Dissertation by Jason Geddes
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=^fijrg`_bh`ion
E rjpg_ gdf` oj oc\if oc` ajggjrdib k`jkg` rcj h\_` ocdn kjnnd]g`7
Cg`ii ?+ Idgg`m ajm g`\_`mncdk) bpd_\i^` \i_ \nndno\ioncdk ocmjpbc \gg oc` t`\mn\i_ ajm h\fdib ocdn kjnnd]g` ]t `i^jpm\bdib h` ojr\m_ bm\_p\o` n^cjjg \i_n`g`^odib h` ajm np^c \ adi` m`n`\m^c kmje`^o+
C`jmb` A+ P\tgjm) Fm+ ajm cdn ^jpi^dg \i_ ajm nk`\mc`\_dib oc` kmje`^o \i_f``kdib oc` m`n`\m^c ji odh` \i_ ji o\nf+
@m+ Fdh O`d]`m) @m+ Fjci O\b`]d`g \i_ @m+ C\mt >gjhlpdno ajm n`mqdib ji ht^jhhdoo``) jaa`mdib \_qd^`) kmjqd_dib bpd_\i^` \i_ `i^jpm\b`h`io) \i_ o`ggdibbm`\o adnc nojmd`n+
Opn\i @ji\g_nji ajm c`m \nndno\i^` di h\it \nk`^on ja ht m`n`\m^c \i_nc\mdib c`m fijrg`_b` rdoc h`+
@\q` Mpdgd^d) Djpg` S\ib # @\qd_ Djr\m_ ajm oc`dm \nndno\i^` di kmjqd_dib C\n?cmjh\ojbm\kct,I\nn Ok`^omjh`omt ^jgg`^odji \i_ dio`mkm`o\odji+
@\i\ Vdq` ajm c`m \nndno\i^` di k`majmhdib ocjn` o\nfn oc\o ^jpg_ _mdq` \ k`mnji^m\ut \i_ \^odib \n \ njpi_dib ]j\m_ oj \gg ja oc` oc`jmd`n+
?\gdajmid\ @`k\moh`io ja Bdnc \i_ C\h` ajm kmjqd_dib oc` api_dib oc\o h\_` \ggocdn rjmf kjnnd]g` \i_ \ggjrdib h` oc` jkkjmopidot oj am``gt nc\m` oc`n` adi_dibnrdoc oc` n^d`iodad^ ^jhhpidot+
It k\m`ion) Fdh \i_ L`bbt) ajm ]`gd`qdib di h` \i_ npkkjmodib h` di \gg ja ht`i_`\qjmn+
Pj \gg ja oc` `hkgjt``n ja oc` Qidq`mndot ja J`q\_\ ajm oc`dm \nndno\i^` ocmjpbcoc` t`\mn+
It rda`) ?di_d`) ajm kpoodib pk rdoc h` ocmjpbc oc` h\it t`\mn ja n^cjjg+ Eadi\ggt c\q` oj b`o \ m`\g ej]+
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=]nom\^o
Ki Fpgt .1) .66.) 4/)--- gdo`mn ja h`o\h nj_dph r`m` \^^d_`io\ggt m`g`\n`_ dioj
oc` pkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m rc`i \ m\dgmj\_ ^\m _`m\dg`_+ Pc` m`g`\n` m`npgo`_ di \
kgph` rcd^c hjq`_ 32 fdgjh`o`mn _jri oc` mdq`m) ^\pndib np]no\iod\g dhk\^on oj oc`
\lp\od^ jmb\idnhn di oc` mdq`m+ I`o\h nj_dph dn \ aphdb\io oc\o dn \^odq\o`_ ]t
^jiq`mndji oj h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& ]t ct_mjgtndn rc`i do ^jh`n di ^jio\^o rdoc
njdgn+
Pc` j]e`^odq`n ja oc`n` nop_d`n r`m` oj _`o`mhdi` oc` a\o` \i_ fdi`od^n ja
om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? di oc` b\n kc\n` \i_ IEP? \i_ h`o\h nj_dph di oc` \lp`jpn
kc\n` di jm_`m oj ]`oo`m pi_`mno\i_ don om\inajmh\odji di oc` omjkjnkc`m`+ Pc` m`npgon
r`m` oc`i ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` AT=IO `iqdmjih`io\g a\o` hj_`g \i_ oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`
hj_`g) C?OKH=N+
Pc` b\n kc\n` om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? r\n `s\hdi`_ pndib q\mdjpn ^c\h]`mn
oj _`^m`\n` njmkodji `aa`^on+ Pc`n` `sk`mdh`ion ncjr`_ oc\o IEP? pi_`mbj`n
kcjojgtndn di oc` b\n kc\n` rdoc \ c\ga*gda` ja .- ( 0 cjpmn pi_`m s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji
\i_ ngdbcogt bm`\o`m oc\i ji` _\t ja a\gg npigdbco+ Lcjojgtndn kmj_p^on j]n`mq`_ di^gp_`
h`octg dnj^t\i\o`) h`octg dnj^t\id_`) npgapm _djsd_`) ct_mjb`i npgad_`) ^\m]jitg npgad_`)
J*h`octg ajmh\hd_` \i_ h`octg \hdi`+
Dt_mjgtndn `sk`mdh`ion ji h`o\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? r`m` pi_`mo\f`i \o kD 1)
4) 4+2) 5) 5+2) 6 \i_ .-8 \o .-w? \i_ /2w? \i_ di oc` km`n`i^` ja O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m
n`_dh`io+ Pc` km`n`i^` ja oc` \bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` ja gjnn) \i_ oc`
c\ga*gda` ja h`o\h nj_dph di^m`\n`_ ]t \ a\^ojm ja 16 %kD 4) .-w?&+ Pc` c\ga*gda` ja
IEP? di^m`\n`_ ]t \ a\^ojm ja 2+/ %kD 4) .-w?&+ Pc`n` m`npgon npbb`no oc\o gjnn ja
IEP? \i_ h`o\h nj_dph di^m`\n`n ndbidad^\iogt rc`i di ^jio\^o rdoc n`_dh`ion) np^c
\n di \ mdq`m ntno`h jm rc`i \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc ]joojh n`_dh`ion di \ kji_ jm g\f`+
Pc` m`npgon ja oc` `sk`mdh`ion r`m` ^jhk\m`_ rdoc oc` `iqdmjih`io\g a\o`
hj_`gn) C?OKH=N \i_ AT=IO+ C?OKH=N km`_d^o`_ \ hd_*_\t) hd_*nphh`m c\ga*gda`
ajm IEP? ja ./ cjpmn) rcd^c ^jhk\m`n r`gg rdoc oc` `sk`mdh`io\g m`npgo ja .- 0 cjpmn+
AT=IO ncjr`_ oc\o q\mdjpn g`q`gn ja ^jio\hdi\odji g`_ oj 42" qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP?
amjh oc` mdq`m) rdoc oc` m`h\di_`m pi_`mbjdib ^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odji) km`_jhdi\iogt
ct_mjgtndn+
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P\]g` ja ?jio`ion
L\b` Jj+
Odbi\opm` k\b` e=^fijrg`_bh`io k\b` dd=]nom\^o k\b` eeeP\]g` ja ?jio`ion dq
?c\ko`m E >\^fbmjpi_ .
?c\ko`m EE Eiomj_p^odji 6Lcjojgtndn ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n+F+@+ C`__`n \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m
Dt_mjgtndn ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n+ 1/F+@+ C`__`n
?c\ko`m EEE C\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn ja h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o`+ 22F+@+ C`__`n) C+?+ Idgg`m \i_ C+A+ P\tgjm) Fm+
?c\ko`m ER Dt_mjgtndn ja h`o\h nj_dph \i_ h`octg 45dnjocdj^t\i\o` \i_ n`_dh`io `aa`^on+F+@+C`__`n) @+I+ Vdq` \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m
?c\ko`m R Ij_`g q\gd_\odji * AT=IO \i_ C?OKH=N .-3
?c\ko`m RE Ophh\mt) ?ji^gpndjin \i_ N`^jhh`i_\odjin ..2
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?c\ko`m E
>\^fbmjpi_
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8ZSbfWd * 7SU]Ydag`V
Pc` O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m di ijmoc`mi ?\gdajmid\ c\n gjib ]``i m`ijri`_ ajm don
]`\pot \i_ omjkct omjpo adncdib+ Kmdbdi\odib i`\m Io+ Oc\no\) do agjrn njpocr\m_ oj
Oc\no\$H\f` %Bdbpm` .&+ Dph\i kjkpg\odji \gjib ocdn kjmodji ja oc` mdq`m dn nk\mn`+
Ki Fpgt .1) .66.) \o /.71- cjpmn) \ Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^ m\dgmj\_ om\di ^jindnodib ja
64 ^\mn \i_ ajpm gj^jhjodq`n _`m\dg`_ ji \ odbco ]md_b` ^pmq` nk\iidib oc` O\^m\h`ioj
Ndq`m di \ m`hjo` \m`\ fijri \n oc` ?\io\m\ Hjjk) gj^\o`_ \kkmjsdh\o`gt .-
fdgjh`o`mn ijmoc ja oc` ojri ja @pinhpdm+ = gj^jhjodq`) nds `hkot am`dbco ^\mn \i_ \i
pig\]`g`_ o\if ^\m g`ao oc` om\^fn+ Pc` o\if ^\m a`gg amjh oc` ]md_b` dioj oc` mdq`m \i_
^\h` oj m`no di \ k\mod\ggt diq`mo`_ kjndodji di oc` nc\ggjrn _dm`^ogt ]`i`\oc oc` ]md_b`
%.&+
=gocjpbc oc` `s\^o ^\pn` ja oc` _`m\dgh`io c\n ijo ]``i _`o`mhdi`_) ji`
kmjkjn`_ oc`jmt dn oc\o oc` om\di h\t c\q` _`m\dg`_ rc`i ji` jm hjm` ja oc` g`\_
`ibdi`n hjh`io\mdgt gjno \i_ oc`i m`b\di`_ om\^odji) ocpn ^\pndib \ np__`i npmb`+
Pc` kjmodji ja oc` om\di ji oc` ^pmq` oc`i h\t c\q` ]``i kpgg`_ odbco jm nom\dbco rdoc
oc` ^\mn ]`cdi_ do \i_ _`m\dg`_ * \ kc`ijh`iji o`mh`_ ~nomdibgdidib jm ~]jrnomdibdibÄ
%.&+ Eo c\n \gnj ]``i oc`jmdu`_ oc\o oc` h\f`*pk ja oc` om\di \gji` %d+`+) oc` jm_`m di
rcd^c ^\mn r`m` gdif`_& h\t c\q` ]``i npaad^d`io oj ^\pn` oc` ]jrnomdibdib %/&+
?m`r h`h]`mn m`kjmo`_ j_jmn ^jhdib amjh oc` _`m\dg`_ ^\mn ncjmogt \ao`m oc`
_`m\dgh`io+ >t \kkmjsdh\o`gt /.72.) oc` @pinhpdm ^g`mf \i_ m\dgmj\_ _dnk\o^c`mÅn jaad^`
di Njn`qdgg`) ?\gdajmid\ c\_ ]``i \_qdn`_ ja oc` _`m\dgh`io+ ?m`r h`h]`mn m`qd`r`_
oc` om\di h\ida`no oj _`o`mhdi` oc` ^jio`ion ja oc` _`m\dg`_ ^\mn+ Pc` o\if ^\m) \ Q+O+
@`k\moh`io ja Pm\inkjmo\odji %@KP& hj_`g ...*=) rcd^c c\n \ ndibg` 4,.3 di^c ocd^f
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,
no``g r\gg \i_ dn oc` hjno ^jhhji otk` ja o\if ^\m di pn`) r\n ijo kg\^\m_`_ \n
^\mmtdib \ c\u\m_jpn np]no\i^`+ ?jio`ion r`m` gdno`_ di oc` om\di h\ida`no \n ~r``_
fdgg`mÄ \i_ d_`iodad`_ \i cjpm jm hjm` \ao`m oc` _`m\dgh`io \n h`o\h nj_dph %.&+ Pc`m`
r\n gdoog` diajmh\odji di oc` I\o`md\g O\a`ot @\o\ Oc``o ji kmj^`_pm`n ajm _`\gdib rdoc
oc` m`g`\n` ja \ g\mb` \hjpio ja oc` np]no\i^`+ >`^\pn` h`o\h nj_dph r\n ijo
jaad^d\ggt ^g\nndad`_ \n \ c\u\m_jpn h\o`md\g ]t oc` @KP \o oc` XMQI SJ XLI WTMPP# XLI
h\ida`no ^jio\di`_ ij nk`^dad^ ojsd^jgjbd^ diajmh\odji jm m`^jhh`i_\odjin di oc` `q`io
ja \i \^^d_`io\g m`g`\n` \n dn m`lpdm`_ ajm c\u\m_jpn h\o`md\gn+
=o \kkmjsdh\o`gt -170- ji Fpgt .2) Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^ no\aa rcj c\_ dink`^o`_ oc`
ndo` m`kjmo`_ \ 5 ]t .- ^h cjg` di oc` _`m\dg`_ o\if ^\m \]jq` oc` r\o`m gdi`+ Pc`m`
r\n ij `qd_`i^` ja g`\f\b`+ Eo r\n `nodh\o`_ oc\o \kkmjsdh\o`gt 2)4-- gdo`mn ja h`o\h
nj_dph njgpodji hdbco c\q` g`\f`_ dioj oc` mdq`m+ =n m`kjmon ja c`\goc `aa`^on \i_ _`\_
adnc _jrinom`\h ]`^\h` \q\dg\]g` g\o`m oc\o hjmidib) oc` `so`io ja oc` nkdgg r\n
m``q\gp\o`_+ N``s\hdi\odji ja oc` o\if ^\m m`q`\g`_ orj np]h`mb`_ cjg`n di oc` ^\m \o
oc` kjdio rc`m` do r\n m`nodib ji oc` mdq`m ]`_ %.&+ =o \kkmjsdh\o`gt ijji ji Fpgt .2)
oc` `so`io ja oc` nkdgg r\n pkbm\_`_ oj 41)--- gdo`mn * oc` apgg ^\k\^dot ja oc` o\if ^\m+
= nh\gg \hjpio ja h`o\h nj_dph hds`_ rdoc mdq`m r\o`m m`h\di`_ di oc` o\if
^\m \o oc` odh` do r\n kpgg`_ amjh oc` mdq`m ji Fpgt .3) \o .370-+ Pc`m`ajm`) adi\g
`nodh\o`n c\q` kg\^`_ oc` \hjpio ja h\o`md\g \^op\ggt m`g`\n`_ dioj oc` O\^m\h`ioj
Ndq`m oj ]` \kkmjsdh\o`gt 4/)--- gdo`mn ja \ 0/+4" ^ji^`iom\o`_ njgpodji ja h`o\h
nj_dph di r\o`m rdoc ij joc`m ^jinodop`ion+ Eo dn ]`gd`q`_ oc\o i`\mgt \gg ja oc` h`o\h
nj_dph r\n m`g`\n`_ _pmdib oc` admno cjpm ja _`m\dgh`io %.&+
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-
Pc` nkdgg`_ h\o`md\g r\n ijo`_ oj om\q`g `i h\nn` njpocr\m_ \o \kkmjsdh\o`gt
-+5 oj .+3 fdgjh`o`mn k`m cjpm piodg do m`\^c`_ Oc\no\ H\f`) 32 fdgjh`o`mn amjh oc` nkdgg
ndo`) di oc` `\mgt cjpmn ja Fpgt .4 %.&+ =lp\od^ gda` \gjib ocdn n`^odji ja oc` mdq`m r\n
n`q`m`gt \aa`^o`_+ ?\gdajmid\ @`k\moh`io ja Bdnc \i_ C\h` ]djgjbdnon m`kjmo`_ adnc fdggn
di oc` cpi_m`_n ja ocjpn\i_n+
Ki^` oc` kgph` `io`m`_ Oc\no\ H\f`) do \kk`\m`_ oj VIQEMR di \ no\odji\mt)
pi]mjf`i h\nn %do dn ijo fijri cjr hp^c h`o\h nj_dph m`h\di`_ di ocdn kgph`&+
Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^) cjkdib oj c\no`i oc` _dnk`mn\g \i_ _`bm\_\odji ja oc` ^c`hd^\g)
dhkg`h`io`_ \ km`qdjpngt pio`no`_ \`m\odji kmj^`_pm` ji Fpgt /-) rcd^c ^jiodip`_
ocmjpbc Fpgt 0- %.&+ Scdg` oc` `aa`^odq`i`nn ja oc` kmj^`_pm` m`h\din pifijri) g`q`gn
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_`o`^odji g`q`gn ]t Fpgt /6+
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ja \ gdbco t`ggjr*bm``i kgph` r\n m`kjmo`_ oj k\nn ocmjpbc @pinhpdm \mjpi_ -4712 %.&+
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Hphdi`n^`i^` j^^pmn rc`i \ lp\ioph ja gdbco dn `hdoo`_ _pmdib oc`
om\indodji oj oc` bmjpi_ `g`^omjid^ no\o` \i_ njh` m`nd_p\g qd]m\odji\g `s^do\odji
dn gjno qd\ ^jggdndji+ Hphdi`n^`i^` ^\i ^jh` amjh `doc`m ndibg`o no\o`n
%agpjm`n^`i^`&) rc`m` \gg ja oc` `g`^omjin \m` k\dm`_ jm omdkg`o no\o`n
%kcjnkcjm`n^`i^`& rc`m` orj `g`^omjin \m` pik\dm`_+ Lctnd^\g lp`i^cdib
j^^pmn rc`i `s^do`_ no\o` `i`mbt ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ dn _dnndk\o`_ ]t ^jggdndji\g
_`\^odq\odji) hjno jao`i rdoc oc` njgq`io+
Ai`mbt om\ina`m ^\i j^^pm da \ npdo\]g` \^^`kojm `sdnon oc\o \ggjrn oc`
`g`^omjid^ `i`mbt oj ]` om\ina`mm`_) m`npgodib di oc` _`\^odq\odji ja oc` hjg`^pg`
oc\o \]njm]`_ oc` gdbco \i_ oc` `s^do\odji ja oc` \^^`kojm+ Ijg`^pg\m jstb`i dn
\i `s\hkg` ja \i dhkjmo\io lp`i^c`m+ Pm\inajmh\odji ja oc` ^c`hd^\g ^\i \gnj
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j^^pm ]t `g`^omji om\ina`m) kcjojdjidu\odji) cjhjgtndn jm `s^do`_ no\o` m`\^odjin
rdoc \q\dg\]g` `iqdmjih`io\g m`\b`ion+
Pc` ^jiomd]podji ja `\^c ja oc` iji*m`\^odq` kmj^`nn`n di_d^\o`_ di Bdb+ 1
oj oc` jq`m\gg m\o` ja _`\^odq\odji dn _`k`i_`io ji oc` di_dqd_p\g m`\^odji m\o`n)
rcd^c q\mt amjh ]`dib q`mt m\kd_) ji oc` jm_`m ja .-6 n$.) oj m`g\odq`gt ngjr) ji
oc` jm_`m ja .-0n $.+ Lcjojgtndn m`\^odjin hpno c\q` admno*jm_`m m\o` ^jino\ion ji
oc` jm_`m ja .-Z oj .-y n . di jm_`m oj ^jhk`o` rdoc kcjojkctnd^\g _`\^odq\odji
kmj^`nn`n+
Pc`n` ^jhk`ododq` _`\^odq\odji n^c`h`n \m` `skm`nn`_ di oc` n`^ji_
g\r ja kcjoj^c`hdnomt+ Pc` Oo\mf*Adino`di*>j_`ino`di H\r no\o`n oc\o XLI
EFWSVTXMSR S J PMKLX F] E QSPIGYPI MW E SRI$UYERXYQ TVSGIWW# WS XLEX XLI WYQ SJ
XLI TVMQEV]$TVSGIWW UYERXYQ ]MIPHW !,N-" QYWX FI YRMX]% Pcpn) oc` am\^odji ja gdbco
\]njmkodji `q`ion oc\o m`npgon di om\inajmh\odji dn o`mh`_ oc` lp\ioph td`g_ ajm
m`\^odji %1;;m& \i_ dn `lp\g oj oc` iph]`m ja hjg`^pg`n oc\o \m` om\inajmh`_
_dqd_`_ ]t oc` iph]`m ja kcjojin \]njm]`_+ %Bdig\tnji*Ldoon \i_ Ldoon) .653&+
/+./ Lcjoj gtn dn di \lp`jpn ntno`hn
Lcjojgtndn ja ^jio\hdi\ion di r\o`m c\n m`^`dq`_ `so`indq` \oo`iodji \i_
h\it ^jhkm`c`indq` m`qd`rn ja oc` q\mdjpn otk`n ja m`\^odjin `i^jpio`m`_ di
kpm` \i_ i\opm\g \lp\od^ `iqdmjih`ion \m` di oc` gdo`m\opm` %?mjn]t) .6438
?mjn]t `o \g+) .6438 D\po\g\) .6458 Idgg`m `o \g+) .6468 L`mmt `o\g+) .6458 Ohdoc `o
\g+) .6458 S\m` `o \g+) .65-8 Njja) .65-8 V\admdjp `o \g+) .6518 V`kk) .6458 V`kk)
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&+
.645]8 V`kk \i_ >\pbch\i) .6458 V`kk \i_ ?gdi`) .6448 V`kk \i_
O^cgjouc\p`m) .646&+ Pc` dio`m`no di \lp\od^ kcjojgtndn no`hn amjh kp]gd^
^ji^`mi jq`m oc` kjo`iod\g ajm cph\i `skjnpm` oj oc` ^c`hd^\gn rcd^c ^\i `io`m
oc` ct_mjnkc`m` amjh \dm]jmi` _mdao) r`o \i_ _mt _`kjndodji) npma\^` mpijaa)
np]npma\^` mpijaa \i_ die`^odji dioj oc` \lpda`m+ Pcdn c\n hjm` m`^`iogt ]``i
`sk\i_`_ oj di^gp_` oc` `^jgjbd^\g `aa`^on oc\o oc` ^c`hd^\gn h\t c\q` ji \gg ja
oc` `iqdmjih`io\g ^jhk\moh`ion+
Pc` g\mb` \hjpio ja diajmh\odji ji \lp`jpn ntno`hn dn \gnj _p` di k\mo
oj oc` r`gg*_`adi`_ kctnd^\g \i_ kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmjk`mod`n ja r\o`m+ C`i`m\ggt) da
oc` lp\ioph td`g_ \i_ \]njmkodji nk`^omph ja \ ^jhkjpi_ \m` fijri) \n r`gg
\n oc` gdbco om\inhdnndji ^c\m\^o`mdnod^n ja oc` r\o`m ^jgphi) _dm`^o kcjojgtndn
m\o`n h\t ]` ^\g^pg\o`_ \o nk`^dad^ g\odop_`n \i_ _\o`n ajm ^jhkjpi_n di kpm`
r\o`m \i_ di r\o`mn ^jio\didib _dnnjgq`_ gdbco*\]njm]dib h\o`md\gn %V`kk \i_
?gdi`) .6448 V`kk \i_ >\pbch\i) .645&+
Pc` m\o` ja om\inajmh\odji di kpm` r\o`m ]t _dm`^o kcjojgtndn dn bdq`i ]t
*_WLY,_o : fLWLY : 9e;;mg\
rc`m` OT dn oc` admno*jm_`m _dm`^o kcjojgtndn m\o`) D;; Y dn oc` ^ji^`iom\odji) PE dn
oc` npigdbco \]njmkodji m\o` \i_ 9e;;m dn oc` lp\ioph td`g_ ajm m`\^odji+ Ei _dgpo`
njgpodji oc` ^g`\m*nft m\o` ^jino\io ajm npigdbco \]njmkodji %,\& dn ^\g^pg\o`_ ]t
S 4
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rc`m` dn oc` hjg\m `sodi^odji ^j`aad^d`io ja oc` ^c`hd^\g \o r\q`g`iboc B# \i_
dn \ q\gp` kmjkjmodji\g oj oc` _\t*\q`m\b` npigdbco dio`indot di \ _`adi`_
r\q`g`iboc dio`mq\g B% Pcdn m`g\odjincdk dn \kkgd^\]g` jigt ajm kpm` iji\]njm]dib
njgpodjin rc`i oc` ^ji^`iom\odji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ di r\o`m dn npaad^d`iogt gjr oc\o
`nn`iod\ggt iji` ja oc` gdbco dn \]njm]`_ ]t oc` ^jhkjpi_+ Bjm cdbc`m
^ji^`iom\odjin \i_ rc`i joc`m \]njm]dib h\o`md\g dn km`n`io) oc` `lp\odji dn
hjm` ^jhkgd^\o`_ %Idgg`m \i_ V`kk) .646&+
R\gp`n ajm 7\ c\q` ]``i ^\g^pg\o`_ ajm njg\m m\_d\odji amjh /5- oj 5-- ih
\o q\mdjpn g\odop_`n \i_ c\q` ]``i ^jhkdg`_ ]t Idgg \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %.65.&+
Pc`n` ^\g^pg\odjin \m` nom\dbcoajmr\m_ \i_ ^\i ]` k`majmh`_ pndib \ ndhkg`
^\g^pg\ojm+ =go`mi\odq`gt) oc` hd^mj^jhkpo`m kmjbm\h C?OKH=N %AL=) .655&
\ggjrn m\kd_ ^\g^pg\odji ja kcjojgtndn m\o`n \n \ api^odji ja odh` ja _\t) odh` ja
t`\m) \i_ g\odop_` \i_ \ggjrn ^c\ib`n di joc`m k\m\h`o`mn np^c \n juji` \i_
r\o`m ^g\mdot+ = ndhkgdad`_ q`mndji ja C?OKH=N c\n ]``i ]pdgo dioj oc`
Askjnpm` =i\gtndn Ij_`gdib Otno`h %AT=IO& %>pmin) .66-& rcd^c \^^`kon
dikpo ja oc` kctnd^\g kmjk`mod`n ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n \i_ \ggjrn ^jhk\mdnji ja
kcjojgtndn m\o`n ja om\inajmh\odji rdoc joc`m om\inajmh\odji k\ocr\tn+
Ki^` \ kcjojgtndn admno jm_`m m\o` c\n ]``i _`o`mhdi`_ \ kcjojgtndn c\ga*
gda` %o.,/& h\t ]` ^\g^pg\o`_ \n ajggjrn7
o.,/ : -+360WLYfk
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.5
Ki` ja oc` q`mt pn`apg \nk`^on ja oc` C?OKH=N kmjbm\h dn oc\o do \ggjrn
\i `nodh\odji ja oc` n`\nji\g q\md\]dgdot ja _dm`^o kcjojgtndn+ V`kk \i_ ?gdi`
%.644& _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o oc` nphh`m \i_ rdio`m dio`indod`n _daa`m ]t pk oj \
a\^ojm ja ajpm ajm r\q`g`ibocn gjib`m oc\i 0/- ih \i_ pk oj \ a\^ojm ja ocdmot*nds
ajm oc` QR*> m`bdji %/62 oj 0/- ih&+ = o`iajg_ jm bm`\o`m n`\nji\g q\md\odji di
kcjojgtndn c\ga*gdq`n ^\i oc`i ]` `sk`^o`_ _p` oj oc` dio`indot _daa`m`i^`n+
Mp\ioph td`g_n jao`i q\mt rdoc njgq`ion) `som\kjg\odji ja _dm`^o kcjojgtndn
lp\ioph td`g_n oj joc`m njgq`ion jm ntno`hn dn b`i`m\ggt diq\gd_ %Idgg`m) `o+ \g+)
.65-&+ @pib \i_ KÅG``a` %.661& ajpi_ oc\o oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`n ja /)4*_d*)
/)0)4)5*o`om\* \i_ .)/)4)5*o`om\*^cgjmj_d]`iujapm\in r`m` 1*.2 odh`n a\no`m di
\lp`jpn njgpodji dmm\_d\o`_ \o 0-- ih oc\i di jmb\id^ njgpodjin+ Pc` kmj_p^o
td`g_n \gnj q\md`_ \n do r\n ajpi_ oc\o .-") 4-" \i_ 2-" ja kcjoj_`bm\_`_ /)4*
_d*) /)0)4)5*o`om\* \i_ .)/)4)5*o`om\*^cgjmj_d]`iujapm\in ) m`nk`^odq`gt r`m`
_`^cgjmdi\o`_ di c`s\i` \n jkkjn`_ oj 9.") .4" \i_ /-" di r\o`m+
=gocjpbc lp\ioph td`g_n ajm m`\^odjin dn pnp\ggt di_`k`i_`io ja
r\q`g`iboc) ocdn \nnphkodji dn pn`apg jigt ajm nh\gg ^c\ib`n di r\q`g`iboc \i_
\it \oo`hko oj `som\kjg\o` oc` m\o` ja kcjojgtndn di oc` `iqdmjih`io amjh _\o\
^jgg`^o`_ pndib /21 ih dmm\_d\odji ^\i diomj_p^` ndbidad^\io `mmjmn dioj `nodh\o`n
ja `iqdmjih`io\g a\o`+
Pm\ing\odji ja _dm`^o kcjojgtndn m\o`n oj `iqdmjih`io\g ^ji_dodjin m`lpdm`n
\ ocjmjpbc pi_`mno\i_dib ja \gg ^jhk`odib _`bm\_\odji a\^ojmn di \lp\od^
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.6
`^jntno`hn+ Sdocdi i\opm\g r\o`mn) cphd^ np]no\i^`n) npnk`i_`_ n`_dh`ion)
\gb\` \i_ i\opm\g dijmb\id^ h\o`md\gn ^\i c\q` \ np]no\iod\g diagp`i^` ji oc`
m\o` ja _dm`^o kcjojgtndn+ Pc`n` h\o`md\gn rdgg b`i`m\ggt \oo`ip\o` npigdbco
ocmjpbc oc` r\o`m ^jgphi \i_ m`_p^` _dm`^o kcjojgtndn m\o`n+ Idgg`m \i_ V`kk
%.646& c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o npnk`i_`_ n`_dh`ion ^\i \aa`^o kcjojgtndn m\o`n
ocmjpbc gdbco \oo`ip\odji \i_ n^\oo`mdib+ Pc`dm m`npgon di_d^\o` oc\o hjm` oc\i 66
k`m^`io gdbco \oo`ip\odji amjh di^d_`io m\_d\odji ^\i j^^pm \o _`kocn ja /2 ^h ajm
njgpodjin ^jio\didib i\opm\g n`_dh`io ^ji^`iom\odjin ja .4 hb,H oj .-3 hb,H+
Gj^c\it \i_ I\bpdm` %.661& nop_d`_ oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja I`ojg\^cgjm
di jmb\id^*am`` r\o`m \i_ g\f` r\o`m ^jio\didib q\mdjpn njgpo`n+ Pc` I`ojg\^cgjm
ncjr`_ g`nn oc\i 1" gjnn \ao`m .-- _\tn di g\f` r\o`m di oc` _\mf+ Opigdbco
kcjoj_`bm\_\odji di^m`\n`_ oc` c\ga*gda` oj /- _\tn di nphh`m \i_ /-2 _\tn di
rdio`m \o 1-wJ g\odop_`) \nnphdib ./ c \i_ 6 c ja npigdbco \ _\t) m`nk`^odq`gt+ Ei
ocdn ^\n` oc` \__dodji ja _dnnjgq`_ jmb\id^ h\oo`m) 2hb,H) di^m`\n`_ oc` c\ga*gda`
/*0 odh`n+
G\o\bd %.66/& k`majmh`_ nop_d`n ji 0*kc`ijst]`iujd^ \^d_ pndib \ s`iji
\m^ %=+ ;; /6-ih& \i_ ajpi_ \ c\ga*gda` ja 0+- _\tn+ Pc` \__dodji ja cphd^ \^d_n
%0+3 _\tn& \i_ ct_mjb`i k`mjsd_` %/+3 _\tn& _d_ ijo c\q` \ ndbidad^\io `aa`^o ji
oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`+ Sc`i oc` kD r\n \_epno`_ amjh kD 4 oj kD / oc` c\ga*gda`
bm`\ogt _`^m`\n`_ oj 1+0 cjpmn+ Pcdn ^c\ib` r\n _p` oj oc` ]\ocj^cmjhd^ ncdao)
di^m`\ndib oc` \]njmkodji nk`^om\ jq`mg\k rdoc oc` s`iji \m^+
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/-
Sjj_pmi `o \g+ %.66/& nop_d`_ oc` \lp`jpn kcjojgtndn ja omd^gjktm di kD 4
]paa`m`_ r\o`m \i_ i\opm\g mdq`m r\o`m pi_`m \modad^d\g gdbcon \i_ hd_nphh`m
npigdbco+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n r`m` _`o`mhdi`_ oj ]` -+2 _ \i_ .+0 _ di ]paa`m`_ r\o`m
\i_ i\opm\g r\o`m) m`nk`^odq`gt+ Pc` ndbidad^\io _daa`m`i^` ]`or``i oc` orj
ntno`hn dn oc\o oc` ]paa`m`_ r\o`m b`i`m\o`_ \ kcjojkmj_p^o oc\i r\n ijo
j]n`mq`_ di oc` i\opm\g r\o`m) 2*^cgjmj*0)3*_dct_mjst*/*ktmd_ditgjst\^`od^ \^d_+
Gjgkdi \i_ G\gfjaa %.660& nop_d`_ oc` _`bm\_\odji ja \om\udi` di \ nh\gg
Ejr\ nom`\h di \i \oo`hko oj ^jmm`g\o` gjnn ja \om\udi` amjh oc` ntno`h rdoc
]djod^ _`bm\_\odji+ Pc`t n\hkg`_ r\o`m amjh =kmdg ocmjpbc Jjq`h]`m \o .
