwvevs dakavSirebuli

ganwyobebis Secvlas.

ganwyoba-ganwyobis kavSiris irgvliv mimdinare diskusiebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia ganwyobis dakavSireba RirebulebasTan. aq igulisxmeba,

rom ganwyobebi, romlebic ierarqiul struqturaSi dakavSirebulia ufro

abstraqtul ganwyobebTan (anu RirebulebebTan), SeiZleba iyvnen

gansakuTrebiT Zlierebi. Tu dabali safexuris ganwyobebs moicavs

maRali safexuris ganwyobebi, maSin dabali safexuris ganwyobebis

pirdapiri kritika (mag.: ganwyobis obieqtis negatiur maxasiaTeblebze

miTiTeba) iqneba uSedego, radgan dabali safexuris ganwyobis

mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs misi kavSiri maRali safexuris ganwyobasTan.

amas garda, ufro maRali safexuris ganwyobas eqneba sakuTari Sinagani

struqtura da tipiurad iqneba dakavSirebuli dabali safexuris

ganwyobebTan. Zlieri garegani struqtura Zalas aniWebs ganwyobebs. amis

mizezia uSualod ganwyobebis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari Secvlis

mimarT. am winaaRmdegobis unarma xeli unda Seuwyos stabilurobas,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs ganwyoba-qcevis ufro met

Sesabamisobas (doli ... 1992). da kidev, ganwyobis eqstensiur garegan

struqturaSi Casmam SeiZleba situaciebis farTo diapazonSi ganwyoba

gaxados gaaqtiurebuli, sadac man, SesaZloa, zegavlena moaxdinos

qcevaze da uzrunvelyos safuZveli ufro metad specifiuri ganwyobebis

Camosayalibeblad (prislini ... 1996).

socialur ganwyobaTa Tanavarskvlavedebi

Tumca socialuri ganwyoba SeiZleba SemuSavdes sinamdvilis

nebismieri movlenis mimarT, TavisTavad movlenis arseboba ar kmara, rom

pirovnebas misadmi Sesabamisi ganwyoba hqondes. socialuri ganwyoba

41

yalibdeba im obieqtebis, movlenebis mimarT, romlebic dakavSirebulni

arian pirovnebis moTxovnilebaTa _ mizanTa sistemasTan. pirovnebis

socialur ganwyobaTa srul erTobliobas socialuri ganwyobis

konstelacia ewodeba (baliaSvili 1980). konstelaciis ganwyobaTa

garkveuli raodenoba gancalkevebulia, xolo umetesoba ki qmnis

socialuri ganwyobis krebadobebs, Tanavarskvlavedebs (Attitude clusters),

ori an meti socialuri ganwyobis erTobliobebs, romlebic SedarebiT

metad arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, urTierTis gavlenas ganicdian

da gamoyofilni arian sxva socialuri ganwyobebisagan.

TanavarskvlavedSi komponentebad Sesuli socialuri ganwyobebi

Sinagan harmonias eswrafvian. xSirad TviT Tanavarskvlavedebs Sorisac

harmoniuli damokidebulebaa. Tanavarskvlavedebs Soris harmoniuloba

pirovnebis integrirebulobis erT-erTi maCvenebelia. roca harmonia

srulia, laparakoben socialuri sinamdvilis mimarT erTian pirovnul

orientaciaze.

socialuri ganwyobebi SekavSirebulni arian imdenad, ramdenadac

msgavsi obieqtebi da valentobebi aqvT. obieqtebis msgavseba

Tanavarskvlavedis agebas obieqtur princips uaxloebs, xolo

valentobiT msgavseba _ subieqturs. ase magaliTad, valentobis niSniT

gaerTianebul TanavarskvlavedSi yvela obieqti, romelic pirovnebas

gansakuTrebiT uyvars, da yvela obieqti, romelic gansakuTrebiT sZuls

_ cal-calke klasSi Seva am obieqtebis sxva danarCeni niSnebiT

gansxvaveba-msgavsebis miuxedavad. amdenad, kavSiri pirovnebis socialur

ganwyobebs Soris ar aris aucileblad saganTa logikis principze

damyarebuli.

iTvleba, rom socialuri ganwyobebi TanavarskvlavedSi sxvadasxva

poziciebs ikaveben centraluroba-periferiulobis mxriv. centralur

ganwyobebs danarCen ganwyobebTan SekavSirebulobis maRali done unda

axasiaTebdeT, ris gamoc maqsimalurad stabilurni da cvlilebaTa

mimarT gamZleni iqnebian. stabiluroba or garemoebas unda emyarebodes:

1. centraluri socialuri ganwyobis Secvla niSnavs mravali

periferiuli ganwyobis CarTvas Secvlisa da rRvevis procesSi da es

garemoeba inertul Zalas warmoadgens centraluri ganwyobebis mxridan;

42

2. centraluri adgili unda ekavoT iseT ganwyobebs, romlebsac aqvT

didi pirovnuli wona da agreTve maT, romelTac xSiri ganmeorebis

Sedegad fiqsacia ganicades. am mizezis gamo metad Zneli unda iyos

centraluri socialuri ganwyobis Secvla an aRmofxvra.

30-ian wlebSi friad saintereso kompleqsuri eqsperimentuli

gamokvleva Caatara leonard fergiusonma (fergiusoni 1939). mecnierma mis

mier ganxilul mraval ganwyobas Soris gamoyo ori Zireuli ganwyoba,

romelTa safuZvelzedac, misi azriT, SesaZlebelia danarCeni ganwyobebis

Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba. avtorma faqtoruli analizis Sedegad miiRo

statistikurad mniSvnelovani ori faqtori. pirveli faqtori Seicavs

damnaSaveebis, sasjelis umaRlesi zomis (sikvdiliT dasja) da omis

mimarT ganwyobebs. TiToeuli am obieqtisadmi ganwyobis dadgenis Semdeg

xdeba danarCeni ori obieqtis mimarT pirovnebis ganwyobis gansazRvra.

aseTive kavSiri dadginda meore faqtorSi Semaval calkeul ganwyobebs

Soris. esenia: evoluciis, RmerTis WeSmaritad arsebobis da Sobadobis

regulirebis mimarT ganwyobebi. romelime erTi maTganis gazomvis Semdeg

SesaZlebeli xdeba danarCeni ori Rirebulebis mimarT pirovnebis

ganwyobis dadgena. amdenad, l. fergiusonma aCvena, rom adamianebs

mniSvnelovani socialuri Rirebulebebis mimarT ganwyobebi

urTierTizolirebulad ar gamoumuSavdebaT _ zogi ganwyoba, Tavisi

obieqtebis garda, erTmaneTsac ukavSirdeba da ganwyobaTa

Tanavarskvlavedebis sistemebs qmnis.

mogvianebiT eqsperimentulad socialuri ganwyobebis struqtura

ikvlia TinaTin CxeiZem (CxeiZe 1985). man socialuri damokidebulebebis

struqturis dasadgenad SearCia Sinaarseulad msgavsi 4 socialuri

obieqti (ganqorwineba; ojaxis instituti; mSobelTa dominantoba; qcevis

normebi) im varaudiT, rom maT mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebi

kavSirSi unda yofiliyvnen erTmaneTTan. laikertis teqnikiT aago am

obieqtebis mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebis gasazomi skalebi.

skalebs Soris gamoTvlili korelaciis koeficientebi aRmoCnda

statistikurad mniSvnelovani, ramac aCvena, rom damokidebulebebi

aRniSnuli oTxi socialuri obieqtis mimarT urTierTkavSirSi

imyofebian, anu qmnian saerTo struqturas. T. CxeiZem eqsperimentul

43

gamokvlevaSi aCvena, rom cdispirebSi garkveuli ganwyobis faruli gziT,

aracnobierad Secvlam, gamoiwvia maTTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis imave

mimarTulebiT Secvla subieqtebis gaucnobiereblad.

zogadad, socialuri ganwyobis centralurobasa da stabilurobas

Soris arsebobs pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba: rac ufro

centraluria socialuri ganwyoba, miT ufro stabiluria igi.

radikaluri Secvlis mimarT met mdgradobas iCenen didi sirTulis

sistemebi martiv sistemebTan SedarebiT. sistemis cvlileba mimarTulia

harmonizaciisaken, anu imisaken, rom miRweul iqnes sistemis ufro

konsonansuri struqtura da Sesabamisad _ misi ufro maRal doneze

funqcionireba. amrigad, rogorc es socialuri ganwyobis

gansazRvrebaSic aris aRniSnuli, yoveli socialuri ganwyoba met-

naklebad stabiluria. es Tviseba (stabiluroba) damokidebulia mis

struqturul Taviseburebebze da Sinaarseul niSan-Tvisebebze.

magaliTad, ,,me”-s koncepciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri ganwyobebi

ufro stabiluria, vidre ganwyobebi SedarebiT periferiuli movlenis

mimarT” (baliaSvili 1980: 13).

S. nadiraSvilisa (nadiraSvili 1985) da Semdgom m. baliaSvilis

(baliaSvili 1980) gamokvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi cxadyofs,

rom garkveuli ganwyobiT moqmedebis dros fsiqikuri procesebis

Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba individis fsiqikuri aqtivobis bunebriv

mdgomareobas warmoadgens. amis sawinaaRmdego _ konfliqturi viTarebis

aRmocenebis dros adamians eqmneba tendencia, gamovides am

mdgomareobidan, cdilobs, Seamciros es araTavsebadoba, rac

TviTorganizaciis aqtivobaSi gamoixateba. danarCeni komponentebis

Secvla moxdeba imis mixedviT, Tu cnobierebis romeli komponentia ufro

gafiqsirebuli da xasiaTdeba meti pirovnuli woniT.

C. osgudi da p. tanenbaumi miuTiTeben, rom Tavsebadobis

mdgomareobis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi gancdebis sfero adamians

saSualebas aZlevs Seeguos iseT araTavsebad mdgomareobas, romlis

Sinaarseuli gadawyveta momavlisaTvis aris gadadebuli. am gziT xdeba

araTavsebadi mdgomareobis neitralizeba. Sinagani konfliqtis

SemTxvevaSi zogjer pirovneba imuSavebs eWvisa da undoblobis gancdas

44

romelime viTarebis mimarT, rac warmoadgens erTgvar gamosavals

Seqmnili arabalansuri mdgomareobidan (nadiraSvili 1985).

eWvis, undoblobisa da sxva ambivalenturi gancdebis daxmarebiT,

roca pirovneba aseT gancdebs miawers sinamdvilis movlenaTa garkveul

klass da maTTan dakavSirebul emociur-afeqtur procesebs, Tavs aRwevs

Sinagan konfliqtur mdgomareobas, misgan gamowveul uxerxulobasa da

usiamovnebas. am dros igi Tavis Tavs uflebas aZlevs momavlisaTvis

gadados Tavsebadobis mdgomareobis mopoveba da amiT iadvilebs Sinagani

konfliqtis atanas. adamians yovelTvis ar awuxebs Tavis fsiqikur

procesebs Soris arsebuli SeuTavsebloba. TavisTavad SesaZlebelia,

rom mas hqondes erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego warmodgenebi, azrebi, emociebi

da moqmedebis tendenciebi, magram maTi SeuTavsebloba da

konfliqturoba maSin SeiZleba ganicados, rodesac garkveuli ganwyobis

safuZvelze moaxdens maT aqtivacias da erTi garkveuli qcevis

ganxorcielebisaTvis Tavmoyras. swored aseT situaciaSi xdeba Zalian

Semawuxebeli maTi SeuTavsebloba da adamians garkveuli ganwyobis

safuZvelze moqmedebis dros uCndeba maTi SeTanxmebis tendencia.

,,eqsperimentuli monacemebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom ganwyoba, rogorc

adamianis moqmedebisa da cnobierebis ganmsazRvreli mTliani fsiqikuri

mdgomareoba, adamians calkeuli fsiqikuri procesebis urTierTTan

SeTanxmebisaken, harmonizebisaken ubiZgebs. es zogadi ganwyobiseuli

tendencia, rac ganwyobis mTlianobidan modis, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra mimarTulebiT SeiZleba moxdes adamianis azrebis,

emociebis, nebelobisa da zogadi orientaciebis Secvla-Camoyalibeba.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom eqsperimentuli monacemebis mixedviT,

ganwyobaTa garkveul jgufs konsistentobisa da SeTanxmebis tendenciebi

aRmoaCndaT erTmaneTis mimarT. isini qmnian pirovnebis erTianobis

fsiqikur safuZvels, romelic arsebiT gavlenas axdens adamianis

fsiqikuri aqtivobis mimarTulebaze” (nadiraSvili 1985: 242).

45

1 . 3 . soci aluri g a n w yob a d a qc e v a

rodesac gvainteresebs raimes mimarT adamianis damokidebuleba,

mivmarTavT am adamianze Cvens warmodgenebs, mis mier gamowveul

grZnobebs, vakvirdebiT mis Semdgom qcevas. erTad aRebuli dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi SefasebiTi reaqciebi _ imisda miuxedavad, gamoxatulia isini

rwmenebSi, SegrZnebebSi, Tu qcevis ganzraxvebSi _ gansazRvravs adamianis

ganwyobas raimes mimarT (olsoni ... 1993). ganwyobebi garemomcveli

samyarosadmi SefasebiTi damokidebulebaa. rodesac gvWirdeba swrafi

reagireba, an grZnobebis demonstrireba, miuTiTeben, rom ganwyobas

SeuZlia gansazRvros Cveni reaqcia (sanbonmacu ... 1990).

am sakiTxze muSaobda riSar la-pieri 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,

romlis eqsperimentuli gamokvlevis Semdeg ganwyobisa da qcevis

urTierTobis sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda.

socialur fsiqologebs sjerodaT, rom ganwyobebis mixedviT

SeiZleboda adamianTa qcevis winaswarmetyveleba, Tumca r. la-pierma

eqsperimentul gamokvlevaSi aCvena, rom adamianis mier sityvierad

gamoTqmuli ganwyoba xSirad ar Seesabameba mis qcevas. amitom misi

ganwyobis dadgenis Semdeg ar SegviZlia saimedod viwinaswarmetyveloT

individis qceva. am monacemebis safuZvelze r. la-pieri daaskvnis:

metyvelebaSi gamoxatuli ganwyobebi ar iZleva adamianis qcevis

winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas.

1964w. leon festinjerma daaskvna, rom gamokvlevaTa monacemebi ar

adasturebs hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom qceva icvleba axali ganwyobebis

formirebasTan dakavSirebiT. l. festinjerma dauSva, rom kavSiri

ganwyoba-qceva moqmedebs sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT (maiersi 2001).

am Temas agrZelebs alan uikeri (uikeri 1969), romelmac 1969w.

gamoaqveyna ramdenime aTeuli samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic

moicavdnen sruliad gansxvavebuli adamianebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis

farTo speqtrs. a. uikerma daaskvna: Zalian saeWvoa, rom im ganwyobebis

mixedviT, romelzedac saubroben adamianebi, SesaZlebeli iyos maTi

qcevis variaciebis winaswarmetyveleba.

46

aRiSnuli monacemebis Sedegad Seirya jer kidev u. Tomasisa da

f. znaneckis (Tomasi ... 1972) mier dadgenili debuleba ganwyobisa da

qcevis Sinagani myari urTierTobis Sesaxeb.

Semdgom eqsperimentul da Teoriul gamokvlevebSi bevri axali

debuleba dadginda.

upirveles yovlisa, aRvniSnavT, rom ganwyobisa da qcevis

urTierTobis problemis gaCenis Semdeg ganwyobis Sesaxeb Teoriuli

orientacia ganviTarda ori urTiersawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. erTis

mixedviT ganwyoba gadaiqca qcevis erT-erT kerZo faqtorad, romelsac

qcevis aRmocenebisa da garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebis saqmeSi

sxva faqtorebis gverdiT mcire da mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia. meore

Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ganwyoba warmoadgens pirovnebis erT-erT

ZiriTad da arsebiT maxasiaTebel niSans, magram misi bunebisa da

funqciis gageba unda moxdes ganwyobaTa mTeli sistemis konteqstSi,

romelic xasiaTdeba urTierTqmedebis garkveuli kanonzomierebiT.

sayuradReboa l. dubis (dubi 1947), i. Cenis (Ceni ... 1948), m. fiSbeinis

(fiSbeini 1965) Sexedulebebi ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.

l. dubis gagebiT, ganwyoba aris stimulisa da reaqciebis Sinagani

gamaSualebeli cvladi, romelsac adamiani swavlobs gamocdilebis

miRebis procesSi da romelsac SeuZlia garkeuli mimarTuleba misces

qcevas. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qcevaze gavlenis mosaxdenad, misi

aRZvrisa da Sesabamisi gziT warmarTvisaTvis, saWiroa ganwyoba

daukavSirdes garkveuli mimarTulebis qcevas (dubi 1947).

ganwyobis saboloo formirebiT adamiani, faqtiurad, or rames

swavlobs: 1. obieqtTa klasis mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis

Camoyalibebas da 2. am ganwyobis gavleniT Sesrulebul Ria qceviT

reaqcias.

pirovnebis mxridan socialuri ganwyobisadmi araTanmimdevruli

qcevis mizezad C. kisleri (deviatkini 1999) asaxelebs: erTmaneTTan

konfliqtur damokidebulabaSi myofi ramdenime socialuri ganwyobis

monawileobas qcevaSi da realobaSi iseTi faqtorebis moqmedebas,

romlebic adamianebSi, maTi socialuri ganwyobebisagan damoukideblad,

iwveven universalur Sedegebs. rac Seexeba socialuri ganwyobisa da

47

qcevis kavSiris ganmamtkicebel faqtorebs, maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia

qcevis Sesrulebis socialuri valdebuleba.

i. Ceni (Ceni ... 1948) iziarebs ganwyobebis mravalkomponentiani

Teoriis principebs. misi azriT, miuxedavad ganwyobis

mravalkomponentianobisa, igi erTiani, mTliani fenomenia, romlis

Semadgenlebi mudmivad miiswrfvian gaerTianebisa da

SeTanxmebulobisaken.

qcevis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa Sesaxeb bolodroindel

SexedulebebSi aqcenti keTdeba garegan socialur gavlenaze da

srulebiT ignorirebulia iseTi Sinagani faqtorebi, rogoricaa

ganwyobebi da pirovneba.

pirvelad Teziss, rom ganwyobebi gansazRvravs qcevas, 1960-ian

wlebSi moeZebna antiTezisi, romelSic naTqvamia, rom ganwyobebi arafers

gansazRvravs.

im aRmoCenam, rom adamianTa gamonaTqvamebi xSirad gansxvavdeba maTi

qcevebisagan, aiZula socialuri fsiqologebi, saswrafod garkveuliyvnen

am sakiTxSi.

1.3 a) rodis gansazRvraven socialuri ganwyobebi qcevas

s. krausi (krausi 1995) aRniSnavs, rom erTma socialurma

fsiqologma CamoTvala 40 sxvadasxva faqtori, romlebic arTuleben

urTierTkavSirs ganwyoba-qceva. dgeba sakiTxi: rom SeiZlebodes garegani

zemoqmedebebis neitralizeba, SevZlebdiT Tu ara sxva Tanabar pirobebSi

ganwyobebze dayrdnobiT qcevis zustad prognozirebas.

socialuri ganwyobebi, Cveulebriv, Seiswavleba maTi garegani

gamovlinebebiT. qcevis sxva tipebis msgavsad, ganwyobebis gamomxatveli

moqmedebebi ganicdian garegan zegavlenas.

m. fiSbeinis (fiSbeini ... 1974) azriT, mraval gamokvlevaSi imis gamo

ar dadasturda kavSiri ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris, rom skalebiT

izomeboda adamianis ganwyoba movlenaTa klasis mimarT da Semdgom

mowmdeboda adamianis qceva aRniSnuli klasis mxolod erTi egzemplaris

48

mimarT, romelic xSirad SeiZleba arc yofiliyo am klasis tipiuri

warmomadgeneli.

m. fiSbeinma, ganixilavda ra r. la-pieris fenomens, yuradReba

miaqcia, rom r. la-pieri faqtiurad ar ikvlevda im ganwyobebs, romlebic

mis cdispir sastumros patronebs hqondaT im adamianebis mimarT,

romlebisadmic isini garkveul qcevas axorcielebdnen. amas garda,

m. fiSbeini Tvlida, rom r. la-pieri ikvlevda cdispirebis qcevis

ganzraxvas da ara ganwyobebs. abstraqtuli qcevis ganzraxva, rac maT

gamoTqves momavali Cineli klientebis mimarT, sakmarisi araa arc

realuri qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis da arc realuri ganwyobis

dasadgenad.

m. fiSbeinis azriT, samarTliani ar iqneba arc imis Tqma, rom

ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris ar arsebobs garkveuli kanonzomieri kavSiri

da arc imisa, TiTqos sruliad zedmetia sxvadasxva komponentebis

TvalsazrisiT ganwyobis gazomva zogadad ganwyobis Sesaxeb laparakis

dros.

zemoaRniSnuli aspeqtebis ganxilvis Semdeg m. fiSbeini mainc im

azrs iziarebs, rom Cveulebrivad adamianTa pirovnuli Taviseburebebis

dasadgenad sakmarisi iqneba l. terstounis an r. laikertis skalebiT

adamianis ganwyobis dadgena, saidanac sakmaod didi albaTobiT

viwinaswarmetyvelebT ganwyobis obieqtebis mimarT mis Sexedulebebsa da

qcevas.

ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris kavSiris garkvevis dros mxedvelobaSi

misaRebia isic, Tu ganwyobis safuZvelze ra saxis qcevis Sesaxeb aris

winaswarmetyveleba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT r. beilsis gamokvleva

(deviatkini 1999), romlis mixedviTac adamiani, romelic cdispirs

mowonda, Sesabamisad yvelaze metad masTan muSaobas arCevda da is

adamiani, romelTanac cdispiri megobrobas amjobinebda, Cveulebriv, ori

sxvadasxva adamiania. es ki imas niSnavs, rom Cveni ganwyoba erTi da igive

adamianis mimarT damokidebulia imaze, es adamiani Cveni TanamSromelia,

Tu megobari, anu ganwyoba sxvadasxvaa. aseTi monacemebi, cxadia,

arTulebs adamianTa urTierTobis Seswavlas, am adamianTa mimarT

ganwyobisa da qceviTi reaqciis daadgenis sakiTxebs. miuxedavad amisa,

49

zemoaRniSnuli sruliadac ar amtkicebs, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris

Sinagani bunebrivi kavSiri ar arsebobs.

mravali gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom garkveuli klasis

movlenebis mimarT adamianebis dadebiT ganwyobas, maT dadebiT emociur,

inteleqtualur Sefasebasa da maTdami sasikeTo qcevas Soris sakmaod

maRali korelacia arsebobs. sxva kvlevebma aseTi korelaciebi ar

daadastura (maiersi 2001).

ganvixiloT im gamokvlevebis Sedegebi, romlebic miuTiTeben

ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris garkveuli kanonzomierebis arsebobas.

edvard jounsma, harold sigalma da riCard feijma (maiersi 2001)

sainteresod dadgmul erT-erT eqsperimentSi gamoavlines: Tu studentebs

sjerodaT, rom aparatura zustad zomavda maT ganwyobebs, isini aRar

styuodnen sakuTari Sexedulebebis da damokidebulebebis gadmocemisas.

cdispirebi simarTlis Tqmas amjobinebdnen, rom eqsperimentators ar

gamoetana daskvna maTi Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobis Sesaxeb. es magaliTi

cxadyofs, rom ganwyoba-qcevas Soris pirdapiri kavSiria, Tu pirovnebis

ganwyobebi winaswar cnobilia damkvirveblisaTvis.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvenze zegavlenas axdenen ara mxolod Sinagani

ganwyobebi, aramed situaciac. mag.: adamianebis religiisadmi

damokidebuleba mTlianobaSi Znelad iZleva codnas imis Sesaxeb, wavlen

Tu ara es adamianebi uaxloes kvira dRes eklesiaSi (imitom rom amindi,

moZRvari, adamianis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba im momentSi da mravali

sxva mizezi SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas eklesiaSi wasvlis albaTobaze),

magram religiuri ganwyobebi sakmaod warmatebiT iZleva morwmuneTa

ricxvis prognozirebis saSualebas drois did SualedSi (fiSbeini ...