hjioc dio`mq\gn \i_ \i\gtu`_ ajm \om\udi` \i_ don orj h\ejm ]djod^ _`bm\_\odji
kmj_p^on+ Pc`t ajpi_ oc\o \om\udi` ^ji^`iom\odjin np]no\iod\ggt _`^m`\n`_ \i_
h\_` ^jmm`g\odjin ja c\ga*gda` q`mnpn odh` ja t`\m) r\o`m o`hk`m\opm`) _\dgt cjpmn
ja npigdbco \i_ idom\o` ^ji^`iom\odji+ Jdom\o` ^ji^`iom\odji r\n ^cjn`i \n
di_dm`^o kcjojgtndn rdgg b`i`m\o` ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn di i\opm\g r\o`mn+ Pc`t ajpi_
oc\o oc` jigt ^jmm`g\odji r\n rdoc _\dgt cjpmn ja npigdbco \i_ _`o`mhdi`_ oc\o
kcjojgtndn r\n oc` h\ejm _`bm\_\odji k\ocr\t+
+'+ >`V[dWUf bZafa^ke[e
Ei_dm`^o kcjojgtndn m`\^odjin j^^pm rc`i npigdbco dn \]njm]`_ ]t njh`
np]no\i^` oc\o didod\o`n \ n`md`n ja m`\^odjin oc\o `q`iop\ggt ^jinph` oc`
^jhkjpi_+ Ei oc` `iqdmjih`io) di_dm`^o kcjojgtndn ^\i m`npgo amjh \]njmkodji ja
npigdbco ]t \ bmjpi_*no\o` n`indodu`m %ZO&+ Pc` npigdbco ^c\ib`n oc` bmjpi_*
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/.
no\o` n`indodu`m oj \i `s^do`_ ndibg`o no\o` %.O'&+ Pc` `s^do`_ ndibg`o no\o` dn \
ncjmo gdq`_ nk`^d`n \i_ ^\i pi_`mbj hjg`^pg\m dio`mntno`h ^mjnndib oj m`npgo di \
gjib`m gdq`_ omdkg`o n`indodu`_ no\o` %0O'&+ Pc` q\mdjpn _`\^odq\odji kmj^`nn`n
^\i j^^pm \i_) rdoc ^`mo\di m`nomd^odjin ocdn `i`mbt ^\i ]` om\ina`mm`_ oj oc`
^jhkjpi_ ja dio`m`no m`npgodib di kmj_p^o ajmh\odji+
Pc` `i`mbt ja 0O' ^\i ]` om\ina`mm`_ oj bmjpi_*no\o` hjg`^pg\m jstb`i oj
ajmh m`\^odq` ndibg`o jstb`i %.-/'&+ Pcdn ndibg`o jstb`i ^jio\din // f^\g,hjg
hjm` `i`mbt oc\i don omdkg`o bmjpi_ no\o` \i_ rdgg m`\^o rdoc `g`^omji*md^c
np]no\i^`n oj ajmh \ q\md`ot ja kmj_p^on %Bjjo`) .643&+ Ea oc` n`indodu`_ m`\^o\io
pi_`mbj`n kcjojdjidu\odji) `g`^omji om\ina`m jm am\bh`io\odji) m`\^odq` am``
m\_d^\gn \m` b`i`m\o`_ rcd^c b`i`m\o` q\mdjpn m`\^odq` jsd_\odji dio`mh`_d\o`n
rcd^c ^\i ^jinph` joc`m ^jhkjpi_n ocmjpbc iji*nk`^dad^ jsd_\odq` kmj^`nn`n+
=gocjpbc cphd^ np]no\i^`n \oo`ip\o` npigdbco \i_ ^\i np]no\iod\ggt
m`o\m_ _dm`^o kcjojgtndn) n`q`m\g nop_d`n c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o di_dm`^o
kcjojgtndn m\o`n ^\i ]` `ic\i^`_ ]t oc` km`n`i^` ja oc`n` QR*\]njm]dib
h\o`md\gn di i\opm\g r\o`mn+ V`kk \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %.643& c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o
oc` kcjojgtndn m\o` ja h`ocjst^cgjm di n`q`m\g i\opm\g r\o`mn r\n _m\h\od^\ggt
`ic\i^`_ ^jhk\m`_ oj m\o`n ajpi_ di _dnodgg`_ r\o`mn+ @pib \i_ KÅG``a` %.661&
ajpi_ oc\o oc` npigdbco kcjojgtndn m\o`n ja kjgt^cgjmdi\o`_ _d]`iujapm\in di
i\opm\g r\o`m r`m` `ic\i^`_ ]t di_dm`^o jm n`indodu`_ kcjojm`\^odjin ja
^c`hd^\gn i\opm\ggt j^^pmmdib di r\o`m+
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//
Lcjojgtndn ja i\opm\g jmb\id^n di r\o`m ^\i m`npgo di am`` m\_d^\g
kmj_p^odji+ Idgg `o \g+ %.65-& c\q` ncjri oc\o dmm\_d\odji ja i\opm\g r\o`m
^jio\didib ^ph`i` ^\pn`n oc` ajmh\odji ja kmj_p^on oc\o \m` ^c\m\^o`mdnod^ ja
jsd_\odji ]t \gftgk`mjst \i_ ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn+ Pc`n` m`n`\m^c`mn npbb`no oc\o
\gftgk`mjst m\_d^\g ajmh\odji ^\i ]` npaad^d`iogt cdbc oc\o) ajm ^`mo\di cdbcgt
m`\^odq` ^c`hd^\gn) jsd_\odji ]t kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt b`i`m\o`_ k`mjst \i_ ct_mjstg
m\_d^\gn ^\i ]` \i dhkjmo\io _`bm\_\odq` kmj^`nn di i\opm\g r\o`mn+
V`kk \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %V`kk `o \g+) .65. \i_ V`kk `o \g+) .644& c\q`
_`hjinom\o`_ oc\o di i\opm\g r\o`mn) cphd^ np]no\i^`n ^\i \gnj kcjojn`indodu`
oc` ajmh\odji ja ndibg`o jstb`i+ Pc` m\o` ja ndibg`o jstb`i kmj_p^odji di oc`n`
nop_d`n npbb`non oc\o kcjojjsd_\odji ja \ q\md`ot ja `g`^omji*md^c jmb\id^
^jhkjpi_n ]t ndibg`o jstb`i ^\i ]` `iqdmjih`io\ggt dhkjmo\io+ Ljgt^t^gd^
\mjh\od^ ^jhkjpi_n \m` `nk`^d\ggt kmji` oj kcjojn`indodu`_ jstb`i\odji+ Pcdn
r\n _`hjinom\o`_ ]t =_\hn `o \g+ %.661& rcj ajpi_ oc\o nhjf` _t`n ji njdgn
pi_`mr`io m\kd_ kcjojgtndn+ Pc` h`^c\idnhn ja _`bm\_\odji diqjgq`_ n`indodu`_
kcjoj*jsd_\odji ]t ndibg`o jstb`i+
+', EZafaUZW_[US^ dWSUf[a`e
Pc` km`n`i^` ja m`\^odq` ip^g`jkcdg`n) jsd_dudib jm m`_p^dib \b`ion)
i\opm\g n`indodu`mn) lp`i^c`mn \i_ joc`m `iqdmjih`io\g m`\^o\ion rdgg _dm`^o oc`
kcjoj^c`hd^\g a\o` ja \ ^jhkjpi_ di don `iqdmjih`io\g ^jhk\moh`io+ Pc` m\o`
\i_ q\md`ot ja kcjojkmj_p^o ajmh\odji _`k`i_n ijo jigt ji oc` fdi_n ja
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`iqdmjih`io\g m`\^o\ion km`n`io \i_ oc`dm ^ji^`iom\odji) ]po \gnj ji oc`
kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmj^`nn`n \^odib ji oc` jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_+ Pc`m` \m` m`qd`rn
ji oc` _`o\dg`_ _dn^pnndji ja oc` i\opm` \i_ `so`io ja kcjoj^c`hd^\g
om\inajmh\odji ja h\it jmb\id^n %?\gq`mo \i_ Ldoon) .6338 G\i) .6338 Ppmmj)
.645&+ Pc`m` \m` \gnj n`q`m\g m`qd`rn oc\o _dn^pnn b`i`m\odji ja kcjojkmj_p^on
di k`nod^d_`n %Idgg`m \i_ ?mjn]t) .6508 Ijdg\i`i `o \g+) .6428 Opi_nomjh \i_
Npuj) .6458 V`kk) .6468 V`kk `o \g+) .651&+
Lcjojkmj_p^on j]n`mq`_ amjh _dm`^o kcjojgtndn \m` jao`i oc` n\h`
^jhkjpi_n j]n`mq`_ ajm joc`m iji*]djgjbd^\g \i_ ]djgjbd^\g k\ocr\tn+
Ksd_\odji) m`_p^odji) ct_mjgtndn \i_ m`\mm\ib`h`ion \m` ^jhhji+ Ei \__dodji)
nk`^d\gdu`_ m`\^odjin oc\o j^^pm jigt ajm `s^do`_*no\o` hjg`^pg`n b`i`m\o`
kmj_p^on pidlp` oj kcjojgtndn m`\^odjin+
Lcjojjsd_\odji dn oc` hjno ^jhhji kcjojgtndn k\ocr\t ajm ]joc _dm`^o
\i_ di_dm`^o m`\^odjin+ Ijg`^pg\m bmjpi_ no\o` jstb`i %0?;;/ & dn ajpi_ di
\]pi_\i^` di hjno `iqdmjih`io\g ^jhk\moh`ion \i_ rdgg m`\^o rdoc am`` m\_d^\gn
oj ajmh joc`m jsd_\ion+ Pc`n` jsd_\ion ^\i oc`i m`\^o oj ajmh kmj_p^on ocmjpbc
np^c kmj^`nn`n \n ct_mjb`i \ojh `som\^odji) idomjb`i jsd_\odji) nd_` ^c\di
jsd_\odji) ct_mjstg m\_d^\g \__dodji oj \mjh\od^n) \i_ \__dodji oj _jp]g` ]ji_n+
Koc`m kcjojm`\^odjin kmj_p^` kmj_p^on ^c\m\^o`mdnod^ ja ct_mjgtndn jm
ip^g`jkcdgd^ np]nodopodjin+ As\hkg`n di^gp_` `gdhdi\odji m`\^odji ja ^\m]\mtg
%?mjn]t `o \g+) .643&) kcjojct_mjgtndn ja k\m\ocdji %Cmpir`gg \i_ Amd^fnji)
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.640& \i_ idomja`i kcjojnp]nodopodji di oc` km`n`i^` ja ip^g`jkcdg`n %J\f\b\r\
\i_ ?mjn]t .641&+ Lcjojkmj_p^on m`npgodib amjh hjno kcjojnp]nodopodjin \m`
\oomd]po`_ `s^gpndq`gt oj `s^do`_*no\o` m`\^odjin \i_ \m` ijo j]n`mq`_ di joc`m
om\inajmh\odji k\ocr\tn+
Lcjojm`_p^odji dn \gnj ^jhhjigt j]n`mq`_ di c\gjb`in \i_ idomj
np]nodop`ion) k\mod^pg\mgt rc`m` ct_mjb`i njpm^`n \m` \q\dg\]g` %?mjn]t \i_
Sjib) .644&+ @`c\gjb`i\odji dn \ijoc`m dhkjmo\io kcjoj^c`hd^\g k\ocr\t ajm
joc`m ^cgjmdi\o`_ \i_ ]mjhdi\o`_ \mjh\od^ ^jhkjpi_n di^gp_dib L?>$n \i_
L>>$n %Opi_nomjh \i_ Npuj) .645&+ Lcjojm`_p^odji ja idomj bmjpkn oj \hdi`n
c\n ]``i _`hjinom\o`_ ajm k\m\ocdji %Npuj) .65/& \i_ q\mdjpn idomjkc`itg
`oc`mn %Npuj `o \g+) .65-&+
@p` oj oc` ^jhkg`sdot ja kjnnd]g` k\ocr\tn do dn `\nd`no oj no\o`
kcjoj^c`hd^\g a\o` di o`mhn ja _dn\kk`\m\i^` ja oc` jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_+
@`o`mhdi\odji ja oc` m\o` ^jino\io !O"# c\ga*gda` %at,/&) \i_ lp\ioph td`g_ !!N-" \m`
]\n`_ ji kn`p_j*admno jm_`m _`bm\_\odji \i_ _dn\kk`\m\i^`+ Pc`n`
^c\m\^o`mdnod^n m`ag`^o ji oc` ^jh]di`_ `aa`^on ja \gg kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmj^`nn`n
joc`m oc\i _`\^odq\odji ja oc` `s^do`_ no\o`+
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Pc` gjr`m omjkjnkc`m` n`mq`n \n \i dhkjmo\io om\inkjmo `iqdmjih`io \i_
ndif ajm h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n+ Pc`n` ^jhkjpi_n ^\i `io`m oc`
\ohjnkc`m` amjh _dm`^o `hdnndji) ajmh\odji di oc` \ohjnkc`m` \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji
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amjh kg\io) njdg \i_ r\o`m npma\^`n+ Ki^` di oc` \ohjnkc`m` oc`n` ^jhkjpi_n
^\i ]` om\inkjmo`_ bgj]\ggt \i_ m`_`kjndo`_ oj oc` `\moc ocmjpbc \_njmkodji \i_
r`o \i_ _mt _`kjndodji %I^?gpm`) .643&+ Pc`m` dn ^jind_`m\]g` `qd_`i^` oc\o
@@P \i_ L?>$n ^\i pi_`mbj gjib*m\ib` om\inkjmo \i_ bgj]\g ^t^gdib8 ]joc c\q`
]``i ajpi_ di h\it kmdnodi` n`oodibn) di^gp_dib oc` kjg\m m`bdjin) oc\o c\q` i`q`m
]``i `skjn`_ oj _dm`^o \kkgd^\odji+
Djr`q`m) kctnd^\g kmj^`nn`n \m` ja q\md\]g` dhkjmo\i^` ajm m`hjq\g ja
m`\^odq` ^jhkjpi_n amjh oc` gjr`m omjkjnkc`m` %O`d]`m `o \g+) .650&+
=ohjnkc`md^ kcjoj_`bm\_\odq` kmj^`nn`n) rc`oc`m \^odib ]t _dm`^o kcjojgtndn jm
di_dm`^o kmj^`nn`n np^c \n ct_mjstg m\_d^\g \i_ juji` kcjojjsd_\odji) c\q`
]``i m`kjmo`_ \n dhkjmo\io kmj^`nn`n di _`bm\_\odji %?mjn]t \i_ Ijdg\i`i)
.6418 Oj_`mlpdno `o \g+) .6428 Sjj_mjr `o \g+) .645&+
=gocjpbc oc` \ohjnkc`m` dn \ b`i`m\ggt r`gg*_`adi`_ cjhjb`ijpn ntno`h)
\oo`hkon \o hj_`gdib fdi`od^n ja \ohjnkc`md^ b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn c\q` ]``i
jigt k\mod\ggt np^^`nnapg+ Pcdn dn kmdh\mdgt \ m`npgo ja _daad^pgod`n di `no\]gdncdib
no\]g` q\kjm ^ji^`iom\odjin ajm gjr*qjg\odgdot ^jhkjpi_n+ ?jhkjpi_n rdoc gjr
q\kjm km`nnpm`n o`i_ oj njm] jioj oc` r\ggn ja oc` m`\^odji q`nn`gn+ Ei nh\gg
q`nn`gn) r\gg m`\^odjin o`i_ oj km`_jhdi\o` _p` oj oc` g\mb` \m`\ oj qjgph` m\odj
%H`h\dm` `o \g+) .65.&+
C\n kc\n` `sk`mdh`ion ^ji_p^o`_ di n`\g`_ ^jio\di`mn ^\i jigt kmjqd_`
lp\gdo\odq` diajmh\odji ^ji^`midib om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^on+ Pc`dm podgdot dn gdhdo`_
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'+
rc`i \oo`hkodib oj `no\]gdnc m`g`q\io `iqdmjih`io\g kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_
kcjojkmj_p^o _dnomd]podjin+ = a`r kmj^`_pm`n c\q` ]``i _`q`gjk`_ oj `nodh\o`
kcjojkmj_p^on _p` oj r\gg m`\^odjin %?mjn]t \i_ Ijdg\i`i) .644& \n r`gg \n
`nodh\o` ad`g_ b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn m\o`n+ Pc`n` kmj^`_pm`n pn` \
kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` ^jhkjpi_ rdoc ndhdg\m kctnd^\g ^c\m\^o`mdnod^n \n \
om\^`m di jm_`m oj ^m`\o` \ m\odj ja ^jhkjpi_ oj om\^`m %Sjj_mjr `o \g+) .645&+
Ksd_\ion m`nkjind]g` ajm di_dm`^o _`bm\_\odji \m` \gnj \q\dg\]g` di oc`
omjkjnkc`m`+ =ohjnkc`md^ m`\^odqdot \i_ m`nd_`i^` odh`n ajm 13 ^jhkjpi_n
ajpi_ oj m`\^o rdoc juji` \i_ ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn c\q` ]``i m`kjmo`_ %?pkdoo)
.65-&+ Dt_mjstg m\_d^\g m`\^odjin _jhdi\o` oc` om\inajmh\odji ja oc`n`
np]no\i^`n \i_ \m` hjno gdf`gt oc` kmdh\mt hj_` ajm jsd_\odq` _`bm\_\odji ja
^jhkjpi_n di \dm+ Pc` _`q`gjkh`io ja oc` =ofdinji ^c\h]`m c\n g`\_ oj h\it
nop_d`n m`b\m_dib oc` m`\^odji ja ^c`hd^\gn di oc` b\n kc\n` rdoc ct_mjstg
m\_d^\gn %=ofdinji `o \g+) .652&+ Pc`n` nop_d`n \m` dhkjmo\io \n ^c`hd^\g
jsd_\odji ]t ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn jm juji` dn kmj]\]gt oc` h\ejm _`bm\_\odq`
k\ocr\t ajm ^jhkjpi_n oc\o _j ijo pi_`mbj _dm`^o kcjojgtndn+
Ag`i_ `o \g+ %.661& k`majmh`_ kcjojgtndn `sk`mdh`ion di \i =ofdinji nhjb
^c\h]`m \i_ r`m` \]g` oj np^^`nnapggt lp\iodo\o` oc` m`g\odq` dhkjmo\i^` ja
_dm`^o \i_ di_dm`^o kcjojgtndn) \n r`gg \n) jsd_\io ^jiomd]podjin amjh ct_mjstg
m\_d^\gn) juji` \i_ ndibg`o jstb`i+
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',
=i \__dodji\g ^jind_`m\odji dn oc` `aa`^o oc\o \ohjnkc`md^ k\mod^g`n h\t
c\q` ji _`bm\_\odji m\o`n+ Gj`no`m \i_ Ddo`n %.66/& ajpi_ oc\o rcdg`
kjgt^cgjmdi\o`_ _djsdin \i_ _d]`iujapm\in c\q` ]``i ncjri oj kcjoj_`bm\_` di
njgpodji) oc\o oc`t _d_ ijo _`bm\_` rcdg` ]jpi_ oj adq` _daa`m`io otk`n ja agt \nc+
Pcdn npbb`non oc\o ^jhkjpi_n ]jpi_ oj \ohjnkc`md^ k\mod^g`n h\t ijo pi_`mbj
kcjoj_`bm\_\odji \i_ do h\t ijo ]` \ h\ejm gjnn h`^c\idnh+
+'. EZafa^ke[e a` ea[^ egdXSUWe
Kmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n ji njdg \i_ kg\io npma\^`n \m` `skjn`_ oj oc` nomjib
`iqdmjih`io\g ajm^`n ja npigdbco) jstb`i \i_ c`\o ajm \ k`mdj_ ja odh` ]`ajm`
]`dib \]njm]`_) om\inajmh`_ oj joc`m kmj_p^on jm `q\kjm\o`_ amjh ocjn`
npma\^`n+ Lcjojgtndn ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n ji njdg \i_ g`\a npma\^`n dn gdf`gt oj
]` \ h\ejm _`bm\_\odq` kmj^`nn+ Ei ^jiom\no oj \lp`jpn \i_ \dm kcjojgtndn) njdgn
\m` c`o`mjb`i`jpn \i_ c\q` q\md\]g` jmb\id^) hdi`m\g) hjdnopm` \i_ o`sopm`
kmjk`mod`n+ A\^c ja oc`n` kctnd^\g ^c\m\^o`mdnod^n c\n oc` kjo`iod\g oj \aa`^o
kcjojgtndn \i_ oj ^\pn` _daa`m`i^`n di m\o`n \i_ kmj_p^o _dnomd]podjin+ Idgg`m `o
\g+ %.656& _`hjinom\o`_ \i `s\hkg` ja ocdn rdoc oc` kcjojgtndn ja K?@@ ji njdgn+
Pc`t ajpi_ oc\o) di njgpodji) jigt nh\gg \hjpion ja /)0)4)5*np]ndopo`_ _djsdin \m`
ajmh`_8 \o oc` njdg npma\^`8 ajmh\odji ja oc` /)0)4)5*np]nodopo`_ ^jib`i`mn dn
km`a`mm`_+
Hdbco \oo`ip\odji ]t njdgn dn oc` kmdh\mt a\^ojm gdhdodib kcjojgtndn ja
npma\^` _`kjndon+ >joc oc` jmb\id^ %cphd^& am\^odji \i_ oc` dijmb\id^ am\^odji
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+ 1
^\i \oo`ip\o` gdbco %Idgg`m \i_ V`kk) .646&) \i_ ^\i gdhdo oc` kcjod^ uji` ja njdgn
oj g`nn oc\i . hh di _`koc %D`]`mo \i_ Idgg`m) .66-&+ Pc` _`koc _`k`i_`i^` ja
kcjojgtndn q\md`n rdoc njdg kmjk`mod`n8 oc` njdgn gjr`m di jmb\id^ ^jio`io \m`
b`i`m\ggt hjm` om\ink\m`io+ Ei \gg njdgn `s\hdi`_) cjr`q`m) kcjojgtndn j^^pmm`_
jigt \o oc` npma\^` \i_ oc`m`ajm` \it om\inkjmo kmj^`nn`n oc\o hjq` oc`
^jhkjpi_ oj \i_ amjh oc` npma\^` rdgg c\q` \ np]no\iod\g `aa`^o ji oc`
dhkjmo\i^` ja njdg kcjojgtndn+ =_\hn `o \g+ %.661& ajpi_ oc\o nhjf` _t`n
pi_`mr`io m\kd_ kcjojgtndn pk oj \ -+35hh _`koc di i\opm\g npigdbco+
Aq`i ocjpbc _dm`^o kcjojgtndn kmj^`nn`n di njdgn \m` b`i`m\ggt m`o\m_`_
^jhk\m`_ oj ocjn` di om\ink\m`io h`_d\) kcjojgtndn ^\i ]` \ h\ejm
om\inajmh\odji kmj^`nn ndi^` npma\^` \kkgd`_) \_njm]`_) \i_ r`o \i_ _mt
_`kjndo`_ ^c`hd^\gn rdgg `sdno di bm`\o`no ^ji^`iom\odji ji oc`n` npma\^`n+
Lcjoj^c`hd^\g ^jiq`mndji ja ^jhkjpi_n npn^`kod]g` oj di_dm`^o kcjojgtndn ^\i
\gnj ]` np]no\iod\ggt `ic\i^`_ \n \ m`npgo ja oc` kmj_p^odji ja m`\^odq` jsd_\ion
ji dmm\_d\o`_ njdgn+ Cjcm` \i_ Idgg`m %.650& ajpi_ oc\o ndibg`o jstb`i dn
kmj_p^`_ ji njdgn \o `iqdmjih`io\ggt ndbidad^\io m\o`n+ Idgg`m `o \g+ %.656& \gnj
ijo`_ oc\o am`` m\_d^\g jsd_\ion ^\i ]` kmj_p^`_ oc\o rdgg hdi`m\gdu` ^jhkjpi_n+
=o km`n`io oc`m` \m` ij np^^`nnapg km`_d^odq` hj_`gn ajm \nn`nndib oc`
fdi`od^n ja `doc`m _dm`^o jm di_dm`^o kcjojgtndn ji njdg npma\^`n+ Pcdn dn _p` di k\mo
oj oc` dic`m`io ^jhkg`sdot ja njdgn) \i_ dn \gnj \ m`npgo ja kmj]g`hn `i^jpio`m`_
rc`i omtdib oj _`q`gjk \i `iqdmjih`io\ggt m`g`q\io h`ocj_jgjbt ajm hj_`gdib
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'.
njdg kcjojgtndn %Cpoc `o \g+) .643&+ Op^^`nnapg hj_`gn rdgg ]` h\_` jigt \ao`m
]\nd^ ^c`hdnomt \i_ om\inkjmo kmj^`nn`n \m` r`gg pi_`mnojj_+ Ods a\^ojmn ncjpg_
]` ^jind_`m`_ rc`i k`majmhdib oc`n` kcjojgtndn `sk`mdh`ion .& ^jhkjpi_
kcjoj^c`hdnomt) /& njdg otk`) 0& ^jhkjpi_ _`kjndodji ji npma\^`) 1& njdg r\o`m
^jio`io) 2& qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ \_q`^odji) \i_ 3& km`*`skjnpm` ja oc` npma\^` oj
kcjojgtndn \i_ r`\oc`mdib+
L`mc\kn oc` hjno ndbidad^\io c`\goc*m`g\o`_ kmj]g`h \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc
k`nod^d_` njdg kcjojgtndn m`npgon amjh ocdjkcjnkc\o` din`^od^d_` kcjojjsd_\odji
dioj don hjm` ojsd^ jsji hjd`ot+ L\m\jsji ajmh\odji di \bmd^pgopm\g ad`g_n \ao`m
k\m\ocdji \kkgd^\odji c\n ]``i dhkgd^\o`_ \n oc` kmdi^dk\g ojsd^ ^jinodop`io di
kjdnjidib di^d_`ion \hjib a\mh rjmf`mn di ?\gdajmid\ ^dompn bmjq`n %Jdbb \i_
=gg`i) .646&+
+'/ GWS^ Lad^V 8a_b^[USf[a`e
N`n`\m^c`mn c\q` pn`_ \ rd_` q\md`ot ja \kkmj\^c`n oj `s\hdi` oc`
`iqdmjih`io\g kcjoj^c`hdnomt ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n+ Pc` o`^cidlp`n c\q`
`qjgq`_ jq`m oc` k\no /4 t`\mn \i_ \ g\mb` ]j_t ja diajmh\odji c\n _`q`gjk`_
ji oc` hjno np^^`nnapg h`ocj_n ajm km`_d^odib cjr jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n rdgg
dio`m\^o rdoc npigdbco di oc` `iqdmjih`io+ Ei h\it ^\n`n) cjr`q`m) oc` _\o\ \m`
_daad^pgo oj \kkgt oj m`\g `iqdmjih`io\g ndop\odjin+ @pm\i_ `o \g+ %.661& m`^`iogt
d_`iodad`_ /. kcjojkmj_p^on ajmh`_ di oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja a`idomjocdji+ Pc`dm
`sk`mdh`ion r`m` _`ndbi`_ oj _`o`mhdi` \n h\it kcjojkmj_p^on \n kjnnd]g` ]po
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(%
oc` dmm\_d\odji di \ r\o`ih`oc\ijg njgpodji rdoc \ cdbc*km`nnpm` h`m^pmt g\hk
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>\m^`gj %.661& nop_d`_ a`idomjocdji \kkgd`_ oj `nop\mdi` r\o`mn \i_ ajpi_ \ c\ga*
gda` di i\opm\g npigdbco ja .0 c+ Pc`t r`m` jigt \]g` oj adi_ orj ja oc` /.
kcjojkmj_p^on d_`iodad`_ di oc` \modad^d\g `iqdmjih`io ja @pm\i_ `o \g+) %.661&+
L\mod^pg\mgt _daad^pgo dn `som\kjg\odji ja m\o` _\o\ oc\o c\n ]``i j]o\di`_
pndib pi^\gd]m\o`_ g\]jm\ojmt g\hkn+ ?g`\m nft npigdbco dio`indot \o m`kjmo`_
g\odop_`n \i_ odh`n ja t`\m ^\i ]` ^jhk\m`_ ]`or``i g\]jm\ojmd`n \i_ \kkgd`_
ojr\m_ ad`g_ ^ji_dodjin+ Sc`i`q`m j]o\di\]g`) oc`n` _\o\ \m` oc` hjno m`gd\]g`)
`nk`^d\ggt da \i \^odijh`o`m ntno`h dn pn`_ oj h`\npm` oc` npigdbco dio`indot+
=go`mi\odq`gt) h\it g\]jm\ojmd`n c\q` no\mo`_ pndib s`iji \m^ g\hkn `lpdkk`_
rdoc QR adgo`mn oc\o ^po jaa npigdbco ]`gjr /6- ih \i_ ocpn hjno ^gjn`gt
\kkmjsdh\o` m`\g npigdbco+ Sc`i kmjk`mgt ^\gd]m\o`_) m`npgon amjh oc`n` ntno`hn
^\i ]` ^jhk\m`_ ]`or``i g\]jm\ojmd`n \i_ \kkgd`_ oj ad`g_ ndop\odjin ]t
^jhk\mdnji ja njg\m dio`indot h`\npm`_ rdoc \^odijh`o`mn jm m\_djh`o`mn+
Ijno piadgo`m`_ \modad^d\g g\hkn pn`_ di kcjojgtndn m`n`\m^c `hdo
r\q`g`ibocn ]`gjr /6- ih+ Emm\_d\odji ja ^jhkjpi_n \o r\q`g`ibocn ]`gjr /6-
ih jao`i m`npgon di kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_ kmj_p^o _dnomd]podjin \otkd^\g ja
`iqdmjih`io\g ^ji_dodjin+ I\it jmb\id^n ndhkgt _j ijo \]njm] npigdbco \i_ _j
ijo pi_`mbj _dm`^o kcjojgtndn di npigdbco+ Ea oc` gdbco njpm^`n oc\o \m` pn`_ `hdo
r\q`g`ibocn \]njm]`_ ]t jmb\id^n oc\o \m` om\ink\m`io oj npigdbco) oc` m`npgon
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0.
rdgg ijo ]` \kkgd^\]g` oj m`\g rjmg_ ndop\odjin+ Qiadgo`m`_ h`m^pmt \m^ g\hk
nop_d`n \m` k\mod^pg\mgt npnk`^o \n oc`t kmdh\mdgt `hdo /21 ih m\_d\odji+ Aq`i ajm
^jhkjpi_n oc\o _j ijo \]njm] npigdbco) h`m^pmt \m^ g\hkn ^\i kmj_p^`
kmj_p^on ijo ajpi_ rc`i oc` ^c`hd^\g dn `skjn`_ oj npigdbco %Idgg`m \i_ ?mjn]t)
.645&+
=ijoc`m ^ji^`mi jao`i jq`mgjjf`_ dn oc` h`_dph di rcd^c oc` ^jhkjpi_
dn `skjn`_ oj gdbco+ Ea r\o`m dn oc` ntno`h) pn` ja h`oc\ijg) c`s\i` jm \it joc`m
jmb\id^ njgq`io rjpg_ kmjqd_` hdng`\_dib m`npgon+ =i `s\hkg` dn oc` kcjojgtndn
ja 0)1 _d^cgjmj\idgdi` di r\o`m td`g_dib /*^cgjmj*2*\hdijkc`ijg \n \
kcjojkmj_p^o+ Ei \^`ojidomdg`) oc` kmj_p^o dn ijo j]n`mq`_ \i_ oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`
dn jq`m .-- odh`n ngjr`m %Idgg`m `o \g+) .646&+ =it kcjojgtndn `sk`mdh`io
k`majmh`_ di \ijoc`m h`_dph ncjpg_ ]` q\gd_\o`_ di oc` h`_dph ja oc`
`iqdmjih`io\g ^jhk\moh`io ja dio`m`no ]`ajm` `iqdmjih`io\g ndbidad^\i^` dn
\nndbi`_ oj oc` m`npgon+
Pc` n\h` ^jind_`m\odjin i``_ oj ]` h\_` rc`i _`\gdib rdoc njdg \i_
kg\io npma\^`n+ = njdg$n jmb\id^ \i_ dijmb\id^ ^jhkji`ion h\t m`o\m_ _dm`^o
kcjojgtndn+ Ei njdg ntno`hn) oc`m` \m` \gnj \ q\md`ot ja c`o`mjb`i`jpn hdsopm`n
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k\mod^dk\o` di `i`mbt om\ina`m di gdbco*di_p^`_ om\inajmh\odjin+ Ei kg\ion) oc`
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ct_mj^\m]ji jpo`m ^j\odib+ I^?m\_t \i_ I\bb\m_ %.660& nop_d`_ oc` pko\f`
\i_ kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja /)0)4)5*o`om\^cgjm_d]`iuj_djsdi %P?@@& njm]`_ oj bm\nn
ajgd\b` \i_ ajpi_ qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ kcjoj_`bm\_\odji oj ]` oc` kmdh\mt gjnn
kmj^`nn`n+ Pc` kcjojgtndn c\ga*gda` ja /)0)4)5*P?@@ njm]`_ oj bm\nn \i_
`skjn`_ oj i\opm\g npigdbco r\n 11 c+ Pcdn dn hp^c ngjr`m oc\i oc` c\ga*gda`
j]n`mq`_ di njgpodji ja 2 hdipo`n+
Qn` ja ndgd^\ b`g jm bg\nn kg\o`n oj km`_d^o kcjojgtndn ji oc`n` npma\^`n rdgg
ijo kmjqd_` _`k`i_\]g` km`_d^odq` diajmh\odji+ >m`ionji %.66-& _dn^pnn`n oc`
gdo`m\opm` m`g\odib oj kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ji ajgd\b` \i_ _dn^pnn`n oc` m`g\odq`
`aa`^on qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ ajgd\m k`i`om\odji kg\t+ L\o`mnji `o \g+ %.66.& km`n`io`_
\ apb\^dot*]\n`_ hj_`g oc\o _`n^md]`n oc` `lpdgd]mdph \i_ fdi`od^n ja pko\f` \i_
^g`\mdib ]t g`\q`n ja ct_mjkcj]d^ jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di oc` b\n kc\n`+
Pc` kctnd^\g \i_ ^c`hd^\g i\opm` ja `iqdmjih`io\g ^jhk\moh`ion \n oc`t
m`\^o rdoc jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n dn nodgg g\mb`gt pifijri+ Pcjpbc r` ^\i km`_d^o
_dm`^o kcjojgtndn di njgpodji) `som\kjg\odji ja kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_ kmj_p^on oj
joc`m `iqdmjih`io\g ^jhk\moh`ion dn pi^`mo\di \i_ hpno ]` _ji` rdoc hp^c
kmp_`i^`+ Qiodg \ hjm` ^jhkg`o` pi_`mno\i_dib dn \q\dg\]g` ja oc`n`
^jhk\moh`ion) oc` nop_d`n oc\o jaa`m oc` ]`no km`_d^odq` ^\k\]dgdot \m` ocjn` oc\o
pn` ^jhkji`ion hjno gdf` ocjn` ajpi_ di oc` `iqdmjih`io+ Sc`i`q`m kjnnd]g`)
npigdbco \i_ i\opm\g np]nom\o`n ncjpg_ ]` `hkgjt`_ di \ g\]jm\ojmt \nn`nnh`io
ja oc` ndbidad^\i^` ja kcjoj_`^jhkjndodji di oc` `iqdmjih`io+
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((
A[fWdSfgdW U[fWV=_\hn) N+H+) A+F+ S`]`m) C+H+ >\pbch\i+ %.661& Lcjojgtndn ja nhjf`
_t`n ji njdgn+ 1RZ% ?S\% ERH /LIQ%# 37556*563+=gq\m`u) N+=+) \i_ ?+>+ Ijjm`+ %.661& Mp\ioph td`g_ ajm kmj_p^odji ja
?D0J? di oc` kcjojgtndn ja ?D0J?O+ >GMIRGI# /307/-2*/-4+=ofdinji) N+ %.652& Gdi`od^n \i_ h`^c\idnhn ja oc` b\n kc\n` m`\^odjin
ja oc` ct_mjstg m\_d^\g rdoc jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n pi_`m \ohjnkc`md^ ^ji_dodjin+/LIQ% =IZ%
>`ionji) G+L+ %.66-& B\o` ja s`ij]djod^n di ajgd\m k`nod^d_` _`kjndon+=IZ% 1RZ% /SRX% ?S\%# ..17./2*.3.+
>pmin) H+=+ %=kmdg .66-& AT=IO7 =i Askjnpm` =i\gtndn Ij_`gdibOtno`h+ AL=,3--,0*56,-51 Q+O+ Aiqdmjih`io\g Lmjo`^odji =b`i^t) =oc`in) C=+
?\gq`mo) F+C+ \i_ F+J+ Ldoon+ %.633& Lcjoj^c`hdnomt+ Fjci Sdg`t # Ojin)J`r Ujmf+
?mjn]t) @+C+ %I\m^c .643& Lcjoj^c`hdnomt ja ]`i^ch\mf k`nod^d_`n+ Ei= gdo`m\opm` npmq`t ja ]`i^ch\mf k`nod^d_`n) m`kjmo ]t oc` @`k\moh`io ja I`_d^\g\i_ Lp]gd^ =aa\dmn ja oc` C`jmb` S\ncdiboji Qidq`mndot I`_d^\g ?`io`m)S\ncdiboji) @+?+) pi_`m ?jiom\^o 35*-.*/556 ajm oc` Kaad^` ja L`nod^d_`Lmjbm\hn) Q+O+ Aiqdmjih`io\g Lmjo`^odji =b`i^t+
?mjn]t) @+C+) A+ H`dodn \i_ S+D+ Sdio`mgdi+ %.643& Lcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja^\m]\h\o` din`^od^d_`n+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ% .07/-1*4+
?mjn]t) @+C+) \i_ G+S+ Ijdg\i`i+ %.641& R\kjm*kc\n`kcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja \g_mdi \i_ _d`g_mdi+ .VGL% 1RZMVSR% /SRXEQ% ?S\MGSP% /73/*41+
?mjn]t) @+C+ \i_ G+ S+ Ijdg\i`i+ %.644& R\kjm kc\n` _`^jhkjndodji ja@@P+ /LIQSWTLIVI 3.<*$'(%
?mjn]t) @+C+ \i_ =+O+ Sjib+ %.644& Aiqdmjih`io\g _`bm\_\odji ja/)0)4)5*o`om\^cgjmj_d]`iuj*k*_djsdi+ >GMIRGI .627.004*05+
?pkdoo) H+P+ %.65-& B\o` ja ojsd^ \i_ c\u\m_jpn h\o`md\gn di oc` \dm`iqdmjih`io+ AL=*3--,20*5-*-51+ Q+O+ Aiqdmjih`io\g Lmjo`^odji =b`i^t)=oc`in) C=+
@pib) I+D+ \i_ L+S+ KÅG``a`+ %.661& ?jhk\m\odq` m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn jakjgt^cgjmdi\o`_ _d]`iujapm\in di jmb\id^ njgq`ion \i_ \lp`jpn njgpodjin+1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM# /57216*221+
@pm\i_) C+) F+H+ =]\_) B+ O\i^c`u*>\`u\) =+ I`nn`bp`m \i_ @+ >\m^`gj+%.661& Qi`lpdqj^\g d_`iodad^\odji ja ^jhkjpi_n ajmh`_ di oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odjija a`idomjocdji di r\o`m,h`oc\ijg \i_ kmjkjn\g ja n`g`^o`_ om\inajmh\odjik\ocr\tn+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1/75.1*5/.+
Ag`i_) A+) ?+ V`oun^c \i_ N+ O\m\adi+ %.661& Lcjojgtod^ \i_kcjoj^c`hd^\g _`bm\_\odji ja IEP? di \dm+ Lm`n`io`_ \o EQL=? ^jia`m`i^`)S\ncdiboji) @+?+
Bdig\tnji*Ldoon) >+F+ \i_ F+J+ Ldoon+ %.653& =ohjnkc`md^ ^c`hdnomt7Bpi_\h`io\gn \i_ `sk`mdh`io\g o`^cidlp`n+ Fjci Sdg`t # Ojin) J`r Ujmf+
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()
Bjjo`) ?+O+ %.643& Lcjojn`indodu`_ jsd_\odji \i_ ndibg`o jstb`i+ Ei Bm``m\_d^\gn di ]djgjbt) Rjg+ /) `_+ S+=+ Lmtjm) 51*.00+ =^\_`hd^ Lm`nn) J`r Ujmf+
Bmd`_`g) N+=+ \i_ I+ Km^cdi+ %.62.& Qgom\qdjg`o nk`^om\ ja \mjh\od^^jhkjpi_n+ Fjci Sdg`t # Ojin) J`r Ujmf+
Cjcm`) G+ \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m+ %.650& Odibg`o jstb`i b`i`m\odji ji njdgnpma\^`n+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ% 0.7..-1*-5+
Cjoc`i) C+?+ %.66.& =nnj^d\o` =_hdidnom\ojm ajm O\a`ot) B`_`m\g N\dgmj\_=_hdidnom\odji) QO @`k\moh`io ja Pm\inkjmo\odji+ Oo\o`h`io ]`ajm` oc` Q+O+Djpn` ja N`km`n`io\odq`n Cjq`mih`io =^odqdod`n \i_ Pm\inkjmo\odjiOp]^jhhdoo`` ja oc` ?jhhdoo`` ji Cjq`mih`io Kk`m\odji+ Kq`mndbco D`\mdibji Pm\di @`m\dgh`ion \i_ Pjsd^ Okdggn+
Cmpir`gg) F+N+ \i_ N+D+ Amd^fnji+ %.640& Lcjojgtndn ja k\m\ocdji %- )- *_d`octg*-*W1*idomjkc`itgY ocdjkcjnkc\o`&+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# /.76/6*0.+
Cpoc) F+=+) J+ >pmfc\m_ \i_ @+K+ A]`mg`+ %.643& Ask`mdh`io\g\kkmj\^c`n ajm nop_tdib oc` k`mndno`i^` ja k`nod^d_`n di njdgn+ Ei L`mndno`i^` jak`nod^d_`n \i_ c`m]d^d_`n) Lmj^``_dibn >mdodnc ?mjk Lmjo`^odji+
D\po\g\) N+N+ %Fpi` .645& Opma\^o\io `aa`^on ji k`nod^d_` kcjoj^c`hdnomtdi njdg \i_ r\o`m+ AL=*3--,0*45*-3-+
D`mnc`iji) D+I+ %.633) .63.) .623& Qgom\qdjg`o \i_ qdnd]g` \]njmkodjink`^om\+ =^\_`hd^ Lm`nn) J`r Ujmf+
G\hg`o) I+F+ %.63-& Kmb\id^ `g`^omjid^ nk`^om\ _\o\) Rjg+ .+ Eio`mn^d`i^`Lp]gdnc`mn) Ei^+) J`r Ujmf+
G\i) N+K+ %.633& Kmb\id^ kcjoj^c`hdnomt+ I^Cm\r*Ddgg >jjf ?j+) J`rUjmf+
G\o\bd) P+ %.66/& Lcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja 0*kc`ijst]`iujd^ \^d_ di r\o`m\i_ ji njgd_ npma\^`n+ F+ .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1-7./36*./41+
Gj^c\it) F+ \i_ N+F+ I\bpdm`+ %.661& Opigdbco kcjoj_`bm\_\odji jaI`ojg\^cgjm di r\o`m+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1/71-3*1./+
Gjgkdi) @+S+ \i_ O+F+ H\fgcjaa+ %.660& =om\udi` _`bm\_\odji di \ nh\ggnom`\h di Ejr\+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM# /47.01*.06+
Gj`no`m) ?+F+ \i_ N+=+ Ddo`n+ %.66/& Lcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja kjgt^cgjmdi\o`__djsdin \i_ _d]`iujapm\in \_njm]`_ oj agt \nc+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# /372-/*2-4+
H\^jmo`) O+ \i_ @+ >\m^`gj+ %.661& N\kd_ _`bm\_\odji ja a`idomjocdji di`nop\mdi` r\o`mn+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# /57..26*..30+
H`h\dm`) F+) E+ ?\hk`gg) D+ Dpgk`) F+=+ Cpoc) S+ I`mu) F+ Lcdgk \i_ ?+ RjiS\g_jr+ %.65.& =i \nn`nnh`io ja o`no h`ocj_n ajm kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja^c`hd^\gn di oc` `iqdmjih`io) `_+ H+ Ppmi`m) .*3.+ Apmjk`\i ?c`hd^\g Ei_pnomtA^jgjbt \i_ Pjsd^jgjbt ?`io`m+ P`^cid^\g N`kjmo Jj+ 0) >mpnn`gn) >`gbdph+
I\cji) @+I+ %.66.& Lm`nd_`io ja Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^ Pm\inkjmo\odji?jhk\it+ Oo\o`h`io ]`ajm` oc` Q+O+ Djpn` ja N`km`n`io\odq`n Cjq`mih`io=^odqdod`n \i_ Pm\inkjmo\odji Op]^jhhdoo`` ja oc` ?jhhdoo`` ji Cjq`mih`ioKk`m\odji+ Kq`mndbco D`\mdib ji Pm\di @`m\dgh`ion \i_ Pjsd^ Okdggn+
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(*
I^?gpm`) R+A+ %.643& Pm\inkjmo ja c`\qt ^cgjmdi\o`_ ct_mj^\m]jin di oc`\ohjnkc`m`+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# .-7.//0*/6+
I^?m\_t) F+G+ \i_ O+L+ I\bb\m_+ %.660& Qko\f` \i_ kcjoj_`bm\_\odjija /)0)4)5*o`om\^cgjm_d]`iuj*k*_djsdi njm]`_ oj bm\nn ajgd\b`+ 1RZMVSR% >GM%?IGLRSM%# /47010*02-+
Idgg) P+) @+C+ D`i_mt \i_ D+ Nd^c\m_nji+ %.65-& Bm`` m\_d^\g jsd_\ion dii\opm\g r\o`mn+ >GMIRGI /-475.2*/-+
Idgg) P+) S+N+ I\]`t) @+?+ >jh]`mb`m) P+S+ ?cjp) @+C+ D`imt \i_ F+D+Ohdoc+ %.65.& H\]jm\ojmt kmjoj^jgn ajm `q\gp\odib oc` a\o` ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gndi \dm \i_ r\o`m) .*0/6+ ?jiom\^o Jj+ 35*-0*///4+ Q+O+ Aiqdmjih`io\g Lmjo`^odji=b`i^t) =oc`in) C=+
Idgg`m) C+?+) \i_ @+C+ ?mjn]t+ %.645& Lcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja npno\m dir\o`m+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ% /37.0.3*/.+
Idgg`m) C+?+ \i_ @+C+ ?mjn]t+ %.650& L`nod^d_` kmj_p^on7 C`i`m\odji \i_ndbidad^\i^`+ 6% ?S\MGSP% /PMR% ?S\MGSP% .674-4*02+
Idgg`m) C+?+) R+N+ D`]`mo) I+F+ Idgg`) N+ Idou`g \i_ N+C+ V`kk+ %.656&Lcjojgtndn ja j^o\^cgjmj_d]`iuj*k*_djsdi ji njdgn7 kmj_p^odji ja /)0)4)5*P?@@+/LIQSWTLIVI .57./32*./41+
Idgg`m) C+?+) R+N+ D`]`mo \i_ S+S+ Idgg`m+ %.656& Aaa`^o ja npigdbco jijmb\id^ ^jio\hdi\ion \o oc` \ohjnkc`m`*njdg dio`ma\^`+ Ei N`\^odjin \i_hjq`h`io ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di njdgn) OOO= nk`^d\g kp]gd^\odji ij+ //)I\_dnji Sg+
Idgg`m) C+?+) I+F+ Idgg`) @+C+ ?mjn]t) O+ Ojioph \i_ N+C+ V`kk+ %.646&Lcjojnjgqjgtndn ja 0)1*_d^cgjmj\idgdi` di r\o`m+ ?IXVELIHVSR 027.464*66+
Idgg`m) C+?+ \i_ N+C+ V`kk+ %.646& Lcjojm`\^odqdot ja \lp\od^ kjggpo\ionnjm]`_ ji npnk`i_`_ njdg n`_dh`ion+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM% .0753-*30+
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10
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\ iph]`m ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n+
Pc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di^m`\n`n rdoc o`hk`m\opm`+