1974). aq moqmedebs agregaciis principi: qcevaze ganwyobis zemoqmedeba

ufro TvalnaTeli xdeba, rodesac ganvixilavT pirovnebas an qcevas

mTlianobaSi da ara calkeul qcevebs.

socialuri ganwyobis qceviTi komponenti warmoadgens qcevis

mxolod predispozicias. ganxorcieldeba Tu ara realurad qceva,

damokidebulia situaciur faqtorebze, gansakuTrebiT, Tavad pirovnebis

subieqtur warmodgenaze imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor qcevas moelian misgan.

mag.: SeiZleba adamiani zogadad ewinaaRmdegebodes marixuanis moxmarebas,

50

magram Tuki dainaxavs, rom misi megobrebi wveulebaze

erTobian narkotikiT, didi albaTobaa imisa, rom neitraluri poziciis

dakaveba amjobinos da ar aqcios es faqti kamaTis sababad; maSin, roca

gansxvavebul situaciaSi SeiZleba mZafri argumentebi moiyvanos

marixuanis moxmarebis sawinaaRmdegod da am gziT ecados narkotikisadmi

adamianTa damokidebulebis Secvalas (maiersi 2001).

sxva damatebiTi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi matulobs qcevis

winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis saWiro ganwyobebis ufro zusti gansazRvris

SesaZlebloba. rogorc aRniSnaven aizek eijeni da martin fiSbeini

(eijeni ... 1980), rodesac gasazomi ganwyoba aris zogadi (mag.;

aziatebisadmi damokidebuleba), qceva ki _ Zalian konkretuli (mag.;

gadawyvetileba _ miviRoT Tu ara Cineli wyvili sastumroSi (r. la-

pieris kvlevebidan), ar unda movelodeT sityvebisa da qcevebis zust

Tanxvedras. sinamdvileSi, ganagrZoben m. fiSbeini da a. eijeni,

analogiuri 27 samecniero kvlevidan 26-is Sedegad miRebulia:

ganwyobebiT ver iwinaswarmetyveleba qceva, magram rogorc aCvena yvela

26 kvlevis monacemebma, romelTa moZiebac SesaZlebeli gaxda, realurad

ganwyobebi gansazRvravdnen qcevas, rodesac gasazomi cvladi mTlianad

Seesabameboda situacias.

amasve mowmobs r. veigelis, d. vernonis da l. tognacis masalebi

(veigeli ... 1974). Tumca pirovnebam SeiZleba gamoxatos keTilganwyobili

rwmenebi da SegrZnebebi samoqalaqo samarTlis dasacavad (Zalian zogadi

koncepti), magram nebayoflobiT ar misces 25 a.S.S. dolari samoqalaqo

samarTlis kavSirs (Zalian specifikuri qceva). SeiZleba pirovneba Zunwia

da misi keTilganwyobili SegrZnebebic namdvilia, Tumca es ar

gardaiqmneba finansuri wvlilis SetanaSi. an SeiZleba yovelgvari

mizezis gareSe hqondes negatiuri SegrZnebebi am organizaciis mimarT.

Semdgomma kvlevebma daadastura, rom specifiur saqmesTan

dakavSirebuli ganwyobebi marTlac winaswarmetyvelebdnen qcevas.

magaliTad, kontracepciasTan dakavSirebulma ganwyobebma

mniSvnelovanwilad iwinaswarmetyvela, Tu rogor iqneboda gamoyenebuli

Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi. xolo meoradi nedleulis Sesaxeb

ganwyobebma (aramc da aramc zogadi ganwyobebi garemomcveli garemos

51

problemebis Sesaxeb) iwinaswarmetyvela maTi gamoyeneba (oskampi 1991).

imisaTvis, rom darwmunebis meSveobiT adamiani ganTavisufldes mavne

Cvevebisagan, unda SevcvaloT misi ganwyobebi specifiur CvevaTa mimarT

(eijeni ... 1986).

warsuli saqcielisa da masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis Tundac

wamieri gaxseneba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, ganaxorcielos am

ganwyobebis Sesabamisi qceva (zana ... 1981). socialuri ganwyobebis

gaxsenebis SemTxvevaSi, isini warmarTaven pirovnebis qcevas.

or cvlads Soris kavSiris gaZlierebis mizniT mkvlevarebs

ganuwyvetliv uxdebaT cdispirebisaTvis maTi ganwyobebis Sexseneba (mag.;

mudmivad unda elaparako vinmes mimarT maT siyvarulze an siZulvilze).

rac ufro xSirad Seaxseneben ganwyobis Sesaxeb, miT ufro mtkice xdeba

obieqtsa da Sefasebas Soris arsebuli kavSiri da rac ufro Zlieri

iqneba es kavSiri, miT ufro advilia misi aRqma da miT ufro Zlieri

xdeba siyvarul-siZulvilis ganwyoba (facio 1995).

Cveni ganwyobebi ganapirobeben Cvens qcevebs maSinac, roca ganwyoba

Zlieria. ganwyoba ki Zlieria imitom, rom raRac gvaxsenebs mis Sesaxeb;

imitom, rom situacia aaqtiurebs aracnobier ganwyobas, romelic

SeumCnevlad warmarTavs movlenebis Cveneul aRqmas da maTze reaqcias, an

imitom, rom Cven moviqeciT swored iseTnairad, rogorc saWiro iyo

ganwyobis gasaZliereblad.

dadginda, rom socialuri ganwyoba miT ukeT winaswarmetyvelebs

qcevas, rac meti Zalisxmevaa, saWiro am ukanasknelisaTvis (Sulci ... 1996).

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganwyobasa da

qcevas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar Cans, ganwyobis ganxilva aucilebelia

yvela misi ZiriTadi komponentis aspeqtSi. Cveulebriv, ganwyobis

komponentebs Soris erTmniSvnelovani SeTanxmebuli kavSiri arsebobs. im

dros, rodesac maT Soris ar aris Tavsebadi urTierToba, SesaZloa

dairRves pirdapiri kavSiri ganwyobis romelime komponentsa da qcevas

Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganwyoba unda ganvixiloT yvela komponentis

TvalsazrisiT. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxdeba individis qcevis

winaswarmetyveleba. imaze, rom socialuri ganwyoba erTmniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravs qcevas, SeiZleba laparaki, rodesac gvaqvs e.w. umaRlesi

52

donis socialuri ganwyobebi, Rirebulebebi. saxeldobr, moraluri

qcevis Rirebulebebi, romlebic kategoriuli formiT moiTxovs garkveul

qcevas. es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani, romelic garkveul Rirebulebebs

aRiarebs, ufro mkacrad daicavs maT, ar moeqceva SemTxveviTi

garemoebebis gavlenis qveS da sruliadac ar mianiSnebs imaze, rom

sxvadasxva adamiani qcevaSi erTsa da imave Rirebulebas zustad

erTnairad gamoavlens (maiersi 2001).

arsebobs mosazreba, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris zog

SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri kavSiris darRveva gamowveulia ,,me”-s organizaciis

TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli ganwyobis periferiulobiT (nadiraSvili 1985).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganwyobebi garkveul TanavarskvlavedTa

sistemas ayalibeben. sayuradReboa, rom yvelaze ufro udavo da

TvalnaTel gavlenas qcevaze axdenen SekavSirebulobis maRali xarisxis

mqone Tanavarskvlavedebi, xolo socialuri ganwyobebi, romlebic

SedarebiT naklebad arian dakavSirebulebi sxva socialur ganwyobebTan,

xSirad amovardebian xolme sistemidan, rac iwvevs logikur

araTanimdevrobas da qcevaSi garkveul rigidobas.

TanavarskvlavedSi zogierTi ganwyoba ,,me”-s birTvs qmnis, ,,me”-s

sistemaSi centraluri adgili ukavia. aseTi ganwyobebi, sxvadasxva

sawinaaRmdego garemoebis miuxedavad, maTi Sesatyvisi obieqtebisa da

situaciis gamoCenis dros Sesatyvis qcevas aRZravs. ,,me”-s centralur

ganwyobebsa da qcevas Soris ar irRveva pirdapiri kavSirurTierToba.

Cveulebriv, ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris gansvlaa, rodesac adamiani

Tavisi periferiuli ganwyobis safuZvelze moqmedebs. am dros garkveul

Zalas iZens qcevis sxva faqtorebi da realur qcevas safuZvlad edeba

ganwyoba, romelic aRniSnuli faqtorebisa da periferiuli ganwyobis

urTierTqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba.

zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis Semswavleli fsiqologebi, romlebic ar

iziareben ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiur Teorias, aseT axsnas

gvTavazoben: periferiul ganwyobaze moqmedi qcevis sxva faqtorebi

Trgunavs ganwyobas da individs Tavisi Sesatyvisi qcevisaken ubiZgebs. es

xdeba maSin, rodesac situacia orazrovania, Seicavs sxvadasxva

ganwyobebis aRmocenebis SesaZleblobebs da sxva (deviatkini 1999).

53

S. nadiraSvilis azriT (nadiraSvili 1985), ganwyobisa da qcevis

urTierTobis sakiTxi unda gadawydes zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis

fonze.

ganwyobis erT-erT mxareSi sxvadasxva saSualebebiT garkveuli

cvlilebis Setanisas meoreSic aRmoCndeba cvlilebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

maTi urTierToba abstraqtuli ar aris. igi gaSualebulia im realuri

qcevis ganwyobiT, romelic adamians fiqsirebuli socialuri ganwyobisa

da qcevis sxva garegani da Sinagani faqtorebis erTobliobis

safuZvelze uCndeba. realuri qcevis win aRmocenebuli ganwyoba

aSualebs qcevasTan yovelgvar socialur ganwyobas. aRniSnuli debuleba

ganmtkicebulia eqsperimentuli kvleviT da igi aris

zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi idea.

a. asmolovi (asmolovi ... 1977) gvTavazobs ganwyobis ierarqiuli

struqturis, rogorc qcevis regulaciis meqanizmis, cnebas, xolo

v. iadovi aaanalizebs dispoziciuri warmonaqmnebis ierarqiul

struqturas, romelic Sedgeba oTxi safexurisagan.

v. iadovma (iadovi 1979) kritikulad ganixila ganwyobisa da qcevis

urTierTobis sakiTxebze amerikel fsiqologTa gamokvlevebi. misi azriT,

ganwyobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis kvleva CixSi moeqca, am

gamokvlevaTa sawyisi meTodologiuri poziciis uqonlobisa da im

gaurkvevlobis gamo, rac upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba socialuri

saqmianobis mwarmoebeli pirovnebis bunebis gagebaSi, romlebic am

gamokvlevebs edo safuZvlad. am mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad,

v. iadovis azriT, swori meTodologiuri da meToduri gzebis gamonaxvaa

saWiro. v. iadovs miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli krizisis daZlevis saSualebas

iZleva d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria. masSi daxasiTebulia fsiqologiuri

meqanizmi, qcevis ganwyoba, romelic asrulebs aqtivobisaTvis subieqtis

mobilizaciis funqcias, radgan ganwyoba, rogorc aqtivobisaTvis

pirovnebis mzaobis mdgomareoba, gulisxmobs garemosac da pirovnebis

moTxovnilebebsac, amitom igi uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis, misi warsuli

gamocdilebisa da qcevis erTianobas. ganwyobis ganmeorebiTi moqmedebis

gamo misi gafiqsireba xdeba da aseTi fiqsirebuli ganwyobebi pirovnebis

qcevaSi Tavadac monawileobs.

54

pirovnebis socialur aqtivobaSi ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis

gasagebad mniSvnelovania d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis safuZvelze

damuSavebuli S. nadiraSvilis Sexeduleba fsiqikuri aqtivobis

ierarqiebis Sesaxeb. mecnierma miuTiTa fsiqikuri aqtivobis regulaciis

ara or doneze, rogorc fiqrobda d. uznaZe, aramed sam, Tvisobrivad

gansxvavebul, doneze.

v. iadovs moyavs aqtivobis sami donis daxasiaTeba im Tvisobrivad

gansxvavebul ganwyobaTa formebis mixedviT, romlebic adamianis

praqtikul, Teoriul da socialur aqtivobas ganapirobebs. v. iadovis

azriT, socialuri ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis gagebisaTvis

arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis mesame donis fsiqikuri aqtivobis

kanonzomierebas, sadac socialuri qcevis ganwyobis bazaze nebelobiTi

aqtivobis gamoyenebiT Sinagan da garegan faqtorebTan erTad

gaerTianebulia socialuri warmoSobis sxvadasxva fsiqikuri

tendenciebi. v. iadovi wers: ,,fsiqikuri aqtivobis mesame done, romelic

S.a. nadiraSvilis mier iyo gamoyofili, ukve pirovnebis socialur qcevas

exeba. es aris nebelobiTi aqtivobis done, romelic regulirdeba

RirebulebiTi orientaciebis, zneobrivi principebis sistemiT, romlebic

fiqsirebuli arian adamianis TviTcnobierebaSi da mis fsiqologiur

avtoportretSi.

amrigad, ganwyoba _ kerZod ki fiqsirebuli ganwyoba _ warmoadgens

subieqtis rogorc aracnobieri, ise cnobieri aqtivobis regulaciis

fsiqologiur meqanizms. masSi mocemulia rogorc umartivesi, ise rTuli

socialuri qcevis formebis meqanizmebi” (iadovi 1979: 20-21).

zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, rom v. iadovis azriT, socialur ganwyobasa

da qcevas Soris urTierTobis gasagebad saWiroa amovideT iseTi

zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriidan, romelic garemosa da pirovnebis

Sinagani kavSiris debulebazea agebuli da amavdroulad iTvaliswinebs

fsiqikuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva doneebis diferenciaciasa da erTianobis

ideas. eqsperimentuli muSaobis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis

Camoyalibebisas v. iadovi sabolood saqmianobis Teoriisaken ixreba.

v. iadovis xelmZRvanelobiT muSaobda fsiqologebisa da sociologebis

didi jgufi. maT Camoayalibes adamianis socialuri saqmianobis

55

regulaciis socialur-fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelSic adamianis

socialuri aqtivobis Taviseburebani axsnilia adamianSi socialur

urTierTobaTa procesSi Camoyalibebuli RirebulebiT-ganwyobiseuli

orientaciis sistemis safuZvelze. socialuri qcevis regulaciis

aRniSnuli sistema maT esmiT, rogorc oTxi donis fsiqikuri

warmonaqmnebis struqtura. TiToeuli done gamoxatavs aqtivobaSi

pirovnebis ufro Rrma, arsebiT CarTulobas.

dispoziciuri ierarqiis pirvel dones qmnis martiv moqmedebaTa

Sesatyvisi fiqsirebuli ganwyobebis sistema. igi safuZvlad edeba

sagnebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad adamianSi aRmocebul impulsur qcevebs.

dispoziciebis am pirvel ierarqiul dones, v. iadovis azriT, qmnis im

ganwyobebis sistema, romlebsac S. nadiraSvili uwodebs praqtikuli

qcevis ganwyobebs (iadovi 1979).

dispoziciuri ierarqiis meore dones qmnis fiqsirebuli socialuri

ganwyobebis sistema. es is socialuri ganwyobebia, romlebic intensiurad

Seiswavleba sazRvargareTul fsiqologiaSi. isini yalibdeba sagnebisa

da movlenebis mimarT socialuri gavlenis Sedegad. dispoziciis

ierarqiis es done fsiqikuri aqtivobis nadiraSvilis mier

formulirebuli mesame donis aqtivobis ganwyobebisagan Sedgeba.

dispoziciuri warmonaqmnebis mesame dones Seadgens pirovnebis

garkveuli socialuri sferos zogadi, dominirebuli mimarTulebebi.

mimarTuleba, v. iadovis azriT, aris ufro rTuli saxis socialuri

ganwyobis sistema. S. nadiraSvilis azriT, igi warmoadgens socialuri

ganwyobis garkveul Tanavarskvlaveds.

dispoziciebis meoTxe dones qmnis RirebulebiTi orientaciebi,

cxovrebis miznebi da maTi dakmayofilebis fsiqikuri saSualebebi. isini

ayalibeben adamianis cxovrebis wess, msoflmxedvelobas, ideologias da

adamianis cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT.

es Teoria fiqsirebuli ganwyobis cnebis safuZvelzea agebuli.

,,uznaZis ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT, yoveli

dispoziciuri ganwyoba, romelic pirovnebis niSnad iqceva, qceviswinare

ganwyobis fiqsaciis safuZvelze iqmneba. erTidaimave xasiaTis qcevis

mravaljer Sesrulebis Semdeg am qcevaTa safuZvlad mdebare ganwyoba

56

fiqsirebul ganwyobad da pirovnebis dispoziciur niSnad iqceva.

saTanado obieqtebis gamoCenis, msgavs situaciebSi moxvedris an am

mimarTulebiT Zlieri moTxovnilebis qonebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi

dispoziciuri fiqsirebuli ganwyoba isev aRmocendeba miuxedavad imisa,

rom xSirad es orive faqtori: moTxovnileba da sagani erTdroulad

araa mocemuli. ... Cveulebrivad, axali aqtualuri ganwyobis aRmocenebis

aucilebel pirobas Tu moTxovnileba, situacia da Sesatyvisi moqmedebis

saSualebebi qmnian, fiqsirebuli ganwyobis aqtivaciisaTvis xSirad erT-

erTi faqtoris zemoqmedebac sakmarisia. am dros xdeba fiqsirebuli

ganwyobis gaaqtiureba, romelic individs Tavisi Sesatyvisi qcevis

Sesrulebisaken warmarTavs.

rac ufro mtkice fiqsirebuli, dispoziciuri ganwyoba aqvs

adamians misi aqtivaciis dros, igi miT ufro am ganwyobis Sesatyvis

qcevas axorcielebs” (nadiraSvili 1985: 213-214).

garkveuli aqtualuri qcevis ganwyobis gareSe individs ar SeuZlia

fsiqikuri aqtivobis ganxorcieleba, Tavisi fsiqikuri Zalebis Tavmoyra

garkveuli mimarTulebis qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis. rodesac

aqtualizebul fiqsirebul ganwyobasa da mocemul viTarebas Soris

mcire gansxvavebaa, individi situaciis asimilacias axdens da mis qcevas

odnav Seusatyvisi viTareba ver aferxebs.

ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris Sesatyvisobis gancda ar irRveva,

rodesac qcevis yoveli aspeqtis Secvla asimilaciis zonis farglebSi

xdeba. dispoziciuri ganwyobiT moqmedebis dros, rodesac ganwyobasa da

garemo sagnebs Soris Seusatyvisoba asimilaciis zonas scildeba, maTi

kontrastuli Sefaseba xdeba. aseTi kontrastuli gancdebi

aqtualizebuli fiqsirebuli ganwyobis deaqtualizaciis process edeba

safuZvlad da individi axali Sesatyvisi ganwyobis SemuSavebas iwyebs.

imis mixedviT, Tu Sefasebuli debuleba ra damokidebulebaSia

ganwyobis mimarT, SeiZleba igi asimilaciuradac iyos gancdili da

kontrastuladac. amitom calkeuli movlenebis an debulebebis Sefasebis

safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ver miviRoT swori cnoba mis safuZvlad

mdebare ganwyobis Sesaxeb. adamianis dispoziciuri ganwyobis

57

dadgenisaTvis saWiroa ganwyobis gasazomi mravaldebulebiani meTodebis

gamoyeneba.

yvela komponentTan SedarebiT yvelaze ufro myari da

erTmniSvnelovani kavSiri, rogorc Cans, mainc ganwyobasa da qcevas

Soris arsebobs. amitom adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb Cvens prognozebSi

Secdomebi xSirad gamowveulia ara ganwyobasa da qcevis zogad

mimarTulebas Soris erTmniSvnelovani da pirdapiri kavSiris

uqonlobiT, aramed imiT, rom zustad ver davadgineT misi ganwyobis

Sinaarsi. am debulebas adasturebs S. nadiraSvilis eqsperimentuli

gamokvlevebi, romlebic Seiswavlidnen sensomotoruli ganwyobis bunebas

(nadiraSvili 1971).

socialuri ganwyobebi realur qcevaze ufro pirdapir gavlenas

axdenen, vidre masTan dakavSirebuli obieqtebis Sefasebaze. amitom ufro

rTulia kavSiri socialuri obieqtebis Sefasebasa da qcevas Soris,

vidre ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris. swored es viTareba unda iqnes

gaTvaliswinebuli ,,la-pieris paradoqsis” ganxilvisas. masSi ganxilulia

ara ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris urTierToba, aramed kavSir-urTierToba

socialuri obieqtebis Sefasebasa da qcevas Soris. am sakiTxis

ganxilvisas ZiriTadad xdeba qcevisa da misi romelime faqtoris

urTierTobis analizi pirovnebisa da qcevis kategorialur cnebaTa

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sastumros mepatroneebis mier gamoTqmuli

uaryofiTi azri Cinelebis miRebis Sesaxeb miCneulia sastumroSi

klientis miRebis qcevis safuZvlad mdebare ganwyobad, romelic TiTqos

ratomRac zogierT situaciaSi ar moqmedebs. ,,namdvilad, Tu Cven kargad

gavaanalizebT am eqsperimentis situaciebs, vnaxavT, rom aq faqtiurad

ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierToba araa ganxiluli. misi Sedegebi imaze ar

miuTiTebs, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris araa garkveuli urTierToba”

(nadiraSvili 1985: 218).

fiqsirebuli ganwyobis safuZvelze obieqtebis mTeli seriis

SefasebaTa kompleqsuri monacemebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia

individis fiqsirebuli ganwyobis dadgena. specialuri eqsperimentuli

gamokvlevebiT, romlebSic cdispirebs evalebodaT sxvadasxva sididis

moZraobebis gameoreba, naCvenebia, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemuli

58

individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli velis bazisetalonis dadgena, romelic

faqtiurad misi sensomotoruli velis sayrden fiqsirebul ganwyobas

warmoadgens. amis mixedviT xdeba yvela danarCeni sididis Sefaseba.

,,rogor unda gavigoT qcevasa da socialur ganwyobas Soris

Seusatyvisobis dros socialuri ganwyobis Secvla Sesrulebuli qcevis

mimarTulebiT? _ SesaZloa, rogorc imis sabuTi, rom mxolod winaswari

dispoziciis (socialuri ganwyobis) codna ar aris sakmarisi piroba

qcevis gagebisaTvis, aramed yoveli qcevis win xdeba subieqtis arsobrivi

Zalebis organizacia im garemo situaciis Sesatyvisad, romelSic unda

gaiSalos qceva. vfiqrobT, rom socialuri fiqsirebuli ganwyobis

Secvla am organizaciis Sedegia” (baliaSvili 1980: 27).

adamianebs SeuZliaT Cawvdnen erTmaneTis ganwyobebs da moaxdinon

maTze zemoqmedeba. aRmoCnda isic, rom komunikaciis procesSi

arasemantikuri lingvisturi saSualebiTac ki, rogoricaa winadadebis

sigrZe, siRrme, tipi da sxva, swvdebian erTmaneTis ganwyobebs (mSvidobaZe

1990). amdenad, debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom verbaluri Sefasebebis

safuZvelze SeuZlebelia adamianis sensomotoruli da socialuri

ganwyobebis dadgena, mcdarad da miuReblad unda CaiTvalos.

r. la-pieris eqsperimentis situaciis ganxilva ganwyobis

zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT

S. nadiraSvili (nadiraSvili 1985) ,,la-pieris paradoqsis”

asaxsnelad ganixilavs or situacias. pirvel situaciaSi Cinel

studentebTan erTad r. la-pieris sastumroSi misvla sastumros

mepatroneebSi iwvevs erTdroulad ori saxis ganwyobas: erTis mxriv

zogadad dadebiTs (klientebis miRebis da ganTavsebis), meores mxriv _

konkretulad Cinelebis mimarT uaryofiTs (radgan im periodSi amerikaSi

zangebisa da feradkanianebis mimarT crurwmenebi iyo gavrcelebuli).

magram mocemuli situaciisadmi arsebuli Cveuli ganwyoba (stumrebis

59

Tavazianad miReba) gamoirCeva ra siZlieriT da simyariT (es mepatroneTa

ZiriTadi profesiuli ganwyobaa!), rCeba ucvleli.

meore situaciaSi ganixileba sastumros mepatroneebis ganwyobebi

r. la-pieris werilis Sinaarsze. am SemTxvevaSi klientebis misvla

(Cveuli fiqsirebuli situacia) gamoiwvevda mepatroneebSi fiqsirebul

ganwyobebs, magram radgan situacia mepatroneebs aZlevda arCevanis

saSualebas _ miiRebdnen Tu ara Cinel mgzavrebs, maT mxolod sakuTari

damokidebuleba unda gamoexataT Cineli turistebis mimarT, Sesabamisad

gamoxates kidec uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.

Cinelebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyoba, sastumros mflobelebs cxadia

pirvel situaciaSic hqondaT, magram am ganwyobam ver moaxdina maTi

ZiriTadi ganwyobis gandevna, romelic ufro Zlieri da aqtualizebuli

iyo pirvel situaciaSi. Tu yovelive amas gaviTvaliswinebT, naTeli

gaxdeba, rom ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis is interpretacia,

romelic r. la-pieris eqsperimentis safuZvelze xdeba, marTebuli araa.

aRniSnuli monacemebis safuZvelze keTdeboda daskvna, rom zog

SemTxvevaSi ganwyoba Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas iwvevs da zogSi _ ara.

maSasadame, ganwyoba erTmniSvnelovnad ar iwvevs Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas.

aseTi msjelobis dros mxedvelobaSi araa miRebuli is viTareba, rom

pirvel SemTxvevaSi am situaciis Sesatyvisi, klientebis miRebis

aqtualizebuli ganwyoba iseve iwvevs Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas, rogorc

meore SemTxvevaSi Cinelebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyoba _ werilobiT maT

miRebaze uaris Tqmas. orive SemTxvevaSi aqtualizebuli fiqsirebuli

socialuri ganwyobis safuZvelze pirovneba ganwyobis Sesatyvis qcevas

axorcielebs.

ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris bunebrivi urTierTobis darRvevas maSin

eqneboda adgili, rom identur SemTxvevebSi Cinelebi, maTdami uaryofiTi

ganwyobis miuxedavad, zogjer mieRoT sastumroSi, zogjer _ ara; an

sastumros patronebs ori Tavisufali adgilis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi

TeTrkaniani klientebi uariT gaestumrebinaT Cinelebis sasargeblod.

r. la-pieris efeqtisa da Cvens mier samagaliTod motanili

eqsperimentuli monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis

fiqsirebuli socialuri ganwyobis codna garkveul situaciebSi Zalian

60

didi albaTobiT gvaZlevs misi momavali qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis

saSualebas. rodesac viciT individis fiqsirebuli ganwyobebi da is, Tu

romeli maTgania aqtualizebuli konkretul situaciaSi, TiTqmis sruli

darwmunebiT SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, pirovnebis mier

ganxorcielebuli qceva.

1.3 b) socialur ganwyobaze qcevis gavlenis eqsperimentuli Seswavlis

ZiriTadi Sedegebi

marTalia, zogjer vicavT im azrs, risac gvwams da gvjera, magram

isic marTalia, rom Cven gvwams da gvjera imisa, rasac vemxrobiT.

socialur-fsiqologiurma Teoriebma warmoSva kvlevebis didi

raodenoba, romelTac safuZvlad edo zemoaRniSnuli daskvna.

socialuri rolebiT ganpirobebuli qcevebi warmoSoben rolebis

SemsrulebelTa ganwyobebs. amas mowmobs f. zimbardos (maiersi 2001)

eqsperimenti. agreTve cnobilia faqtebi, rodesac msaxiobebi veRar

gamodian rolidan da realur cxovrebaSic ganagrZoben Sesabamis qcevas.

rolis Sesruleba ganapirobebs adamianTa ganwyobebs.

rolSi Sesvlis efeqtTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia efeqti,

romelsac hqvia ,,mtkiceba iqceva mrwamsad”.

tori higinsma kolegebTan erTad Caatara eqsperimenti, sadac

naTlad gamoCnda, Tu rogor iqceva mtkicebuleba rwmenad. daskvna aseTi

iyo: adamianebi cdiloben informaciis morgebas msmenelze, Semdeg ki

Tavad iwyeben sakuTari naTqvamis dajerebas (maiersi 2001).

eqsperimentebma (grinvaldi ... 1987; leipe ... 1994) cxadyo, rom

rodesac adamianebi saxalxod iReben Tavis Tavze valdebulebebs, ufro

meti rwmeniT ekidebian saqmes.

eqsperimentebiT dadginda agreTve, rom adamianebi, romlebic

iZulebulni arian miscen zepiri da werilobiTi Cvenebebi imis Sesaxeb,

raSic ar arian mTlad darwmunebulni, sicruis gamo Tavs sakmaod

uxerxulad grZnoben. miuxedavad amisa, isini iwyeben imis dajerebas,

rasac amboben, erTi pirobiT _ Tu ar aris mcdeloba maTi mosyidvis an

61

iZulebis. rodesac mosaubreze ar xdeba garegani zegavlena, misi

mtkiceba iqceva mrwamsad (maiersi 2001).

avtoritaruli mmarTveloba rom efeqturi iyos, aucileblad

saWiroa avtoritetis yofna mocemul situaciaSi, radgan adamianebs ar

axasiaTebT iZulebiTi qcevis gaSinagneba.

principi ,,ganwyobebi qcevis Sedegia” damaxasiaTebelia agreTve

uzneo qcevebis umravlesobisTvisac. xSirad boroteba mudmivad mzardi

daTmobebis Sedegia. umniSvnelo cudma saqcielma SeiZleba gaaadvilos

ufro mZime danaSaulis Cadena.

qcevebi da ganwyobebi erTmaneTs asazrdoeben.

Tuki uzneo qcevebi ayalibebs pirovnebas, eqsperimentuli

monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom igivenairad moqmedebs zneobrivi saqcielic

(maiersi 2001).

am faqts adasturebs aSS-s istoriuli monacemebic _ sxva eTnikuri

jgufebis mimarT pozitiurma qcevam Seamcira rasobrivi uaryofiTi

winaswarganwyobebi, anu zneobrivi qceva asazrdoebs zneobriv ganwyobebs

(maiersi 2001).

cdebi adasturebs, rom vinmes mimarT pozitiuri qceva iwvevs am

adamianisadmi keTilganwyobas (maiersi 2001).

1.3 g) ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebis amxsneli Teoriebi

qcevaSi momxdar cvlilebaTa gavleniT socialuri ganwyobis

Secvlis kvlevaSi or ZiriTad Temas arCeven: socialuri ganwyobis

Secvlas konfliqtis gadaWris, gadawyvetilebis gavleniT da socialuri

ganwyobisagan Sinaarsobrivad gansxvavebuli qcevis damarwmunebel

zemoqmedebas pirovnebaze.

ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebas xsnian: TviTprezentaciis, kognituri

disonansis, TviTaRqmis, gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis,

daswavlis bihevioristuli TeoriebiT.

62

TviTprezentaciis Teoria Tanamimdevruli adamianis STabeWdilebis moxdenis survili yvelas

aqvs. am mizniT isini gamoxataven sakuTari qcevebis Sesabamis ganwyobebs.

Tanamimdevruli adamianis STabeWdilebis datovebis mizniT mravali

maTgani im ganwyobebis simulaciasac ki axdens, romlebisac sinamdvileSi

ar sjera. ra Tqma unda, es gulisxmobs garkveul aragulwrfelobas an

farisevlobas, samagierod, saWiro STabeWdilebis moxdenis saSualebas

iZleva. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase miaCniaT TviTprezentaciis Teoriis

mimdevrebs. zogierTi adamianisaTvis kargi STabeWdilebis moxdenis

survili cxovrebis wesia. akvirdebian ra mudmivad TavianT qcevas da

sxvaTa reaqcias am qcevaze, es adamianebi cvlian TavianT qcevebs,

rodesac es ukanasknelni ver axdenen sazogadoebaze sasurvel efeqts.

visac maRali Sefaseba aqvs TviTmonitoringis skalaze (mag.; isini, vinc

eTanxmeba mtkicebas, ,,vcdilob viyo swored iseTi, rogorsac moelian,

rom viqnebi”) moqmedeben, rogorc socialuri qameleonebi _ cdiloben

garemoebebze TavianTi qcevis morgebas, amisaTvis mzad arian mTlianad

miendon ganwyobas, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar iziareben (Snaideri 1987).

grZnoben ra sxvaTa damokidebulebas, naklebad iqcevian sakuTari

ganwyobebis Sesabamisad. TviTkontrolis meSveobiT aseTi adamianebi

advilad ergebian axal samsaxurs, rolebs da urTierTobebs. maT ki,

visac dabali qula aqvs TviTkontrolis skalaze, naklebad adardebT

sxva adamianebis azri, ufro xelmZRvaneloben Sinagani grZnobiT da amis

gamo ufro metad iqcevian da laparakoben TavianTi Sinagani grZnobebisa

da mrwamsis Sesabamisad (maiersi 2001). amitom maTi ganwyobebiT SegviZlia

qcevis winaswarmetyveleba. adamianTa umravlesoba ki zemoaRniSnuli

skalis polusebs Sorisaa.

sxva ori Teoria xsnis, Tu ratom iSinagneben adamianebi sakuTar

TviTprezentacias, rogorc sakuTari WeSmariti ganwyobis Secvlas.

kognituri disonansis Teoria

leon festinjeris kognituri disonansis Teoriis arsi

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ganwyobebis cvlilebas iwvevs is, rom adamianebi

iZulebulni arian SeinarCunon maT xelT arsebul informaciebs Soris

63

urTierTSeTanxmeba (festinjeri 1957). am Teoriis Tanaxmad, Cven vgrZnobT

daZabulobas (,,disonanss”), rodesac ori azri an ori mrwamsi (,,kognicia”)

fsiqologiurad araTavsebadia. aseTi ram xdeba, rodesac vambobT an

vakeTebT imas, ris mimarTac gvaqvs araerTmniSvnelovani gancdebi.

l. festinjeri amtkicebs, rom uaryofiTi SegrZnebis Sesamcireblad

adamianebi xSirad cdiloben moargon TavianTi azrovneba.

disonansis Teoria ZiriTadad Seexeba qcevasa da ganwyobebs Soris

gansvlas. Cven vacnobierebT erTsac da meoresac, anu Tuki vgrZnobT

araTanmimdevrulobas, gviCndeba cvlilebebis aucileblobis SegrZneba.

farTodaa cnobili l. festinjerisa da meril karlsmitis (maiersi

2001) eqsperimenti, romelic exeba arasakmarisi gamarTlebis efeqts. am

dros disonansis Semcireba xdeba sakuTari saqcielis Sinagani

gamarTlebis gziT, rodesac garegani gamarTlebebi ,,arasakmarisia”.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdgomi disonansi

mniSvnelovani gadawvetilebis miReba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs disonansis

Sesustebas, arCeuli alternativebis mimarT Seguebas da imis daviwyebas,

rac ukugdebulia.

sxvadasxva eqsperimentSi (horovici ... 1995) gamoCnda, rom rogorc ki

gadawyvetileba miRebulia, igi qmnis sakuTar sayrdenebs _ mizezebs,

romlebiTac vamarTlebT mis mizanSewonilobas. xSirad es axali

saZirkveli imdenad Zlieria, rom misi nawilis mocilebisas, Tundac

mTavari nawilisa, gadawyvetileba mainc ar Seicvleba.

TviTaRqmis Teoria

adamianis qceva miewereba an pirovnul Tvisebebs da ganwyobebs, an

garemo pirobebs. 1972w. daril bemis (bemi 1972) mier mowodebuli

TviTaRqmis Teoria gamodis iqidan, rom adamiani msgavs daskvnebs akeTebs,

rodesac sakuTar qcevas akvirdeba.

Tu kognituri disonansis Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac qcevis

reabilitaciisaTvis arasakmarisia garegani motivebi, adamiani Sinagani

gamarTlebebis moZebnis saSualebiT amcirebs disonanss, TviTaRqmis

64

Teoriis mixedviT: TavianT qcevas adamianebi xsnian im pirobebiT,

romlebSic es qceva xorcieldeba.

Tu adamianebs davajildoebT imisaTvis, ramac maT ukve moutana

dakmayofileba, isini TavianT qcevas jildos miaweren, riTac ukuagdeben

grZnobas, rom moqmedebdnen mxolod imitom, rom maT es mowondaT.

eqsperimentebi, romlebic Caatares edvard disma da riCard raianma

roCesteris universitetSi, mark leperma da devid grinma stenfordSi da

en bojianom TanamSromlebTan erTad (bojiano ... 1992) kolorados

universitetSi, amtkicebs ,,zegamarTlebis efeqts”.

rogorc xazgasmiT aRniSnavs TviTaRqmis Teoria, moulodneli

jildo ar amcirebs Sinagan interess, radgan adamianebi qcevas miaweren

TavianT Sinagan motivebs (horovici ... 1995).

,,zegamarTlebis efeqts” adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac pirovnebas

winaswar sTavazoben jildos, romelic mas ar sWirdeba, cdiloben ra

amgvarad misi qcevis gakontrolebas. aq mniSvnelovania, Tu ras

gulisxobs dajildoveba. jildo da Seqeba, rac adamianebs aiZulebs

ifiqron: ,,me amas Zalian kargad vakeTeb”, xels uwyobs Sinagani

motivaciis zrdas. jildo, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianebis

gakontrolebas da aiZulebs maT daijeron, rom mTeli Zalisxmeva swored

jildos gamo gaiRes (,,me es fulis gamo gavakeTe”), amcirebs sasiamovno

amocanis Sinagan gamarTlebas (maiersi 2001).

gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoria gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoria Seqmnes leon

festinjeris oponentebma irvin jainisma, leon manma da sxvebma (jainisi ...

1968). am Teoriis Tanaxmad ori Tanabrad mimzidveli alternativis dros

xdeba TiToeul maTganze informaciis dagroveba da Sefaseba, faqtiurad

maTi xelaxali interpretacia, rac pirovnebas aZlevs konfliqtisagan

Tavis daRwevisa da gadawyvetilebis gamotanis saSualebas.

gadawyvetilebis Semdgomi mdgomareoba gulisxmobs narCeni

(rezidualuri) konfliqtis gadaWras, risTvisac kvlav gagrZeldeba

alternativebis mimzidvelobis gaTiSvis, dacilebis (spreading apart)

procesi, radgan konfliqti pirovnulad Zalze Semawuxebeli

65

mdgomareobaa. amrigad, i. jainisi, l. mani da sxvebi amtkiceben, rom

gadawyvetilebiswina da gadawyvetilebis Semdgomi periodebisaTvis

arsebiTad erTi da igive kognituri procesia damaxasiaTebeli da

gadawyvetilebis aqti fsiqikuri procesebisaTvis gadamwyveti

mniSvnelobis ar aris.

l. festinjeris aTive gamokvleva mieZRvna faqtiurad imis dadgenas,

Tu rodis iwyeba alternativebis tendenciuri Sefaseba _ konfliqtis

dros (konfliqtidan gamosvlisaTvis), Tu gadawyvetilebis Sedegad

(warmoSobili disonansis reduqciis mizniT). miuxedavad l. festinjeris

Sromatevadi samuSaoebisa, sakiTxi daxuruli ar aris, radgan am

eqsperimentebma mZafri kritika daimsaxura.

zogadad, gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoriis Tanaxmad

subieqti motivirebulia, Seamciros mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis

miRebis dros aRZruli daZabuloba, romelic dakavSirebulia moqmedebis

romelime kursis arCevis SemTxvevaSi warmoSobil siZneleebTan. arsebobs

gadawyvetilebiswina konfliqtis ori ZiriTadi tipi: I _ aq da axla

arsebuli konfliqti moqmedebs raime kursis survilsa da survilis

ararsebobas Soris. II _ anticipirebuli konfliqti, romelic aRiZvreba

uaxloes momavalSi, Tuki ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli gadawyvetilebis

yvela Sedegi; wuxili gadawyvetilebis sisworis gamo.

i. jainisis da misi jgufis ZiriTadi daSveba mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom rodesac subieqti ganixilavs moqmedebis alternatiul kursebs,

eZebs sakiTxis gadawyvetis gzas, romelic warmoSobs did gansvlas

(diskrepantobas) dilemis warmomSob miaxloebisa da ganridebis

erTdroulad arsebul tendenciebs Soris. amdenad, igi cdilobs yvela

gadawyvetilebis transformirebas erT iseT gadawyvetilebad, romelSic

isini erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli iqneba.

amavdroulad, yvela, visac gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs, erTis mxriv,

eswrafvis gadawyvetilebiswina konfliqtidan swrafad gamosvlas, meores

mxriv, moqmedebis raime kursis arCevamde cdilobs yvela momdevno

Sedegis gaTvaliswinebas, rom bolos ar inanos.

konfliqtis TiToeuli tipi Taviseburad gadaiWreba. Tu axla da

amJamad mimdinare konfliqti dominirebs, gadawyvetilebis subieqti

66

ecdeba swrafad gaeqces mas da konfliqtidan gamosvlis impulsur

meqanizmebs daeyrdnoba. kognituri procesi, romelic safuZvlad udevs

amgvar gadaWras, Zalze zedapirulia, xolo Tu anticipirebuli

konfliqtia ufro Zlieri, maSin konfliqtis gadaWra moxdeba

alternativebis ganxilviT, SefasebiT, yvelaze mimzidveli alternativis

moZebniT da misi Rirebulebis aRmatebiT.

socialur ganwyobaze araTavsebadi qcevis gavlenis analizi

bihevioristul TeoriaSi

bihevioristuli Teoria varaudobs, rom socialuri

ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis Sedegad socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis

sidide pirdapir damokidebulebaSia gasamrjelos sididesTan, anu rac

ufro didia jildo, miT ufro metia socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis

molodini.

ras efuZneba gasamrjelos sididesa da socialuri ganwyobis

Secvlis sidides Soris pirdapiri damokidebulebis es varaudi?

socialuri ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis analizidan gamodis, rom

Zlieri stimuli, didi jildo metad da ukeT aamoqmedebs subieqts, met

arguments moataninebs mas. rac ufro Zlieria argumentebi, miT metad

damarwmunebelni iqnebian subieqtisaTvis. amrigad, uxvi gasamrjelo

iwvevs moqmedebis ukeT Sesrulebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs darwmunebas,

CarTulobas qcevaSi gamoxatul poziciaSi.

e. aronsonis azriT (veiteni 1992), mcire da didi disonansis

gamomwvevi situaciebis mixedviT vRebulobT disonansis an ganmtkicebis

efeqtebs, mcire disonansis dros wamyvani xdeba ganmtkiceba,

mniSvnelovani disonansis dros _ disonansis reduqcia.

m. rozenbergi (rozenbergi 1966) askvnis, rom martivi socialuri

ganwyobissawinaaRmdego aqtivobis dros ZalaSia disonansis efeqti,

xolo rTuli qcevis dros damokidebuleba dasaCuqrebasa da socialuri

ganwyobis Secvlas Soris pirdapirproporciulia da gamowveulia

ganmtkicebiT.

67

amrigad, Cvens mier dasaxelebuli mkvlevarebi da maTTan erTad

sxvebic (maiersi 2001) fiqroben, rom winaaRmdegoba daswavlis

bihevioristul Teoriasa da kognituri disonansis Teoriis varaudebs

Soris gadawydeba imis CvenebiT, rom viTarebebisdamixedviT dominirebs

disonansis, an daswavlis efeqtebi. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba socialuri

ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis ganxilvis dros aqvs imis dadgenas, aRiZra

Tu ara disonansi. Tu aRiZreba disonansis mniSvnelovani raodenoba,

fsiqikur aqtivobaSi wamyvani gaxdeba disonansis reduqcia, miviRebT

socialuri ganwyobis meti sididiT Secvlas naklebi gasamrjelos dros.

Tu socialuri ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevam SedarebiT umniSvnelo

disonansi aRZra _ gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas moipovebs ganmtkiceba da meti

dasaCuqreba socialuri ganwyobis met Secvlas gamoiwvevs.

bolos Sejamebis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom pirvel TavSi, romelic

literaturis mimoxilvas daeTmo, vaCveneT, rom ganwyoba-qcevis

urTierTobis sakiTxi dResac aqtualuria. naxevar saukuneze metia

(gansakuTrebiT, gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebidan) socialuri

fsiqologebi dakavebulni arian aRniSnuli Temis kvleviT. TiToeul

mecniers, vinc am sakiTxs Seexo, hqonda ambicia, problema daenaxa im

kuTxiT, rac erTxel da samudamod gadawyvetda mis irgvliv kamaTs.

ganwyobis meSveobiT qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb arsebobs uamravi

mosazreba: gasazomi cvladi mTlianad unda Seesabamebodes situacias;

Seusabamoba xSirad gamowveulia SecdomiT _ ganwyobis nacvlad ikvleven

qcevis ganzraxvas; arsebiTia ganwyobis Sinaarsis dadgena; qcevis

ganxorcielebisas mniSvnelovania situaciuri faqtorebi; pirovneba an

qceva saWiroa, ganvixiloT mTlianobaSi _ aras gvargebs calkeuli

qcevebis Seswavla; mniSvnelovania qcevisaTvis daxarjuli Zalisxmeva,

ganwyobis siZliere da sxva mravali.

sxvadasxva mosazrebebis gacnobis Sedegad Camogviyalibda sakuTari

xedva. kerZod, migvaCnia, rom calkeuli socialuri ganwyobebis kvleva

ver gadawyvets problemas. aqcenti gasakeTebelia socialuri ganwyobis

struqturaze. anu, sakiTxi sxva kuTxiT warmoCindeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi

68

miviRebT, rom ganwyobebi cal-calke, erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ki

ar arseboben, aramed erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebulni da qmnian

garkveul sistemebs, Tanavarskvlavedebs. TanavarskvlavedebSi ki unda

arsebobdes garkveuli kanonzomiereba, romelsac daeqvemdebareba

socialuri ganwyobebis Secvla. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aqtualurobis

miuxedavad, mocemul sakiTxze mwiri eqsperimentuli monacemebi moipoveba.

Cven ganvixileT l. fergiusonis (fergiusoni 1939), T. CxeiZis (CxeiZe 1985)

kvlevebi, romlebic Tumca yvelaze axlos idgnen Cvens mier dasmul

sakiTxTan, bolomde naTels ver hfendnen mas. l. fergiusonis mier

Catarebuli muSaobis didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad unda vTqvaT, rom

kvlevis diapazoni ar iyo farTo _ igi mxolod aTi ganwyobis SeswavliT

Semoifargla. amave dros ar dainteresebula ganwyobaTaSoris

urTierTobis struqturis kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri ganwyobis

Secvlis eqsperimentuli kvleviT. T. CxeiZem, aseve mcire raodenobaze,

mxolod oTx socialur obieqtze, Caatara kvleva, romlebic, misi azriT,

Sinaarseulad iyvnen msgavsebi. am SemTxvevaSi T. CxeiZis ZiriTadi

interesi iyo konsistentobis tendenciis Seswavla masSi cnobierebis

monawileobis TvalsazrisiT.

dasanania, magram am sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT winsvla

naklebia. mocemuli problemis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji

gadaidgmeba im faqtorebis gamosavlenad, romlebic monawileoben erTis

mxriv ganwyoba-qcevis urTierTobaSi, meores mxriv _ socialuri

ganwyobis SecvlaSi. amitom gadavwyviteT ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis

struqturis kanonzomierebebis Semdgomi kvleva. Tu imasac

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adre monacemTa damuSavebis mwiri

SesaZleblobebis gamo mecnierTaTvis Zneli iyo srulyofili Sedegebis

miReba, xolo Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba kvlevis

Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis statistikurad maRali xarisxiT

damuSavebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, naTeli xdeba aseTi kvlevis

Catarebis aucilebloba da imedi gveZleva, rom Cveni molodinebi,

razedac zemoT iyo saubari, gamarTldeba.

muSaobis dasawyisSi davuSviT Semdegi hipoTeza: socialuri

ganwyobebis struqturaSi centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis

69

Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis

mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.

aRniSnuli hipoTezis sisworis Semowmebis mizniT CavatareT

empiriuli kvlevebi. upirveles yovlisa, davgegmeT Cveni muSaoba,

romelSic gamovyaviT ramdenime etapi. qvemoT dawvrilebiT gveqneba

saubari TiToeuli etapis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb.

pirvel etapze miznad davisaxeT, rom dagvedasturebina da

dagvedgina socialur ganwyobaTaSoris kavSiris arseboba. amisaTvis

CavatareT kvleva, romlis Tanmimdevruli aRwera qvemoTaa moyvanili.