Pc` o`hk`m\opm` \i_ don m`g\odjincdk oj oc` m\o` ^jino\io ^\i ]` `skm`nn`_
ocmjpbc oc` =mmc`idpn `lp\odji rc`m`7
f : =`$A=,NP
di rcd^c A= dn oc` =mmc`idpn \^odq\odji `i`mbt) N dn oc` b\n ^jino\io \i_ P dn oc`
o`hk`m\opm`+ Pc` o`hk`m\opm` `aa`^o dn \kkgd`_ n`k\m\o`gt oj fD) f-D \i_ fJ
ndi^` oc` ^\o\gtu`_ \i_ pi^\o\gtu`_ m`\^odjin ncjr _daa`m`io o`hk`m\opm`
_`k`i_`i^d`n+
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)+
Pc` q\gp`n ja A=ajm ct_mjgtndn ja jmb\id^n di r\o`m pnp\ggt a\gg di oc`
m\ib` ja ./*/2 f^\g,hjg) rdoc q\gp`n ja .4*/- hjno ^jhhji %D\mmdn) .65/&+
Ojh` b`i`m\g bpd_`gdi`n oj ajggjr rc`i _`\gdib rdoc o`hk`m\opm`n ]`or``i -
\i_ 2-w? \m`7
* \ .w? ^c\ib` di o`hk`m\opm` ^\pn`n \ .-" ^c\ib` di f
* \ .-w? ^c\ib` di o`hk`m\opm` ^\pn`n \ a\^ojm ja /+2 ^c\ib` di f
* \ /2w? ^c\ib` di o`hk`m\opm` ^\pn`n \ a\^ojm ja .- ^c\ib` di f
]\n`_ ji \i A=q\gp` ja .4*.5 f^\g,hjg+
?c\ib`n di o`hk`m\opm` c\q` \ bm`\o \aa`^o ji f \i_ oc`m`ajm` c\q`
ndbidad^\io ^jin`lp`i^`n7
* `sk`mdh`io\g o`hk`m\opm` hpno ]` ^jiomjgg`_ \^^pm\o`gt \i_km`^dn`gt oj `gdhdi\o` pi^`mo\diot+
* pi^`mo\diot di A= dn h\bidad`_ rc`i g\]jm\ojmt m`npgon \m``som\kjg\o`_ jq`m /2w? jm g\mb`m dio`mq\gn oj `nodh\o` f q\gp`npi_`m `iqdmjih`io\g ^ji_dodjin+ N\o` _\o\ j]o\di`_ ]t`som\kjg\odji ja hjm` oc\i /2w? ncjpg_ ]` ^jind_`m`_ jm_`m jah\bidop_` \kkmjsdh\odjin+
Sc`i k`majmhdib ct_mjgtndn `sk`mdh`ion oj ]` `som\kjg\o`_ oj oc`
`iqdmjih`io) oc` ]`no m`npgon \m` _`mdq`_ amjh ]m\^f`odib oc` o`hk`m\opm`n ja
dio`m`no+ Jph]`mn oc\o \m` b`i`m\o`_ rdoc gdoog` `som\kjg\odji rdgg ]` hjm`
m`km`n`io\odq`n ja m`\g rjmg_ `iqdmjih`ion+
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),
'$. 5VBOLIVQGA CDDCAQP
Dt_mjgtndn m`\^odjin h\t ]` ^\o\gtu`_ di oc` km`n`i^` ja om\^`*h`o\g
nk`^d`n di i\opm\g r\o`mn ]po ijo di oc` g\]jm\ojmt ntno`hn+ Pc`n` ntno`hn
^jpg_ g`\_ oj m\o`n oc\o \m` cdbc`m oc\i km`_d^o`_ ]\n`_ ji g\] m`npgon+ I`dfg`
\i_ Ujpibnji %.645& kmjkjn`_ ocdn h`^c\idnh oj `skg\di \ .2 ajg_ m\o`
`ic\i^`h`io j]n`mq`_ ji ^cgjmktmdajn di ^\i\g r\o`m \n jkkjn`_ oj kcjnkc\o`
]paa`m njgpodjin di _dnodgg`_ r\o`m+ ?`mo\di nk`^d`n ja h`o\gn np^c \n ?p/() Vi/()
Ii/() = g0( \i_ B`0( c\q` ]``i ncjri oj ]` `aa`^odq` di \^^`g`m\odib oc`
ct_mjgtndn ja n`g`^o`_ jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n %>`i_`m) .6308 Akno`di \i_ Ijnc`m)
.635&+ Dt_mjgtndn `sk`mdh`ion ncjpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin ja
q\mdjpn ]paa`m hds`n) di i\opm\g r\o`mn ja q\mtdib kD ^jio\didib cphpn \i_ di
_dnodgg`_ r\o`m+
O`_dh`ion h\t \gnj `aa`^o ct_mjgtndn m\o`n \i_ hpno ]` ^jind_`m`_ rc`i
`som\kjg\odib g\]jm\ojmt m`npgon oj i\opm\g r\o`m `iqdmjih`ion+ Sjmf c\n ]``i
k`majmh`_ \o AL= =oc`in oj ]`oo`m pi_`mno\i_ oc` `aa`^on n`_dh`io hdbco c\q`
ji ct_mjgtod^ m\o`n+ =it ct_mjgtod^ nop_d`n ncjpg_ di^gp_` nop_d`n oj _`o`mhdi`
rc\o `aa`^on oc` n`_dh`ion hdbco c\q` ji oc` m\o`n ]t \__dodji ja n`_dh`io oj
oc` o`no kmjoj^jg+
L\mododjidib ja ^jio\hdi\ion jioj njdg k\mod^g`n c\_ \ bm`\o `aa`^o+ Ea ocdn dn
omp`) oc`i ^g\tn rjpg_ c\q` \ bm`\o`m `aa`^o oc\i n\i_ \i_ ndgo+ Ask`mdh`ion
c\q` ncjri oc\o nh`^odo` ^\i ]` dhkjmo\io _p` oj don `sk\i_\]dgdot \i_ cdbc
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15
npma\^` \m`\ di oc` km`n`i^` ja D() J\(\i_ ?\( %?jmidej `o \g+) .6508 Odibc\g
\i_ Odibc) .643&+ Lcjnh`o c\n ]``i ncjri oj pi_`mbj 2--*ajg_ bm`\o`m
_`bm\_\odji di oc` km`n`i^` di /7. otk` ^g\t hjiohjmdggjido` oc\i di \ ^g\t*am``
ntno`h %?\h\u\ij \i_ I\modi) .650&+
Sjgo `o \g+) %.66/& nop_d`_ oc` _`bm\_\odji ja agph`onpg\h di \i \i\`mj]d^
ntno`h oj _`o`mhdi` don \i\`mj]d^ \lp\od^ _`bm\_\odji+ Pc` ^jhkjpi_
`scd]do`_ \ c\ga*gda` ja .1*.-2 _\tn pi_`m \`mj]d^ njdg h`o\]jgdnh) _`k`i_dib ji
njdg \i_ jmb\id^ ^\m]ji ^jio`io %H`ch\ii `o \g+) .66/&+ Ei oc` \i\`mj]d^
ntno`h) oc` agph`onpg\h k\mododji`_ oj oc` r\o`m \i_ `scd]do`_ \ c\ga*gda` ja .50
_\tn+ Pc` c\ga*gda` di \i \`mj]d^ ntno`h r\n _`o`mhdi`_ oj ]` 1- _\tn+ Pc`n`
m`npgon npkkjmo oc` d_`\ oc\o jstb`i \^^`g`m\o`n oc` ct_mjgtndn kmj^`nn ja njh`
^c`hd^\gn+
Gipoc \i_ D`didn %.66/& nop_d`_ oc` _`bm\_\odji ja ^cgjmktmdajn di \lp\od^
ntno`hn+ Pc`t _`o`mhdi`_ oc\o oc` ^cgjmktmdajn `scd]do`_ \ m\kd_ didod\g gjnn
kc\n` \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ ^c`hd^\g _`bm\_\odji di oc` r\o`m
^jgphi) ocmjpbc ct_mjgtndn+ Pc`t j]n`mq`_ \ c\ga*dga` ja 1+4*5 cjpmn+ Pcdn q\gp`
\bm``_ r`gg rdoc joc`m m`kjmon \i_ ^gjn`gt \kkmjsdh\o`n m`\g ^ji_dodjin \n oc`t
ndhpg\o`_ ad`g_ nkm\tdib \i_ n\hkg`_ dhh`_d\o`gt+
Jb\]` `o \g+ %.660& nop_d`_ oc` jmb\ij^cgjmdi` k`nod^d_`n) \* \i_ t*
c`s\^cgjmj^t^gjc`s\i`n+ Pc`t nop_d`_ oc` ct_mjgtndn ja oc`n` ^jhkjpi_n di
]paa`m`_ njgpodjin om`\o`_ rdoc nj_dph \ud_`) oj _`nomjt oc` hd^mj]d\g kjkpg\odji)
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).
\i_ di odbcogt n`\g`_ ]joog`n di oc` _\mf oj km`q`io kcjojgtndn \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji+
Pc` nop_d`n _`o`mhdi`_ oc\o do rjpg_ o\f` ]`or``i /3 \i_ 1/ t`\mn ajm oc`
^jhkjpi_n oj _`bm\_` \o kD 5 \i_ 2w?+ Pc`n` m`npgon di_d^\o` oc\o ct_mjgtndn
dn ijo \ h\ejm k\ocr\t ajm _`bm\_\odji ja c`s\^cgjmj^t^gjc`s\i`n+ Pc`n`
`sk`mdh`ion r`m` k`majmh`_ di np^c \ r\t oj kmjk`mgt km`q`io dio`ma`m`i^` ja
oc` m`npgon ]t joc`m k\ocr\tn+
Pc` hd^mj]d\g ^jhhpidot km`n`io di \ ntno`h ^\i `aa`^o ct_mjgtndn m\o`n+
>djgjbd^\ggt h`_d\o`_ ct_mjgtndn dn ^c\m\^o`mdu`_ ]t oc` km`n`i^` ja \ g\b kc\n`
\n oc` hd^mj]d\g ^jhhpidot \_\kon oj pn` oc` kjggpo\io \n \i `i`mbt njpm^`+
Pc` ct_mjgtod^ m\o`n \m` jao`i kmjkjmodji\g oj ]\^o`md\g ]djh\nn \i_,jm nk`^dad^
`iuth` ^ji^`iom\odji %Sjga` `o \g+) .656&+
+'*) =kVda^kf[U Xg`Uf[a`S^ Ydagbe
Dt_mjgtndn ^\i j^^pm jigt da ^`mo\di npn^`kod]g` api^odji\g bmjpkn \m`
km`n`io+ I\it ^jhkjpi_n rdgg ijo pi_`mbj ct_mjgtndn \n oc`t _j ijo kjnn`nn
oc` mdbco api^odji\g bmjpkn+ Pc` api^odji\g bmjpkn oc\o \m` kjo`iod\ggt npn^`kod]g`
oj ct_mjgtndn \m` \hd_`n) ^\m]\h\o`n) `kjsd_`n) \gdkc\od^ \i_ \mjh\od^ `no`mn)
\gftg \i_ \mtg c\gd_`n) idomdd`n) kcjnkcji\o`n) kcjnkc\o`n,ocdjkcjnkc\o`n \i_
kcjnkcjijc\gd_\o`n %I\]`t \i_ Idgg) .645&+
+'** GWS^ Lad^V 8a_b^[USf[a`e
Pc`m` \m` h\it ^jhkgd^\odjin di `som\kjg\odib g\]jm\ojmt ct_mjgtndn
`sk`mdh`ion oj cjr \ ^c`hd^\g rdgg m`\^o di oc` m`\g `iqdmjih`io+ Ijno
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2-
`sk`mdh`ion \m` k`majmh`_ di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin \o cdbc o`hk`m\opm`n+ Eo dn c\m_
oj `som\kjg\o` ocjn` m`npgon oj gjr`m o`hk`m\opm`n \i_ oc` `aa`^on oc\o cphd^
h\o`md\gn di i\opm\g r\o`mn hdbco c\q`+ Pc` `aa`^on ja n`_dh`ion \i_ oc`dm djid^
npma\^`n \i_ ^jhkji`ion \m` c\m_ oj km`_d^o+
Ki` np^c r\t oj _`\g rdoc oc` `som\kjg\odji dn oj k`majmh `sk`mdh`ion ji
^c`hd^\gn di oc` m`\g rjmg_ `iqdmjih`io+ O^cjoog`m `o \g+) %.661& nop_d`_
\om\udi`) \g\^cgjm \i_ ^t\i\udi` ]t h`\npmdib oc` ^jhkjpi_n di \ g\mb` mdq`m
ntno`h \n r`gg \n h`\npmdib oc`dm _`bm\_\odji kmj_p^on+ Pc` ^jhkjpi_n
pi_`mr`io ct_mjgtndn) hd^mj]d\g _`bm\_\odji \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji+ Odi^` oc`
\i\gto`n \m` jigt ngdbcogt qjg\odg`) oc` h\ejmdot ja oc` gjnn dn \oomd]po`_ oj
ct_mjgtndn \i_ ]djgtndn+ Pc` c\ga*gda` ja \om\udi` q\md`_ amjh /. oj 25 _\tn+ Pc`
gjib`m c\ga*gdq`n r`m` \oomd]po`_ oj m\kd_ agpncdib jq`m njdg npma\^`n \i_ g`nn odh`
ajm hd^mj]d\g dio`m\^odji+ Pcdn ntno`h dn \ _dm`^o h`\npm` ja \ m`\g ntno`h) ]po
rjpg_ ]` c\m_ oj pn` di omtdib oj `som\kjg\o` oc` m`npgon oj joc`m ntno`hn \n
h\it k\m\h`o`mn \m` ijo d_`iodad`_+
Ea m`\g rjmg_ `iqdmjih`ion ^\iÅo ]` pn`_ _p` oj ^jhkg`sdot jm do dn
dhkm\^od^\g) ct_mjgtndn `sk`mdh`ion ncjpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ di ndop\odjin oc\o hjno
^gjn`gt \kkmjsdh\o` m`\g rjmg_ ^ji_dodjin+ Pcdn rdgg \ggjr oc` m`npgon oj ]`
\kkgd`_ oj joc`m ntno`hn+ Pc`n` `sk`mdh`ion ncjpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ jq`m oc`
o`hk`m\opm` m\ib`n ja dio`m`no \i_ \o kD 1) kD 4 \i_ kD .-+ Pc` `sk`mdh`ion
ncjpg_ \gnj ]` k`majmh`_ di q\mdjpn ]paa`m ntno`hn \n m`npgon ^\i q\mt da oc`
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2.
^jhkjpi_ dio`m\^on rdoc oc` ]paa`m+ Pc` `sk`mdh`ion ncjpg_ \gnj ]` ^\mmd`_ jpo
di i\opm\g r\o`mn) ]joc no`mdg` \i_ qdmdg`) oj n`` cjr oc` ]paa`m `sk`mdh`io _\o\
^jhk\m`n oj m`\g ]j_d`n ja r\o`m+ Pc` `sk`mdh`ion ncjpg_ \gnj ^jio\di \ r\t ja
ndhpg\odib n`_dh`io dio`m\^odjin) ]joc di nodgg \i_ hjqdib r\o`mn) rdoc \ bjj_
^c\m\^o`mdu\odji ja oc` n`_dh`io ]`dib nop_d`_+ Ei b`i`m\g) \gg \oo`hkon ncjpg_
]` h\_` oj h\f` oc` ntno`h \n ^gjn` oj m`\g rjmg_ ndop\odjin \n kjnnd]g`+
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2/
A[fWdSfgdW U[fWV>`i_`m) I+H+ %.630& I`o\g dji ^\o\gtndn ja ip^g`jkcdgd^ jmb\id^ m`\^odjin
di njgpodji+ .HZ% /LIQ% >IV%# 047.6*03+?\h\u\ij) O+I+ \i_ I+F+ I\modi+ %.650& Ijiohjmdggjido` ^\o\gtu`_
ct_mjgtndn ja_ Lcjnh`o+ >SMP >GM%# .03756*60+?jmidej) F+) I+?+ D`mhjndi) F+H+ Scdo`) F+N+ >\mi`n \i_ O+H+ D`h+ %.650&
Njg` ja a`mmd^ dmji di oc` jsd_\odji ja ct_mj^jmodnji` ]t n`kdjgdo` \i_ k\gtbjmnfdo`+/PE]W /PE] 8MRIV# 0.7.-6*../+
Akno`di) F+ \i_ S+=+ Ijnc`m+ %.635& I\bi`ndph dji ^\o\gtndn jact_mjgtndn ja dnjkmjktg h`octgkcjnkcjijagpjmd_\o`+ Pc` ^c\mb` `aa`^o di h`o\gdji ^\o\gtndn+ 6% ;;L]W% /LIQ%# 4/73//*3/1+
B\mh`m) S+F+ \i_ U+ =j^cd+ %.654& ?c`hd^\g ^jiq`mndji ja k`nod^d_`n dioc` njdg*r\o`m `iqdmjih`io+ Ei B\o` ja L`nod^d_`n di oc` Aiqdmjih`io)kmj^``_dibn ja \ o`^cid^\g n`hdi\m+ Qidq`mndot ja ?\gdajmid\ =bmd^pgopm\gAsk`mdh`io Oo\odji+
Cg`r) @+J+ \i_ A+=+ Ij`grti*Dpbc`n+ %.62/& Pc` fdi`od^n ja oc` \^d_\i_ \gf\gdi` ct_mjgtndn ja h`octg agjpmd_` di r\o`m+ ;;VSG% =S]% >SG%# =/..7/21*/32+
D\mmdn) F+?+ %.65/& N\o` ja ct_mjgtndn+ Ei D\i_]jjf ja ^c`hd^\g kmjk`mot`nodh\odji h`ocj_n) `iqdmjih`io\g ]`c\qdjm ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n+ I^Cm\r*Ddgg >jjf ?j+) J`r Ujmf) kk+ 4+.*4+15+
Gipoc) I+H+ \i_ H+F+ D`didn+ %.66/& @dnndk\odji \i_ k`mndno`i^` ja^cgjmktmdajn rdocdi gdoojm\g `i^gjnpm`n+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1-7./24*./30+
H\pbcoji) L+I+ \i_ N+A+ Nj]`monji+ %.623& Ojgqjgtndn di _`po`mdph \i_ct_mjb`i jsd_`+ /ER% 6% /LIQ% 017.4.1*.4/-+
H\pbcoji) L+I+ \i_ N+A+ Nj]`monji+ %.626& Ojgqjgtndn di ct_mjb`i \i__`po`mdph jsd_`+ EEE+ =gftg c\gd_`n+ /ER% 6% /LIQ% 047.16.*.166+
H`ch\ii) N+C+) F+N+ Idgg`m) @+@+ Bjio\di`) @+=+ H\nfjrnfd) F+D+ Dpio`m\i_ N+?+ ?jm_`n+ %.66/& @`bm\_\odji ja npgaji\hd_` c`m]d^d_` \n \ api^odji janjdg njmkodji+ AIIH =IW%# 0/7.64*/-2+
I\]`t) S+ \i_ P+ Idgg+ %.645& ?mdod^\g m`qd`r ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n dir\o`m pi_`m `iqdmjih`io\g ^ji_dodjin+ 6% ;;L]W% /LIQ% =IJ% 0EXE# 47050*1.2+
I`dfg`) N+S+ \i_ ?+N+ Ujpibnji+ %.645& Pc` ct_mjgtndn m\o` ja^cgjmktmdajn) -*-*_d`octg*-*%0)2)3*omd^cgjmj*/*ktmd_tg&kcjnkcjmjocdji\o` \i_ don_dh`octg \i\gjb) ^cgjmktmdajn*h`octg) di _dgpo` \lp`jpn njgpodji+ .VGL% 1RZMVSR%/SRXEQ% ?S\MGSP%# 47.0*//+
Jb\]`) >+) P+B+ >d_g`h\i \i_ N+H+ B\g^ji`m+ %.660& >\n` ct_mjgtndn ja\ *\i_ t*D`s\^cgjmj^t^gjc`s\i`n+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGL%# /47.60-*.600+
O^cjoog`m) O+L+) O+F+ Adn`im`d^c \i_ L+@+ ?\k`g+ %.661& =om\udi`) \g\^cgjm\i_ ^t\i\udi` di \ g\mb` \bmd^pgopm\g mdq`m ntno`h+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGL%# /57.-46*.-56+
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20
Odibc\g) F+L+ \i_ ?+L+ Odibc+ %.643& Oop_d`n ji oc` \_njmkodji \i_dio`m\^odji ja .)/*_d]mjhj*0*^cgjmjkmjk\i` rdoc hjiohjmdggjido`n+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH/LIQ%# /170-4*0.-+
Sjga`) J+H+ \i_ O+S+ G\md^fjaa+ %.646& Gdi`od^n ja njmkodji \i_ m`\^odjidn npnk`i_`_ ntno`hn+ L\k`m km`n`io`_ \o Pcdm_ Eio`mi\odji\g Othkjndph ji\lp\od^ kjggpo\ion+
Sjga`) J+H+) I+A*O+ I`or\ggt \i_ =+A+ Ijao\c+ %.656& Dt_mjgtod^om\inajmh\odjin ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di oc` `iqdmjih`io+ Ei N`\^odjin \i_Ijq`h`io ja Kmb\id^ ?c`hd^\gn di Ojdgn) OOO= nk`^d\g kp]gd^\odji ij+ //+)I\_dnji) Sg+
Sjgo) F+@+) F+@+ O^cr\f`) B+D+ >\ou`m) O+I+ >mjri) H+D+ I^G`i_mt) F+N+Idgg`m) C+=+ Njoc) I+=+ Oo\ib\) @+ Ljmorjj_ \i_ @+H+ Djg]mjjf+ %.66/&=i\`mj]d^ \lp\od^ _`bm\_\odji ja agph`onpg\h WJ*%/)3*@dagpjmjkc`itg&*2*h`octgW.)/)1Yomd\ujgjW.)2*\Yktmdhd_di`*/*npgaji\hd_`Y+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%#1-7/0-/*/0-5+
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21
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C\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn ja h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o`+
F+@+ C`__`n) C+?+ Idgg`m \i_ C+A+ P\tgjm) Fm+
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23
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?`io`m ajm Aiqdmjih`io\g O^d`i^`n \i_ Aibdi``mdib\i_
Aiqdmjih`io\g O^d`i^`n \i_ D`\goc Lmjbm\hQidq`mndot ja J`q\_\N`ij) J`q\_\ 56224
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I`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& dn oc` h\ejm qjg\odg` om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^o ja oc`aphdb\io h`o\h nj_dph+ Pc` j]e`^odq`n ja oc`n` nop_d`n r`m` oj _`o`mhdi` ]joc oc`kmj_p^on \i_ fdi`od^n ja om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? di oc` b\n kc\n` di jm_`m oj ]`oo`mpi_`mno\i_ don om\inajmh\odji di oc` \ohjnkc`m`+ Pc` b\n kc\n` om\inajmh\odji jaIEP? r\n `s\hdi`_ pndib P`_g\m) ]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou ^c\h]`mn+ Odi^` njmkodji jaIEP? ji oc` r\ggn ja oc` m`\^ojmn dn kjo`iod\ggt dhkjmo\io) ocdn h`ocj_ pn`_ \ m\odjdibo`^cidlp` rcd^c m`g\o`n njmkodji ja IEP? oj orj joc`m kcjojno\]g` ^jhkjpi_n ja ndhdg\mq\kjm km`nnpm`+ Pc`n` `sk`mdh`ion ncjr`_ oc\o IEP? pi_`mbj`n kcjojgtndn di oc` b\nkc\n` rdoc \ c\ga*gda` ja .- ( 0 cjpmn pi_`m s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji \i_ ngdbcogt bm`\o`moc\i ji` _\t ja a\gg npigdbco+ Lcjojgtndn kmj_p^on r`m` _`o`mhdi`_ pndib C?*JL@,BL@\i_ C?*IO+ Lmj_p^on j]n`mq`_ di^gp_` h`octg dnj^t\i\o`) h`octg dnj^t\id_`) npgapm_djsd_`) ct_mjb`i npgad_`) ^\m]jitg npgad_`) J*h`octg ajmh\hd_` \i_ h`octg \hdi`+Pc`n` _\o\ c\q` dhkgd^\odjin ji oc` mdnf \nn`nnh`io ja h`o\h nj_dph ji cph\ic`\goc \i_ `iqdmjih`io\g m`^`kojmn+
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24
#3864+9*8/43
Ki Fpgt .1).66.) \kkmjsdh\o`gt 4/)--- gdo`mn ja h`o\h nj_dph %nj_dph
h`octg_docdj^\m]\h\o`& r`m` \^^d_`io\ggt m`g`\n`_ dioj oc` pkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m
rc`i \ m\dgmj\_ ^\m _`m\dg`_ \i_ jq`mopmi`_ dioj oc` mdq`m+ Pc` m`g`\n` m`npgo`_ di \
kgph` rcd^c hjq`_ 32 fdgjh`o`mn _jri oc` mdq`m jq`m ocm`` _\tn) ^\pndib np]no\iod\g
dhk\^on oj oc` \lp\od^ jmb\idnhn di oc` mdq`m+ I`o\h nj_dph dn \ apibd^d_`) i`h\od^d_`
\i_ c`m]d^d_` rdoc aphdb\io \^odji+ I`o\h nj_dph dn \^odq\o`_ ]t ^jiq`mndji oj h`octg
dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& rc`i do ^jh`n di ^jio\^o rdoc njdgn jm n`_dh`ion+ ?jiq`mndjin ja
pk oj 52" c\q` ]``i m`kjmo`_ %.&+
Ei oc` pkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m nkdgg) h`o\h nj_dph r\n ^jiq`mo`_ oj IEP? \n
r`gg \n joc`m qjg\odg` om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^on+ IEP? c\n \ q\kjm km`nnpm` ja /. hh Db
\i_ \ njgp]dgdot ja 4+3 b,H < /-+-w? %/& m`npgodib di \ ^\g^pg\o`_ D`imt$n H\r ^j`aad^d`io
ja /+33 s .-$ 1 \oh*h0*hjg$*$+ = np]no\iod\g am\^odji ja IEP? qjg\odgdu`_ amjh oc` mdq`m
\i_ `skjn`_ oc` npmmjpi_dib `^jntno`h oj IEP? \n r`gg \n kjo`iod\g om\inajmh\odji
kmj_p^on ja IEP?+ Pc` mdq`m ntno`h c\_ \ o`hk`m\opm` ja 4+4w? epno \]jq` oc` nkdgg ndo`
oj /1+.w? rc`m` oc` kgph` `io`m`_ Oc\no\ H\f`+ @m\k`m %0& `nodh\o`_ oc\o \o g`\no
/)3-- fb ja IEP? `io`m`_ oc` b\n kc\n`+ >`^\pn` qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP? h\t ]` \i
dhkjmo\io om\inkjmo h`^c\idnh) \ohjnkc`md^ m`\^odjin) k\mod^pg\mgt _dm`^o kcjojgtndn)
\m` gdf`gt oj ]` dhkjmo\io di _`o`mhdidib oc` `q`iop\g ^c`hd^\g a\o`+ Ei \__dodji) oc`
d_`iodad^\odji ja kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmj_p^on \i_ `skjnpm` k\ocr\tn dn \ ^mdod^\g ^jhkji`io
ja mdnf \nn`nnh`io \i\gtndn ajm ]joc cph\i c`\goc \i_ oc` gj^\g `^jntno`h+
@dm`^o kcjojgtndn di oc` `iqdmjih`io rdgg j^^pm jigt rc`i \ ^cmjhjkcjm`
\]njm]n npigdbco r\q`g`ibocn %=+ ;; /6- ih&+ Ei njgpodji) IEP? r\n ijo ajpi_ oj \]njm]
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25
gdbco \]jq` /6- ih %1&) \i_ _dm`^o kcjojgtndn ja IEP? r\n ^jind_`m`_ pigdf`gt di oc`
b\n kc\n`+ Djr`q`m) didod\g `sk`mdh`ion di jpm g\]jm\ojmt _`hjinom\o`_ m\kd_ gjnn ja
IEP? di P`_g\m ]\bn \i_) hjm` m`^`iogt) =gq\m`u \i_ Ijjm` %2& c\q` di_d^\o`_ oc\o
IEP? \]njm]n gdbco pk oj 01- ih di oc` b\n kc\n`+
Pc` `sk`mdh`ion _`n^md]`_ di ocdn rjmf r`m` _`ndbi`_ oj _`o`mhdi` npigdbco
kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_ kmj_p^on ja IEP? di oc` b\n kc\n` ^jhk\m`_ oj ocjn` ajpi_ di oc`
_\mf+ Pc` h`ocj_ pn`_ \ q\md`ot ja ^c\h]`mn di^gp_dib P`_g\m) ]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou
oj _`o`mhdi` oc` `aa`^o ja r\gg m`\^odjin ji kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_ kmj_p^on+ >joc s`iji
\m^ \i_ npigdbco r`m` pn`_ \n dmm\_d\odji njpm^`n+
";;5,6/2,38(1 7,*8/43
Pc` b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn `sk`mdh`ion r`m` k`majmh`_ di \ D`m\`pn Opio`no
s`iji \m^ njg\m ndhpg\ojm `lpdkk`_ rdoc \ npigdbco adgo`m ^jhkjn`_ ja ^j\o`_ bg\nn rdoc
\ ^po*jaa \o /6- ih %@OAP H\]jm\ojmd`n) Lcj`ids) =V& \n r`gg \n di \h]d`io npigdbco+
Pc` ^c\h]`mn di^gp_`_ 2 H P`_g\m ]\bn %OG? S`no) Bpgg`moji) ?=&) / H \i_ 0 H Ltm`s
ag\nfn %Bdnc`m) O\io\ ?g\m\) ?=& \i_ 0 H lp\mou ag\nfn %?pnojh Cg\nn Ocjk) Rdi`g\i_)
JF&+ I`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?&) h`octg dnj^t\i\o` %IE?&) npgapm _djsd_` %OK/&)
ct_mjb`i npgad_` %D/O&) ^\m]jitg npgad_` %?KO& \i_ h`octg \hdi` %?D0JD/& no\i_\m_n
r`m` j]o\di`_ amjh =g_md^c ?c`hd^\g %Idgr\pf``) Sg&+ = hdsopm` ja h`octg dnj^t\id_`
\i_ joc`m ntioc`ndn kmj_p^on r\n j]o\di`_ amjh G\mg Ei_pnomd`n %=fmji) KD&+
Pc` o`no ^c\h]`m r\n adgg`_ rdoc 0 H ja g\]jm\ojmt \dm adgo`m`_ ocmjpbc \ O`k*L\f
?*v5 njgd_*kc\n` `som\^odji ^\momd_b` %S\o`mn) Idggajm_) I=& oj m`hjq` dio`ma`mdib
jmb\id^ ^jio\hdi\ion+ = .7. r,r hdsopm` ja kpm` IEP?7]potmjidomdg` %jm c`s\i`idomdg`&
%1- bh ojo\g& r\n \__`_ oj \ . H ]joog` adoo`_ rdoc \ P`agji gd_ \i_ \ mp]]`m n`koph+
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)+
Pc` ]joog` r\n kg\^`_ di \ r\o`m ]\oc \i_ hds`_ ji \ nodm kg\o`+ Pc` r\o`m ]\oc r\n
h\dio\di`_ \o /-+-w? pndib \ m`amdb`m\o`_ ^jino\io o`hk`m\opm` ^dm^pg\ojm %Ij_`g ..32)
RSN) @`iq`m) ?K&+
Pc` njgpodji r\n `lpdgd]m\o`_ rdoc oc` b\n kc\n` ]t nodmmdib ajm \o g`\no 0-
hdipo`n kmdjm oj didod\odji ja oc` `sk`mdh`ion+ @`k`i_dib ji oc` ^ji^`iom\odji ja IEP?
pn`_ ajm `\^c `sk`mdh`io) /2*/2- hH ja oc` \dm di oc` q`nn`g r\n _m\ri jpo rdoc \ b\n*
odbco ntmdib` \i_ die`^o`_ dioj oc` o`no ^c\h]`m+ Pcdn qjgph` m`km`n`io`_ b\n kc\n`
^ji^`iom\odjin ja -+. oj 2 kkh) rcd^c m`g\o`n ^gjn`gt oj oc` `nodh\o`_ ^ji^`iom\odjin ja
*/.-+-.2 oj -+.2 kkh \o oc` nkdgg ndo`+ >\n`_ ji \i \]njmkodji ^mjnn n`^odji ja 5 s .-
+^h ) gdbco \]njmkodji ocmjpbc oc` ^c\h]`m r\n 92"+ =ohjnkc`md^ km`nnpm` r\n
h\dio\di`_ di oc` ]joog` ]t din`modib \ g`iboc ja .,.3 no\dig`nn no``g op]dib ocmjpbc oc`
n`koph oj ]`gjr oc` gdlpd_ g`q`g ja oc` ^jhkjpi_n+ Pcdn km`q`io`_ \ q\^pph amjh
ajmhdib di oc` ntmdib` + Pc` n\opm\o`_ \dm r\n oc`i die`^o`_ dioj oc` m`nk`^odq` o`no
^c\h]`m \i_ \ggjr`_ oj `lpdgd]m\o` 2 hdipo`n+ Bjggjrdib ocdn `lpdgd]m\odji k`mdj_) \ .
hH n\hkg` ja \dm amjh oc` ^c\h]`m r\n die`^o`_ jioj oc` b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kc+ Pcdn
r\n oc` admno n\hkgdib kjdio) \i_ oc` ^c\h]`m r\n oc`i kg\^`_ `doc`m di oc` s`iji \m^
njg\m ndhpg\ojm jm di npigdbco+
=o m`bpg\m dio`mq\gn) \__dodji\g . hH n\hkg`n ja \dm r`m` die`^o`_ ji oc` b\n
^cmjh\ojbm\kc) \i_ oc` m\odj ja IEP? oj oc` kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` om\^`m r\n
_`o`mhdi`_ jq`modh`+ ?jiomjgn ajm oc` di_jjm `sk`mdh`ion podgdu`_ \ c`\o`_ ^c\h]`m
rcd^c r\n h\dio\di`_ \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm` \n oc` s`iji \m^ %\]jpo 04w?&+ Pc`
jpo_jjm `sk`mdh`ion c\_ oc` ^jiomjg ^c\h]`m rm\kk`_ di \gphdiph ajdg \i_ ]g\^f
kg\nod^ oj n^m``i oc` npigdbco \i_ h\dio\di ndhdg\m o`hk`m\opm`n dind_` oc` ^c\h]`m)
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3-
rcd^c m\ib`_ amjh .-w? \o idbco oj 1/w? _pmdib oc` _\t+
Pc` jpo_jjm `sk`mdh`ion podgdu`_ oc` n\h` o`no \i_ ^jiomjg ^c\h]`mn) hjpio`_
ji \ h`o\g am\h`rjmf %43 ^h*D s ./- ^h*H s 13 ^h*S&+ =o `\^c n\hkgdib dio`mq\g oc`
o`hk`m\opm` \i_ njg\m m\_d\odji r`m` h`\npm`_+ Ojg\m m\_d\odji r\n h`\npm`_ pndib \
Ok`^omjgdi` %S`no]pmt) JU& _dbdo\g m\_djh`o`m hj_`g QR*0-- %amjh /6- oj 0/2 ih&+
Pc` dinomph`io pn`_ ajm lp\iodad^\odji \i_ lp\iodo\odji ja 85?/ \i_
kcjojkmj_p^on r\n \ D`rg`oo L\^f\m_ %O\i Fjn`) ?=& 256- O`md`n EE C\n
?cmjh\ojbm\kc adoo`_ rdoc \ Jdomjb`i Lcjnkcjmjpn @`o`^ojm %JL@& \i_ \ Bg\h`
Lcjojh`omd^ @`o`^ojm %BL@&+ =gg jk`m\odib k\m\h`o`mn) _\o\ \^lpdndodji \i_ _\o\
h\idkpg\odji r`m` k`majmh`_ pndib DL0032 ?c`hno\odji Ojaor\m` gj\_`_ jioj \
C\o`r\t /--- 1@T/*33R) 153) 33 h`b\c`mou ^jhkpo`m %Jjmoc Odjps ?dot) O@&+
Pc` IEP? \i_ kcjojkmj_p^on r`m` m`njgq`_ ji \ @>*3/1 0- h s -+0/ hh E+@+)
0+-vdh ^jgphi %idi` `sk`mdh`ion& \i_ \ @>*3/1 0- h s -+20 hh E+@+) 0+- kh ^jgphi
%adq` `sk`mdh`ion& amjh F#S %Bjgnjh) ?=&+ Pc` b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kc r\n o`hk`m\opm`
kmjbm\hh`_ amjh 4-w? oj .0-w? \o \ m\o` ja .-w? k`m hdipo`+ Pc` o`hk`m\opm` r\n
oc`i c`g_ \o .0-w? ajm .+2 hdipo`n+ Pc` ^\mmd`m b\n agjrn r`m` / hH,hdi idomjb`i ajm
oc` -+0/ hh ^jgphi \i_ 3 hH,hdi c`gdph ajm oc` -+20 hh ^jgphi+ Pc` JL@ m`^`dq`_
ct_mjb`i \o 1 hH,hdi) \dm \o ..1 hH,hdi \i_ idomjb`i h\f`pk b\n \o 0- hH,hdi+ Pc`
BL@ m`^`dq`_ ct_mjb`i \o 42 hg,hdi) \dm \o .-- hH,hdi \i_ idomjb`i h\f`pk b\n \o /1
hH,hdi+ Pc` JL@ _`o`^ojm r\n jk`m\o`_ ]`or``i /- \i_ 0- k=+ Pc` BL@ r\n
jk`m\o`_ di oc` npgapm nk`^dad^ hj_` pndib \ 061 ih adgo`m+
Aaagp`io amjh oc` b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kcd^ ^jgphi r\n nkgdo ]`or``i oc` JL@ \i_
BL@) rcd^c \ggjr`_ ajm ^jiadmh\odji ja oc` IEP? k`\f \i_ ajm h\nn ]\g\i^`
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3.
_`o`mhdi\odji+ IEP? \i_ don kmdh\mt _`bm\_\odji kmj_p^on ^jio\di `doc`m npgapm jm
idomjb`i \i_ di^gp_` IE?) h`octg dnj^t\id_`) h`octg \hdi`) J*h`octg ajmh\hd_`)
ct_mjb`i npgad_`) ^\m]ji _dnpgad_`) ^\m]jitg npgad_` \i_ npgapm _djsd_` %3 ) 4&+ Pc`n`
kmj_p^on r`m` ^jiadmh`_ ]t ^j*^cmjh\ojbm\kct rdoc fijri no\i_\m_n ja `\^c
^jhkjpi_ ji oc` @>*3/1 ^jgphin \i_ ji \ CO*M 0- h s -+20 hh E+@+ LHKP ^jgphi
\n r`gg \n ]t b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kct,h\nn nk`^omjh`omt %C?,IO&+
C?,IO ^jiadmh\odji r\n k`majmh`_ ji \i DL 256- O`md`n EE C\n
?cmjh\ojbm\kc dio`ma\^`_ rdoc DL 264. I\nn O`g`^odq` _`o`^ojm+ Pc` dinomph`io pn`_
\ -+20 hh E+@+) 0- h @>*3/1 0+- kh ^\kdgg\mt ^jgphi amjh F#S+ ?jiadmh\odji r\n
\gnj k`majmh`_ pndib \ Bdii`b\i %O\i Fjn`) ?=& I=P OOM4.- I\nn Ok`^omjh`o`m
dio`ma\^`_ rdoc \ R\md\i %Opiitq\g`) ?=& 01-- C\n ?cmjh\ojbm\kc pndib \ -+/2 hh)
0- h @>*2 ^\kdgg\mt ^jgphi amjh F#S \i_ \ @>*3/1 0- h s -+0/ hh E+@+) 0+- kh
^jgphi amjh F#S+
&,79187
GSfW aX B>I8 EZafa^ke[e
Hjnn ja IEP? di oc` dmm\_d\o`_ ^c\h]`mn r\n _`o`mhdi`_ ]t ^\g^pg\odji ja oc`
^c\ib` di m\odj ja IEP? oj kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` om\^`m jq`m odh`+ Pc` m\odj h`ocj_
%5& r\n pn`_ oj \ggjr ^jind_`m\odji ja njmkodji ja IEP? ji oc` r\ggn ja oc` ^c\h]`mn)
rcd^c c\n ]``i \ kmj]g`h rdoc joc`m h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n %6&+ Bdmno jm_`m m\o`n
r`m` ^\g^pg\o`_ pndib oc` `lp\odji7
No : N-`*I
rc`m` Na: WIEP?Y,Wno\]g` om\^`mY \o odh` o8 N- : WIEP?Y,Wno\]g` om\^`mY \o didod\g odh`8 \i_
fk dn oc` kcjojgtndn admno jm_`m m\o` ^jino\io+
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3/
>potmjidomdg` r\n _`hjinom\o`_ oj ]` kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` pi_`m oc`
^ji_dodjin pn`_ di oc` `sk`mdh`io ]joc \n \ kpm` ^jhkjpi_ \i_ di oc` km`n`i^` ja
IEP?) IE? jm h`octg dnj^t\id_`+ Odi^` oc` om\^`m dn kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g`)
_daa`m`i^`n di oc` IEP?,om\^`m m\odj ]`or``i oc` dmm\_d\o`_ n\hkg` \i_ _\mf ^jiomjg
r`m` \nnph`_ oj ]` _p` oj kcjojgtndn+ Pcdn _daa`m`i^` di kcjoj^c`hd^\g gjnn r\n
TPSXXIH \n gi%N-,No& q`mnpn odh` oj td`g_ admno jm_`m m\o` ^jino\ion ajm kcjojgtndn %fk& \i_
c\ga*gda` %o*.,/& %Bdbpm` .&+ Pc` q`mod^\g _mjk*gdi` dn m`km`n`io\odq` ja oc` IEP? c\ga*gda` ajm
oc\o `sk`mdh`io+
Pc` c\ga*gda` ja IEP? di oc` 2 H P`_g\m ]\bn pndib ]potmjidomdg` \n oc` om\^`m r\n
_`o`mhdi`_ oj ]` 4+. ( .+- cjpmn+ D`s\i`idomdg` r\n \gnj pn`_ \n \ kcjoj^c`hd^\g
om\^`m ndi^` do c\n \ q\kjm km`nnpm` ngdbcogt bm`\o`m oc\i IEP?+ Ea oc` gjnn ja IEP? r\n
_p` kmdh\mdgt oj _daa`m`iod\g njmkodji oj oc` r\ggn) ^jhk\m`_ oj ]potmjidomdg`) oc` pn` ja
c`s\i`idomdg` rjpg_ ncjr \i jkkjndo` `aa`^o+ Sdoc c`s\i`idomdg` \n oc` om\^`m) IEP?
c\_ \ c\ga*gda` ja ..+/ ( .+. cjpmn pi_`m s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji+
=gocjpbc oc`n` q\gp`n r`m` njh`rc\o _daa`m`io) oc` \bm``h`io ]`or``i
`sk`mdh`ion r\n ^jindno`io rdoc oc` _`hjinom\odji oc\o IEP? r\n kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt gjno
di oc` P`_g\m ]\bn) bdq`i oc` ^jinom\dion ja oc` `sk`mdh`ion+ Pc` _daa`m`i^`n di oc`
j]n`mq`_ kcjojgtndn m\o`n pndib oc` orj om\^`mn r`m` kmj]\]gt _p` oj _daa`m`i^`n di
m\o`n ja gjnn ja oc` om\^`m \i_ IEP? oj oc` r\ggn+ D`s\i`idomdg` c\n \ gjr`m q\kjm
km`nnpm` \i_ r\n njm]`_ hjm` m\kd_gt oc\i oc` joc`m ^jhkjpi_n \i_ ^jin`lp`iogt
di_d^\o`_ \ ngjr`m kcjojgtndn m\o`+ >joc oc` om\^`mn \i_ IEP? r`m` gjno oj oc` r\ggn ja
oc` P`_g\m ^c\h]`mn8 ajm `s\hkg`) 0-*2-" ja IEP? r\n otkd^\ggt m`hjq`_ amjh oc`
b\n kc\n` di oc` _\mf ^jiomjgn jq`m oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` `sk`mdh`ion+
GWbdaVgUWV i[fZ bWd_[ee[a` aX fZW Uabkd[YZf ai`Wd' ;;gdfZWd dWbdaVgUf[a` bdaZ[T[fWV i[fZagf bWd_[ee[a`'
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Lmj]g`hn rdoc njmkodji r`m` np]no\iod\ggt m`_p^`_ rc`i ]jmjndgd^\o` jm lp\mou
ag\nfn r`m` pn`_) \i_ kcjojgtndn m\o`n r`m` `nn`iod\ggt oc` n\h`8 oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja
IEP? r`m` _`o`mhdi`_ oj ]` .0+. ( /+1 cjpmn \i_ .-+2 ( 0+2 cjpmn) m`nk`^odq`gt) ajm
]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou ^jio\di`mn+ Pc` ngjr`m m\o` di ]jmjndgd^\o` dn gdf`gt _p` oj gdbco
n^m``idib \o oc` ncjmo`m r\q`g`ibocn+ =gocjpbc `\^c ja oc` _daa`m`io ^jio\di`mn b\q`
ngdbcogt _daa`m`io m\o`n) oc` _daa`m`i^`n \m` npaad^d`iogt gjr oc\o `aa`^on _p` oj r\gg
kcjojn`indodu\odji ^\i ]` `s^gp_`_+ >`^\pn` ja oc` gjr`m gdbco n^m``idib \i_ oc`
gjr`m njmkodji `aa`^on) oc` b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn m\o` _`o`mhdi`_ di lp\mou \kk`\mn oj
]` oc` hjno m`gd\]g`+
Pc` n\h` n`md`n ja `sk`mdh`ion r\n \gnj k`majmh`_ jpo_jjmn di apgg npigdbco+
Qi_`m jpo_jjm ^ji_dodjin) c\ga ja oc` IEP? r\n gjno di P`_g\m) lp\mou \i_ ]jmjndgd^\o`
^c\h]`mn di 0.) /6 \i_ 06 cjpmn) m`nk`^odq`gt) ja ^jiodipjpn jpo_jjm `skjnpm`)
di^gp_dib idbcoodh` %Bdbpm` /&+ H`nn oc\i /" gjnn ja IEP? r\n j]n`mq`_ amjh npin`o oj
npimdn`+ N\_djh`o`m m`\_dibn di oc` /6-*0/2 ih m`bdji ja gdbco r`m` dio`bm\o`_ \i_
^jhk\m`_ ajm ]joc s`iji \m^ \i_ i\opm\g npigdbco) rcd^c c\q` \i jq`mg\kkdib nk`^omph
ajm hd_*_\t) hd_*nphh`m gdbco+ Pc` _daa`m`i^` di c\ga*gdq`n ]`or``i oc` gdbco njpm^`n dn
^jindno`io rdoc oc` _daa`m`io dio`indod`n ja gdbco %Bdbpm` 0&+ P\]g` E nphh\mdu`n oc`
m`npgon+
EZafabdaVgUfe
Bjggjrdib dmm\_d\odji ja IEP?) oc` ^jio`ion ja ]joc ]jmjndgd^\o` ag\nf \i_ P`_g\m
]\b kcjojgtndn `sk`mdh`ion r`m` \i\gtu`_ ]t C?,IO oj `no\]gdnc kcjojkmj_p^o
d_`iodot+ Pc` d_`iodot r\n _`o`mhdi`_ ]t ]`no ado ja \ gd]m\mt h\o^c) nk`^om\g ^jhk\mdnji
rdoc no\i_\m_n) m`o`iodji odh` ^jhk\mdnji rdoc no\i_\m_n \i_ oc` hjg`^pg\m dji+ Pc`
GWbdaVgUWV i[fZ bWd_[ee[a` aX fZW Uabkd[YZf ai`Wd' ;;gdfZWd dWbdaVgUf[a` bdaZ[T[fWV i[fZagf bWd_[ee[a`'
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kcjojkmj_p^on d_`iodad`_ di^gp_`_ h`octg dnj^t\i\o` %IE?&) h`octg dnj^t\id_` %?D0J?&)
h`octg \hdi` %?D0JD/&) J*h`octg ajmh\hd_` %?D0JD?KD&) npgapm _djsd_` %OK/&)
ct_mjb`i npgad_` %D/O& \i_ ^\m]jitg npgad_` %?KO& %Bdbpm`n 1) 2 \i_ 3&+ ?\m]ji
_dnpgad_` %?O/& r\n ajpi_ di ]joc dmm\_d\o`_ n\hkg`n \i_ _\mf ^jiomjg \i_ _j`n ijo
\kk`\m oj ]` \ kcjojkmj_p^o+ = kjnnd]g` k\ocr\t ajm oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja IEP? dn
jpogdi`_ di Bdbpm` 4) ]\n`_ ji oc`n` `sk`mdh`ion+
Eidod\ggt) IE? \i_ h`octg dnj^t\id_` ^j*`gpo`_) \i_ d_`iodad^\odji ja IE? ]t
C?,IO r\n ^jhkgd^\o`_ ]t \ am\bh`io ja h,` 1.+ Bpmoc`m m`adi`h`io ja oc`
^cmjh\ojbm\kcd^ ^ji_dodjin \ggjr`_ m`njgpodji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_n) \i_ IE? r\n
^jiadmh`_ ]t C?,IO+ Pc` km`n`i^` ja IE? \n \ kcjojkmj_p^o ja IEP? r\n ^jiadmh`_
rdoc \ td`g_ ja 2-" %.-&+ I`octg dnj^t\id_` r\n d_`iodad`_ di nop_d`n ja =gq\m`u \i_
Ijjm` %2& \i_ r\n ^jiadmh`_ di oc` km`n`io rjmf ]t C?,IO \i_ ^j*^cmjh\ojbm\kct
rdoc \ no\i_\m_+
Ki^` IE? \i_ h`octg dnj^t\id_` r`m` d_`iodad`_ \i_ m`njgq`_) m`g\odq`
lp\iodo\odji ja `\^c kmj_p^o r\n k`majmh`_ jq`m oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` m`\^odji+ S`
j]n`mq`_ oc\o _pmdib oc` didod\g kcjojgtndn k`mdj_ %9.2 hdi+& ;;5-" ja oc` gjnn ja IEP?