Tavi 2

socialuri ganwyobis struqtura

(empiriuli kvleva)

kvlevis masala

socialuri ganwyobebi vikvlieT 44 Rirebulebis mimarT. es

ukanasknelni SevarCieT S. Svarcis Rirebulebebis sakvlevi skalidan,

agreTve Tsu fsiqologiis fakultetis socialuri fsiqologiis

kaTedraze Sesrulebuli Sromidan, romelic Rirebulebebs exeboda. es

Rirebulebebia: Tanasworoba, Sinagani harmonia, socialuri Zalaufleba,

Tavisufleba, socialuri wesrigi, simdidre, erovnuli kultura,

SemoqmedebiToba, mSvidoba msoflioSi, tradiciebis pativiscema,

TviTdisciplina, ojaxis usafrTxoeba, megobroba, silamaze, socialuri

samarTlianoba, damoukidebloba, zomiereba, erTguleba, Tavmdabloba,

gambedaoba, patiosneba, cnobismoyvareoba, mimtevebloba, alkoholi,

samSoblo, seqsualuri Tavisufleba, daSineba, klasikuri kultura, me,

qorwineba, adamiani, danaSauli, ganaTleba, fuli, mecniereba, sasjeli,

70

sicrue, politika, sikeTe, kanoni, Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba,

Zalaufleba, iumori, religia.

meTodi

zemoaRniSnuli 44 Rirebulebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobis

sakvlevad gamoviyeneT semantikuri diferencialis meTodi, romelic

mravali mkvlevaris azriT, sandoobisa da validobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

socialuri ganwyobebis efeqtur sazoms warmoadgens (petrenko 1988).

bipolarul Svidsafexurian semantikuri diferencialis skalaze yoveli

Rirebuleba fasdeboda TerTmeti wyvili zedsarTavi saxelis mixedviT.

kerZod, es wyvilebia: sasiamovno-arasasiamovno; mowesrigebuli-qaosuri;

gluvi-xorkliani; Rrma-zedapiruli; azriani-uazro; rTuli-martivi;

naTeli-bundovani; mSvenieri-uSno; gulwrfeli-aragulwrfeli; kargi-

cudi; gamokveTili-bundovani.

Svidsafexuriani skalis gamoyenebisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT saerTo

miRebuli azriT, rom is optimaluria da misaRebia yvela kulturis da

klasis warmomadgenlisaTvis. rac Seexeba zedsarTav saxelebs,

gamoviyeneT SefasebiTi faqtoris Sesatyvisi 11 skala. am SemTxvevaSi

Cveni arCevani gansazRvra iman, rom bolo dros gavrcelebuli

definiciis mixedviT socialuri ganwyoba aris garemomcveli

samyarosadmi SefasebiTi damokidebuleba. zedsarTavi saxelebis wyvilebi

SevarCieT Tsu fsiqologiis fakultetis socialuri fsiqologiis

kaTedraze Sesrulebuli Sromidan.

cdispirebs, tendenciuri pasuxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

zedsarTavi saxelebi kanonzomierebis daucvelad, gangeb Secvlili

polusebiT miewodebodaT, agreTve maTTvis samuSaos gasaadvileblad

Svidsafexuriani skala ricxvebiT ar warmogvidgenia _ mivmarTeT aseT

SemTxvevebSi aprobirebul meTods: skalur poziciebs _ -3; +3 SevusabameT

Sefaseba ,,Zalian”; -2; +2 _ ,,saSualod”; -1; +1 _ ,,sustad”; 0 _

,,neitraluri”. amdenad, erTi Rirebulebis magaliTze kiTxvari

Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda (ix. tabula):

71

tabula

Tanasworoba

Zalian

saS

ual

od

sustad

neit

ral

.

sustad

saS

ual

od

Zalian

sasiamovno _ _ _ _ _ _ _ arasasiamovno

qaosuri _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mowesrigebuli

gluvi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ xorkliani

zedapiruli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rrma

uazro _ _ _ _ _ _ _ azriani

martivi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rTuli

naTeli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bundovani

uSno _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mSvenieri

gulwrfeli _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aragulwrfeli

cudi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kargi

bundovani _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gamokveTili

(sruli varianti ix. danarTi #1)

cdispirebi

kvlevebSi gavrcelebuli tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT cdispirebad

SevarCieT studentebi. sul kvlevaSi monawileobda 216 piri, romlebic

Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblis 32 fakultetis sxvadasxva

kursis studentebi iyvnen. SevecadeT, maqsimalurad mogvecva sxvadasxva

socialuri fena. konkretulad, Cveni cdispirebi iyvnen

qvemoTCamoTvlili umaRlesi skolebis studentebi: iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, sulxan-saba orbelianis sax.

pedagogiuri universiteti, Tbilisis teqnikuri universiteti, mcire

akademia, kavkasiis universiteti (yofili kavkasiis biznes-skola CSB),

evropis marTvis skola (ESM Tbilisi), ekonomikisa da samarTlis

germanulenovani instituti.

72

kvlevis aRwera

kvlevis dawyebis win cdispirs eZleoda Semdegi instruqcia:

,,gTxovT, ixelmZRvaneloT mocemuli skaliT da zedsarTavi saxelebis

gamoyenebiT SeafasoT Tqveni damokidebuleba TiToeuli Rirebulebis

mimarT. skalis saSualebiT SegiZliaT gamoxatoT ara marto Tqveni

damokidebuleba (mag.: sasiamovno-arasasiamovno), aramed misceT mas

raodenobrivi Sefasebac. kerZod, sityva ,,neitraluris” marcxniv

ganlagebuli ,,sustad”, ,,saSualod”, ,,Zalian” ekuTvnis marcxena rigSi

Camoweril zedsarTav saxelebs, xolo ,,neitraluris” marjvniv

aRniSnuli ,,sustad”, ,,saSualod”, ,,Zalian” _ zedsarTavi saxelebis

marjvena rigs. TiToeuli qveskalis gaswvriv mxolod erTi aRniSvnis

gakeTebis ufleba gaqvT. aRniSvna SegiZliaT gaakeToT Tqveni

Sexedulebisamebr: ,,plusis” dasmiT, ujris gaferadebiT, an SemoxazviT.

ar gamotovoT arcerTi qveskala. mniSvnelovania, rom didxans ar

ifiqroT, aRniSvnebi gaakeToT spontanurad, pirveli gancdis mixedviT.

kvleva safuZvlad edeba Cems sadisertacio naSroms, romelic exeba

socialuri ganwyobebis struqturebs. Temis dasamuSaveblad didi

raodenobis monacemebi Sejerdeba da Sedegad gamoikveTeba ara Tqveni,

konkretuli pirovnebis damokidebulebebi Rirebulebebis mimarT, aramed

vilaparakebT Tbilisis studentebSi Cvens mier gamovlenil zogad

tendenciebze; amitomac, SegiZliaT Tavisuflad gamoxatoT Tqveni

damokidebulebebi. Sesabamisad, Tqven ar gevalebaT personaluri

informaciis (saxelis, gvaris, telefonis, misamarTis) aRniSvna, aramed

zogadi suraTis Sesaqmnelad gTxovT, kiTxvaris bolos mxolod asakis,

sqesis, ganaTlebis, profesiis da Sevsebis TariRis miTiTebas”. amgvari

instruqcia saWirod miviCnieT imis gamo, rom studentebSi

TviTprezentirebisa da amave dros garkveuli sxva mosazrebebis mizniT

gamowveuli araauTenturi pasuxebi gamogvericxa. agreTve yvela

respodents mivmarTavdiT: ,,visac raime mizezis gamo aRniSnul kvlevaSi

monawileobis miRebis survili ar gaqvT, gTxovT pirdapir ganacxadoT

amis Sesaxeb da daufiqreblad nu SeavsebT kiTxvars, vinaidan sakiTxis

mimarT ZaldatanebiTi, zerele, upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba

73

zemoqmedebas iqoniebs saboloo Sedegze. es ki, nu dagaviwydebaT, rom

aris seriozuli mecnieruli kvleva da unda vecadoT, maqsimalurad

dazRveuli viyoT uzustobebisagan. msgavsi gamokiTxvebis Sedegadaa

miRebuli an uaryofili uamravi debuleba da warmoidgineT,

respodentebs rom ar gamoeCinaT gulwrfeloba da gulisxmiereba,

yuradReba, sakiTxisadmi seriozuli midgoma, ramdenad Raribi iqneboda

Cveni codna im uamrav sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romlebiTac dRes

siamovnebiT vapelirebT xolme kerZo saubrebSi, an Tundac mecnierul

naSromebSi. amdenad, vinc gadawyvets kiTxvaris Sevsebas, SeuZlia

CaTvalos, rom Tavisi friad mokrZalebuli, magram mainc wvlili Seaqvs

mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi”. am mimarTvis Semdeg iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac

ramdenime potenciurma cdispirma uari Tqva kiTxvaris Sevsebaze,

danarCenebi ki mTeli seriozulobiT moekidnen sakiTxs.

kiTxvaris Sevsebis dawyebamde, meti garkveulobisa da

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, ganvixilavdiT erT magaliTs da vuxsnidiT, Tu

rogor unda gakeTebuliyo aRniSvna. instruqtaJis dasasrul, kidev

erTxel vazustebdiT zogierT detals: ,,gmadlobT TanamSromlobisaTvis.

SekiTxvis warmoSobisa an sxva gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi gTxovT,

mommarToT. SegiZliaT daiwyoT Sevseba”. cdispirebi droSi ar iyvnen

SezRudulebi.

Sedegebi da analizi:

damuSavebis win, monacemebs gaukeTda rekodireba _ zedsarTavi

saxelebi, romlebic cdispirebs Secvlili polusebiT miewodebodaT,

erTi mimarTulebiT gadakodirda.

yoveli cdispirisaTvis gamoviangariSeT TiToeuli Rirebulebis

zedsarTavebiT SefasebaTa saSualo ariTmetikuli da SevadgineT cxrili,

sadac warmovadgineT 216-ve cdispiris mier 44 Rirebulebis

gasaSualoebuli Sefasebebi.

socialuri ganwyobebi davalageT maTi Sefasebebis saSualo

ariTmetikuli sidideebis klebadobis mixedviT, ris Sedegadac gamoikveTa

cdispirebisaTvis Cvens mier SeTavazebuli Rirebulebebis mniSvnelovnoba

74

(yvelaze metad mniSvnelovanidan yvelaze naklebad mniSvnelovnamde).

nakvlev sociumSi Rirebulebebis ierarqia Semdegnairad gamoiyureba (ix.

cxrili #1)

Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac Cans, rom qarTul kulturaSi arsebobs

maradiuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic TavianT mniSvnelobas saukuneebis

manZilze ar kargaven. megobroba, erTguleba, sikeTe, rasac jer kidev XII

saukuneSi xotba Seasxa SoTa rusTavelma, XXI saukunis qarTvel

studentebSic (xazgasmiT aRvniSnav _ Cvens momaval TaobaSi _ student

axalgazrdobaSi) prioritetul faseulobebad rCeba. agreTve sainteresoa

iseTi mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis, rogoricaa ganaTleba, mesame adgilze

moxvedra. ukanasknel periodSi SeimCneva sulierebaze orientireba, ramac

asaxva hpova kvlevis SedegebSic. kerZod, sxvebTan SedarebiT maRal

poziciebze aRmoCnda iseTi faseulobebi, rogoricaa: religia, patiosneba,

Sinagani harmonia, mimtevebloba. am Temas aRar ganvavrcobT, radgan

sakiTxi Cveni kvlevis farglebs scildeba.

saSualo Sefasebebis matricaSi miRebuli monacemebi faqtoruli

analizis ZiriTadi komponentebis meTodiT damuSavda (kompiuteruli

programa SPSS _ statistikuri paketi socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis _

gamoyenebiT). gamoiyo rva faqtori. faqtoruli sivrcis brunva

(koordinatTa RerZebis mobruneba) movaxdineT ,,varimaqsis” meTodiT

kaizeris normalizaciis gamoyenebiT, ris Sedegadac Rirebulebebi

faqtorul sivrceSi Semdegnairad ganawilda (ix. cxrili #2).

zogierTi Rirebuleba maRal korelaciaSi aRmoCnda ramdenime

faqtorTan, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom isini am faqtorebs Soris

damakavSirebeli rgolis rols asruleben. kerZod, Rirebulebebi _

cnobismoyvareoba da alkoholi _ korelireben mesame faqtorTan, Tumca

garkveulwilad dakavSirebulebi arian meoTxe faqtorTanac; socialuri

samarTlianoba _ meSvide faqtorTan da amave dros pirvel faqtorTan;

mSvidoba msoflioSi _ meSvide faqtorTan da amave dros pirvel da

meore faqtorebTan; Tanasworoba _ merve faqtorTan da agreTve pirvel,

meore da meeqvse faqtorebTan (cxrilSi #2 gamoyofilia daxrili

SriftiT).

75

cxrili #1

# Rirebulebebi M 1 megobroba 1.93 2 erTguleba 1.92 3 ganaTleba 1.92 4 sikeTe 1.89 5 ojaxis usafrTxoeba 1.75 6 religia 1.75 7 patiosneba 1.73 8 erovnuli kultura 1.69 9 klasikuri kultura 1.69 10 Sinagani harmonia 1.64 11 mimtevebloba 1.64 12 samSoblo 1.55 13 mecniereba 1.53 14 Tavisufleba 1.47 15 damoukidebloba 1.46 16 TviTdisciplina 1.46 17 mSvidoba msoflioSi 1.43 18 qorwineba 1.40 19 silamaze 1.39 20 SemoqmedebiToba 1.39 21 zomiereba 1.34 22 me 1.24 23 tradiciebis pativiscema 1.19 24 gambedaoba 1.18 25 Tanasworoba 1.18 26 iumori 1.18 27 socialuri samarTlianoba 1.18 28 socialuri wesrigi 1.17 29 Tavmdabloba 1.08 30 kanoni 1.07 31 adamiani 0.80 32 simdidre 0.67 33 Zalaufleba 0.64 34 fuli 0.48 35 socialuri Zalaufleba 0.36 36 Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba 0.22 37 seqsualuri Tavisufleba 0.12 38 cnobismoyvareoba 0.06 39 sasjeli -0.18 40 politika -0.47 41 alkoholi -0.54 42 daSineba -0.96 43 danaSauli -0.99 44 sicrue -1.27

(detaluri cxrili ix. danarTi #2).

76

cxrili #2 faqtori 1 faqtori 2

Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona Rirebuleba

faqtoruli wona

sikeTe 0.77 Sinagani harmonia 0.67

patiosneba 0.75 erovnuli kultura 0.64

erTguleba 0.75 Tavisufleba 0.63

ganaTleba 0.74 socialuri wesrigi 0.56

zomiereba 0.70 mSvidoba msoflioSi 0.38

mimtevebloba 0.69 Tanasworoba 0.31

klasikuri kultura 0.66

ojaxis usafrTxoeba 0.66

gambedaoba 0.65

damoukidebloba 0.65

megobroba 0.63

TviTdisciplina 0.63

qorwineba 0.62

samSoblo 0.60

religia 0.57

mecniereba 0.56

Tavmdabloba 0.56

silamaze 0.54

tradiciebis pativiscema

0.53

SemoqmedebiToba 0.53

kanoni 0.50

me 0.47

socialuri samarTlianoba 0.46

mSvidoba msoflioSi 0.34

Tanasworoba 0.22

77

faqtori 3 faqtori 4

Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona sasjeli 0.78 simdidre 0.66

sicrue 0.60 fuli 0.64

daSineba 0.59seqsualuri Tavisufleba

0.63

danaSauli 0.56 iumori 0.52

cnobismoyvareoba 0.53 alkoholi 0.40

alkoholi 0.40 cnobismoyvareoba 0.36 faqtori 5 faqtori 6

Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba

0.75socialuri Zalaufleba

0.80

adamiani 0.63 Zalaufleba 0.69

politika 0.61 Tanasworoba 0.25 faqtori 7 faqtori 8

Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona socialuri samarTlianoba

0.56 Tanasworoba 0.63

mSvidoba msoflioSi 0.44

(faqtoruli analizis Sedegebis sruli varianti ix. danarTi #3).

monacemebis damuSavebam cal-calke _ sqesis da asakobrivi

jgufebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva suraTi mogvca, rac vfiqrobT, saWiroebs

Semdgom Seswavlas da udaod saintereso iqneba. magram am sakiTxs ar

CavRrmavebivarT, radgan igi scildeba Cveni kvlevis farglebs. am

SemTxvevaSi Cvens interess Seadgenda socialuri ganwyobebis struqturis

dadgena zogadad, nacvlad konkretuli sociumis, Tu sqesobriv-

asakobrivi jgufebis sistemebs Soris gansxvavebebis kvlevisa.

78

daskvna:

amrigad, faqtoruli analiziT miRebulma Sedegebma aCvena, rom

Rirebulebebis mimarT arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebi dajgufda

faqtorebis mixedviT da amdenad, SeiZleba vilaparakoT TiToeul jgufSi

Semaval socialur ganwyobebs Soris arsebul garkveul kavSirze.

Tavi 3

socialuri ganwyobis Secvla

uamravi kvlevaa Catarebuli damarwmunebeli komunikaciis gavleniT

socialuri ganwyobebis Secvlis Seswavlis mizniT. komunikaciis

procesSi gamoyofen ramdenime komponents. mokled ganvixilavT TiToeul

maTgans.

3 . 1 . ko mu n i k atori

komunikaciis procesSi erT-erTi mTavari roli komunikators, anu

informaciis wyaros miekuTvneba. rac ufro dadebiTad afaseben adamianebi

komunikators, miT maRalia albaToba imisa, rom dadebiTad Seafaseben

komunikaciasac da moaxdenen TavianTi ganwyobebis modificirebas am

komunikaciis Sesabamisad. es aris efeqtis gadatanis ideis zemoqmedebis

logikuri Sedegi. komunikatoris garkveuli Tvisebebi ganapirobebs

misTvis micemul dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas, romelic adamianebs

pirdapir gadaaqvT komunikatoris mier gamoxatul poziciaze.

ndoba

adamianebi ukeTesad eqvemdebarebian darwmunebas im komunikatorebis

mxridan, romlebic imsaxureben ndobas. ndobis pirveli kvleva, romelmac

79

aRniSnuli efeqtis zemoqmedeba gamoavlina, iyo k. hovlandisa da v. veisis

mier SemuSavebuli testi (hovlandi ... 1952). Sedegebma aCvena, rom maRali

ndobis gamomwvevi wyaros komunikaciebi metad iwvevdnen ganwyobis

Secvlas, vidre naklebi ndobis gamomwvevisa. wyarosadmi maRali ndobis

mniSvneloba araerTxel iqna demonstrirebuli da igi sakamaTo aRar

aris. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena ndobis ori

damoukidebeli komponentis arseboba. esaa kompetenturoba da saimedooba

(hovlandi ... 1952).

Cveulebriv, kompetenturi wyaro ufro damarwmunebelia, vidre

arakompetenturi, rac kvlevebiT dasturdeba (teilori ... 2004).

garda kompetenturobisa mniSvnelovania, auditoria darwmunebuli

iyos imaSi, rom komunikatori ar axdens misiT manipulirebas, amJRavnebs

Ria da patiosan ganzraxvas. aRiqmebodes, rogorc miukerZoebeli da

sando. sando adamianebis STabeWdilebas toveben is komunikatorebi,

romlebsac garkveuli poziciis dakavebiT mxolod mcire sargeblis

miRebis SesaZlebloba aqvT, xolo naklebad sandoebi arian, rodesac

ikaveben garkveul pozicias imitom, rom sxva adamianebis darwmunebiT

miiRon piradad TavisTvis garkveuli sargebeli.

sandoobis STabeWdilebas aZlierebs agreTve wyaros

mravalricxovnoba, anu rodesac ramdenime adamiani ambobs erTsa da

imaves (perlofi 2003). TumcaRa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom mravalricxovani

wyaroebi am upiratesobiT sargebloben mxolod maSin, roca maTi

msjelobebi fasdeba, rogorc gulwrfeli da erTmaneTisagan

damoukidebeli. amgvarad, mravalricxovani wyaroebi ganwyobis Secvlas

iwveven, rodesac gamoxataven WeSmaritad damoukidebel azrebs.

simpaTia

adamianebi cdiloben TavianTi rwmenebis SeTavsebas grZnobebTan.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom adamianebs aqvT mzaoba Secvalon sakuTari

ganwyobebi imisaTvis, rom Seusabamon isini mowonebuli adamianebis

ganwyobebs. mTlianobaSi kvlevebma daadastura am msjelobis siswore

(zimbardo ... 2000). adamianebi agreTve ufro Zlierad eqvemdebarebian imaT

zegavlenas, romelTac aRiqvamen TavianT msgavsad. darwmunebaSi

80

mniSvnelovania komunikatoris mimzidvelobis, misi fsiqikuri da

fizikuri momxibvlelobis faqtoric. komunikatoris es Tviseba

gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaobs, rodesac saqme pirovnulad naklebad

mniSvnelovan Tvalsazriss an qcevas exeba, vidre amis saSualebas

komunikators sakuTriv Tvalsazrisis da qcevis Sinaarsi aZlevs (osgudi

... 1955).

prestiJi

d. Carkvianma ikvlia sxvadasxva prestiJis mqone wyarodan momdinare

erTi da igive informaciis gavlena adamianTa ganwyobebze. aRmoCnda, rom

wyaros prestiJuloba da ganwyobebze misi zegavlena

pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebaSia (Carkviani 1980; 2004).

referentuli jgufebi

adamianTa jgufi, romelTanac vaxdenT sakuTari Tavis

identificirebas, an romlis mimarTac ganvicdiT simpaTias, ufro Zlier

zegavlenas axdens Cvenze. aseT jgufebs hqvia referentuli jgufebi.

amgvarad, ganwyobebis SecvlaSi referentuli jgufebis maRal

efeqturobas gansazRvravs ori mizezi: simpaTia da msgavseba (teilori ...

2004).

,,jgufis SigniT” myofi adamianebisagan miwodebuli informacia

ufro damarwmunebelia, radgan isini sxvanairad gadamuSavdeba, vidre

informacia, romelic momdinareobs ,,jgufis gareT” myofi

komunikatorebisagan. mecnierTa jgufma (maski ... 1990) miiRo monacemebi

imis Sesaxeb, rom arareferentuli jgufebidan (,,jgufis gareT”)

momdinare komunikaciebi gadamuSavdeboda ukidures periferiul doneze,

miuxedavad Setyobinebebis siZlierisa. xolo rac Seexeba ,,jgufis

Signidan” momdinare Setyobinebebs, aq Zlieri argumentebi monawileebze

ufro damarwmuneblad zemoqmedebda, vidre susti. am SemTxvevaSi

mniSvneloba eniWeboda Setyobinebis Sinaarss. aRniSnul efeqts adgili

hqonda umetesad maSin, rodesac sakiTxi individis referentuli

jgufisaTvis iyo arsebiTi.

81

amdenad, momxibvleli, sasiamovno, sando, kompetenturi adamianebi

ufro damarwmunebelni arian, vidre isini, vinc moklebulia am Tvisebebs.

sainteresoa, rom komunikatoris Tvisebebs meti mniSvneloba eniWeba

audio-vizualur SetyobinebebSi, vidre werilobiTSi. magaliTad,

satelevizio SetyobinebaSi ufro met informacias viRebT komunikatoris

Sesaxeb. werilobiT SetyobinebaSi komunikatoris Sesaxeb informacia

naklebad moipoveba. amitom, aqcenti keTdeba Setyobinebis Sinaarsze

(Caldini 1999).

wyaros diskreditacia

komunikatoris Tvisebebs SeuZlia Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobis

rogorc gaZliereba, aseve diskreditireba. rodesac komunikacia ar

Seesabameba adamianebis ganwyobebs, maT SeuTanxmeblobis Semcireba

SeuZliaT imis daSvebiT, rom komunikaciis wyaro arasandoa. amas ewodeba

wyaros diskreditacia (derogating of source).

diskreditaciis erT-erTi saSualebaa komunikaciis wyaroze

Tavdasxma. diskreditirebuli oponentis yovelgvar gamonaTqvams ukve

naklebi wona aqvs.

komunikatori da periferiuli gzebi

komunikatoris Tvisebebi xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc darwmunebis

periferiuli stimulebi maSin, roca SeuZlebelia, an ar arsebobs

argumentebis skrupulozuli gadamuSavebis motivacia, magram cnobilia,

rom mciredi kognituri ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebelia komunikatoris

saimedo Tvalsazrisis ndoba da amgvarad argumentis gaazrebisaTvis

Tavis arideba sakuTari ZalebiT. Tu SeuZlebelia Tundac erTi

damarwmunebeli argumentis gaxseneba, mainc xdeba dayrdnoba wyaros

komunikaciasTan pirovnebis damokidebulebis gansazRvris mizniT

(perlofi 2003). rodesac adamiani sakiTxSi garkveulia, maSin naklebad

savaraudoa periferiuli stimulebis, maT Soris, komunikatoris

kompetenturobis, gamoyeneba (Caldini 1999).

82

3 . 2 . ko mu n i k ac i a

garda komunikatorisa, didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad komunikacias.

Setyobinebis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs, miiReben mas adamianebi, Tu ara.

vinaidan adamianebi kargad icnoben sakuTar ganwyobebs, ganwyobis

sawinaaRmdego komunikaciebi, roca isini Seexeba adamianisaTvis

mniSvnelovan ganwyobebs, ver iqneba damarwmunebeli (zuverinki ... 1996).

am ZiriTadi debulebis garda, mTeli rigi faqtorebisa axdens

gavlenas komunikaciis damarwmuneblobis xarisxze.

gansvla

komunikaciis damarwmuneblobis xarisxze moqmedi ZiriTadi

faqtoria is, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba es komunikacia Cveni sakuTari

poziciisagan. mTlianobaSi, rac ufro metia gansvla (discrepancy), miT

metia Secvlisaken potenciuri zewola (hovlandi ... 1957). mtkicebulebebi,

romlebic gansxvavdeba Cveni sakuTari Sexedulebebisagan, gvaiZuleben

eWvi SevitanoT wyaros sandoobaSi ufro, vidre SevcvaloT Cveni

ganwyobebi (perlofi 2003). ukiduresi gansvlis dros ki gansakuTrebiT

xSiria komunikatoris gaufasureba.

ganwyobis Secvlasa da gansvlas Soris arsebobs kavSiri: ganwyobis

mcired Secvlas iwveven komunikaciebi dabali da maRali gansvliT,

xolo ganwyobas maqsimalurad Secvlis is komunikacia, romelsac aqvs

zomieri gansvla.

ndobis maRali xarisxi komunikators SesaZleblobas aZlevs,

warmatebiT daicvas SedarebiT urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi,

vinaidan aseTi Sexedulebebis uaryofa advili ar aris. da piriqiT,

arasando wyaro sakmaod aadvilebs uaryofas. amgvarad, arsebobs

ganwyobis maqsimaluri Secvlis tendencia gansvlis SedarebiT dabal

doneebze (veiteni 1992).

zogadad, eqsperimentuli monacemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze

(baliaSvili 1980) SeiZleba gansvlis sididesa da socialuri ganwyobis

Secvlis sidides Soris sami tipis damokidebulebis gamoyofa:

1. pirdapirproporciuli _ gansvlis sididis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba

83

ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli; 2. mrudxazovani _ gansvlis sididis

matebasTan erTad izrdeba ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli, xolo rodesac

gansvla garkveul sidides aRwevs, ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli

TandaTanobiT iklebs; 3. ukuproporciuli _ sididis matebasTan erTad

klebulobs ganwyobis Secvlis sidide.

gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom rodesac sakiTxisadmi

damokidebuleba motivaciurad neitraluria, xolo komunikatoris

sandooba zomieri, gansvlasa da gavlenas Soris pirdapirproporciuli

damokidebulebaa. Tu komunikatoris sandooba izrdeba da Semodis ,,me”-s

CarTulobis faqtori, damokidebuleba mrudxazovani xdeba. ,,me”-s

CarTuloba m. Serifma da k. hovlandma (baliaSvili 1980) gansazRvres,

rogorc jgufis sruliad garkveuli pozicia sakiTxis mimarT,

subieqturi interesi. ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba ki, valdebulebis

(erTgulebis) faqtoris (commitment) Semosvlisas fiqsirdeba. Tu

komunikatoris sandooba ar aris imdenad safuZvliani, rom SeuZlebeli

iyos misi gaufasureba, maSin gansvlasa da gavlenas Soris

damokidebulaba mrudxazovania.

is garemoeba, rom gansvlasa da ganwyobas Soris funqciur kavSirs

aSualeben iseTi cvladebi, rogorebicaa komunikatoris sandooba da

,,me”-s CarTuloba, miuTiTebs imas, rom SesaZloa am kavSirs aseve sxva

cvladebic aSualebdnen. amdenad savaraudoa, rom gansvlis sidide

subieqtis qcevaSi Semavali erT-erTi momentia da qcevis, rogorc mTelis

ufro zogad kanonzomierebebs emorCileba.

gansvla zegavlenas axdens Setyobinebis miRebaze. rodesac

gamoiTqmeba gansxvavebuli pozicia, romelic sakmaod axloa auditoriis

poziciasTan, is aRiqmeba imaze ufro axlo poziciad, vidre

sinamdvileSia. am process asimilacia ewodeba. rac ufro metad

daaxloebulia gansxvavebuli pozicia, miT gamartivebulia mcire

gansvlis kidev ufro Semcireba, an mTlianad moixsneba Secvlis

moTxovnileba, radgan ori pozicia arsebiTad msgavsad xdeba. meores

mxriv, rodesac wyaros pozicia Zlier gansxvavdeba auditoriis

poziciisagan, igi miiReba, rogorc kidev ufro metad gansxvavebuli. am

process kontrasti ewodeba. poziciis gansakuTrebulad ukiduresad

84

aRqmis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, igi ucnaurad moeCvenoT da moxdes

komunikatoris diskreditireba (teilori ... 2004).

d. Carkvianis kvlevam (Carkviani 1980) gamoavlina, rom recipientis

azri Setyobinebis mimarTulebiT icvleba maSin, rodesac informacias

asimilaciurad afasebs. meores mxriv, mimRebs sakuTari azri umtkicdeba

da SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad Seecvalos poziciis sawinaamdego

mimarTulebiT (,,bumerangis efeqti”) maSin, rodesac SetyobinebaSi

mocemul pozicias kontrastulad afasebs.

adamianis ganwyobebze sasurveli mimarTulebiT zemoqmedebisaTvis

saWiroa imis dadgena, Tu ra efeqtebs iZleva zemoqmedi poziciis

sasargeblo da sawinaaRmdego mxareebis gamoyeneba.

argumentaciis formebi

komunikators SeuZlia calmxrivi da ormxrivi Setyobineba

gamoiyenos. calmxrivi Setyobineba mxolod sakuTari Tvalsazrisis

dacvas gulisxobs da kontrargumentebs ugulebelyofs, xolo ormxrivi

_ sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dacvasTan erTad opoziciur Sexedulebasac

iTvaliswinebs. dadgenilia Semdegi kanonzomiereba: rac ufro metadaa

sakiTxze auditoria informirebuli, miT ufro nakleb gavlenas axdens

maTze calmxrivi Setyobineba. ormxrivi Setyobineba ki aseTi

kompetenturi auditoriisaTvis ufro sandod aRiqmeba. Sesabamisad,

rodesac msmenelebisaTvis kontrargumentebi cnobilia, maSin maTze

ormxrivi Setyobinebis zemoqmedeba ufro mZlavri da ufro xangrZlivia

(alsoni ... 1993).

calmxrivad da ormxrivad daxasiaTebul poziciebs gansxvavebuli

zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZlia pirovnebis ganwyobebze imis mixedviT, Tu

ramdenad gansxvavebuli pozicia gvinda mivaRebinoT mas. rodesac

adamianze misi poziciidan cotaTi gansxvavebuli poziciiT vaxdenT

gavlenas, misi ganwyobisagan mcired gansxvavebuli ganwyoba gvinda

mivaRebinoT, am amocanas ufro advilad SevasrulebT, Tu zemoqmedebis

calmxriv wess gamoviyenebT. mizezs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

warmoadgens is faqti, rom Tavis ganwyobisagan mcired gansxvavebul

poziciebs adamianebi advilad iReben, radgan maT Soris arsebuli mcire

85

sxvaobis Seufaseblobas axdenen. amas Tan sdevs maTi ganwyobis

moaxloeba, akomodacia zemoqmedi poziciis mimarTulebiT.

zemoqmedi poziciis ormxrivi ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi cdispirebi

zemoqmedi poziciis ganmamtkicebeli argumentebis garda sawinaaRmdego

mosazrebasac acnobiereben, ris gamo Tavis ganwyobasa da zemoqmed

pozicias Soris arsebul sxvaobas saTanado yuradRebas aqceven, rac

xels uSlis ganwyobis zemoqmed poziciasTan miaxloebis process.

sapirispiro efeqtTan gvaqvs saqme maSin, rodesac pirovnebis

ganwyobaze misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone informacia

moqmedebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi pirovneba pozicias kidev ufro Soreulad

ganicdis, misdauneburad eZebs sawinaaRmdego argumentebs da zemoqmedi

poziciis miReba ar xdeba (nadiraSvili 1985).

aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mkveTrad gansxvavebuli pozicia

ormxrivi wesiT ganixileba, misdami pirovnebis damokidebuleba

rTuldeba. sawinaaRmdego poziciis ormxrivi ganxilvis dros pirovneba

usmens zogierT iseT mosazrebas, romelsac eTanxmeba. mudmivi uaryofiTi

ganwyoba, romelic pirovnebas gauCnda da uZlierdeboda miuRebeli

poziciis calmxrivi dadebiTi daxasiaTebis dros, axla ganwyobaTa

rTuli TanmimdevrobiT icvleba da miuRebeli poziciisadmi kritikul

mosazrebaTa samarTlianobis gancdis gamo eqmneba ndoba ganxilvis am

wesis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba misi mkveTri dapirispirebuloba

sawinaaRmdego poziciis mimarT, romelic samarTlianad aris ganxiluli.

es viTareba aiZulebs pirovnebas, meti angariSi gauwios im dadebiT

mosazrebebsac, romlebic sapirispiro poziciis mimarT aris gamoTqmuli.

yovelive amis gamo adamians tendencia eqmneba, Tavis ganwyobaSi

warmodgenili poziciac aseve ormxrivad ganixilos, SeamCnios masSi

misaRebi da miuRebeli mxareebi, rac erTgvarad anelebs mis

konfrontacias ormxrivad ganxilul sapirispiro poziciasTan

(nadiraSvili 1985).

Zlieri da susti argumentebi

komunikaciis argumentebi zogjer Zlieri da udaoa, zogjer ki _

susti da saeWvo.

86

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Zlieri argumentebi yovelTvis iwveven

ganwyobis metad Secvlas, vidre sustebi, magram es yovelTvis ase araa.

damarwmunebeli komunikaciis Zlier argumentebze adamianebi ufro

keTilganwyobilad reagireben ZiriTadad maSin, roca aqvT motivacia

miaqcion seriozuli yuradReba argumentebs da SeuZliaT maTi

yuradRebiT gaazreba. mag. rodesac adamiani yuradRebiT aRiqvams

damarwmunebel komunikacias, ukve arsebul Zlier argumentebze susti

argumentebis damateba sinamdvileSi asustebs Setyobinebis zogad

damarwmuneblobas (maiersi 2001). TumcaRa, adamianebi informacias

iSviaTad aanalizeben yuradRebiT da skrupulozurad; am SemTxvevaSi

argumentebis raodenoba SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos,

vidre maTi damajereblobis xarisxi (veinki ... 1996). ase da amgvarad,

argumentebis Zala ar aris maTi damarwmuneblobis aucileblad

gadamwyveti faqtori. Zlieri argumentebis gavlena damokidebulia imaze,

arian Tu ara adamianebi CarTulebi Setyobinebisa da ganwyobis analizis

sakiTxSi.

ritorikuli kiTxvebi

zogjer komunikatorebi, romelTac surT daarwmunon adamianebi

garkveuli poziciis miRebaSi, aZleven SekiTxvebs, raTa auditoriis

monawileebSi gamoiwvion aRniSnul Temaze msjeloba. sxva SemTxvevebSi

ubralod gadascemen TavianT argumentebs. ritorikuli kiTxvebis

gamoyenebam unda moaxdinos azris stimulacia, rac Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs

adamianebs ufro yuradRebiT ganixilon argumentebi, riTac kidev ufro

aZliereben Zlieri argumentebis upiratesobas. aRniSnuli monacemebi

kvlevebiTaa dadasturebuli. erT-erTi kvlevis mimdinareobisas

r. bernkantma da d. hovardma (bernkranti ... 1984) gamoarkvies, rom

arapopularuli winadadebis warmodgena, ritorikuli kiTxvebis

saSualebiT astimulirebs komunikaciaze msjelobas da amaRlebs Semdeg

miwodebuli Zlieri argumentebis upiratesobas. ritorikuli kiTxvebi

xSirad astimulireben azrovnebas, gansakuTrebiT, Zlieri argumentebis

Sesaxeb keTilganwyobil azrebs da Sesabamisad aZliereben am

argumentebs.

87

gameoreba

amaRlebs Tu ara Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobas gameoreba?

r. zaionkis (zaionki 1968) kvlevam aCvena, rom kargi

gaTviTcnobierebuloba, dafuZnebuli gameorebaze, amaRlebs simpaTias.

magram damarwunebeli komunikaciebis SemTxvevaSi gameoreba, rogorc

irkveva, aZlierebs ganwyobis Secvlas, mxolod garkveul momentamde.

j. kaCiopos da r. petis (kaCiopo ... 1979) kvlevebma gamoarkvia, rom

gaZlierebuli zemoqmedebisas Tanxmoba izrdeboda garkveul donemde,

Semdeg ki _ mcirdeboda. es funqcia gadabrunebuli U asos formiT

waroiSoboda maSinac, rodesac Setyobineba eTanxmeboda komunikaciis

miznisaTvis sasurvel pozicias da rogorc Sedegi, Zalian mcired

gansxvavdeboda am poziciisagan da maSinac, roca pozicia iyo

arasasurveli, uTanxmoeba ki _ maRali. sainteresoa, ratomaa

darwmunebisaTvis gameoreba sasargeblo mxolod garkveul donemde?

gameorebas SeiZleba hqondes ori damoukidebeli Sedegi: mas SeuZlia

aamaRlos damarwmunebeli komunikaciis Sinaarsis gaazrebis

SesaZlebloba da amgvarad gaaumjobesos Setyobinebis gadamuSaveba,

magram mas SeuZlia mobezrebis gamowvevac da amgvarad, negatiuri

reaqciis Seqmna.

zemoTqmulis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gameoreba

exmareba Zlier argumentebs, vinaidan adamianebi maT ufro srulad

gadaamuSaveben, magram sust argumentebs SeuZlia zianic miayenos, radgan

gamoaaSkaravebs maT naklovanebebs, an ubralod, momabezreblebad aqcevs

(teilori ... 2004).

moyirWebis Tavidan acilebis erT-erTi saSualebaa Sinaarsis

cvlileba. anu gameorebis efeqturobas gazrdis Setyobinebis cvlileba

(teilori ... 2004).

informaciis zrda

informaciis miwodebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli

kvlevebiT, agreTve masmediis saSualebebis muSaobaze dakvirvebiT

(nadiraSvili 1985) gamoikveTa, rom informaciuli nakadis zrda

garkveuli mimarTulebiT, Cveulebriv, ar iZleoda sasurvel Sedegs _

88

masis ganwyobebi ar icvleboda sasurveli mimarTulebiT. informaciis

raodenobis gazrda ar iwvevs msmenelTa ganwyobebis saTanado

cvlilebebs. fsiqologiuri efeqti mdgomareobs mxolod mosaxleobis im

ganwyobebisa da rwmenebis gaZlierebaSi, romlebic maT ukve aqvT.

aRmoCnda, rom msmenelebi TavianTi ganwyobis sawinaaRmdego faqtebs ver

amCneven, an tendenciur, agitaciur informaciad aRiqvamen. Sesabamisad,

informacias ekargeba zemoqmedebis Zala.

Setyobineba

eqsperimentul gamokvlevaSi dadginda (teilori ... 2004), rom

adamianTa ganwyobebi ufro metad icvleba informaciiT zemoqmedebis

dros, rodesac sakiTxis garCevis Semdeg gakeTebulia daskvna, romelSic

kargadaa gamoxatuli zemoqmedi informaciis pozicia. es imis gamo xdeba,

rom ganwyobaze gavlenas axdens informaciis ara mxolod Sinaarsi,

aramed is pozicia, romelic masSia warmodgenili.

mniSvneloba eniWeba sxvadasxva poziciis miwodebis

Tanmimdevrobasac: romeli pozicia iqnas ganxiluli pirvelad _ pozicia,

romelsac veTanxmebiT da gvinda mivaRebinoT sxvebsac, Tu miuRebeli

pozicia, romelsac ar veTanxmebiT da vakritikebT? aseve problematuria

_ mravali Sexedulebis garCevis dros, ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvixiloT

isini. k. hovlandis da v. mendelis (zimbardo ... 2000) azriT, sxvadasxva

SexedulebaTa garCevisas ukanasknelad ganxiluli pozicia

individisaTvis yvelaze axalia da amitom, ufro met gavlenas axdes

masze.

Semdgomdroindel SromebSi naCvenebi iyo, rom adamiani pirvelad

gacnobili poziciis mimarT imuSavebs dadebiT ganwyobas, roca pirvelad

da meored gacnobil urTierTdapirispirebul Sexedulebebs Soris didi

droiTi distanciaa. aseT SemTxvevebSi Semdgom gacnobil pozicias

pirovneba ukve formulirebuli ganwyobis safuZvelze ecnoba, amitom

misi gavlena SedarebiT mcirea. magram rodesac sapirispiro

Tvalsazrisebs adamiani drois erT monakveSi TanmimdevrobiT ecnoba,

masze ukanaskneli pozicia ufro met zegavlenas axdens, radgan igi ufro

axal da meti informaciis Semcvel poziciad ganicdeba (teilori ... 2004).

89

n. milerma da d. kembelma (olsoni ... 1993) eqsperimentulad

Seiswavles meoradobis efeqti da daadgines misi gamovlenis pirobebi:

1. drois monakveTi or Setyobinebas Soris xangrZlivia; 2. meore

Setyobinebis Semdeg gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba mcire drois

monakveTSi.

informaciis rolis ganxilvis dros adamianTa ganwyobebis

formirebisa da Secvlis procesSi saWiro xdeba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

informaciis Rirebulebebis sakiTxis garkveva.

sxvadasxva viTarebaSi dadebiT da uaryofiT informaciaTa gavlenis

gazomvis Sedegad dadginda, rom rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi

informacia garkveul gavlenas axdens adamianTa ganwyobebze, iwvevs maT

cvlilebas Sesatyvisi mimarTulebiT. amave dros, rogorc d. Carkvianis

kvlevam cxadhyo (Carkviani 1980), dadebiTi informacia SedarebiT ufro

efeqturia damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis situaciaSi, vidre uaryofiTi. es

monacemebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamianTa ganwyobebis fiqsirebisa da

SecvlisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda iqnes rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi

informaciebi, magram zemoqmedebis informaciuli sistema mainc CvenTvis

sasurveli poziciis Sesatyvisi dadebiTi informaciis safuZvelze unda

iqnes sistematizebuli, romelSic miRebuli poziciis dasaxasiaTeblad

saWiro uaryofiTi informacia damxmare, gamaZlierebel rolSi gamova.

k. hovlandis da sxv. mixedviT (olsoni ... 1993), Setyobineba

efeqturia maSin, rodesac masSi gatarebuli azri recipientis

,,mimReblobis diapazonSi” Tavsdeba. es diapazoni mimRebis sawyis

poziciaSi CarTulobis xarisxiT ganisazRvreba: rac ufro CarTulia

pirovneba sakuTar poziciaSi, miT ufro SezRudulia ,,mimReblobis

diapazoni” da piriqiT.

SiSis aRZvra

daswavlis Teoriis midgoma varaudobs, rom SiSis gamomwvevi

Setyobinebebi sasiamovno iqneba, Tuki komunikaciaSi gaiTvaliswineben

SiSis Semcirebis rekomendaciebs. magram empiriuli monacemebiT,

aucilebelia agreTve SiSis donis gaTvaliswinebac.

90

kvlevis Sedegebi aCveneben, rom SiSis gaZliereba Cveulebriv,

damarwmunebeli komunikaciis efeqturobas zrdis, magram rodesac SiSi

sakmaod Zlieria, zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos damangreveli _ gamoiwvios

adamianebSi Zlieri SeSineba, rac xels uSlis adamianebs moqmedebaSi da

iwvevs komunikaciis ignorirebas. zomier doneebze SiSis gamomwvevi

argumentebi SeiZleba ufro efeqturic ki iyos ganwyobebis Sesacvlelad,

vidre is argumentebi, romlebic iwveven sust SiSs, an saerTod ar iwveven

mas (teilori ... 2004).

periferiuli stimulebi da Setyobinebebis maxasiaTeblebi

zogierT SemTxvevaSi periferiul stimulebs SeiZleba didi

mniSvneloba hqondes ganwyobis SecvlaSi. rodesac Setyobinebis

argumentebis Sesaxeb msjelobis motivacia dabalia (mag. Tu mocemuli

sakiTxi CvenTvis nakleb mniSvnelovania), anda ar SegviZlia argumentebis

dawvrilebiT gaanalizeba (mag. roca ar varT informirebulebi an

gafantuli gvaqvs yuradReba), ganwyobis Secvlis gadawyvetilebis

miRebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani xdeba periferiuli stimulebi.

periferiul stimulebs ganekuTvneba Semdegi ori: SetyobinebaSi

argumentebis raodenoba da maTi moculoba. SetyobinebaSi argumentebis

didi raodenobis gamoyeneba zrdis ganwyobis Secvlis albaTobas, roca

sakiTxi naklebad mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis: mocemul adamianze

zegavlenas axdens ara kiTxva, aramed argumentebis raodenoba.

argumentebis didi raodenobis gamoyeneba aZlierebs ganwyobis Secvlas,

rogorc Zlieri, aseve susti argumentebis arsebobis pirobebSi da

miuTiTebs, imaze, rom momxdari gadamuSaveba umniSvneloa. msgavsad amisa,

ufro grZel Setyobinebebs axasiaTebs meti damarwmunebeli zemoqmedeba,

vidre mokleebs, magram mxolod informirebul adamianebze, vinaidan

isini, rogorc sCans, naklebad ufiqrdebian Setyobinebis Sinaarss. metad

informirebuli adamianebisaTvis argumentis Zala metad mniSvnelovani

faqtoria, SesaZlebelia imitom, rom es adamianebi met yuradRebas aqceven

Tavad argumentebis arss (zimbardo ... 2000).

amgvarad, mravali sxvadasxva faqtori gansazRvravs mocemuli

Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobas. roca adamianebs aqvT Setyobinebisadmi

91

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmobis dro da interesi, Zlier

argumentebs aqvT gadamwyveti upiratesoba. Zlieri argumentebis

ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ufro meti gavlena aqvT periferiul stimulebs,

rogoricaa wyaros xarisxi an argumentebis raodenoba.

3 . 3 . o b i e qt i

obieqtebi, anu adamianebi, romlebzedac mimarTulia damarwunebeli

komunikacia, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rac gavlenas axdens

damarwmuneblobaze. SesaZlebelia obieqtebi ganwyobilebi iyvnen, rom

daeTanxmon Setyobinebas, an ar daeTanxon. SesaZlebelia iyvnen

gacnobilni argumentebs, an _ ara. maT SeiZleba komunikatoris poziciis

sawinaaRmdego argumentebi hqondeT, an ar hqondeT. bolos da bolos,

SeiZleba hqondeT piradi motivebi, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu ramdenad

arian mzad es adamianebi Seicvalon damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis

sapasuxod.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli propagandistuli teqnologiaa motivis

aqtivacia.

daswavlasTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis midgoma gulisxmobs, rom

motivis aRZvra iwvevs ganwyobis Secvlas mxolod maSin, roca

Setyobinebis miReba amcirebs aRZvras. Tavis mxriv, agresiis aRZvra

gamoiwvevs ganwyobis Secvlas mxolod maSin, roca komunikacia

astimulirebs agresiul pozicias (perlofi 2003). eqsperimentatorebma

ivaraudes, rom kvlevis monawileebi, romelTac aiZules agresiis

SegrZneba, miiRebdnen uaryofiT komunikacias, vinaidan igi miscemda am

agresiis gamomJRavnebis saSualebas. ,,rbili” Setyobineba ki _

daakmayofilebda sasiamovno gamocdilebis mqone monawileebis SedarebiT

araagresiul moTxovnebs. miRebulma Sedegebma daadastura varaudi.

pirovnuli CarTuloba

m. Serifisa da h. kentrilis Tanaxmad (teilori ... 2004), ganwyobebi,

romlebic mWidrod arian dakavSirebulebi sakuTar ,,me”-sTan,

cvlilebebis mimarT Zlieri winaaRmdegobiT gamoirCevian.