m`npgo`_ di kmj_p^odji ja h`octg dnj^t\id_`) \gocjpbc n`^ji_\mt kcjoj^c`hd^\g
kmj^`nn`n r`m` didod\o`_ rcd^c m\kd_gt ^jinph`_ oc` h`octg dnj^t\id_`+ =__dodji\ggt)
apmoc`m diq`nodb\odji ji oc` kcjojgtndn ja h`octg dnj^t\id_` di_d^\o`_ oc\o do dn
kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt pino\]g` oj s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji) pndib oc` n\h` ^ji_dodjin+ IE?
di^m`\n`_ ^jiodipjpngt _pmdib oc` dmm\_d\odji) _`hjinom\odib oc\o do dn kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt
no\]g` oj npigdbco r\q`g`ibocn+
GWbdaVgUWV i[fZ bWd_[ee[a` aX fZW Uabkd[YZf ai`Wd' ;;gdfZWd dWbdaVgUf[a` bdaZ[T[fWV i[fZagf bWd_[ee[a`'
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!/7*977/43
Pc`n` `sk`mdh`ion _`hjinom\o` oc\o IEP? pi_`mbj`n kcjojgtndn di oc` b\n
kc\n`+ Qi_`m s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji) IEP? r\n kcjojm`\^odq` di `\^c ja oc` ^c\h]`mn
`s\hdi`_) rdoc \ c\ga*gda` ja .- ( 0 cjpmn+ Pc` c\ga*gda` di hd__\t) hd_nphh`m npigdbco
dn ngdbcogt bm`\o`m oc\i ji` _\t+ Pc` diqjgq`h`io ja r\gg m`\^odjin ^\i ]` m`\nji\]gt
`s^gp_`_ ndi^` oc` m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn \m` ndhdg\m di ag\nfn ja np]no\iod\ggt _daa`m`io
^jhkjndodji %P`_g\m) ]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou&+ N\o`n ja kcjojgtndn r`m` \gnj `nn`iod\ggt
oc` n\h` %rdocdi /-"& rc`i oc` ^ji^`iom\odji ja IEP? r\n q\md`_ jq`m \ a\^ojm ja .-+
Pc` m`g\odq`gt m\kd_ kcjojgtndn ja IEP? di oc` s`iji \m^ kcjojm`\^ojm \i_ di
npigdbco c\n ijo ]``i j]n`mq`_ di r\o`m+ @m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h %..& ajpi_ IEP? oj ]`
pi^c\ib`_ \ao`m 2 cjpmn ja `skjnpm` di \ N\tji`o NLN*.-- kcjojm`\^ojm rdoc
agpjm`n^`io ]g\^fgdbco g\hkn `hdoodib ]mj\_]\i_ QR m\_d\odji %T+h\s : 02-ih&+ Ei
m`g\o`_ rjmf) r` \gnj j]n`mq`_ \ c\ga*gda` bm`\o`m oc\i .4- cjpmn rc`i IEP? r\n
_dnnjgq`_ di r\o`m \i_ dmm\_d\o`_ di oc` s`iji \m^ kcjojm`\^ojm+ Pc`n` m`npgon ^jiadmh
oc\o oc` b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn m\o` ja IEP? dn jq`m /- odh`n a\no`m oc\i rc`i _dnnjgq`_
di r\o`m) di a\gg npigdbco r\q`g`ibocn+ Pc`m`ajm`) kcjojgtndn dn \ _jhdi\io _`bm\_\odji
k\ocr\t di oc` b\n kc\n` ]po dn kmj]\]gt ijo ndbidad^\io di r\o`m+
=gocjpbc oc` b\n*kc\n` om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? di oc`n` `sk`mdh`ion \kk`\mn
oj j^^pm qd\ _dm`^o kcjojgtndn) oc` a\o` ja `\^c ja oc` kcjojkmj_p^on dn g`nn ^`mo\di+
I`octg dnj^t\i\o` dn kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` pi_`m s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji %9 .-" gjnn
jq`m 23 cjpmn ja `skjnpm`&+ I`octg \hdi` dn ndhdg\mgt no\]g` \i_ ij gjnn r\n j]n`mq`_
_pmdib 20 cjpmn ja s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji+ =gocjpbc h`octg dnj^t\id_` r\n j]n`mq`_
oj _`bm\_` m\kd_gt _pmdib IEP? kcjojgtndn) oc` h`^c\idnh ja ocdn m`\^odji dn pifijri+
GWbdaVgUWV i[fZ bWd_[ee[a` aX fZW Uabkd[YZf ai`Wd' ;;gdfZWd dWbdaVgUf[a` bdaZ[T[fWV i[fZagf bWd_[ee[a`'
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Opgapm _djsd_` h\t \^^`g`m\o` oc` _`bm\_\odji) ndi^` do c\n \i \kkm`^d\]g` \]njm]\i^`
di npigdbco) \i_ dn fijri oj ]` \ ndibg`o jstb`i n`indodu`m %./&+ Pcdn h`^c\idnh r\n
npkkjmo`_ rc`i \__`_ npgapm _djsd_` m`npgo`_ di di^m`\n`_ gjnn ja h`octg dnj^t\id_`
pi_`m s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji %_\o\ ijo ncjri&) ^jhk\m`_ oj ngjr`m gjnn rc`i h`octg
dnj^t\id_` r\n dmm\_d\o`_ di oc` \]n`i^` ja npgapm _djsd_`+
Sdoc \ VITSVXIH lp\ioph td`g_ ja -+65 ajm _dnnj^d\odji ja IEP? oj h`octg
dnj^t\id_` \i_ npgapm \ojhn %2&) oc` a\o` ja h`octg dnj^t\id_` dn dhkjmo\io amjh \
ojsd^jgjbd^\g k`mnk`^odq`+ I`octg dnj^t\id_` ^\i ]` ct_mjgtu`_ oj J*h`octg ajmh\hd_`
jm jsd_du`_ oj h`octg dnj^t\i\o`+ Lcjojgtndn `sk`mdh`ion ja h`octg dnj^t\id_` r`m`
k`majmh`_ di ]joc P`_g\m ]\bn \i_ lp\mou ag\nfn) di oc` km`n`i^` \i_ \]n`i^` ja oc`
]potmjidomdg` om\^`m jq`m \ .- ajg_ ^ji^`iom\odji m\ib`+ Pc`n` `sk`mdh`ion ncjr`_ oc\o
bm`\o`m oc\i 6-" ja h`octg dnj^t\id_` r\n gjno ajggjrdib `dbco cjpmn ja dmm\_d\odji+ IE?
ajmh\odji \^^jpio`_ ajm bm`\o`m oc\i 4-" ja oc` gjnn ja h`octg dnj^t\id_`+ I`octg
dnj^t\id_` dn \gnj fijri oj _`bm\_` oj IE? \n \ ntioc`ndn ]t*kmj_p^o \i_ ]t
\pojjsd_\odji di oc` _\mf %3&+ Pc` h\ipa\^opmdib kmj^`nn h`iodjin oc` _`bm\_\odji ja
oc` h`octg dnj^t\id_` di oc` ntioc`ndn \i_ nojm\b` ja h`octg dnj^t\id_` oj IE?+
IE? kmj_p^odji dn gdf`gt oj j^^pm ocmjpbc jsd_\odji ja h`octg dnj^t\id_` %3&+
@pmdib oc` IEP? kcjojgtndn `sk`mdh`ion) h`octg dnj^t\id_` r\n j]n`mq`_ \n oc` h\ejm
didod\g kcjojkmj_p^o) \i_ IE? kmj_p^odji ajggjr`_ h`octg dnj^t\id_` gjnn+
=kkmjsdh\o`gt 4" ja oc` gjnn ja IEP? ^\i ]` \oomd]po`_ oj b`i`m\odji ja IE? di oc`
\]jq` `sk`mdh`ion+ Qi_`m joc`m \ohjnkc`md^ ^ji_dodjin %d+`+ KD jm juji` \n oc`
kmdh\mt jsd_\ion&) oc` _`bm`` ja ^jiq`mndji h\t ]` _daa`m`io+
GWbdaVgUWV i[fZ bWd_[ee[a` aX fZW Uabkd[YZf ai`Wd' ;;gdfZWd dWbdaVgUf[a` bdaZ[T[fWV i[fZagf bWd_[ee[a`'
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Pc` m`npgon ja oc`n` `sk`mdh`ion \m` ndbidad^\io ajm `^jgjbd^\g \i_ cph\i c`\goc
mdnf \nn`nnh`io ajm orj m`\njin+ Pc` admno m`g\o`n oj nop_d`n di oc` pkk`m O\^m\h`ioj
Ndq`m oj d_`iodat oc` cph\i c`\goc \i_ `^jgjbd^\g mdnfn m`npgodib amjh oc` h`o\h nj_dph
nkdgg di Fpgt ja .66.+ Pc` kcjoj^c`hdnomt \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP? dn k\mod^pg\mgt ^mdod^\g
bdq`i oc` ^\itji g\i_n^\k` \i_ nphh`modh` ^gdh\od^ ^ji_dodjin rcd^c rjpg_ kmjhjo`
cdbc m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn \i_ no\bi\odji rdocdi oc` ^\itji+ Qi_`m oc`n` ^ji_dodjin) do
rjpg_ \kk`\m oc\o oc` bm`\o`no mdnf dn amjh `skjnpm` oj om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^on m\oc`m
oc\i amjh oc` k\m`io ^jhkjpi_+
Pc` n`^ji_ dn hjm` m`bdji\g di ^jio`so \i_ dn ]\n`_ ji oc` di^m`\ndibgt
rd_`nkm`\_ pn` ja h`o\h nj_dph ajm \bmd^pgopm\g pn`n+ Pcm`` oj nds hdggdji fdgjbm\hn ja
h`o\h nj_dph \m` pn`_ \iip\ggt di oc` Q+O+) rdoc ?\gdajmid\ pndib /+/ hdggdji fdgjbm\hn
ji h\digt ^\mmjo) ojh\oj \i_ ]mpnn`g nkmjpo ^mjkn %.0&+ I`o\h nj_dph pn` c\n
di^m`\n`_ \n joc`m aphdb\ion) np^c \n .)0*_d^cgjmjkmjk`i` \i_ _d]mjhj^cgjmjkmjk\i`
%@>?L&) r`m` m`hjq`_ amjh oc` h\mf`o _p` oj kjo`iod\g bmjpi_r\o`m ^jio\hdi\odji+
Sc`i pn`_ di \i \bmd^pgopm\g n`oodib) cph\in _jrirdi_ amjh oc` \kkgd^\odji ndo` h\t
]` np]e`^o oj ndbidad^\io `skjnpm` oj IE?+
Pc` ajmh\odji ja IE? di oc` b\n kc\n` c\n ijo km`qdjpngt ]``i j]n`mq`_) \i_
apmoc`m rjmf dn i``_`_ oj _`o`mhdi` oc` m\o`n \i_ k\ocr\tn ja oc` IEP? oj IE?
^jiq`mndji+ IE? dn fijri oj ]` \^po`gt ojsd^ \i_ c\n ]``i m`nkjind]g` ajm cph\i
kjdnjidibn %.1) .2&+ Pc` \kk`\m\i^` ja h`octg dnj^t\id_` \n oc` h\ejm kcjojkmj_p^o
h\t \gnj c\q` ndbidad^\io `kd_`hdjgjbd^\g \i_ `^jgjbd^\g dhk\^on \i_ m`lpdm`n
\__dodji\g nop_t+
GWbdaVgUWV i[fZ bWd_[ee[a` aX fZW Uabkd[YZf ai`Wd' ;;gdfZWd dWbdaVgUf[a` bdaZ[T[fWV i[fZagf bWd_[ee[a`'
35
*034:1,+.2,387
Pcdn rjmf r\n h\_` kjnnd]g` ocmjpbc \ ^jiom\^o rdoc oc` ?\gdajmid\ @`k\moh`io
ja Bdnc \i_ C\h`+ S` rjpg_ \gnj gdf` oj oc\if @\qd_ Mpdgd^d \i_ Djpg` S\ib ajm oc`dm
rjmf ji oc` Bdii`b\i I=P OOM4.- C?,IO rcd^c r\n h\_` kjnnd]g` ocmjpbc
J\odji\g O^d`i^` Bjpi_\odji bm\io @EN*6.-/506+
N`bdnomt Jj+ I`o\h nj_dph) .04*1/*58 h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o`) 223*3.*38 h`octg
dnj^t\id_`) 260*42*68 h`octg dnj^t\i\o`) 3/1*50*68 h`octg \hdi`) 41*56*28 J*h`octg
ajmh\hd_`) ./0*06*48 npgapm _djsd_`) 4113*-6*28 ct_mjb`i npgad_`8 4450*-3*18 ^\m]jitg
npgad_`) 130*25*.) ^\m]ji _dnpgad_`) 42*.2*-+
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36
$/8,6(896, /8,+
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aphdb\io h`o\h nj_dph+ Dt_mjgtndn nop_d`n ji h`o\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? r`m`pi_`mo\f`i \o q\mdjpn kD g`q`gn) q\mdjpn o`hk`m\opm`n \i_ di oc` km`n`i^` jamdq`m n`_dh`ion+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n pi_`m oc` q\mdjpn ^ji_dodjin \m` km`n`io`_+ Pc`km`n`i^` ja ]joc no\od^ \i_ \bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io np]no\iod\ggt di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` jagjnn+
Pc` km`n`i^` ja \bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io \o kD 4 di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` jact_mjgtndn) \i_ oc` c\ga*gda` ja IEP? r\n ajpi_ oj ]` 01 _\tn \o .-w?) rcd^cm`km`n`ion \i di^m`\n` di oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ]t \ a\^ojm ja 2+/ jq`m oc` m\o` di]paa`m`_ r\o`m+ Pc`n` m`npgon npbb`no oc\o ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? dn ngjr di i\opm\gr\o`mn) ]po di^m`\n`n ndbidad^\iogt rc`i di ^jio\^o rdoc n`_dh`ion) np^c \n di \mdq`m ntno`h jm rc`i \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc ]joojh n`_dh`ion di \ kji_ jm g\f`+ Pcdnn\h` b`i`m\g `aa`^o r\n j]n`mq`_ di oc` ct_mjgtndn ja h`o\h nj_dph8 di oc`km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`io) oc` m\o` ja gjnn r\n np]no\iod\ggt di^m`\n`_+
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5-
#3864+9*8/43
Ki Fpgt .1).66.) \kkmjsdh\o`gt 4/)--- gdo`mn ja h`o\h nj_dph %nj_dph
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kgph` rcd^c hjq`_ 32 fdgjh`o`mn _jri oc` mdq`m jq`m ocm`` _\tn) ^\pndib np]no\iod\g
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n`_dh`ion+ ?jiq`mndjin ja pk oj 52" c\q` ]``i m`kjmo`_ %C`mnog \i_ U\mji) .644&+
Ei oc` pkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m nkdgg) h`o\h nj_dph r\n ^jiq`mo`_ oj IEP? \n
r`gg \n joc`m om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^on+ Ei jm_`m oj km`_d^o `skjnpm` ja ^jhhpidod`n \i_
oc` `iqdmjih`io oj IEP?) \i \nn`nnh`io r\n m`lpdm`_ ja oc` m\o` ja kmj_p^odji \i_
gjnn ja IEP? \n oc` kgph` r\n om\inkjmo`_ oj H\f` Oc\no\ jq`m \ k`mdj_ ja n`q`m\g
_\tn+ Lmj_p^odji ja IEP? amjh h`o\h nj_dph rdgg ]` \aa`^o`_ ]t oc` kD ja oc` r\o`m)
o`hk`m\opm` \i_) kjo`iod\ggt) oc` km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`io+ Hjnn ja IEP? amjh oc` mdq`m
j^^pmn kmdh\mdgt ]t ct_mjgtndn %kD) o`hk`m\opm` \i_ n`_dh`io _`k`i_`io&) kcjojgtndn
\i_ qjg\odgdu\odji+ Lm`qdjpn nop_d`n c\q` _`n^md]`_ oc` ct_mjgtndn ja h`o\h nj_dph di
]paa`m`_ njgpodjin %@m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h) .660&) a\o` ja IEP? di oc` mcdujnkc`m`
%P\tgjm `o \g+) .662&) dhk\^o ja IEP? ji oc` kg\ifojid^ `^jntno`h %>m`oo `o \g+) .662&)
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oc` b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn ja IEP? %C`__`n `o \g+) .6628 =gq\m`u \i_ Ijjm`) .660&+
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\i_ IEP? di r\o`m \n \ api^odji ja kD) o`hk`m\opm` \i_ oc` km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`io) di
jm_`m oj kmjqd_` _\o\ ji km`_d^o`_ IEP? ^ji^`iom\odjin di oc` mdq`m ajggjrdib oc` nkdgg+
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5.
";;5,6/2,38(1 ',*8/43
=lp`jpn ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin ja IEP? r`m` kg\^`_ di /- hH RK= qd\gn adoo`_ rdoc
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^jiomjgg`_ `iqdmjih`io\g ^c\h]`m+ =o q\mdjpn odh` dio`mq\gn) n\hkg` qd\gn r`m` kpgg`_
\i_ `som\^o`_ oj _`o`mhdi` oc` ^ji^`iom\odji ja IEP?+
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ja ct_mj^cgjmd^ \^d_) kjo\nndph ct_mjb`i kcoc\g\o`) nj_dph ct_mjb`i kcjnkc\o`)
kjo\nndph _dct_mjb`i kcjnkc\o`) nj_dph ct_mjsd_` \i_ nj_dph o`om\]jm\o`+ @p` oj
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kD 5+- \i_ kD 5+2 di \ h\ii`m _daa`m`io oc\i oc` kcjnkc\o` ]paa`m) r` \gnj pn`_ Pmdn
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k`majmh`_ pndib oc` Pmdn ]paa`mn+ Pc` Pmdn ]paa`mn r`m` km`k\m`_ pndib q\mtdib
^jh]di\odjin ja Pmdn \i_ ct_mj^cgjmd^ \^d_+
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hH mjpi_ ]joojh ag\nf oj bdq` \ adi\g ^ji^`iom\odji ]`or``i 2- \i_ .-- kkh+ Pr`iot
hH \gdlpjon ja oc` njgpodji r`m` kg\^`_ dioj /- hH RK= qd\gn oj hdidhdu` gjnn dioj
c`\_nk\^`+ Pc` n\hkg`n r`m` oc`i kg\^`_ dioj \ H\]Hdi` Einomph`ion Aiqdmji*Oc\f`m
0264 `iqdmjih`io\ggt ^jiomjgg`_ ^c\h]`m %I`gmjn` L\mf) Eggdijdn& \o .-w? \i_ \o /2w?+
Pc`n` o`hk`m\opm`n r`m` ^cjn`i \n m`km`n`io\odq` ja oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m
ntno`h rcd^c c\_ o`hk`m\opm`n ja 4+4w? epno \]jq` oc` nkdgg ndo` \i_ /0+.w? kmdjm oj
`io`mdib Oc\no\ H\f`+
=gg ja oc` `sk`mdh`ion r`m` k`majmh`_ di omdkgd^\o` rdoc \o g`\no orj `sk`mdh`ion
k`majmh`_ \o `\^c kD g`q`g+ Pc` `sk`mdh`ion r`m` k`majmh`_ amjh kD 1 oj kD .- rdoc
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5/
\__dodji\g kjdion di oc` kD ja oc` mdq`m ntno`h \i_ \o .-w? \i_ /2w?+ Pc`n`
`sk`mdh`ion r`m` ^ji_p^o`_ di oc` _\mf oj hdidhdu` kjo`iod\g `aa`^on _p` oj kcjojgtndn+
=o m`bpg\m dio`mq\gn) \n _`o`mhdi`_ ]t `\^c `sk`mdh`io) m`kgd^\o` n\hkg`n r`m` kpgg`_)
]potmjidomdg` r\n \__`_ \n \i `som\^odji npmmjb\o` \i_ oc` n\hkg`n r`m` `som\^o`_ rdoc
`octg \^`o\o`+ Asom\^odji diqjgq`_ \__dib 2 hH ja `octg \^`o\o`) qjmo`sdib) njid^\odib
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-+20 hh ^jgphi+ Pc` JL@ m`^`dq`_ ct_mjb`i \o 1 hH,hdi) \dm \o ..1 hH,hdi \i_
idomjb`i h\f`pk b\n \o 0- hH,hdi+ Pc` BL@ m`^`dq`_ ct_mjb`i \o 42 hg,hdi) \dm \o
.-- hH,hdi \i_ idomjb`i h\f`pk b\n \o /1 hH,hdi+ Pc` JL@ _`o`^ojm r\n jk`m\o`_
]`or``i /- \i_ 0- k=+ Pc` BL@ r\n jk`m\o`_ di oc` npgapm nk`^dad^ hj_` pndib \ 061
imi adgo`m+ Aaagp`io amjh oc` b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kcd^ ^jgphi r\n nkgdo ]`or``i oc` JL@
\i_ BL@) rcd^c \ggjr`_ ajm ^jiadmh\odji ja oc` IEP? k`\f \i_ ajm h\nn ]\g\i^`
_`o`mhdi\odji+ IEP? \i_ don kmdh\mt _`bm\_\odji kmj_p^on ^jio\di `doc`m npgapm jm
idomjb`i \i_ h\t di^gp_` h`octg dnj^t\id_` %IE?&) h`octg dnj^t\id_`) h`octg \hdi`) J*
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h`octg ajmh\hd_`) ct_mjb`i npgad_`) ^\m]ji _dnpgad_`) ^\m]jitg npgad_` \i_ npgapm
_djsd_`+
I`o\h nj_dph r\n _`o`mhdi`_ pndib \ hj_dad`_ h`ocj_ _`n^md]`_ ]t Cm\t \i_
Oom`dh %.631& di rcd^c \i \gdlpjo dn m`hjq`_ \i_ \ggjr`_ oj m`\^o rdoc ^jkk`m ^cgjmd_`+
Pc` h`o\h nj_dph*^jkk`m ^jhkg`s dn t`ggjr di ^jgjm \i_ r\n _`o`mhdi`_ \o 1/- ih
pndib \ Ddo\^cd .--*5- nk`^omjkcjojh`o`m %Jdnn`d O\ibtj) Ijpio\di Rd`r) ?=&+ ?LI
1/- ih r\q`g`iboc r\n ^cjn`i oj km`q`io \it dio`ma`m`i^` amjh \b`_ h`o\h njgpodjin
rcd^c ^jio\di _`bm\_\odji kmj_p^on \]njm]dib pk oj 1-- ih+
Pj _`o`mhdi` oc` `aa`^on ja n`_dh`ion ji oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ajm ]joc h`o\h
\i_ IEP?) r` km`k\m`_ n\hkg`n oc\o r`m` .7. %r7r& nkdf`_ ]paa`m njgpodji7n`_dh`io+
Pcdn m\odj g`ao \]jpo 4 hH ja c`\_nk\^` di oc` qd\g+ Pc` njdgn pn`_ r`m` amjh Ndq`m Idg`