92

kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda gansxvaveba pirovnuli CarTulobis

ramdenime saxeobas Soris. maT miekuTvneba erTguleba (valdebuleba),

problemiT daintereseba da reaqciiT daintereseba.

a) erTguleba (commitment). dainteresebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia

problemasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis erTguleba Tavisi Tavdapirveli

ganwyobisadmi. damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis mimarT winaaRmdegobrioba

mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia am erTgulebis Zalaze (Rhine, Severance,

1990).

erTgulebas SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime wyaro. jer erTi,

erTguleba matulobs roca ganwyobis safuZvelze adamiani CarTulia

qcevaSi.

meore _ erTguleba Zlierdeba, rodesac gamoxataven saxalxod

TavianT azrs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs SexedulebaTa legalizaciis

efeqtTan, romelic gulisxmobs Semdegs: Secvlas ufro advilad

eqvemdebareba iseTi Sexedulebebi, romlebic araa cdispirebis mier

gacxadebuli, vidre isini, romelTa legalizeba, saxalxod, sazogadoebis

winaSe gacxadeba moxda. socialuri legalizacia adamianis ganwyobebs

ganamtkicebs. sakuTari ganwyobebisa da Sexedulebebisadmi erTgulebas

pirovnebaSi aZlierebs is faqti, rom sazogadoebam uwyis maT Sesaxeb.

adamianis fsiqikaze socialuri zegavlenis aseTi efeqti SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnas propagandistuli moRvaweobisas (nadiraSvili 1978).

socialuri ganwyobebis formirebisa da Secvlis Sesaxeb erT-erTi

eqsperimentuli kvleviT aRmoCnda, rom rodesac cdispirebs evalebodaT

moeZebnaT da sajarod daecvaT garkveuli debulebebi, romlebisadmic

maT uaryofiTi ganwyobebi hqondaT, cdispirebis 83%-s ecvleboda

pirvandeli ganwyobebi da gamoumuSavdebodaT iseTebi, romelTa

Sesatyvisi azrebis dacvac maT sajarod awarmoes. ufro metic, gamoirkva,

rom ganwyobis sawinaaRmdego debulebebis dacvis gadawyvetilebis

miRebis Sedegad mis realur Sesrulebamde ukve mniSvnelovnad

ecvlebodaT ganwyobebi nakisr valdebulebaTa mimarTulebiT

(baliaSvili 1978).

erTgulebis mesame wyaroa ganwyobis obieqtTan dakavSirebuli

uSualo gamocdileba. Tu adamians aseTi gamocdileba aqvs ganwyobis

93

TemasTan dakavSirebiT, am SemTxvevaSi ganwyobebi, Cveulebriv, naklebad

eqvemdebarebian cvlilebebs.

meoTxe _ ganwyobis poziciis Tavisufali arCeva iwvevs erTgulebis

ufro Zlier grZnobas, vidre situacia, rodesac pozicia Zaladaa Tavs

moxveuli, an adamians am poziciisaken ubiZgeben.

b) problemiT daintereseba aqtualuri xdeba maSin, rodesac

sakiTxs adamianisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. am faqtors daarqves

problemiT dainteresebuloba (sakiTxSi CarTuloba) anu adamianisaTvis

aqtualoba (issue involvement), radgan adamiani mocemul sakiTxTan

mimarTebaSi ufro dainteresebulia, vidre _ damoukidebeli. problemiT

daintereseba warmoadgens adamianebisaTvis motivacias, rom yuradRebiT

moepyran sakiTxs da Sesabamis argumentebs, amitom, roca aris problemiT

daintereseba, Zlieri argumentebi sustebTan SedarebiT ufro

damarwmunebelia (peti ... 1990). problemiT dainteresebulobis dros didi

gansvlis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis Secvla mcirea.

g) reaqciiT daintereseba. maSinac ki, roca adamiani ar aris

piradad dainteresebuli sakiTxiT, misi ganwyobiTi reaqcia SeiZleba

Zalian mniSvnelovani iyos, radgan gaivlis sazogadoebriv Semowmebas da

gamoiwvevs socialur mowonebas an gakicxvas. esaa reaqciiT

dainteresebuloba (reaqciaSi CarTuloba) (response involvement) (zimbardo

... 2000). reaqciiT dainteresebul adamians pirvel rigSi aRelvebs, miiRebs

Tu ara igi garSemomyofTa mowonebas; maSin, roca sakiTxiT

dainteresebul adamians awuxebs argumentebis xarisxi, vinaidan misTvis

TviT sakiTxia mniSvnelovani. reaqciiT dainteresebulobisa da

mniSvnelovani gansvlis dros damokidebuleba gansvlasa da ganwyobis

Secvlas Soris pirdapirproporciulia.

m. laipem da r. elkinma (zimbardo ... 2000) Seadares erTmaneTs ori

urTierTsawinaaRmdego zemoqmedeba: daintereseba problemiT da

daintereseba reaqciiT. kvlevis monawileebi, romlebic iyvnen problemiT

Zlier dainteresebulni, an reaqciiT naklebad dainteresebulni _ anu

isini, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom sakiTxi maTze pirovnulad zemoqmedebas

moaxdenda, magram ar aRelvebdaT, Tu Tavad ra STabeWdilebas

moaxdendnen sxvebze _ yuradRebiT Seiswavlidnen argumentebs, rac

94

gamoixata imaSi, rom ufro Zlieri argumentebis sapasuxod, ufro

Zlierad icvleboda maTi ganwyobebi. maSin, roca reaqciiT daintereseba

iyo maRali, anu kvlevis monawileebs aRelvebdaT TavianTi

TviTprezentacia, argumentis Zala praqtikulad ignorirebuli iyo.

msgavsad amisa, argumentis Zala ar moqmedebda, rodesac problema ar

aRiqmeboda pirad interesebTan kavSirSi.

SejamebisaTvis vityviT, rom pirovnuli CarTulobis cneba

dayofilia sam saxeobad, romelTagan TiToeuli xasiaTdeba

gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri dinamikiT. erTuleba (anu poziciiT

daintereseba) aris adamianis specifiuri poziciiT daintereseba da

warmoSobs aRniSnuli poziciis dasacavad mimarTul zewolas. am

poziciis sawinaaRmdego komunikaciis zemoqmedeba xSirad iwvevs

ganwyobis cvlilebisagan gansxvavebul reaqciebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa:

wyaros diskreditacia, damaxinjebuli aRqma, an Setyobinebis sruli

miuRebloba. sakiTxiT daintereseba dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad

mniSvnelovania es sakiTxi pirovnebisaTvis. igi xels uwyobs informaciis

ufro pirdapir da skrupulozul gadamuSavebas, rac gamowveulia

yvelaze saukeTeso poziciis gamovlenis mcdelobiT. reaqciiT

daintereseba iwvevs adamianSi Relvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqvamen

sxva adamianebi misi ganwyobis garegnul gamovlinebebs. es iwvevs zrunvas

ara argumentebis xarisxsa da mocemuli poziciis av-kargianobaze, aramed

_ zrunvas sakuTari Tavis warmosaCenad (TviTprezentacia).

individualoba da damarwmuneblobis mimRebloba

arsebobs mTeli rigi individualuri pirovnuli Tvisebebisa,

romelsac SeuZlia darwmunebaze zegavlenis moxdena. es Tvisebebia:

avtoritarizmi/dogmatizmi, SfoTva, kontrolis lokusi, sakuTari Tavis

pativiscema (perlofi 2003). dogmatizmisadmi naklebad midrekili

adamianebi advilad eqvemdebarebian darwmunebas Zlieri da ara susti

argumentebis zemoqmedebiT. dogmatikebs ki _ piriqiT, arakompetenturi

wyaro mxolod Zlieri argumentebiT daarwmunebs, xolo kompetenturi

wyaros SemTxvevaSi dogmatikosebi reagireben mis avtoritetze da amitom

Zlieri da susti argumentebi maTTvis erTnairad damarwmunebelia.

95

empiriuli monacemebis Tanaxmad (olsoni ... 1993), darwmunebis

Sedegianobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli cvladia adamianis TviTSefaseba.

kerZod, dabali TviTSefasebis mqone recipientebi, Cveulebriv,

informacias Znelad iazreben da amitom isini zemoqmedebasac naklebad

eqvemdebarebian. maRali TviTSefasebis recipientebic, sakuTar codnaSi

darwmunebulobis gamo, damarwmunebeli informaciis gavlenas naklebad

ganicdian. yvelaze did zemoqmedebas ki saSualo donis TviTSefasebis

mqone adamianebi eqvemdebarebian.

damarwmuneblobaze moqmedebs kidev erTi individualuri faqtori _

dasrulebulobis moTxovnileba, anu survili, miiRo zusti pasuxi

SekiTxvaze da ar darCe gaurkvevlobis mdgomareobaSi. kvlevis

monawileebi, romlebsac dasrulebulobis maRali moTxovnileba aqvT,

Cveulebriv avlenen damarwmuneblobisadmi did winaRmdegobas, vidre

isini, visac aqvs dabali moTxovnileba, vinaidan ar undaT, rom

Seicvalon. adamianebi, romlebsac dasrulebulobis dabali

moTxovnileba aqvT, ufro momTmenni arian gaurkvevlobisadmi, romelsac

qmnis damarwmunebeli komunikacia da ufro mzad arian ganwyobebis

Secvlisken. magram Tu damarwmunebeli komunikacia exeba sakiTxs,

romelSic adamianebi ar arian Zalian kompetenturebi da am komunikacias

uyuradRebod usmenen, maSin dasrulebulobisadmi maRali moTxovnilebis

mqoneni ganicdian ganwyobis ufro mniSvnelovan cvlilebas vidre isini,

visac dasrulebulobis moTxovna dabali aqvs (kruglanski ... 1993).

savaraudoa, rom zemoaRniSnuli dakavSirebulia areuli situaciisagan

Tavis daRwevis mcdelobasTan.

3 . 4 . s itu ac i a

damarwmunebeli komunikaciis ganxorcieleba, Cveulebriv, farTo

situaciuri konteqstis CarCoebSi xdeba, romlis Semadgenlebi agreTve

zemoqmedeben damarwmuneblobis warmatebulobis xarisxze.

96

gafrTxileba ganwyobis Sesaxeb

j. fridmanisa da d. sirsis (teilori ... 2004) kvlevebiT dadginda,

rom winaswari gafrTxileba (forewarning) Setyobinebisadmi winaaRmdegobis

gawevas uwyobs xels. rogorc sCans, damcvelobiTi meqanizmebi da

kontrargumentebi raRacnairad varjiSdeba da Sedegad _ Zlierdeba.

roca adamianebma winaswar ician, rom vinmes surs maTi ganwyobiTi

poziciis Secvla maTTvis Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

iwyeben aseTi Setyobinebis sawinaaRmdego kontrargumentebis

Camoyalibebas winaswar gansazRvraven ra, Tu ris Tqmas apirebs

komunikatori. r. petim da j. kaCiopom (peti ... 1990) aCvenes, rom

gafrTxilebasa da komunikaciis zemoqmedebas Soris periodi didi

raodenobis kontrargumentebis formirebis saSualebas iZleva.

magaliTad, adamiani, romelmac miiRo gafrTxileba, daarwmunebs sakuTar

Tavs, rom komunikatori arasandoa, an arasworadaa informirebuli. sxva

sakiTxia, rodesac zemoqmedeba xdeba iseT ganwyobaze, romelic ar aris

dakavSirebuli adamianisaTvis principul sakiTxTan. am SemTxvevaSi

gafrTxileba iZleva ukuefeqts: igi sinamdvileSi xels uwyobs ganwyobis

Secvlas.

gafrTxileba ganzraxvis Sesaxeb

aq igulisxmeba gafrTxileba darwmunebis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb.

rodesac adamiani winaswar gafrTxilebulia, rom viRac apirebs misi

Sexedulebebis Secvlas, misTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

maSin es adamiani iwyebs mosalodneli argumentebis sawinaaRmdego

kontrargumentebis Camoyalibebas, riTac ganwyobis Secvlisadmi

mometebul winaaRmdegobriobas gamoavlens (teilori ... 2004).

yuradRebis gadatana

damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis aRqmas, SesaZlebelia, xeli Seuwyos

msmenelis yuradRebis gadatanam. aRniSnuli efeqtis demonstrireba

moaxdines l. festinjerma da n. makkombim (perlofi 2003).

Semdeg 1981w. r. petim da t. brokma (teilori ... 2004) daadgines, rom

yuradRebis umniSvnelo gadatana, marTlac, aZlierebs damarwmuneblobas.

97

am faqtis axsnas iZleva kognituri reaqciis analizi. yuradRebis

gadatana xels uwyobs damarwmuneblobas mxolod maSin, rodesac

Seejaxeba kontrargumentirebis efeqtur process. Tu ara gvaqvs

komunikaciis Sinaarsis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi, maSin yuradRebis

gadatana xels ar uSlis Cvens kontrargumentirebas. rogorc sCans,

yuradRebis gadatana ukeTesad zemoqmedebs maSin, rodesac komunikaciebi

Zlier winaaRmdegobaSi modis adamianis sakuTar ganwyobebTan, agreTve

maSin, rodesac sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis.

savaraudod amis mizezia is, rom swored es pirobebi axdens ufro

Zlieri kontrargumentirebis stimulirebas.

yuradRebis gadatanis zemoqmedebis sazRvrebi mkacrad

gansazRvrulia. yuradRebis zedmetad Zlieri gadatana xels uSlis

Setyobinebis aRqmas da nulamde dahyavs misi efeqturoba.

dacvis gamomuSaveba

adamiani, romelzedac zemoqmedeben damarwmunebeli komunikaciiT,

u. mak-guaierma (mak-guaieri 1969) Seadara virusis, an avadmyofobis

zemoqmedebis qveS myof adamians. rac ufro Zlieria damarwmunebeli

Setyobineba (virusis analogiurad), miT meti zianis motana SeuZlia,

magram rac Zlieria adamianis damcveli Zalebi, miT Zlierad

ewinaaRmdegeba igi darwmunebas (analogiurad _ avadmyofobas). u. mak-

guaieris mixedviT, damarwmunebeli komunikaciisagan dacvis ori forma

arsebobs: pirveli _ aZlierebs winaaRmdegobriobas adamianis

Sexedulebebisadmi mxardaWeriT. aq igulisxmeba damatebiTi argumentebis

uzrunvelyofa pirveladi Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. u. mak-guaierma mas

daarqva mxardaWeriTi dacva (supportive defence). meore _ gulisxmobs

,,acrebis” saSualebiT dacvas (inoculation defence). u. mak-guaieris azriT,

ufro efeqturia damcvelobiTi Zalebis gamomuSaveba. adamiani, romelmac

gauZlo damarwmuneblobis Semotevas da SeinarCuna sakuTari Sexeduleba,

SemdgomSi ufro metad SesZlebs aseTi SetevebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis

gawevas, vinaidan mas Camouyalibda Zlieri dacvis meqanizmi. ,,acrebis”

saSualebiT dacvaSi igulisxmeba ori faqtori: igi iwyeba susti SeteviT

(Seteva unda iyos susti, rom ar Secvalos adamianis ganwyoba da brZola

98

wagebuli ar iyos). Semdeg komunikaciis obieqts gaeweva daxmareba susti

Setevisagan dasacavad argumentebis warmodgeniT. e.i. iseTi argumentebis

warmodgeniT, romelic mimarTuli iqneba uSualod Setevis winaaRmdeg an

SetyobinebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom Seteva ar aris Zlieri da advilad

mosageriebelia.

u. mak-guaierisa da d. papageorgisis (zimbardo ... 2000) kvlevebSi

dacviTi saSualebebis warmosaSobad gamoyenebuli iyo rogorc

mxardaWeriTi dacvis, aseve ,,acrebiT” dacvis meTodebi. erT-erTi daskvna

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mxardaWeriTi dacva muSaobs ukeTesad, rodesac

darwmunebis obieqti saWiroebs vinmesagan garkveuli argumentebis

karnaxs. xolo ,,acrebiT” dacva ufro Sedegiania, rodesac obieqts aqvs

sakuTari damcvelobiTi argumentebis Seqmnis stimuli. am Tvalsazrisis

Sesabamisad, Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom mxardaWeriTi dacva

efeqturia, roca Semdgomi Setevebi Seicaven mxardaWeriTi argumentebis

Sinaarsis msgavs argumentebs. xolo, ,,acrebis” gamoyeneba maSinac

efeqturia, rodesac Seteva axal argumentebsac Seicavs.

,,acrebis” saSualebiT dacvis zemoqmedebis axsnas iZleva kognituri

reaqciis Teoria. masSi naTqvamia, rom adamianebi susti Semotevebisagan

Tavdasacavad iyeneben mTel TavianT damcvelobiT Zalebs. isini amzadeben

argumentebs TavianTi poziciebis gasamyareblad; agreTve ayalibeben

sawinaaRmdego poziciis kontrargumentebs; amcireben sawinaaRmdego

Tvalsazrisis mqone wyaros rols da a.S. yvelaferi es uzrunvelyofs

individs Zlierad da kargad daculi poziciiT.

reaqtiuli winaaRmdegobrioba.

j. brems (olsoni ... 1993) ekuTvnis socialuri zewolisadmi

winaaRmdegobriobis gawevis motivaciuri koncefcia, rac Semdegs

gulisxmobs: adamiani motivirebulia ganeridos an gaTavisufldes iseTi

situaciebisgan, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mis arCevanis Tavisuflebas.

aseT situacias warmodgens damarwmunebeli komunikacia, rac recipientSi

reaqtiuli winaRmdegobriobis gawevis motivaciur gancdas da Sesabamis

qceviT tendencias badebs.

99

socialuri ganwyobis ZiriTadi problemebi arsebiTad exeba

ganwyobis formirebas, Secvlas, struqturasa da funqcias. socialuri

ganwyobis Secvla socialuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi aqtualuri da

saintereso sakiTxia. aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT

mravalricxovani masalaa dagrovili. kvlevis Sedegad gamoyofilia

sxvadasxva faqtori, romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikators, komunikaciis

arxs, Setyobinebas, informaciis mimRebs da situacias. am didi masalis

gacnobis Sedegad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba dagvrCes STabeWdileba, rom

sakiTxi amowurulia, yvelaferi garkveulia. Tumca, Tundac is faqti, rom

socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis Semswavleli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba,

TavisTavad metyvelebs arsebul mdgomareobaze. marTlac, Tu kargad

gavecnobiT kvlevis Sedegebs, vnaxavT, rom erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebi

araa miRebuli, bevri maTgani urTierTgamomricxavic ki aris. faqtia isic,

rom rig SemTxvevebSi laboratoriul pirobebSi miRebuli Sedegebi araa

grZelvadiani, anu pirovneba drois mcire monakveTSi ubrundeba

eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde arsebul sawyis ganwyobas.

socialuri ganwyobis struqturis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalebis

gacnobisa da Catarebuli kvlevis Semdeg gagviCnda interesi

CavRrmavebodiT aRniSnul problematikas. rogorc cnobilia, socialuri

ganwyobebis Sida struqtura da ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobis

struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis formirebis gansxvavebul gzebs. kerZod,

socialuri ganwyobis Sida struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT,

ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi

reaqciis safuZvelze. meores mxriv, socialur ganwyobaTaSoris

urTierTobis struqtura formirdeba gansxvavebuli ganwyobebis

Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris kavSiris saSualebiT. amrigad, rogorc

Cvenma kvlevamac daadastura, ganwyobebi erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad

ar arseboben. isini qmnian garkveul sistemebs, rogorc maT xSirad

uwodeben _ Tanavarskvlavedebs, mtevnebs (clusters). TanavarskvlavedebSi

xdeba socialuri ganwyobebis urTierTqmedeba, Tumca ara erTnairi

ZaliT, rac asaxavs socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis

struqturis garkveul kanonzomierebas.

100

Cveni mosazrebiT, socialuri ganwyobis Secvla unda

eqvemdebarebodes socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis

kanonzomierebebs. socialuri ganwyobis Secvla dakavSirebuli unda iyos

ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi mis adgilTan, mis

faqtorul wonasTan.

amitom gadavwyviteT eqsperimentulad gvenaxa, Cvens mier

gamovlenili struqturebi ra gavlenas axdenen socialuri ganwyobis

Secvlaze. mocemuli sakiTxis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji

gadaidgmeba im faqtorebis gamosavlenad, romlebic monawileoben

socialuri ganwyobis SecvlaSi.

Tavi 4

socialuri ganwyobis Secvla

(empiriuli kvleva)

Cvens winaSe kvlevis Semdegi etapis aucilebloba dadga, rac

socialur ganwyobebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebis kanonzomierebebis

gamovlenis saSualebas mogvcemda. gaviTvaliswineT ra varaudi, rom

TanavarskvlavedSi socialur ganwyobebs ukaviaT gansxvavebuli

poziciebi centraluroba-periferiulobis TvalsazrisiT da rom

centralur ganwyobebs danarCen ganwyobebTan SekavSirebis maRali done

unda axasiaTebdes, ris gamoc isini maqsimalurad stabilurni,

cvlilebaTa mimarT gamZleni arian, anu rac ufro centraluria

socialuri ganwyoba, miT ufro stabiluri iqneba igi, CamovayalibeT

Semdegi hipoTeza: socialuri ganwyobebis struqturaSi centraluri

Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan

dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.

hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad CavatareT eqsperimenti.

101

eqsperimentis masala

wina kvlevaSi Cvens mier dadginda, rom 44 Rirebulebis mimarT

socialuri ganwyobebi rva faqtoris mixedviT dajgufda. eqsperimentis

masalad SevarCieT mesame faqtorTan korelirebuli Rirebulebebi, risi

erT-erTi mizezic iyo faqtorTan korelirebuli yvelaze maRali da

dabali faqtoruli wonis sidideebs Soris didi sxvaoba. socialur

ganwyobaTaSoris kavSiris arsebobis dasadastureblad da dasadgenad

Catarebul kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli kiTxvaris 44 Rirebulebidan, amgvarad,

gamoiyo eqvsi: sasjeli, sicrue, daSineba, danaSauli, cnobismoyvareoba,

alkoholi (ix. cxrili #3).

cxrili #3

faqtori 3

Rirebuleba faqtoruli

wona sasjeli 0.78 sicrue 0.60 daSineba 0.59 danaSauli 0.56 cnobismoyvareoba 0.53 alkoholi 0.40

mokled aRvwerT miRebul kiTxvars: bipolarul Svidsafexurian

semantikuri diferencialis skalaze yoveli Rirebuleba fasdeboda

TerTmeti wyvili zedsarTavi saxelis mixedviT (sasiamovno-arasasiamovno;

mowesrigebuli-qaosuri; gluvi-xorkliani; Rrma-zedapiruli; azriani-

uazro; rTuli-martivi; naTeli-bundovani; mSvenieri-uSno; gulwrfeli-

aragulwrfeli; kargi-cudi; gamokveTili-bundovani). cdispirebSi

tendenciuri pasuxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT zedsarTavi saxelebi

maT Secvlili polusebiT miewodebodaT. skalur poziciebs _ -3; +3

SevusabameT Sefaseba ,,Zalian”; -2; +2 _ ,,saSualod”; -1; +1 _ ,,sustad”;

0 _ ,,neitraluri”.

102

cdispirebi

sakvlevad gamovyaviT cdispirTa sami jgufi: ori _ eqsperimentuli

da erTi _ sakontrolo. samive SemTxvevaSi cdispirebs Seadgendnen

Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi, sul 241 piri.

saswavlo dawesebulebebis SerCevis principi igive iyo, rac wina kvlevaSi

_ survili gvqonda jgufebi yofiliyo maqsimalurad araerTgvarovani.

eqsperimentul jgufebSi vcdilobdiT socialuri ganwyobebis

Secvlas sxvadasxva Rirebulebis mimarT. erT SemTxvevaSi _ maRali

faqtoruli wonis mqone (faqtorTan yvelaze metad korelirebuli)

Rirebulebis _ sasjelis mimarT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ yvelaze dabali

faqtoruli wonis Rirebulebis _ alkoholis mimarT.

Cven davuSviT, rom cdispirebSi sasjelis mimarT socialuri

ganwyobis Secvla gamoiwvevda ganwyobis Secvlas masTan dakavSirebuli

danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac, xolo alkoholis mimarT socialuri

ganwyobis Secvla ar gamoiwvevda danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac

ganwyobis Secvlas.

cdebi Catarda orjeradi gazomvis meTodiT, ori identuri

Svidsafexuriani skalis gamoyenebiT: I. eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde

erTi kviriT adre da II. zemoqmedebisTanave.

Cveni mizani iyo eqsperimentuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad

Rirebulebebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis cvlilebis gazomva.

eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura pirvel jgufSi

cdispirebs vaZlevdiT Sesavsebad zemoaRweril kiTxvars (ix. gv.71).

mTeli procedura da instruqcia wina kvlevaSi gamoyenebulis identuri

iyo erTi gansxvavebiT: kiTxvaris bolos davamateT erTi grafa saxelisa

da gvaris misaTiTeblad.

mokled aRvwerT proceduras: cdispirebs kiTxvaris Sesavsebad

eZleodaT instruqcia. maT zedsarTavi saxelebis gamoyenebiT unda

SeefasebinaT eqvsive Rirebulebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebuleba. skala

Rirebulebebisadmi rogorc damokidebulebis gamoxatvis, aseve misTvis

103

raodenobrivi Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda. Sevsebis dawyebamde meti

garkveulobisaTvis, sanimuSod ganvixilavdiT erT magaliTs. amis Semdeg

studentebs eZleodaT miTiTebebi: TiToeuli qveskalis gaswvriv

gaekeTebinaT mxolod erTi aRniSvna; ar gamoetovebinaT arc erTi

qveskala; didxans ar efiqraT, aRniSvnebi gaekeTebinaT spontanurad,

pirveli gancdis mixedviT. cdispirebs mokled miewodebodaT informacia

kvlevis miznis Sesaxeb. aRiniSneboda, rom monawileoba maTi mxridan

nebayoflobiTi iyo da vinc gadawyvetda kiTxvaris Sevsebas, aucilebeli

moTxovna iyo gulwrfeloba. studentebs gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi

SeeZloT kiTxviT miemarTaT cdis xelmZRvanelisaTvis. kiTxvaris

Sesavsebad dro ar iyo SezRuduli.

eqsperimentSi monawileobis misaRebad cdispirebi SevarCieT im

pirobiT, rom eqsperimentis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, erTi kviris

Semdeg kvlav aucileblad imave SemadgenlobiT gavagrZelebdiT muSaobas.

sul kiTxvari Seavso asma pirma. Cven cal-calke yoveli

maTganisaTvis TiToeuli Rirebulebis mixedviT gamovTvaleT

zedsarTavebiT Sefasebebis saSualo ariTmetikulebi. mesame faqtorTan

yvelaze metad korelirebuli Rirebuleba iyo ,,sasjeli” (faqtoruli

wona _ 0.78). cdispirebi cal-calke davajgufeT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor

socialur ganwyobas gamoxatavdnen isini Rirebuleba ,,sasjelis” mimarT

_ zogadad dadebiTad afasebdnen ,,sasjels”, Tu _ uaryofiTad. asi

cdispiridan 91 aRmoCnda uaryofiTi ganwyobis matarebeli da mxolod 9

_ dadebiTis. dadebiTad ganwyobil pirTa aseTi mcire raodenobidan

gamomdinare, eqsperimentis meore etapisaTvis davtoveT mxolod

uaryofiTi ganwyobebis matarebeli cdispirebi. Cven davuSviT, rom Tu

uaryofiTi socialuri ganwyobebis matarebel cdispirebs sasjelis

mimarT socialur ganwyobas dadebiTisken SevucvlidiT, es cdispirebSi

gamoiwvevda masTan erT faqtorSi gaerTianebuli sxva Rirebulebebis

(sicrue, daSineba, danaSauli, cnobismoyvareoba, alkoholi) mimarTac

ganwyobebis Secvlas. socialuri ganwyobis Sesacvlelad gamoviyeneT

ukve aprobirebuli meTodi: pirovnebis socialuri ganwyobisagan

gansxvavebuli poziciis dacva.

104

eqsperimentis meore etapisaTvis 91 cdispirisgan SevadgineT mcire

sadiskusio jgufebi. TiToeul jgufs davalebad eZleoda Rirebuleba

,,sasjelis” pozitiuri mxridan warmosaCeni debulebebisa da argumentebis

individualurad gamoTqma. Temis gaSla-ganviTareba-argumentirebisaTvis

gamoyofili iyo saSualod 30-40 wuTi. cdispirebs miewodebodaT Semdegi

instruqcia: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu

ra dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes sasjels. sasurvelia moiyvanoT

maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”.

Cven Tavidanve vivaraudeT, rom ganwyobis Secvla gacilebiT

efeqturi iqneboda jgufSi, vidre calkeul cdispirTan individualuri

muSaobisas. jgufis SemTxvevaSi, garda imisa, rom individebi Tavadac

axdendnen azrebis generirebas, sxvaTa msjelobebsac usmendnen da

yvelafer zemoTqmuls vizualuradac aRiqvamdnen, radgan moyvanili

argumentebi fiqsirdeboda dafaze an e.w. ,,flipCartze”. amdenad, es

procedura mTlianobaSi xels uwyobda ganwyobis Secvlas.

saSualod 25 debulebis dasaxelebis Semdeg, rodesac cdispirebs

axali azrebi aRar uCndebodaT, cdis xelmZRvaneli proceduras

asrulebda moyvanili argumentebis SejamebiT: ,,modiT, SevajamoT. axla me

wavikiTxav im argumentebs, romlebic Tqven moiyvaneT sasjelis

saWiroebis dasasabuTeblad da Sesabamisad, warmoadgineT sasjelis

pozitiuri mxareebi”.

mogvyavs sasjelTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirebuli argumentebis

ramdenime magaliTi: sasjelis arseboba amcirebs kriminals; aRar iqneba

dausjelobis sindromi; xalxi ufro daculad igrZnobs Tavs; damnaSaves

umcirdeba sindisis qenjna (rodesac igi damsaxurebulad ixdis sasjels

Cadenili danaSaulis gamo); dazaralebulisaTvis damnaSavis dasja

garkveulwilad kompensaciaa, eufleba gancda, rom samarTali aRdga.

aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi didi xalisiT da

mondomebiT asrulebdnen davalebas. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufis

wevrebi madlobas gvixdidnen sainteresod gatarebuli droisaTvis,

imisaTvis, rom davafiqreT iseT sakiTxebze, razec adre arasdros

ufiqriaT. cdispirebi aRniSnavdnen, rom momavalSic siamovnebiT

miiRebdnen monawileobas msgavs kvlevebSi, rasac ormagi datvirTva aqvs:

105

jer erTi, maTTvis aris saintereso da sasiamovno da meores mxriv, rac

ufro mTavaria, mecnierebis winsvlaSi SeaqvT TavianTi mokrZalebuli

wvlili.

eqsperimenti Tavdeboda kiTxvaris SevsebiT. cdispirebs Sesavsebad

eZleodaT zustad iseTive kiTxvari, romelic maT erTi kviris win

Seavses. procedura da instruqcia ucvleli iyo.

eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura meore jgufSi

pirveli jgufis msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic studentebs SevavsebineT

zemoaRwerili kiTxvari. procedura da instruqcia igive iyo, rac pirvel

eqsprimentul jgufSi. sul kiTxvari Seavso asma cdispirma. wina

eqsperimentis msgavsad, aqac yoveli pirovnebisaTvis TiToeuli

Rirebulebis mixedviT gamovTvaleT zedsarTavebiT Sefasebebis saSualo

ariTmetikulebi. mesame faqtorSi yvelaze dabali faqtoruli wonis

Rirebuleba iyo ,,alkoholi” (faqtoruli wona _ 0.40).

Cven davuSviT, rom dadebiTi socialuri ganwyobebis matarebeli

cdispirebisaTvis alkoholis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis

uaryofiTisken SecvliT, an piriqiT _ uaryofiTi ganwyobebis

matarebelTaTvis socialuri ganwyobebis dadebiTisaken SecvliT,

cdispirs sxva Rirebulebebis mimarT ganwyobebi ar Seecvleboda, radgan

Rirebuleba ,,alkoholi” dabali faqtoruli woniT gamoirCeoda.

cdispirebi cal-calke davajgufeT Rirebuleba ,,alkoholis”

mimarT gamoxatuli socialuri ganwyobis mixedviT _ zogadad dadebiTad

afasebdnen ,,alkohols”, Tu uaryofiTad. asi cdispiridan 31 aRmoCnda

dadebiTi ganwyobis matarebeli, 69 _ uaryofiTis. socialuri ganwyobis

Sesacvlelad am SemTxvevaSic, pirveli jgufis msgavsad, gamoviyeneT

pirovnebis socialuri ganwyobisagan gansxvavebuli poziciis dacvis,

propagandis meTodi.

eqsperimentis meore etapze cdispirebs alkoholis mimarT

gamovlenili ganwyobebis mixedviT vajgufebdiT mcire sadiskusio

jgufebad. cdispirTa im jgufs, romelTa socialuri ganwyoba dadebiTi

iyo Rirebuleba ,,alkoholis” mimarT, davalebad eZleoda

106

individualurad gamoeTqvaT alkoholis negatiuri mxridan warmosaCeni

debulebebi da argumentebi, xolo negatiurad ganwyobilebs _ dadebiTi

argumentebi. davalebis Sesasruleblad orive SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili

iyo saSualod 30-40 wuTi. cdispirebs eZleodaT ,,sasjelTan”

dakavSirebiT gamoyenebuli instruqciis identuri instruqcia. pirvel

jgufs: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu ra

dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes alkohols. sasurvelia moiyvanoT

maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”. xolo meore

jgufs: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu ra

uaryofiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes alkohols. sasurvelia moiyvanoT

maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”. danarCeni

procedurac pirveli jgufis identurad Catarda, erTi gansxvavebiT:

muSaoba am meore SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobda ori tipis (alkoholis

mimarT dadebiTi ganwyobisa da uaryofiTi ganwyobis mqone) jgufTan

cal-calke.

mogvyavs alkoholTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebis

ramdenime magaliTi:

a) alkoholi karg guneb-ganwyobaze ayenebs adamians; alkoholis

miReba aTamamebs adamians; SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc

antiseptikuri saSualeba; realobisgan gaqcevis kargi saSualebaa;

antidepresantia; mTvrali adamianisgan advilia saidumlo

informaciis gageba; relaqsaciis erTgvari saSualebaa; gaTbobis

saSualebaa; gemrielia; tkivilgamayuCebelia; ,,mTvrali kaci _ kai

kaci”; alkoholis miReba SemoqmedebiT potencials zrdis.

b) bevri sma janmrTelobisaTvis mavnebelia; adamianSi qveiTdeba

TviTkontroli; nasvami adamiani konfliqturi xdeba; mcirdeba

reaqciis siswrafe; imatebs avtokatastrofebis albaToba; SeiZleba

gaxde alkoholze damokidebuli; icis nabaxusevis sindromi;

adamiani dundeba da muSaobaSi araefeqturi xdeba; adamianebSi

matulobs agresia; matulobs kriminali; nasvami adamiani xSirad

bevrs laparakobs da momabezrebeli xdeba.

cdispirebi didi enTuziazmiT Caebnen eqsperimentSi. moyvanili

argumentebis raodenoba geometriuli progresiiT izrdeboda. xSir

107

SemTxvevaSi gakvirvebas gamoxatavdnen, rom am dromde ar hqondaT

alkoholis sikeTe (meore SemTxvevaSi _ mavnebloba) kargad

gacnobierebuli.

proceduris dasrulebisas xelmZRvaneli TiToeul jgufSi

akeTebda reziumirebas: ,,modiT, SevajamoT. axla me wavikiTxav im

argumentebs, romlebic Tqven moiyvaneT alkoholis dadebiTi (uaryofiTi)

zegavlenis dasasabuTeblad da Sesabamisad, warmoadgineT alkoholis

pozitiuri (negatiuri) mxareebi”.

eqsperimentis bolos cdispirebs Tavidan vavsebinebdiT erTi kviris

win Sevsebulis analogiur kiTxvars. procedura da instruqcia ucvleli

iyo.

eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura mesame jgufSi

mesame jgufi iyo sakontrolo. sakontrolo jgufs, iseve rogorc

eqsperimentuls, Seadgendnen Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi

saswavleblebis studentebi. sul 50 axalgazrda. cdispirebs,

eqsperimentis monawileTa msgavsad, erTi kviris intervaliT

vavsebinebdiT kiTxvars. eqsperimentuli jgufisagan gansxvavebiT

sakontrolo jgufSi kiTxvaris orjeradad SevsebaTa Soris erTkvirian

SualedSi ar xdeboda eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba _ ganwyobis Secvlis

mcdeloba.

miRebuli Sedegebi da analizi

monacemebi davamuSaveT kompiuteruli programiT SPSS

(statistikuri paketi socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis) (detalurad

mocemulia danarTSi #4,5,6). TiToeuli jgufisaTvis gamoTvlili iyo

Rirebulebebis mimarT damokidebulebis (socialuri ganwyobis) saSualo

ariTmetikuli cal-calke _ zemoqmedebis Catarebamde (I gazomva) da

zemoqmedebis Catarebis (II gazomva) Semdeg. garda amisa, TiToeuli

jgufisaTvis gamoTvlili iyo I da II gazomvebSi miRebul saSualo

108

ariTmetikulebs Soris gansxvavebis statistikuri sandooba (stiudentis t

kriteriumiT).

pirveli eqsperimentuli jgufisaTvis miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix.

cxrili #4):

cxrili #4: cdispirebSi sasjelisadmi socialuri ganwyobis

dadebiTisaken Secvla

Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p

cnobismoyvareoba I II

0.670.70 -0.280 0.780

alkoholi I II

-0.16-0.25 0.817 0.416

daSineba I II

-1.47-1.07 -3.549 0.001

sicrue I II

-1.49-1.10 -4.070 0.000

sasjeli I II

-0.750.03 -7.540 0.000

danaSauli I II

-1.70-1.26 -3.655 0.000

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, damarwmunebelma komunikaciam kargad

imuSava _ sasjelis mimarT socialuri ganwyoba mniSvnelovnadaa

Secvlili (t=7.54; p=0.0). rogorc vvaraudobdiT, sasjelis mimarT

ganwyobis Secvlam sxva Rirebulebebis mimarTac gamoiwvia ganwyobebis

Secvla. gamonaklisi iyo Rirebulebebi: alkoholi da cnobismoyvareoba,

romelTa mimarT ganwyoba statistikurad sandod ar Secvlila. es

bunebrivad migvaCnia. rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, orive Rirebuleba, garda

mesame faqtorTan korelirebisa, kavSirs amJRavnebs meoTxe faqtorTanac

da erTgvari damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcias asrulebs faqtorebs

Soris, Sesabamisad, _ ar daeqvemdebara Secvlas. rac Seexeba ganwyobis

Secvlis mimarTulebas, cxrilidan Cans, rom sasjelis mimarT

socialuri ganwyobis dadebiTi mimarTulebiT Secvlam gamoiwvia

danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvla dadebiTi

mimarTulebiT.

109

meore eqsperimentul jgufSi miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix.

cxrilebi ##5,6):

cxrili #5: cdispirebSi alkoholisadmi socialuri ganwyobis

uaryofiTisken Secvla

Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p

cnobismoyvareoba I II

0.280.03 1.618 0.116

alkoholi I II

1.150.60 3.159 0.004

daSineba I II

-1.50-1.52 0.137 0.892

sicrue I II

-1.09-1.26 0.838 0.409

sasjeli I II

-0.74-0.56 -1.129 0.268

danaSauli I II

-1.37-1.46 0.769 0.448

cxrili #6: cdispirebSi alkoholisadmi socialuri ganwyobis

dadebiTisaken Secvla

Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p

cnobismoyvareoba I II

0.360.57 -1.485 0.142

alkoholi I II

-1.130.04 -7.981 0.000

daSineba I II

-1.69-1.49 -1.848 0.069

sicrue I II

-1.47-1.10 -3.121 0.003

sasjeli I II

-0.63-0.61 -0.176 0.861

danaSauli I II

-1.64-1.54 -1.105 0.273

miRebuli Sedegebidan Cans, rom jgufis wevrebSi alkoholis

mimarT socialuri ganwyoba Seicvala maTze eqsperimentatoris

zemoqmedebis Sesabamisad: erT SemTxvevaSi _ uaryofiTi, meore

110

SemTxvevaSi _ dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. sxva Rirebulebebis mimarT

ganwyobebi ar Secvlila arc pirvel, arc meore SemTxvevaSi garda erTi

gamonaklisisa _ erT (meore) SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis Secvla dafiqsirda

sicruis mimarT, rac vfiqrobT, Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs.

sakontrolo jgufSi miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix. cxrili #7):

rogorc Sedegebidan Cans, cdispirebs, romlebzec eqsperimentuli

zemoqmedeba ar ganxorcielebula, erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi

RirebulebaTa mimarT ganwyobebi ar SecvliaT. es faqti adasturebs, rom

or eqsperimentul jgufSi RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli

zemoaRwerili cvlilebebi unda mivaweroT mxolod eqsperimentul

zemoqmedebas.

cxrili #7: sakontrolo jgufi

Rirebulebebi gazomva M t p

cnobismoyvareoba I II

0.580.43 1.422 0.161

alkoholi I II

-0.90-0.82 -0.497 0.621

daSineba I II

-1.56-1.52 -0.282 0.779

sicrue I II

-1.45-1.26 -1.391 0.170

sasjeli I II

-0.71-0.83 1.104 0.275

danaSauli I II

-1.68-1.55 -1.206 0.234

daskvna:

amrigad, eqsperimentis Sedegad miRebulma monacemebma da maTma

analizma daadastura Cveni hipoTeza, rom socialuri ganwyobebis Secvla

eqvemdebareba Semdeg kanonzomierebas: centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT

damokidebulebis (socialuri ganwyobis) Secvla iwvevs masTan

dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis mimarTac socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas.

111

zogadi daskvnebi:

Rirebulebebi qmnian sistemebs. Rirebulebebis mimarT

arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebi urTierTqmedebisas qmnian

struqturebs;

socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi

gamoiyofa centraluri (sabaziso) da periferiuli ganwyobebi;

socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi

centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla iwvevs

ganwyobebis Secvlas masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni

Rirebulebebis mimarTac;

socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi

periferiuli Rirebulebebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla ar

iwvevs masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarT

ganwyobebis Secvlas;

socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis mimarTuleba gansazRvravs

danarCeni ganwyobebis Secvlis mimarTulebas.

112

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. baliaSvili m. socialuri ganwyobis formireba-Secvla pirovnebis

aqtivobis procesSi. sakand. disertacia, Tbilisi, 1978;

2. baliaSvili m. socialuri ganwyobis Camoyalibeba da pirovnebis

aqtivoba. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba”, 1980;

3. boWoriSvili a. fsiqologiis meTodologiisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1966;

4. maRraZe g. socialuri jgufisadmi ganwyoba da konformuloba.

gamomcemloba: ,,mecniereba“, Tbilisi, 1980;

5. mSvidobaZe r. metyvelebis gaucnobierebeli formaluri

parametrebis fsiqologiuri funqciebi. gamomcemloba: ,,mecniereba”,

Tbilisi 1990;

6. nadiraSvili S. ganwyobis antropuli Teoria, gamomcemloba: saq.

mecnierebaTa akademiis d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologis instituti,

Tbilisi, 2001;

7. nadiraSvili S. ganwyobis fsiqologia, t. I, gamomcemloba:

,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1983;

8. nadiraSvili S. ganwyobis fsiqologia (socialuri ganwyoba), t. II.

gamomcemloba: ,,mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1985;

9. Carkviani d. eqsperimentuli socialuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi.

Tbilisi, 2004;

10. qvarcxava r., daTeSiZe n. arasrulwlovani damnaSavis socialur

ganwyobaTa struqturis sakiTxisaTvis. ,,macne”, ekonomikisa da

samarTlis seria, #1, gv. 94-104, Tbilisi, 1985;

11. CxeiZe T. cnobiereba da socialur ganwyobebs Soris arsebuli

winaaRmdegobis moxsna. sakandidato disertacia, Tbilisi, 1985;

12. Асмолов, А.Г. Проблема уcтановки в необихевиоризме: Прошлое и настоящее.

Вероятностное прогнозирование в деятельности. М., 1977;

13. Асмолов, А.Г., Ковальчук, М.А. О соотношении понятия установки в общей и

социальной психологии. Теоретические и методологические проблемы социальной

психологии. М., 1977;

14. Девяткин, А.А. Явление социальной установки в психологии XX века: Монография.

Калинингр. Ун-т.- Калининград, 1999;

113

15. Дружинин, В.Н. (ред.) Современная психология. М.: ,,ИНФРА-М”, 1999;

16. Зимбардо, Ф., Ляйппе, М. Социальное влияние. Изд. ,,Питер”, 2000;

17. Майерс, Д. Социальная психология. СПб., 2001;

18. Миллер, Д., Галантер, Ю., Прибрам, К. Планы и структура поведения. М., 1965;

19. Надирашвили Ш.А. Понятие установки в общей и социальной психологии. Изд.:

,,Мецниереба'', Тбилиси, 1974;

20. Надирашвили, Ш.А. Психология пропаганды. Изд. ,,Мецниереба”, Тбилиси, 1978;

21. Надирашвили, Ш.А. Установка и деятельность. Ст. 287, Тбилиси, 1987;

22. Надирашвили, Ш. А. Фиксированная установка и перцептивно-моторная

активность. Сб. ,,Экспериментальные исследования по психологии установки'',

т.V, Тбилиси, 1971;

23. Петренко, В.Ф. Психосемантика сознания. Изд.: Московского университета, 1988;

24. Прангишвили, А.С. Исследования по психологии установки. Тбилиси, 1967;

25. Тейлор, Ш., Пипло, Л., Сирс, Д. Социальная психология. Изд. ,,Питер”, 2004;

26. Чалдини, Р. Психология влияния. Изд. ,,Питер Ком”, 1999;

27. Чарквиани, Д. Информация, противоречие и смена социальных установок. Изд.:

,,Мецниереба'', Тбилиси, 1980;

28. Шихирев, П.Н. Исследования социальной установки в США. Вопросы философии,

№2, ст.161, М., ,,Наука”, 1973;

29. Шихирев, П.Н. Современная социальная психология. М.: Изд.: ИП РАН; КСП+;

Академический Проект, 1999;

30. Шихирев, П.Н. Социальная установка как предмет социально-психологического

исследования. Современная социальная психология США. - М., 1979;

31. Ядов, В. А. Диспозиционная концепция личности. Социальная психология. Л., 1979;

32. Abelson, R.P., Aronson, E., McGuire, W.J., Newcomb, T.M., Rosenberg, M.J. &

Tannenbaum, P.H. (Eds.). Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook. Chicago:

Rand McNally, 1968;

33. Ajzen, I., and Timko, C. Correspondence between health attitudes and behavior. Journal

of Basic and Applied Psychology 7: 259-276, 1986;

34. Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980;

35. Albarracin, D., Johnson, B.T., Zanna, M.P. The handbook of attitudes. Mahwah, New

Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, 2005;

114

36. Allport, G.W. Attitudes. In C. Murchison (ed.), Handbook of social psychology, (pp. 798-

884). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 1935;

37. Anderson, J.R. The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

1983;

38. Anderson, N.H. Foundations of information integration theory. New York: Academic

Press, 1981;

39. Bem, D. J. Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental

Social psychology, Vol. 6, 1-62. New York: Academic Press, 1972;

40. Boggiano, A.K., & Pittman, T.S. (Eds.) Achievement and motivation: A social-

developmental perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1992;

41. Breckler, S.J. Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct

components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1191-1205,

1984;

42. Burnkrant, R.E. and Howard, D. Effects of the Use of Introductory Rhetorical Questions

versus Statements on Information Processing. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 47(6), pp. 1218-1230, 1984;

43. Cacioppo, J.T., & Berntson, G.G. Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A

critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates.

Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401-423, 1994;

44. Cacioppo, J.T., Gardner, W.L., & Berntson, G.G. Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and

measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology

Review, 1, 3-25, 1997;

45. Cacioppo, J.T., & Petty, R. E. Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive

responses, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 97-

109, 1979;

46. Campbell, D.T. Social attitudes and other acquired behavioral dispositions. In: S. Koch

(Ed), Psychology: A study of a science (vol.6, pp.94-172); New York: McGraw-Hill,

1963;

47. Chaiken, S., Pomerantz, E.M., & Giner-Sorolla, R. Structural consistency and attitude

strength. In R.E. Petty & J.A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and

consequences (pp. 387-412). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995;

48. Chein, I., Cook, S.W., & Harding, J. The field of action research, The American

psychologist, 3,2, pp. 43-50, 1948;

115

49. Doll, J., & Ajzen, I. Accessibility and stability of predictors in the theory of planned

behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 754-765, 1992;

50. Doob, L. The behavior of attitudes. Psychol. Review, 54, pp. 135-156, 1947;

51. Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. Attitude strength, attitude structure, and resistance to

change. In R.E. Petty & J.A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and

consequences (pp. 413-432). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995;

52. Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. Attitude structure and function. In D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, &

G. Lindzey (Eds.). The handbook of social psychology (4th ed; vol. 1, pp. 269-322). New

York: McGraw-Hill, 1998;

53. Fazio, R.H. Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences,

and correlates of attitude accessibility. In R.E. Petty, & J.A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitudes

strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 247-282). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995;

54. Fazio, R.H. On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility.

In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, & A.G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and

function (pp. 153-179). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989;

55. Feather, N.T. Values, deservingness, and attitudes toward high achievers: Research on

tall poppies. In C. Seligman, J.M Olson, & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), The Ontario Symposium:

The psychology of values (vol. 8, pp. 215-251). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996;

56. Ferguson, Leonard W. Primary social attitudes. The Journal of Psychology, 8, 217-223,

1939;

57. Festinger, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,

1957;

58. Fishbein, M. A consideration of beliefs, attitudes, and their relationships. In Current

studies in social psychology: Current studies in social psychology, I. Steiner and M.