00 %NI00& ja oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj mdq`m rcd^c dn \ kD 4+.3) n\i_ rdoc \ ?A? ja
01h`l,.--b \i_ -+0/" jmb\id^ ^\m]ji) \i_ \i \bmd^pgopm\g njdg j]o\di`_ \o oc`
Qidq`mndot ja J`q\_\Ån =bmd^pgopm\g Ask`mdh`io Oo\odji %N`ij) JR& rcd^c c\_ \ kD ja
3+01) ?A? ja .21h`l,.--b) .+.5" jmb\id^ ^\m]ji \i_ dn ^g\nndad`_ \n Pmp^f`` ndgo
gj\h %adi`*gj\ht) hds`_) h`nd^) Bgpq\lp`iod^ D\kgjs`mjgg&+ Pc` \bmd^pgopm\g ndo` c\_ ij
cdnojmt ja IEP? pn` \i_ oc` NI00 njdg c\_ ij cdnojmt ja pn` kmdjm oj oc` nkdgg+ Pc`
NI00 njdg r\n ^jgg`^o`_ ji` t`\m \ao`m oc` nkdgg+ >joc njdgn r`m` ^jgg`^o`_) om\inkjmo`_
oj oc` g\]jm\ojmt) \dm _md`_ ajm orj r``fn) cjhjb`idu`_ \i_ nojm`_ di \dm odbco
^jio\di`mn+ Ehh`_d\o`gt kmdjm oj pn`) oc` njdgn r`m` nd`q`_ oj / hh+ Pc` n`_dh`io
n\hkg`n r`m` `doc`m kg\^`_ ji oc` no\]g` nc`ga ja oc` `iqdmjih`io\g ^jiomjg ^c\h]`m
%no\od^ n\hkg`n& jm ji oc` nc\fdib kg\o` %\bdo\o`_ n\hkg`n&+ Pc`n` n\hkg`n r`m`
\i\gtu`_ \n _`n^md]`_ \]jq`+
Lm`qdjpn `sk`mdh`ion \gnj npbb`no`_ oc\o h`o\h om\inajmh\odji m\o`n di oc`
km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`ion r`m` ngjr`_ di oc` \]n`i^` ja jstb`i+ Pcdn ^jpg_ c\q`
ndbidad^\io `aa`^on \n oc` dhk\^o oj oc` mdq`m ntno`h \i_ \lpda`m ^jpg_ ]` kmjgjib`_ da
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51
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oc` h`o\h `io`m`_ oc` \ijsd^ bmjpi_r\o`m \i_ _d_ ijo pi_`mbj _`bm\_\odji piodg
^jhdib di ^jio\^o rdoc \dm+ Pj ^jiadmh oc`n` adi_dibn) \ h`ocj_ r\n ^m`\o`_ di rcd^c
jstb`i r\n m`hjq`_ amjh oc` ntno`h ]t kpmbdib oc` n`_dh`io rdoc idomjb`i ajm /1
cjpmn) m`hjqdib oc` \dm amjh oc` nkdfdib njgpodji ocmjpbc njid^\odji \i_ kpmbdib) \i_
^ji_p^odib oc` `sk`mdh`ion di \ bgjq` ]js h\dio\di`_ pi_`m kjndodq` idomjb`i agjr+
&,79187 (3+ !/7*977/43
Ln`p_j*admno jm_`m m\o`n ajm gjnn ja oc` m`nk`^odq` k\m`io ^jhkjpi_n %IEP? jm
h`o\h& r`m` ^\g^pg\o`_ pndib oc` `lp\odji7
?o : ?-`*I
rc`m` ?Z: WIEP?Y \o odh` o8 ?- : WIEP?Y \o didod\g odh`8 \i_ fk dn oc` kn`p_j admno jm_`m
m\o` ^jino\io ajm ct_mjgtndn+ Pc`n` _\o\ r`m` kgjoo`_ \n gi%?-,?o& q`mnpn odh` oj td`g_
kn`p_j*admno jm_`m m\o` ^jino\ion ajm ct_mjgtndn %fk& \i_ \ c\ga*gda` %o.,/& %Bdbpm` .&+ Pc`
c\ga*gdq`n r`m` oc`i kgjoo`_ q`mnpn kD oj ncjr oc` `aa`^o ja q\mtdib kD ji ct_mjgtndn
%Bdbpm` /&+
B>I8 ZkVda^ke[e
IEP? ct_mjgtndn di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin r\n m`g\odq`gt ngjr) k\mod^pg\mgt di oc` kD
m\ib` ^jmm`nkji_dib oj oc` mdq`m %P\]g` .&+ Pc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n r`m` ngjr`no \o kD 4
rdoc c\ga*gdq`n ja 32 \i_ .45 _\tn \o /2w? \i_ .-w? m`nk`^odq`gt+ =o kD 1) oc` c\ga*gdq`n
_`^m`\n`_ oj .2 \i_ 34 _\tn+ Ei b`i`m\g) oc`m` r\n \ 1*4 ajg_ _`^m`\n` di c\ga*gdq`n
]`or``i .-w? \i_ /2w?) rdoc oc` m`g\odq` _daa`m`i^` di m\o`n cdbc`m \n kD di^m`\n`_+ Ei
oc` m`bdji ja dio`m`no oj oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m oc` c\ga*gdq`n m\ib`_ amjh 6 oj .26
_\tn+ Pc`n` _\o\ di_d^\o` oc\o oc` IEP? ^jpg_ c\q` o\f`i ji` oj adq` hjiocn oj
_`bm\_` ]t ndhkg` \lp`jpn*kc\n` ct_mjgtndn+
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IEP? dn fijri oj pi_`mbj ngjr ct_mjgtndn di r\o`m) ]po oc` m\o` dn di^m`\n`_ di
]joc \^d_ \i_ ]\n`+ Fjn`kc \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %.66/& ijo`_ oc\o IEP? dn .-4 odh`n g`nn
npn^`kod]g` oj \^d_ ^\o\gtndn di r\o`m oc\i h`octg dnj^t\i\o`+ Pc` ajggjrdib m`\^odjin
ncjr oc` h`^c\idnhn+
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Pc` ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin r\n ^jhk\m`_ oj oc\o ja i\opm\g
r\o`mn ]t k`majmhdib oc` n\h` `sk`mdh`ion ji r\o`m ^jgg`^o`_ ajmh oc` Qkk`m
O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m \o ?\no`gg\ \i_ oc` Pmp^f`` Ndq`m di J`q\_\+ Pc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n
amjh oc`n` `sk`mdh`ion r`m` ngdbcogt ngjr`m oc\i ocjn` ajpi_ di oc` ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin
rdoc c\ga*gdq`n \mjpi_ 05 _\tn+
Sjga` %.66-& npbb`no`_ oc\o oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o` ja ^`mo\di otk`n ja ^jhkjpi_n
h\t ]` di^m`\n`_ ]t h`o\g dji ^\o\gtndn \o om\^` ^ji^`iom\odjin jm n`_dh`io npma\^`n+
Odi^` oc` ^jio\hdi\o`_ opm]pg`io mdq`m r\o`m r\n di ^jio\^o rdoc oc` n\i_t ]`_)
ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? h\t ]` \^^`g`m\o`_ ]t dio`m\^odji rdoc n`_dh`io+ Pc` `aa`^o ja
n`_dh`io r\n `s\hdi`_ pndib \ no\od^ n`_dh`io) m`km`n`io\odq` ja kjjgn \i_ ngjr
hdsdib) \i_ \i \bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io) m`km`n`io\odq` ja oc` opm]pg`io agjr rdoc m\kd_ hdsdib
%P\]g` / \i_ P\]g` 0&+
Pc`n` `sk`mdh`ion di_d^\o`_ oc\o n`_dh`ion ^\pn`_ \ ndbidad^\io di^m`\n` di oc`
m\o` ja gjnn ja IEP? di \gg ^\n`n) `s^`ko \o kD .-+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n di oc` ntno`hn
^jio\didib NI00 n`_dh`io r`m` m`_p^`_ ]t \ a\^ojm ja /*2) ^jhk\m`_ oj ocjn` rdocjpo
n`_dh`io \o kD 1 \i_ kD 4 %Bdbpm`n 0&+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n \o kD .-) cjr`q`m di^m`\n`_
ngdbcogt ^jhk\m`_ oj ocjn` di oc` \]n`i^` ja n`_dh`io+ =o kD .-) oc` n`_dh`io
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\kk`\mn oj `s`mo \ hdijm kmjo`^odib `aa`^o ji ct_mjgtndn) \gocjpbc \o ocdn kD) oc` m\o`n
\m` oc` hjno m\kd_ \i_ oc` \]njgpo` _daa`m`i^`n \m` nh\gg+
BWfS_ ZkVda^ke[e
=gocjpbc oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n ja h`o\h nj_dph di r\o`m c\q` ]``i km`qdjpngt
m`kjmo`_ %4).-& oc`m` c\q` ]``i ij nop_d`n ncjrdib oc` `aa`^on ja n`_dh`io+ S`
`s\hdi`_ cjr mdq`m n`_dh`io \aa`^o`_ oc` ct_mjgtndn ja h`o\h \i_ oc` hjg\m td`g_ ja
IEP? \o q\mdjpn m\odjn ja n`_dh`io oj ]paa`m) ^jhk\m`_ oj ct_mjgtndn di ]paa`m`_
\lp`jpn njgpodjin rdocjpo n`_dh`io+ Pc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n ja h`o\h nj_dph di r\o`m \o
ajpm kD g`q`gn \i_ orj o`hk`m\opm`n \m` ncjri di P\]g` 1+
Pc` c\ga*gda` ja h`o\h nj_dph dn ncjmo`no) 1+4 cjpmn) \o kD 1 \i_ /2w? \i_
gjib`no \o kD 4) 40 cjpmn+ =^d_ ct_mjgtndn dn `sk`^o`_ oj j^^pm \o \ a\no`m m\o` ]`^\pn`
kmjoji\odji kmjhjo`n h`o\h ^jiq`mndji oj ^\m]ji _dnpgad_` \i_ h`octg \hdi` \i_ dn \
b`i`m\g ^c\m\^o`mdnod^ ja _docdj^\m]\h\o`n+ Kq`m\gg) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja h`o\h nj_dph di
r\o`m \m` m`g\odq`gt ncjmo rdoc \gg g`nn oc\i ocm`` _\tn+ Pc` h`^c\idnhn ja _`bm\_\odji
\m` `skg\di`_ ]t Ppmi`m \i_ ?jm_`i %.630& \i_ @m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h %.66/&+ Pc`
m`npgon j]o\di`_ di oc` km`n`io nop_t \m` ^jhk\m\]g` oj ocjn` ajpi_ di joc`m nop_d`n)
\gocjpbc oc` m`npgon amjh km`qdjpn nop_d`n bdq` ]joc ngjr`m \i_ a\no`m om\inajmh\odji
m\o`n+ =o kD 4 \i_ /2w?) r` ajpi_ oc` c\ga*gda` ja h`o\h oj ]` 40 cjpmn+ Koc`m m`npgon
\o oc` n\h` kD \i_ o`hk`m\opm` \m`7 02 cjpmn %@m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h) .660&8 .5-
cjpmn %Ldij) .66.&8 \i_ 20 cjpmn %S`]`m) .66.&+ =o kD 6 \i_ /2w?) r` ajpi_ \ c\ga*
gda` ja 00 cjpmn+ Koc`m nop_d`n ajpi_ c\ga*gdq`n ja 13 cjpmn %Ldij) .66.& \i_ .-5 cjpmn
%S`]`m) .66.&+
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54
Ask`mdh`ion oj _`o`mhdi` oc` `aa`^o ja n`_dh`io ji oc` ct_mjgtndn ja h`o\h
r`m` k`majmh`_ di \ h\ii`m ndhdg\m oj ocjn` ji IEP?+ O`_dh`io r\n \__`_ oj oc`
h`o\h njgpodji pi_`m ]joc no\od^ \i_ \bdo\o`_ ^ji_dodjin+ Ei oc`n` `sk`mdh`ion) r`
\gnj q\md`_ oc` n`_dh`io oj ]paa`m m\odj oj ]`oo`m m`km`n`io \ m\ib` ja \^op\g mdq`m
^ji_dodjin %P\]g` 2 \i_ P\]g` 3&+
Bjggjrdib oc` _`o`mhdi\odji ja h`o\h nj_dph di oc` \]jq` kD 5 `sk`mdh`ion)
\gdlpjon ja oc` njgpodjin r`m` \gnj `som\^o`_ oj _`o`mhdi` oc` hjg\m td`g_ ja IEP? amjh
oc` h`o\h nj_dph ct_mjgtndn) pndib oc` km`qdjpngt _`n^md]`_ kmj^`_pm`+ Ei oc` /2w? *
./b n`_dh`io * no\od^) .-w? * ./b n`_dh`io * no\od^ \i_ .-w? * ./b n`_dh`io * \bdo\o`_
`sk`mdh`ion) oc` td`g_ ja IEP? r\n ./+.") .1+2" \i_ ./+3") m`nk`^odq`gt) ji \ hjg\m
]\ndn+ Pc` kmjadg` ja IEP? kmj_p^odji r\n ^c\m\^o`mdu`_ ]t m\kd_ %92 hdi+& di^m`\n`n di
IEP? ^ji^`iom\odji) rcd^c _d_ ijo ncjr np]no\iod\g ^c\ib` ocmjpbcjpo oc` _pm\odji ja
oc` `sk`mdh`ion %Bdbpm` 1&+ Pc` /2w? * .b n`_dh`io * no\od^ `sk`mdh`io c\_ \i didod\g
IEP? td`g_ ja 0" \i_ oc` td`g_ ^jiodip\ggt di^m`\n`_ oj .." \o oc` `i_ ja oc` 4 cjpm
`sk`mdh`io %Bdbpm` 2&+ P`mhdi\odji ja `\^c `sk`mdh`io j^^pmm`_ rc`i h`o\h nj_dph
^jpg_ ijo ]` _`o`^o`_+ Pc` gjb kgjon ajm c\ga*gda` _`o`mhdi\odji \m` km`n`io`_ di Bdbpm`n
3 # 4+ Pc`n` ncjr oc\o oc` c\ga*gda` ja h`o\h dn epno pi_`m ocm`` cjpmn di .7./
n`_dh`ior\o`m ^ji_dodjin ]po di^m`\n`n oj \mjpi_ 12 hdipo`n di .7. n`_dh`io r\o`m
^ji_dodjin+ Pcdn ^\i ]` `skg\di`_ ]t oc` cdbc`m ^jiq`mndji m\o` ja h`o\h oj IEP? di
njdg ngpmmd`n \n jkkjn`_ oj \lp\od^ `iqdmjih`ion %C`mnog \i_ U\mji) .644&+
;;VSHYGXW
Pc` h\nn ]\g\i^` `sk`mdh`ion r`m` k`majmh`_ ji IEP? \i_ h`o\h+ Bjm oc`
IEP? `sk`mdh`ion) ]joc oc` c`\_nk\^` \i_ `octg \^`o\o` `som\^o r`m` \i\gtu`_ ji
N`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji ja oc` ^jktmdbco jri`m+ Bpmoc`m m`kmj_p^odji kmjcd]do`_ rdocjpo k`mhdnndji+
55
C?,JL@*BL@+ Jj _`bm\_\odji kmj_p^on r`m` j]n`mq`_ di `doc`m ^jhk\moh`io+ Pcdn dn
kmj]\]gt _p` oj oc` gjr didod\g ^ji^`iom\odji ja IEP?+ Pc` dinomph`io c\_ dinpaad^d`io
n`indodqdot oj _`o`^o oc` kmj_p^on \o np^c gjr g`q`gn+ IE?) \ h\ejm kcjojgtndn kmj_p^o)
c\n \ ct_mjgtod^ c\ga*gda` ja g`nn oc\i 5 hdipo`n \i_ rjpg_ ]` _daad^pgo oj lp\iodo\o`
%Ag`i_ `o \g+) .661&+ Bjm h`o\h) oc` jigt kmj_p^o _`o`^o`_ r\n IEP?) rcd^c r\n ajpi_
\o \kkmjsdh\o`gt .-*.2" hjg\m GSRZIVWMSR JVSQ QIXEQ MR \bm``h`io rdoc oc` rjmf ja
@m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h %.660&+
34;;/* ,--,*87
Pc` `sk`mdh`ion k`majmh`_ ji oc` gjnn ja h`o\h di \i \ijsd^ `iqdmjih`io
ncjr`_ \ np]no\iod\g _`^m`\n` di oc` m\o` ja gjnn+ Pc` `sk`mdh`ion r`m` ^\mmd`_ jpo ji
NI00 n`_dh`io \o /2w? \i_ kD 5+ Pc` \]n`i^` ja jstb`i c\_ \ ndbidad^\io `aa`^o8 oc`
c\ga*gda` r`io amjh -+22 cjpmn di oc` km`n`i^` ja K/ oj 3+- cjpmn di oc` \]n`i^` ja K/)
\i .. ajg_ di^m`\n`+ Lm`qdjpn nop_d`n c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o oc` _`^jhkjndodji m\o`
dn _`k`i_`io ji oc` jstb`i ^jio`io ja njgpodji %Fjmdn `o \g+) .64-8 Ppmi`m \i_ ?jm_`i)
.630&+ Eo c\n ]``i ncjri oc\o _docdj^\m]\h\o`n pi_`mbj jsd_\odji di oc` km`n`i^` ja \
hdg_ jsd_\io+
Pc` admno jsd_\odji kmj_p^o dn \ ocdpm\hd_dnpgad_` rcd^c dn oc`i jsd_du`_ ]t \dm oj
h`octg dn docdj^t\i\o` \i_ `g`h`io\g npgapm+ Pc` q\gd_dot ja ocdn h`^c\idnh r\n
np]no\iod\o`_ ]t oc` a\^o oc\o oc` jstb`i ^jio`io di oc` n\hkg`n c\_ ij diagp`i^` ji
oc` m`\^odji m\o` di \^d_d^ ^ji_dodjin %Ppmi`m \i_ ?jm_`i) .630&+ Sc`i kD q\gp`n \m`
]`gjr 4) oc` m`_p^odji ja kmjojin ]`^jh`n oc` h\di m`_p^odji m`\^odji oj ^jind_`m \i_
ocpn oc` jsd_\odji ja h`o\h dn `sk`^o`_ oj ]` i`bgdbd]g` di \^d_d^ njgpodjin+
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=o kD q\gp`n bm`\o`m oc\i 4 oc`m` \m` orj _`^jhkjndodji h`^c\idnhn rcd^c \m`
j^^pmmdib \o oc` n\h` odh`) ]\n`*^\o\gtu`_ ct_mjgtndn \i_ \i jsd_\odji kmj^`nn+ =o
q`mt cdbc ]\n` ^ji^`iom\odjin) bm`\o`m oc\i kD 6+2) oc` m\o` ja jsd_\odji \kk`\m`_
i`bgdbd]g` ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` ]\n` ^\o\gtu`_ ct_mjgtndn+ Djr`q`m) \o kD q\gp`n gjr`m
oc\i 6+2) m`hjq\g ja jstb`i amjh oc` njgpodji m`_p^`_ oc` jq`m\gg _`^jhkjndodji m\o`
]t \ a\^ojm ja ajpm oj ji`+
N`npgon ja \gg `sk`mdh`ion k`majmh`_ ji IEP? \i_ h`o\h nj_dph \m` nphh`_
pk di P\]g`n 4 \i_ 5) m`nk`^odq`gt+ Pc`n` o\]g`n kmjqd_` o`hk`m\opm`) \hjpio ja
n`_dh`io) kD g`q`gn) c\ga*gdq`n \i_ iph]`m ja `sk`mdh`ion di `\^c `sk`mdh`io+
!/7*977/43 p
Qi_`m oc` o`hk`m\opm`) kD \i_ n`_dh`io ^ji_dodjin ajpi_ di oc` Qkk`m
O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc oc` h`o\h nkdgg) ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? h\t ]` \ h\ejm
om\inajmh\odji k\ocr\t+ O`_dh`io r\n ncjri oj di^m`\n` oc` m\o` ja gjnn ja IEP?)
\gocjpbc oc` m\o`n m`h\di m`g\odq`gt ngjr+ =o i`pom\g kD) di oc` km`n`i^` ja no\od^
n`_dh`io \o /2w?) oc` odh` ajm gjnn ja c\ga ja oc` IEP? r\n /4 _\tn) rcd^c r\n oc`
hjno m\kd_ gjnn \o i`\m*i`pom\g kD+ Pc` n`_dh`io h\t \^^`g`m\o` oc` gjnn ocmjpbc oc`
km`n`i^` ja h`o\gn jm ^g\t+ ?`mo\di nk`^d`n ja h`o\gn np^c \n ?p/() Vi/() Ii/() = g0(
\i_ B`0(c\q` ]``i ncjri oj ]` `aa`^odq` di \^^`g`m\odib oc` ct_mjgtndn ja n`g`^o`_
jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n %>`i_`m) .6308 Akno`di \i_ Ijnc`m) .635&+ Ask`mdh`ion c\q`
\gnj ncjri oc\o nh`^odo` ^\i ]` dhkjmo\io _p` oj don `sk\i_\]dgdot \i_ cdbc npma\^`
\m`\ di oc` km`n`i^` ja D() J\(\i_ ?\( %?jmidej `o \g+) .6508 Odibc\g \i_ Odibc)
.643&+ Pc` m\o`n ja gjnn r`m` a\no`m di oc` \bmd^pgopm\g njdg oc\i oc` mdq`m n`_dh`io+ Pc`
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6-
\bmd^pgopm\g njdg c\n bm`\o`m ^g\t ^jio`io oc\i oc` mdq`m njdg \i_ g`nn h`o\gn) nj do dn
kjnnd]g` oc` ^g\t ^jio`io r\n m`nkjind]g` ajm oc` ^\o\gtndn+
= ocdm_ kjnnd]dgdot diqjgq`n oc` njmkodji ja oc` IEP? ji oc` njgd_ kc\n`+
Ask`mdh`ion c\q` ncjri oc\o ijidjid^ k`nod^d_`n \m` njm]`_ km`_jhdi\iogt ji oc`
jmb\id^ am\^odji ja oc` n`_dh`io %G\md^fcjaa `o \g+) .6468 G\md^fcjaa # Ijmmdn) .652&+
Ki^` njm]`_) oc`m` \m` iph`mjpn otk`n ja npma\^` dio`m\^odjin rdoc \ rd_` m\ib` ja
\_njm]\o`n h\t j^^pm \o oc\o npma\^` _p` oj oc` q\md`ot ja kjo`iod\g dio`m\^odji ndo`n \o
oc` npma\^` %Sjga` `o \g+) .66-&+ Pc` di^m`\n`_ ?A? di oc` \bmd^pgopm\g njdg ^jhk\m`_ oj
oc` NI00 n`_dh`io npkkjmon oc` kjnnd]dgdot oc\o ocdn njmkodji dn m`nkjnidn]g` ajm oc`
di^m`\n`_ gjnn ja IEP?+ Ki^` ]jpi_ oj oc` jmb\id^ h\oo`m oc` IEP?Ån `g`^omji
_dnomd]podji dn \go`m`_ \i_ do ]`^jh`n hjm` npn^`kod]g` oj pi_`mbj ct_mjgtndn+
Dt_mjgtndn rdgg ]`^jh` dhkjmo\io da joc`m kmj^`nn`n \m` ijo \^odq` %d+ +
]dj_`bm\_\odji) qjg\odgdu\odji jm q\kjm kc\n` kcjojgtndn&+ Pcpn) _pmdib oc` agjr ja oc`
nkdgg _jri oc` mdq`m) ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? \n \ h`^c\idnh ja gjnn ^\i ]`^jh` dhkjmo\io da
oc` IEP? `io`mn oc` kjjgn di oc` nom`\h \i_ m`h\di \n kjjgn ja IEP? %_:.+-36&+ Kq`m
oc` gjib o`mh) oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja ct_mjgtndn rjpg_ i``_ oj ]` ^jhk\m`_ oj m\o`n ja joc`m
kmj^`nn`n pi_`m ndo`*nk`^dad^ ^ji_dodjin+
=go`mi\odq`gt) ct_mjgtndn ja h`o\h nj_dph dn gdf`gt oc` h\ejm om\inajmh\odji
k\ocr\t+ =o oc` kD ja oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m \o /2w?) oc` c\ga*gda` dn g`nn oc\i
orj _\tn di ]paa`m`_ r\o`m+ O`_dh`io dn ^g`\mgt dhkjmo\io ajm oc` gjnn ja h`o\h nj_dph)
`doc`m ]t ^\o\gtu`_ jsd_\odji jm ]t njmkodji+
Bjm oc` `sk`mdh`ion di rcd^c IEP? r\n hjidojm`_ ndhpgo\i`jpngt rdoc gjnn ja
h`o\h) kmj_p^odji ja IEP? mjn` _pmdib oc` admno cjpm ja oc` m`\^odji \i_ oc`i m`h\di`_
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6.