Fishbein, eds. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965;

59. Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, I. Attitudes towards objects as predictors of single and multiple

behavioral criteria. Psychological Review, 81: 59-74, 1974;

60. Freedman, J.L, Sears, D. O. & Carlsmith, J. M. Social Psychology, 4, Englewood Cliffs,

NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981;

61. Gilbert, G. M. Stereotype persistence and change among college students. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 245-254, 1951;

62. Greenwald, A. G., Carnot, C. G., Beach, R., & Young, B. Increasing voting behavior by

asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315-318, 1987;

116

63. Greenwald, A.G., Brock, T.C., & Ostrom, T.M. (Eds.) Psychological foundations of

attitudes. N-Y.: Academic Press, 1968;

64. Heider, F. Attitudes and cognitive organization. Journal of Psychology, 21, 107-112,

1946;

65. Higgins, E.T. Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E.T.

Higgins & A.W. Kruglanski (Eds.). Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp.

133-168). New York: Guilford Press, 1996;

66. Horowitz, I.A., Bordens, K.S. Social psychology. California: Mayfield publishing co.,

Mountain View, 1995;

67. Hovland, C.I., & Pritzker, H.A. Extent of opinion change as a function of amount of

change advocated. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 54, 257-61, 1957;

68. Hovland, C.I., & Weiss, W. The influence of source credibility in communication

effectiveness. Public opinion quarterly, 15, 635-650, 1952;

69. Insko, Ch. A. Theories of attitude change. N-Y.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967;

70. Janis, I.L., and Mann, L.A. A conflict theory approach to attitude change and decision

making. In: Greenwald, A.G., Brock, T.C., and Ostrom, T.M., Psychological foundations

of attitudes. A. P. New-York and London, 1968;

71. Johnson, B.T., Lin, H., Symons, C.S., Campbell, L.A., & Ekstein, G. Initial beliefs and

attitudinal latitudes as factors in persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,

21, 502-511, 1995;

72. Judd, C.M., & Krosnick, J.A. The structural bases of consistency among political

attitudes: Effects of political expertise and attitude importance. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J.

Breckler, & A.G. Greenwald (Eds.). Attitude structure and function (pp. 99-128).

Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989;

73. Judd, C.M., & Kulik, J.A. Schematic effects of social attitudes on information processing

and recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 569-578, 1980;

74. Kaplan, K.J. On the ambivalence – indifference problem in attitude theory and

measurement: A suggested modification on the semantic differential technique.

Psychological bulletin, 77, 361-372, 1972;

75. Kraus, S.J. Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: A meta-analysis of the empirical

literature. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 21, 58-75, 1995;

76. Kruglanski, A.W., Webster, D.M. and Klem, A. Motivated resistance and openness to

persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 65(5), 861-876, 1993;

117

77. Leippe, M. R., & Eisenstadt, D. The generalization of dissonance reduction: Decreasing

prejudice through induced compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,

395-413, 1994;

78. Lewin, K. Field theory in social science; Selected theoretical papers. D. Cartwright (Ed.).

New York: Harper & Row, 1951;

79. Mackie, D.M., Worth, L.T., & Asuncion, A.G. Processing of persuasive in-group

messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 812-22, 1990;

80. McGuire, William J. The Nature of attitudes and attitude change. In: Inkeles Alex and

Levinson Daniel. National Character: The study of modal personality and sociocultural

system. In: G. Lindzey, E. Aronson (eds.) The handbook of social psychology, vol. 4.

Reading, Mass, Menlo Pork, Calif., L.: 1969;

81. Millar, M.G., & Millar, K.U. The effects of direct and indirect experience on affective

and cognitive responses and the attitude-behavior relation. Journal of Experimental

Social Psychology, 32, 561-579, 1996;

82. Olson, J.M., & Zanna, M.P. Attitudes and attitude change. Annual review of psychology,

44, 117-154, 1993;

83. Osgood, C.E. Factor Analysis of Meaning. Experimental Psychology, 50, 325-338, 1955;

84. Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., & Tannenbaum, P.H. The measurement of meaning. p.14,

Urbana: University of Illinois Press, Chicago,1957;

85. Osgood, C.E., & Tannenbaum, P.H. The principle of congruity in the prediction of

attitude change. Psychological Review, 62, 42-55, 1955;

86. Oskamp, S. Attitudes and opinion (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991;

87. Perloff R.M. The Dynamics of persuasion: Communication and attitudes in the 21st

century. 2nd ed., Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,

Publishers, 2003;

88. Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T. Involvement and persuasion: Tradition versus integration.

Psychological Bulletin, 107. 367-374, 1990;

89. Pratkanis, A.R. The cognitive representation of attitudes. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J.

Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp.71-98).

Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989;

90. Prislin, R., & Ouellette, J. When it is embedded, it is potent: Effects of general attitude

embeddedness on formation of specific attitudes and behavioral intentions. Personality

and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 845-861, 1996;

118

91. Rosenberg, M. Some limits of dissonance. Toward a differentiated view of counter

attitudinal performance. In: Sh. Feldman (Ed). Cognitive consistency: Motivational

antecedents and behavioral consequents. New-York: Academic Press, 1966;

92. Rosenberg, M. J. Cognitive structure and attitudinal affect. Journal of Abnormal and

Social Psychology, 53, 367-372, 1956;

93. Rosenberg, M.J. An analysis of affective-cognitive consistency. In C.I. Hovland & M.J.

Rosenberg (Eds.), Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among

attitude components (pp. 15-64). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1960;

94. Sanbonmatsu, D. & Fazio, R. The role of attitudes in memory-based decision making.

Journal of personality and social psychology, 59(4), 614-622, 1990;

95. Schultz, P. W., Oskamp, S. Social Psychology Quarterly; Vol. 59 Issue 4, p.375, Dec.,

1996;

96. Scott, W.A. Structure of natural cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 12, 261-278, 1969;

97. Sentis, K.P., & Burnstein, E. Remembering schema-consistent information: Effects of a

balance schema on recognition memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

37, 2200-2211, 1979;

98. Sherif, M., & Hovland, C.I. Social judgement: Assimilation and contrast effects in

communication and attitude change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961;

99. Smith, E.R. Mental representation and memory. In D. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey

(Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., vol.1, pp. 391-445). New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1998;

100. Snyder M. Public appearances/Private realities: The psychology of self-

monitoring. New York: Freeman, 1987;

101. Tesser, A. The importance of heritability in psychological research: The case of

attitudes. Psychological Review, 100, 129-142, 1993;

102. Thomas, W. I., Znaniecki, F. Social environment, attitudes, and values. In:

Hollander, Edwin P., and Raymond G. Hunt (eds.) Classic Contribution to Social

Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press/London: Toronto, 1972;

103. Thompson, M.M., & Zanna, M.P. The conflicted individual: Personality-based

and domain-specific antecedents of ambivalent social attitudes. Journal of Personality.

63, 259-288, 1995;

119

104. Wanke, M., Bless, H. & Biller, B. Subjective experience versus content of

information in the construction of attitude judgments. Personality and Social Psychology

Bulletin, 22, 1105 – 1113, 1996;

105. Weigel, R.H., Vernon, D.A., & Tognacci, L.N. Specificity of the attitude as a

determinant of attitude-behavior congruence. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 30, 724-724, 1974;

106. Weiten, W. Psychology: Themes and variations. 2-nd Ed, Brooks/Cole Publishing

Co, Pacific Grove, California, 1992;

107. Wicker, A.W. Attitude versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt

behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of social issues, 25(4), 41-78, 1969;

108. Zajonc, R. B. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology Monograph Supplement, 9, 1-27, 1968;

109. Zanna, M. P., Olson, J. M., & Fazio, R. H. Self-perception and attitude-behavior

consistency. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 7, 252-256, 1981;

110. Zimmerman, J., & Chaiken, S. Attitude structure, processing goals, and selective

memory. Manuscript submitted for publication, 1996;

111. Zuwerink, J.R., & Devine, P.G. Attitude strength and resistance to persuasion:

It's more than just the thought that counts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,

70, 931-944, 1996.

 

120

danarTi

danarTi #1

121

122

123

124

danarTi #2

# Rirebulebebi M S σM 1 megobroba 1.93 0.77 0.05 2 erTguleba 1.92 0.89 0.06 3 ganaTleba 1.92 0.80 0.05 4 sikeTe 1.89 0.81 0.06 5 ojaxis usafrTxoeba 1.75 0.79 0.05 6 religia 1.75 1.05 0.07 7 patiosneba 1.73 0.86 0.06 8 erovnuli kultura 1.69 0.86 0.06 9 klasikuri kultura 1.69 0.96 0.07 10 Sinagani harmonia 1.64 0.86 0.06 11 mimtevebloba 1.64 0.87 0.06 12 samSoblo 1.55 0.96 0.07 13 mecniereba 1.53 0.85 0.06 14 Tavisufleba 1.47 0.81 0.05 15 damoukidebloba 1.46 0.86 0.06 16 TviTdisciplina 1.46 0.89 0.06 17 mSvidoba msoflioSi 1.43 0.93 0.06 18 qorwineba 1.40 0.92 0.06 19 silamaze 1.39 0.83 0.06 20 SemoqmedebiToba 1.39 0.88 0.06 21 zomiereba 1.34 0.85 0.06 22 me 1.24 0.91 0.06 23 tradiciebis pativiscema 1.19 0.93 0.06 24 gambedaoba 1.18 0.85 0.06 25 Tanasworoba 1.18 0.89 0.06 26 iumori 1.18 0.75 0.05 27 socialuri samarTlianoba 1.18 1.00 0.07 28 socialuri wesrigi 1.17 0.92 0.06 29 Tavmdabloba 1.08 1.00 0.07 30 kanoni 1.07 1.01 0.07 31 adamiani 0.80 1.04 0.07 32 simdidre 0.67 0.89 0.06 33 Zalaufleba 0.64 0.95 0.06 34 fuli 0.48 0.97 0.07 35 socialuri Zalaufleba 0.36 0.97 0.07 36 Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba 0.22 1.07 0.07 37 seqsualuri Tavisufleba 0.12 1.08 0.07 38 cnobismoyvareoba 0.06 1.04 0.07 39 sasjeli -0.18 0.86 0.06 40 politika -0.47 0.95 0.06 41 alkoholi -0.54 1.01 0.07 42 daSineba -0.96 0.89 0.06 43 danaSauli -0.99 0.85 0.06 44 sicrue -1.27 0.90 0.06

125

danarTi #3

Factor Analysis

Total Variance Explained

Component Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings

Total % of Variance

Cumulative % Total % of

Variance Cumulative

% 1 14,597 33,174 33,174 10,588 24,063 24,0632 3,772 8,573 41,747 3,242 7,368 31,4313 1,676 3,809 45,556 2,714 6,169 37,6004 1,576 3,581 49,137 2,547 5,788 43,3885 1,448 3,291 52,428 2,491 5,661 49,0496 1,384 3,145 55,573 1,881 4,276 53,3257 1,186 2,695 58,267 1,782 4,051 57,3768 1,102 2,505 60,772 1,494 3,396 60,7729 ,968 2,200 62,973 10 ,951 2,160 65,133 11 ,891 2,024 67,157 12 ,875 1,990 69,147 13 ,848 1,926 71,073 14 ,794 1,805 72,878 15 ,748 1,700 74,578 16 ,716 1,627 76,205 17 ,694 1,577 77,782 18 ,644 1,464 79,245 19 ,629 1,429 80,674 20 ,556 1,265 81,938 21 ,540 1,227 83,165 22 ,531 1,207 84,373 23 ,508 1,154 85,527 24 ,493 1,121 86,648 25 ,472 1,072 87,721 26 ,418 ,950 88,671 27 ,413 ,940 89,610 28 ,394 ,896 90,507 29 ,373 ,849 91,355 30 ,366 ,832 92,187 31 ,357 ,812 92,999 32 ,336 ,764 93,764 33 ,292 ,665 94,428 34 ,289 ,656 95,084 35 ,268 ,610 95,694 36 ,254 ,578 96,272 37 ,251 ,569 96,841

126

127

Component Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings

Total % of Variance

Cumulative % Total % of

Variance Cumulative

% 38 ,243 ,552 97,394 39 ,230 ,522 97,916 40 ,207 ,469 98,386 41 ,198 ,451 98,837 42 ,177 ,403 99,239 43 ,175 ,398 99,637 44 ,160 ,363 100,000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Component Transformation Matrix Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 ,830 ,374 -,177 ,140 ,222 ,109 ,205 ,1302 -,134 -,019 ,582 ,602 ,370 ,346 ,134 -,0773 ,381 -,383 ,358 ,188 -,714 ,009 -,017 ,1874 ,228 ,142 ,644 -,486 ,144 -,361 -,034 -,3535 ,017 ,122 ,119 -,464 -,087 ,825 -,254 ,0596 -,302 ,725 ,165 ,028 -,414 -,055 ,368 ,2137 ,061 ,245 -,184 ,289 -,318 ,099 -,249 -,8048 ,009 ,305 ,110 ,217 ,063 -,211 -,823 ,350

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

Rotated Component Matrix (a)

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

sikeTe ,770 ,125 -,251 6,576E-02 -.002 5,957E-02 1,201E-02 -,110patiosneba ,750 9,431E-02 -,173 -.027 1,393E-02 ,168 ,190 7,207E-02erTguleba ,750 ,282 -.097 1,441E-02 2,700E-02 9,645E-02 8,001E-02 ,106ganaTleba ,741 ,146 -.042 -.069 6,280E-03 ,111 -.004 9,991E-03zomiereba ,698 1,392E-02 -,135 -.027 8,928E-02 -.002 ,373 ,220mimtevebloba ,685 ,126 -,218 3,628E-02 6,696E-02 6,259E-02 ,117 ,139klasikuri kultura ,664 ,291 -,166 3,815E-03 ,113 -,140 -,135 1,511E-02ojaxis usafrTxoeba ,659 ,312 -,127 ,115 -.007 ,105 ,169 -.028gambedaoba ,651 -.029 -.050 ,261 1,142E-02 ,106 ,185 ,189damoukidebloba ,648 ,230 4,406E-02 ,162 9,909E-03 5,703E-02 ,302 ,150megobroba ,630 ,338 -.078 ,104 3,428E-02 6,417E-02 ,128 9,116E-02TviTdisciplina ,629 ,277 ,166 -.031 9,784E-02 -.032 7,234E-02 ,215qorwineba ,620 ,133 -.022 9,687E-02 ,432 3,168E-02 4,328E-02 6,046E-02samSoblo ,598 ,156 -,188 -,129 ,302 3,540E-02 ,112 -.056religia ,567 ,253 -,275 4,387E-02 ,296 ,161 -.064 -,249mecniereba ,564 ,256 .000 ,262 ,114 ,196 -.036 -.034Tavmdabloba ,563 1,887E-02 -,142 5,111E-02 -.040 -,213 ,445 9,064E-02silamaze ,535 ,108 -.099 ,236 3,938E-02 5,119E-02 ,413 8,335E-02tradiciebis pativiscema

,534 ,388 3,519E-02 4,125E-02 ,255 -.043 7,629E-02 -,129

SemoqmedebiToba ,532 ,391 2,013E-02 ,166 ,201 4,469E-02 4,935E-02 ,240kanoni ,499 ,164 ,122 -,225 ,248 ,400 6,959E-02 5,556E-02me ,473 8,008E-02 -.039 ,200 ,458 -.077 -,112 ,333Sinagani harmonia ,367 ,670 -.083 3,923E-03 -.005 -.088 -.001 ,198erovnuli kultura ,481 ,640 -,199 6,775E-03 ,128 7,819E-02 -.015 -,143Tavisufleba ,339 ,630 -.055 ,112 2,665E-02 ,146 ,216 9,937E-02128

129

Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 socialuri wesrigi ,260 ,564 -,100 3,904E-02 ,246 ,148 ,456 ,152sasjeli -.014 8,014E-02 ,781 -,110 9,065E-02 1,162E-03 -.099 4,265E-02sicrue -,443 -.092 ,602 ,147 -.010 6,654E-02 7,456E-02 -,287daSineba -,328 -,366 ,589 8,118E-02 -.056 ,169 2,858E-02 -,129danaSauli -,322 -,178 ,558 ,117 -,106 3,536E-02 -.005 -,193cnobismoyvareoba 5,280E-02 -.070 ,531 ,357 3,337E-02 1,604E-02 -.022 ,298alkoholi -.041 2,405E-02 ,404 ,402 5,980E-02 -.097 -.016 -,368simdidre ,122 ,184 2,290E-02 ,659 8,341E-02 ,344 ,137 1,112E-02fuli 6,217E-02 8,338E-02 2,055E-02 ,637 ,234 ,139 ,299 -.050seqsualuri Tavisufleba

-.076 -.055 ,202 ,626 ,109 ,116 -,116 3,539E-02

iumori ,443 7,726E-02 -,116 ,522 ,134 -,158 6,945E-02 ,117Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba

4,333E-02 2,663E-02 -.028 ,249 ,753 3,088E-02 6,266E-02 ,106

adamiani ,392 ,163 -.061 ,201 ,629 9,616E-02 7,094E-02 2,865E-02politika -,163 1,899E-02 ,254 4,638E-03 ,614 ,225 ,176 -,278socialuri Zalaufleba

4,213E-02 ,147 -.019 ,170 ,142 ,802 6,236E-02 ,126

Zalaufleba ,302 -,138 ,145 ,294 1,645E-02 ,668 -.088 4,557E-03socialuri samarTlianoba

,456 ,196 3,262E-02 5,818E-02 ,335 3,804E-02 ,555 8,461E-02

mSvidoba msoflioSi ,337 ,375 2,767E-02 ,228 ,156 9,305E-03 ,444 -,163Tanasworoba ,220 ,311 -,142 7,859E-02 5,126E-02 ,246 ,153 ,633

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. A Rotation converged in 19 iterations.

129

danarTi #4

T-Test ,,sasjeli” jgufi = uaryofiTisken

Paired Samples Statistics (a)

Mean N Std.

Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .9778 9 1.16809 .38936cnobismoyvareoba-02 .7111 9 1.22111 .40704

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 -.1778 9 1.78170 .59390alkoholi-02 -.0444 9 .98376 .32792

Pair 3 daSineba-01 -.6889 9 1.11405 .37135daSineba-02 -.8444 9 .97866 .32622

Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.2222 9 .99219 .33073sicrue-02 -1.2222 9 .85114 .28371

Pair 5 sasjeli-01 1.3778 9 .99219 .33073sasjeli-02 .0889 9 1.07755 .35918

Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.0667 9 1.08628 .36209danaSauli-02 -1.1111 9 .92796 .30932

a Gr = uaryofiTisken

Paired Samples Correlations (a)

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

9 .952 .000

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 9 .697 .037Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 9 .711 .032Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 9 .734 .025Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 9 -.124 .750Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 9 .632 .068

a Gr = uaryofiTisken

130

Paired Samples Test (a)

t Sig. (2-tailed)

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

2.138 .065

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 -.307 .767Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 .580 .578Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 .000 1.000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 2.490 .038Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 .152 .883

a Gr = uaryofiTisken T-Test ,,sasjeli” jgufi = dadebiTisken

Paired Samples Statistics (a)

Mean N Std.

Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .6725 91 1.11695 .11709cnobismoyvareoba-02 .6989 91 1.06055 .11118

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 -.1626 91 1.61903 .16972alkoholi-02 -.2549 91 1.55780 .16330

Pair 3 daSineba-01 -1.4681 91 1.00365 .10521daSineba-02 -1.0703 91 1.14363 .11988

Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.4945 91 1.00148 .10498sicrue-02 -1.1033 91 .99972 .10480

Pair 5 sasjeli-01 -.7495 91 .85250 .08937sasjeli-02 .0308 91 1.03190 .10817

Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.6989 91 .87502 .09173danaSauli-02 -1.2615 91 .91927 .09637

a Gr = dadebiTisken

Paired Samples Correlations (a)

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

91 .662 .000

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 91 .771 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 91 .510 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 91 .580 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 91 .465 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 91 .191 .069

a Gr = dadebiTisken

131

Paired Samples Test (a)

t Sig. (2-tailed)

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

-.280 .780

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 .817 .416Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 -3.549 .001Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 -4.070 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 -7.540 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 -3.655 .000

a Gr = dadebiTisken

danarTi #5

T-Test ,,alkoholi” jgufi = uaryofiTisken

Paired Samples Statistics (a)

Mean N Std.

Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .2774 31 1.23793 .22234cnobismoyvareoba-02 .0258 31 1.30511 .23440

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 1.1548 31 .77237 .13872alkoholi-02 .6000 31 1.09666 .19697

Pair 3 daSineba-01 -1.4968 31 1.33053 .23897daSineba-02 -1.5226 31 1.24223 .22311

Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.0903 31 1.27837 .22960sicrue-02 -1.2581 31 1.16755 .20970

Pair 5 sasjeli-01 -.7355 31 1.03844 .18651sasjeli-02 -.5613 31 .99923 .17947

Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.3677 31 1.04064 .18690danaSauli-02 -1.4645 31 1.14471 .20560

a Gr = uaryofiTisken

132

Paired Samples Correlations (a)

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

31 .770 .000

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 31 .497 .004Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 31 .671 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 31 .588 .001Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 31 .645 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 31 .799 .000

a Gr = uaryofiTisken

Paired Samples Test (a)

t Sig. (2-tailed)

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

1.618 .116

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 3.159 .004Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 .137 .892Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 .838 .409Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 -1.129 .268Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 .769 .448

a Gr = uaryofiTisken T-Test ,,alkoholi” jgufi = dadebiTisken

Paired Samples Statistics (a)

Mean N Std.

Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 .3565 69 1.30784 .15744cnobismoyvareoba-02 .5652 69 1.22376 .14732

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 -1.1333 69 1.12442 .13536alkoholi-02 .0406 69 1.14151 .13742

Pair 3 daSineba-01 -1.6899 69 .90848 .10937daSineba-02 -1.4899 69 .87685 .10556

Pair 4 sicrue-01 -1.4667 69 1.09258 .13153sicrue-02 -1.1014 69 1.01959 .12274

Pair 5 sasjeli-01 -.6290 69 .86247 .10383sasjeli-02 -.6087 69 .87207 .10499

Pair 6 danaSauli-01 -1.6435 69 .96031 .11561danaSauli-02 -1.5420 69 .95800 .11533

a Gr = dadebiTisken

133

Paired Samples Correlations (a)

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

69 .576 .000

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 69 .419 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 69 .493 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 69 .578 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 69 .393 .001Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 69 .684 .000

a Gr = dadebiTisken

Paired Samples Test (a)

t Sig. (2-tailed)

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

-1.485 .142

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 -7.981 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 -1.848 .069Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 -3.121 .003Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 -.176 .861Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 -1.105 .273

a Gr = dadebiTisken

danarTi #6

T-Test sakontrolo jgufi

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error

Mean Pair 1

cnobismoyvareoba-01 .5800 50 1.22040 .17259cnobismoyvareoba-02 .4320 50 1.22515 .17326

Pair 2

alkoholi-01 -.8960 50 1.40160 .19822alkoholi-02 -.8200 50 1.47814 .20904

Pair 3

daSineba-01 -1.5640 50 1.03229 .14599daSineba-02 -1.5200 50 1.14713 .16223

Pair 4

sicrue-01 -1.4480 50 1.04944 .14841sicrue-02 -1.2640 50 .97264 .13755

Pair 5

sasjeli-01 -.7120 50 1.01993 .14424sasjeli-02 -.8280 50 1.09843 .15534

Pair 6

danaSauli-01 -1.6840 50 .91168 .12893danaSauli-02 -1.5480 50 1.03554 .14645

134

135

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

50 .819 .000

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 50 .719 .000Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 50 .492 .000Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 50 .574 .000Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 50 .756 .000Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 50 .671 .000

Paired Samples Test

t Sig. (2-tailed)

Pair 1 cnobismoyvareoba-01 & cnobismoyvareoba-02

1.422 .161

Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02 -.497 .621Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02 -.282 .779Pair 4 sicrue-01 & sicrue-02 -1.391 .170Pair 5 sasjeli-01 & sasjeli-02 1.104 .275Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02 -1.206 .234