m`g\odq`gt ^jino\io) `q`i rdoc oc` ^jiodipdib gjnn ja jq`m 2-" ja oc` h`o\h nj_dph+
Pcdn m`npgo r\n pi`sk`^o`_ \i_ npbb`non oc\o oc` gjnn ja h`o\h nj_dph amjh oc`
njgpodji dn j^^pmmdib ]t \o g`\no orj n`k\m\o` kmj^`nn`n+ Pc` admno diqjgq`n ^jiq`mndji
oj IEP? \n ji` ja oc` kmj_p^on+ Pc` n`^ji_ gjnn h`^c\idnh _j`n ijo m`npgo di
dhh`_d\o` IEP? kmj_p^odji \i_ h\t diqjgq` njmkodji+
=gocjpbc oc` _\o\ \m` dinpaad^d`io ajm \ h`^c\idnod^ _`n^mdkodji ja oc` kmj^`nn)
oc` j]n`mq\odjin \m` ^jindno`io rdoc \ ]di_dib h`^c\idnh di rcd^c h`o\h nj_dph dn
njm]`_ jioj oc` npma\^` ja oc` n`_dh`io+ Djr`q`m) da njmkodji dn j^^pmmdib) do dn kjnnd]g`
oc\o IEP? h\t ]` b`i`m\o`_ ngjrgt jq`m \ gjib k`mdj_ ja odh` \n h`o\h _`njm]n amjh
oc` n`_dh`io \i_ dn ^jiq`mo`_ oj IEP?+ Pc` njmkodji kmj^`nn ^\i \gnj ]` mpg`_ jpo) \n
h`o\h) \i_ don _\pbco`m kmj_p^o IEP?) \m` `aa`^odq`gt pn`_ \n aphdb\ion \i_ dn pnp\ggt
diomj_p^`_ jioj ^mjkn ocmjpbc hdsdib rdoc dmmdb\odji r\o`m \i_ agjj_dib oc` ad`g_n+ Ea
njmkodji r\n \ h\ejm kmj^`nn) h`o\h rjpg_ ijo ]` \i `aa`^odq` aphdb\io+
Bjm kpmkjn`n ja hj_`gdib `skjnpm` oj IEP? di oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m
^\itji) do dn m`\nji\]g` oj \nnph` oc\o jq`m oc` admno r``f .2*/-" ja oc` h`o\h r\n
om\inajmh`_ dioj IEP?+ Pc` ^jiq`mndji j^^pmm`_ jq`m oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` nkdgg) \gocjpbc
oc` _\o\ npbb`no oc\o gjnn di oc` n`_dh`ion dn m`g\odq`gt m\kd_+ Pc` dio`m\^odji ja oc`
h`o\h _dnnjgq`_ di oc` r\o`m rdoc oc` ]joojh n`_dh`ion dn _daad^pgo oj hj_`g) ]po oc`
_\o\ ji oc` .7./ n`_dh`io7r\o`m m\odjn \m` kmj]\]gt oc` hjno m`km`n`io\odq` pi_`m
oc`n` ^ji_dodjin+
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*034:1,+.2,387Pcdn rjmf r\n h\_` kjnnd]g` ocmjpbc \ bm\io amjh oc` ?\gdajmid\ @`k\moh`io ja
Bdnc \i_ C\h`+ S` rjpg_ \gnj gdf` oj oc\if @\qd_ Mpdgd^d \i_ Djpg` S\ib ajm oc`dmrjmf ji oc` Bdiidb\i I=P OOM4.- C?,IO rcd^c r\n h\_` kjnnd]g` ocmjpbc J\odji\gO^d`i^` Bjpi_\odji bm\io @EN*6.-/506+
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260*42*68 h`octg dnj^t\i\o`) 3/1*50*68 h`octg \hdi`) 41*56*28 J*h`octg ajmh\hd_`)./0*06*48 npgapm _djsd_`) 4113*-6*28 ct_mjb`i npgad_`8 4450*-3*18 ^\m]jitg npgad_`) 130*25*.) ^\m]ji _dnpgad_`) 42*.2*-+
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$/8,6(896, /8,+
=gq\m`u) N+=+ \i_ ?+>+ Ijjm`+ %.660& Mp\ioph td`g_ ajm kmj_p^odji ja ?D0J?di oc` kcjojgtndn ja ?D0J?O+ >GMIRGI# /307/-2*/-4+
>`i_`m) I+H+ %.630& I`o\g dji ^\o\gtndn ja ip^g`jkcdgd^ jmb\id^ m`\^odjin dinjgpodji+ .HZ% /LIQ% >IV%# 047.6*03+
>m`oo) I+P+) ?+N+ Cjg_h\i) B+O+ Hp]ikjr) =+ >m\^c`m) @+ >m\i_o) K+ >m\i_o \i_=+ Ipgg`m*Ojgb`m+ %.662& Pc` dhk\^o ja \ h\ejm njdg aphdb\io nkdgg ji oc` kg\ifojid^`^jntno`h ja Oc\no\ H\f`) ?\gdajmid\+ /ER% 6% 2MWL% .UYEX% >GM% %Ei km`nn&+
?jmidej) F+) I+?+ D`mhjndi) F+H+ Scdo`) F+N+ >\mi`n \i_ O+H+ D`h+ %.650& Njg`ja a`mmd^ dmji di oc` jsd_\odji ja ct_mj^jmodnji` ]t n`kdjgdo` \i_ k\gtbjmnfdo`+ /PE]W /PE]8MRIV# 0.7.-6*../+
@m\k`m) S+I+ \i_ @+A+ S\f`c\h+ %.660& N\o` ^jino\ion ajm h`o\h*nj_dph^g`\q\b` \i_ kcjoj_`^jhkjndodji di r\o`m+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1.7../6*..00+
Akno`di) F+ \i_ S+=+ Ijnc`m+ %.635& I\bi`ndph dji ^\o\gtndn ja ct_mjgtndn jadnjkmjktg h`octgkcjnkcjijagpjmd_\o`+ Pc` ^c\mb` `aa`^o di h`o\g dji ^\o\gtndn+ 6%;;L]W% /LIQ%# 4/73//*3/1+
C`__`n) F+@+) C+?+ Idgg`m \i_ C+A+ P\tgjm) Fm+ %.662& C\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn jah`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o`+ Op]hdoo`_ oj 1RZ% >GM% ?IGL%
C`mnog) Q+I+ \i_ >+ U\mji+ %.644& >`c\qdjm ja R\k\h \i_ h`octgdnjocdj^t\i\o` di njdgn+ >SMP >GM% >SG% .Q% 6%# 1.7212*215+
Cm\t) N+=+ \i_ D+C+ Oom`dh %.631& Ei =i\gtod^\g h`ocj_n ajm k`nod^d_`n) kg\iobmjroc m`bpg\ojmn \i_ ajj_ \__dodq`n+ =^\_`hd^ Lm`nn) J`r Ujmf) kk+ .46*.50+
Fjmdn) O+F+) G+g+ =nkdg\ \i_ ?+H+ ?c\fm\]\mod+ %.64-& @`^jhkjndodji jahjij\gftg _docdj^\m]\h\o`n+ .REP% /LIQ%# 1/7314*32.+
Fjn`kc) R+>+) @+L+J+ O\o^c`gg) N+O+ O\o^c`gg \i_ S+J+ S\nn`a+ %.66/&Dt_mjgtndn ja \mtg \i_ \gftg dnjocdj^t\i\o`n di \lp`jpn k`m^cgjmd^ \^d_+ 6% /LIQ% >SG%;;IVOMR ?VERW%# /7006*01.+
G\md^fjaa) O+S+) @+O+ >mjri \i_ P+=+ O^joo+ %.646& Ojmkodji ja ct_mjkcj]d^kjggpo\ion ji i\opm\g n`_dh`ion+ AEXIV =IW%# .07/1.+
G\md^fjaa) O+S+) \i_ G+N+ Ijmmdn+ %.652& Ojmkodji _ti\hd^n ja ct_mjkcj]d^kjggpo\ion di n`_dh`io npnk`indjin+ 1RZMVSR% ?S\MGSP% /LIQ%# 17136*146+
Ldij) Fp_t+ %.66.& I`o\h*nj_dph \lp\od^ _`bm\_\odji+ Ei \ h`hj oj N\i_\ggO`b\r\ ja oc` Oo\o` ja ?\gdajmid\ amjh \ m`kjmo k`majmh`_ ]t Oo\paa`m ?c`hd^\g^jhk\it di .653+
Odibc\g) F+L+ \i_ ?+L+ Odibc+ %.643& Oop_d`n ji oc` \_njmkodji \i_ dio`m\^odjija .)/*_d]mjhj*0*^cgjmjkmjk\i` rdoc hjiohjmdggjido`n+ 6% .KLG% 2SSH /LIQ%# /170-4*0.-+
P\tgjm) C+A+) Fm+) G+>+ O^c\gg`m) F+@+ C`__`n) I+O+ Cpnodi) C+>+ Hjmnji \i_ C+?+Idgg`m+ %.662& A^jgjbd^\g ojsd^jgjbt \i_ ^c`hd^\g a\o` ja h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o` dimdk\md\i njdgn amjh oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m+ Op]hdoo`_ oj 1RZ% ?S\% /LIQ%
Ppmi`m) J+F+ \i_ I+A+ ?jm_`i+ %.630& @`^jhkjndodji ja nj_dph J*h`octg_docdj^\m]\h\o` di njdg+ ;;L]XSTEXLSPSK]# 207.055+
S`]`m) A+F+ %.66.& @`bm\_\odji k\ocr\tn ja h`o\h nj_dph \i_h`octgdnjocdj^t\i\o`+ QOAL= Aiqdmjih`io\g N`n`\m^c H\]jm\ojmt*=oc`in) C`jmbd\+
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Sjga`) J+ H``+ %.65-& @`o`mhdidib oc` mjg` ja ct_mjgtndn di oc` a\o` ja jmb\id^ndi i\opm\g r\o`mn+ Ei @ti\hd^n) Askjnpm` \i_ D\u\m_ =nn`nnh`io ja Pjsd^ ?c`hd^\gn+=ii =m]jm O^d`i^`) =ii =m]jm) Id^cdb\i) kk+ .30*.45+
Sjga`) J+H+) Q+ Idib`gbmdi \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m+ %.66-& =]djod^ om\inajmh\odjin dir\o`m) n`_dh`ion \i_ njdg+ Ei L`nod^d_`n di oc` njdg `iqdmjih`io+ OOO= ]jjf n`md`n)ij+ /) I\_dnji) Sg+
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P\]g` .+ Dt_mjgtndn ja IEP? di \ q\md`ot ja ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin \o orj o`hk`m\opm`n+kD g`q`g D\ga*gda` \o /2w? %_\tn& D\ga*gda` \o .-w? %_\tn& v1+- .2 1 34 04+- 32 /1 .45 124+2 /5 / ./2 45+- // 2 55 55+2 2 / .26 5/'6+- 4 / 30 3
E .-+- -+4- -+-0 .- .' Mp`nodji\]g` _\o\ _p` oj h\omds \aa`^on ja ]jm\s ]paa`m+
P\]g` /+ Aaa`^o ja n`_dh`io ji IEP? ct_mjgtndn m\o`n \o .-w?kD g`q`g D\ga*gda` %_\tn&
Jj n`_dh`ioD\ga*gda` %_\tn&Oo\od^ n`_dh`io
D\ga*gda` %_\tn& E=bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io
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Jj n`_dh`ioD\ga*gda` %_\tn&Oo\od^ n`_dh`io
D\ga*gda` %_\tn&=bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io
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P\]g` 1+ Dt_mjgtndn ja h`o\h \n \ api^odji ja kD+kD g`q`g D\ga*gda` \o /2w? D\ga*gda` \o .-w?
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Jj n`_dh`io 56 .2 20 ..Oo\od^ n`_dh`io) .b oj ./b ]paa`m .5 5 .. 1Oo\od^ n`_dh`io) ./b oj ./b ]paa`m /+/ -+4 .+0 -+1=bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io) .b oj ./b ]paa`m 0+/ .+/ 3+0 0+/=bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io) ./b oj ./b ]paa`m .+5 -+4 -+1- -+-5
P\]g` 3 + I`o\h ct_mjgtndn m\o`n \o /2w? di oc` km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`ionD\ga gda` %cjpmn&kD 4 kD 5
Jj n`_dh`io 40 03 1/ /0Oo\od^ n`_dh`io) .b oj ./b ]paa`m 1+1 .+3 0+5 ( .+0Oo\od^ n`_dh`io) ./b oj ./b ]paa`m -+42 -+16 -+43 -+/=bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io) .b oj ./b ]paa`m /+3 .+. /+. -+4=bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io) ./b oj ./b ]paa`m -+3. -+.. -+22 -+./
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' @\o\ ijo pn`_ \n ]jm\s b\q` a\gn` m`npgon+
( =gg `sk`mdh`ion k`majmh`_ di omdkgd^\o`+
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kcjoj_`bm\_`_+ Pc` IEP? ncjpg_ c\q` ]``i km`_jhdi\o`gt jpo ja oc` ntno`h rdocdi
adq` _\tn \i_ oc` _\o\ ^jgg`^o`_ \ao`m oc` nkdgg npbb`no oc\o ocdn dn ^jmm`^o+ Pc` AT=IO
hj_`g rjmf`_ m`\nji\]gt r`gg \o km`_d^odib oc` gjnn ja IEP? amjh oc` Qkk`m
O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m+
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../
<8HDA6G
C?OKH=N r\n _`q`gjk`_ oj ^jhkpo` _dm`^o kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_ c\ga*gdq`n ja
kjggpo\ion di oc` \lp\od^ `iqdmjih`io+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n \m` ^\g^pg\o`_ \n \ api^odji ja
n`\nji) g\odop_`) odh`*ja*_\t) _`koc ja r\o`m ]j_d`n \i_ juji` g\t`m ocd^fi`nn+ Pc`
hj_`g r\n _`q`gjk`_ \o QOAL= di =oc`in) C`jmbd\ \i_ r\n ]\n`_ ji oc` ^c`hdnomt
_`n^md]`_ ]t V`kk \i_ ?gdi` %4&+
Pc` C?OKH=N hj_`g r\n kmjqd_`_ _\o\ ji oc` kctnd^\g ^c\m\^o`mdnod^n ja
IEP? \i_ oc` otk` ja `iqdmjih`io oc\o r\n oj ]` hj_`g`_+ Pc` ntno`h r\n n`o pk \n
\ o`mm`nomd\g `iqdmjih`io pndib \ nc\ggjr _`koc) oj \^^jpio ajm oc` kcjojgtndn j^^pmmdib
di oc` b\n kc\n`) \i_ \o \ gjibdop_` ja ./-w \i_ g\odop_` ja 1-wJ+ Pc` `sodi^odji
^j`aad^d`ion \i_ lp\ioph td`g_ %-+65& pn`_ r`m` _`mdq`_ amjh oc` rjmf ja =gq\m`u \i_
Ijjm` %5&+ SZ q\gp`n r`m` pn`_ di oc` hj_`gdib oj ]`no ndhpg\o` b\n kc\n`
kcjojgtndn+ Pc` hj_`g r\n m\i ajm _daa`mdib k\m\h`o`mn oj di^gp_` oc` \m`\ rc`m` oc`
`sk`mdh`ion ojjf kg\^` \n r`gg \n oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m \i_ oc` m`npgon \m` \n
ajggjrn7
O`\nji H\odop_` Hjibdop_` N\o` dio`bm\o`_ jq`mapgg _\t di _\tn
D\ga*gda` dio`bm\o`_ jq`mapgg _\t di cjpmn
Ophh`m 1-wJ ./-w -+1/1 06B\gg 1-wJ ./-w -+.40 63Sdio`m 1-wJ ./-w -+-5/. /-0Okmdib 1-wJ ./-w -+0.4 2/Ophh`m 1-wJ ./.w -+1/1 06Ophh`m 1-wJ .//w -+1/1 06
?jhk\mdnji ja oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`n \o oc` q\mdjpn gjibdop_`n kmjqd_` ij q\md\odji
di oc` iph]`mn oc` hj_`gn b`i`m\o`+ Ei ocdn ^\n`) oc` pkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m \i_ oc`
Qidq`mndot ja J`q\_\) rc`m` oc` `sk`mdh`ion ojjf kg\^`) td`g_ oc` n\h` m`npgon ja \ 06
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&&(
cjpm c\ga*gda` ajm IEP?+ Pcdn km`_d^odji ^jhk\m`n lpdo` r`gg rdoc oc` jpo_jjm
`sk`mdh`io\g m`npgon k`majmh`_ di N`ij) J`q\_\+ Pc` jpo_jjm `sk`mdh`ion td`g_`_ \
c\ga*gda` ajm IEP? ja /6 oj 06 cjpmn+
=__dodji\ggt) C?OKH=N km`_d^o`_ oc` hd_*_\t) hd_*nphh`m IEP? c\ga*gda` oj ]`
..+4 cjpmn+ Pc` ajpmo``i `sk`mdh`ion k`majmh`_ di oc` s`iji \m^ njg\m ndhpg\ojm di
lp\mou) ]jmjndgd^\o`) P`agji \i_ P`_g\m ^jio\di`mn td`g_`_ c\ga*gdq`n ja .- 0 cjpmn+
Pc` C?OKH=N kmjbm\h c\n _`hjinom\o`_ oj ]` \ bjj_ km`_d^ojm ja oc`
kcjojgtndn c\ga*gda` ja IEP?+ Eo c\n ncjri oc\o C?OKH=N ^\i ]` pn`_ oj km`_d^o oc`
c\ga*gda` ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n rdoc ndhdg\m q\kjm km`nnpm` lpdo` r`gg da oc` lp\ioph
td`g_ \i_ `sodi^odji ^j`aad^d`ion \m` fijri+
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..1
7GQCO?QROC
%.& >pmin) H\rm`i^` =+ %.66-& Askjnpm` =i\gtndn Ij_`gdib Otno`h7 Qn`mÅn bpd_` ajmAT=IO EE) q`mndji /+61+ Aiqdmjih`io\g N`n`\m^c H\]jm\ojmt) =oc`in) C`jmbd\)QOAL=+
%/& Sjmocdib) ?+N+ %.650& Pc` L`nod^d_` I\ip\g+ H\q`ic\h Lm`nn Hdhdo`_) H\q`ic\h)Opaajgf) k+ 042+
%0& @m\k`m) S+I+ %.66/& Anodh\odib k`\f IEP? `skjnpm`n di @pinhpdm \i_i`dbc]jmdib ^jhhpidod`n rdoc \i `iqdmjih`io\g a\o` \i_ om\inkjmo hj_`g+ ?\gdajmid\@`k\moh`io ja D`\goc) D\u\m_jpn I\o`md\gn H\]jm\ojmt) >`mf`g`t) ?=+
%1& C`__`n) F+@+) @+I+ Vdq` \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m %.662& Dt_mjgtndn ja h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o`\i_ h`o\h nj_dph \i_ n`_dh`io `aa`^on+ Op]hdoo`_ oj 6# SJ.K% 2SSH /LIQ%
%2& C`__`n) F+@+) C+?+ Idgg`m \i_ C+A+ P\tgjm) Fm+ %.662& C\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn jah`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o`+ Op]hdoo`_ oj 1RZ% >GM% ?IGL%
%3& P\tgjm) C+A+) Fm+) G+>+ O^c\gg`m) F+@+ C`__`n) I+O+ Cpnodi) C+>+ Hjmnji \i_ C+?+Idgg`m+ %.662& A^jgjbd^\g ojsd^jgjbt \i_ ^c`hd^\g a\o` ja h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o` dimdk\md\i njdgn amjh oc` Qkk`m O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m+ Op]hdoo`_ oj 1RZ% ?S\% /LIQ%
%4& V`kk) N+C+ \i_ @+I+ ?gdi`+ %.644& N\o`n ja @dm`^o Lcjojgtndn di =lp\od^Aiqdmjih`ion+ 1RZMVSRQIRXEP >GMIRGI ERH ?IGLRSPSK]) ..71) kk+026*033+
%5& =gq\m`u) N+=+ \i_ ?+>+ Ijjm`+ %.661& Mp\ioph td`g_ ajm kmj_p^odji ja ?D0J? dioc` kcjojgtndn ja ?D0J?O+ >GMIRGI# /307/-2*/-4+
t
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&&*
?c\ko`m RE
Ophh\mt) ?ji^gpndjin \i_ N`^jhh`i_\odjin
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&&+
8ZSbfWd K> Hg__Sdk% 8a`U^ge[a`e S`V GWUa__W`VSf[a`e
Ki Fpgt .1) .66.) \kkmjsdh\o`gt 4/)--- gdo`mn ja h`o\h nj_dph %nj_dph
h`octg_docdj^\m]\h\o`& r`m` \^^d_`io\ggt m`g`\n`_ dioj oc` pkk`m O\^m\h`ioj
Ndq`m rc`i \ m\dgmj\_ ^\m _`m\dg`_ \i_ jq`mopmi`_ dioj oc` mdq`m+ Pc` m`g`\n`
m`npgo`_ di \ kgph` rcd^c hjq`_ 32 fdgjh`o`mn _jri oc` mdq`m jq`m ocm`` _\tn)
^\pndib np]no\iod\g dhk\^on oj oc` \lp\od^ jmb\idnhn di oc` mdq`m+ I`o\h nj_dph
dn \ apibd^d_`) i`h\od^d_` \i_ c`m]d^d_` rdoc aphdb\io \^odji+ I`o\h WSHMYQ MW
\^odq\o`_ ]t ^jiq`mndji oj h`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& rc`i do ^jh`n di
^jio\^o rdoc njdgn jm n`_dh`ion+
I`octg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& dn oc` h\ejm om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^o ja oc`
aphdb\io h`o\h nj_dph di \bmd^pgopm\g n`oodibn rc`m` td`gn ja pk oj 65" c\q`
]``i j]n`mq`_+ Pc`n` nop_d`n _`o`mhdi`_ ]joc oc` kmj_p^on \i_ fdi`od^n ja
om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? di oc` b\n kc\n` \i_ oc` ct_mjgtod^ a\o` ja h`o\h
nj_dph \i_ IEP? di oc` \lp`jpn kc\n`+
= np]no\iod\g am\^odji ja IEP? qjg\odgdu`_ amjh oc` mdq`m \i_ `skjn`_ oc`
npmmjpi_dib `^jntno`h oj IEP? \n r`gg \n kjo`iod\g om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^on ja
IEP?+ >`^\pn` qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP? h\t ]` \i dhkjmo\io om\inkjmo h`^c\idnh)
\ohjnkc`md^ m`\^odjin) k\mod^pg\mgt _dm`^o kcjojgtndn) \m` gdf`gt oj ]` dhkjmo\io di
_`o`mhdidib oc` `q`iop\g ^c`hd^\g a\o` \i_ `skjnpm`+ Ei \__dodji) oc`
d_`iodad^\odji ja kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmj_p^on \i_ `skjnpm` k\ocr\tn dn \ ^mdod^\g
^jhkji`io ja mdnf \nn`nnh`io \i\gtndn ajm ]joc cph\i c`\goc \i_ oc` gj^\g
`^jntno`h+
@dm`^o kcjojgtndn di oc` `iqdmjih`io rdgg j^^pm jigt rc`i \ ^cmjhjkcjm`
\]njm]n npigdbco r\q`g`ibocn !B - /6- ih&+ Eidod\g `sk`mdh`ion di jpm g\]jm\ojmt
_`hjinom\o`_ m\kd_ gjnn ja IEP? di P`_g\m ]\bn \i_) hjm` m`^`iogt)
m`n`\m^c`mn c\q` di_d^\o`_ oc\o IEP? \]njm]n gdbco pk oj 01- ih di oc` b\n
kc\n`+
Pc` b\n kc\n` om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? r\n `s\hdi`_ pndib P`_g\m)
]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou ^c\h]`mn+ Odi^` njmkodji ja IEP? ji oc` r\ggn ja oc`
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&&,
m`\^ojmn dn kjo`iod\ggt dhkjmo\io) ocdn h`ocj_ pn`_ \ m\odjdib o`^cidlp` rcd^c
m`g\o`n njmkodji ja IEP? oj orj joc`m kcjojno\]g` ^jhkjpi_n ja ndhdg\m q\kjm
km`nnpm`+ Pc`n` `sk`mdh`ion ncjr`_ oc\o IEP? pi_`mbj`n kcjojgtndn di oc`
b\n kc\n` rdoc \ c\ga*gda` ja .- ( 0 cjpmn pi_`m s`iji \m^ dmm\_d\odji \i_ ngdbcogt
bm`\o`m oc\i ji` _\t ja a\gg npigdbco+ Lcjojgtndn kmj_p^on r`m` _`o`mhdi`_ oj ]`
h`octg dnj^t\i\o`) h`octg dnj^t\id_`) npgapm _djsd_`) ct_mjb`i npgad_`) ^\m]jitg
npgad_`) J*h`octg ajmh\hd_` \i_ h`octg \hdi`+
Lmj_p^odji ja IEP? amjh h`o\h nj_dph dn \aa`^o`_ ]t oc` kD ja oc`
r\o`m) o`hk`m\opm` \i_) kjo`iod\ggt) oc` km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`io+ Hjnn ja IEP?
amjh oc` mdq`m j^^pmn kmdh\mdgt ]t ct_mjgtndn %kD) o`hk`m\opm` \i_ n`_dh`io
_`k`i_`io&) kcjojgtndn \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji+ Pc` km`n`io nop_t r\n _`ndbi`_ oj
_`o`mhdi` oc` m\o`n ja ct_mjgtndn ja h`o\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? di r\o`m \n \
api^odji ja kD) o`hk`m\opm` \i_ oc` km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`io) di jm_`m oj kmjqd_`
_\o\ ji km`_d^o`_ IEP? ^ji^`iom\odjin di oc` mdq`m ajggjrdib oc` nkdgg+
Dt_mjgtndn nop_d`n ji h`o\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? r`m` pi_`mo\f`i \o
q\mdjpn kD g`q`gn \i_ di oc` km`n`i^` ja mdq`m n`_dh`ion+ Ei ]paa`m`_ r\o`m \o
kD 4) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja h`o\h nj_dph r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` 40 \i_ 56 cjpmn \o /2w?
\i_ .-w?) m`nk`^odq`gt+ =o kD .-) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja h`o\h nj_dph r`m` ajpi_ oj
]` /. \i_ /4 cjpmn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ =o kD 1) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja h`o\h
nj_dph r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` 1+4 \i_ 3+- cjpmn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ Pc`
km`n`i^` ja \bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io \o kD 4 di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn) \i_ oc`
c\ga*gda` ja h`o\h nj_dph r\n ajpi_ oj ]` .+5 cjpmn \o .-w?) rcd^c m`km`n`ion
\i di^m`\n` di oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ]t \ a\^ojm ja 16+
Ei ]paa`m`_ r\o`m \o kD 4) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja IEP? r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` 32 \i_
.45 _\tn \o /2w? \i_ .-w?) m`nk`^odq`gt+ =o kD .-) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja IEP? r`m`
ajpi_ oj ]` -+4 \i_ .- _\tn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ =o kD 1) oc` c\ga*gdq`n
ja IEP? r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` .2 \i_ 34 _\tn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ Pc`
km`n`i^` ja \bdo\o`_ n`_dh`io \o kD 4 di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn) \i_ oc`
c\ga*gda` ja IEP? r\n ajpi_ oj ]` 01 _\tn \o .-w?) rcd^c m`km`n`ion \i di^m`\n`
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&&-
di oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ]t \ a\^ojm ja 2+/+ Pc`n` m`npgon npbb`no oc\o ct_mjgtndn
ja IEP? dn ngjr di i\opm\g r\o`mn) ]po di^m`\n`n ndbidad^\iogt rc`i di ^jio\^o rdoc
n`_dh`ion) np^c \n di \ mdq`m ntno`h jm rc`i \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc ]joojh n`_dh`ion
di \ kji_ jm g\f`+ Pcdn n\h` b`i`m\g `aa`^o r\n j]n`mq`_ di oc` ct_mjgtndn ja
h`o\h nj_dph8 di oc` km`n`i^` ja n`_dh`io) oc` m\o` ja gjnn r\n np]no\iod\ggt
di^m`\n`_+
Pc` m`npgon ja ct_mjgtndn `sk`mdh`ion ncjr oc\o h`o\h nj_dph \i_ IEP?
_`bm\_` m\kd_gt di oc` `iqdmjih`io ]po h\t ]` \ ndbidad^\io a\o` kmj^`nn+ Pc`m`
dn \i \m`\ ja ^ji^`mi \n oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n \m` bm`\ogt m`_p^`_ di \i \ijsd^
`iqdmjih`io+ Ea oc` h`o\h `io`mn oc` bmjpi_r\o`m \i_ `i^jpio`mn \ijsd^
^ji_dodjin) do h\t m`h\di oc`m` rdocjpo pi_`mbjdib _`bm\_\odji \i_ kjo`iod\ggt
^jio\hdi\o` r`gg r\o`m rc`m` do ^\i ]` ^jiq`mo`_ oj IEP? \i_ joc`m ojsd^
kmj_p^on+
I\nn ]\g\i^` `sk`mdh`ion ncjpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ pndib m\_djg\]`g`_ IEP?+
Pc` ^\m]ji \i_ oc` npgapm ncjpg_ ]joc ]` g\]`g`_ oj om\^f oc` kjnnd]g`
_`bm\_\odji kmj_p^on+ Pc` _daad^pgot diqjgq`_ di ^jio\didib \i_ lp\iodo\odib
m\_djg\]`g`_ b\n`n rdgg c\q` oj ]` _`\go rdoc da bjj_ h\nn ]\g\i^` `sk`mdh`ion
\m` oj ]` k`majmh`_+ =go`mi\odq`gt) oc` `sk`mdh`ion ^jpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ pndib
b\n n\hkgdib \i_ ^cmjh\ojbm\kcd^ ^ji_dodjin \n pn`_ di oc` kcjojgtndn nop_t
\i_ ct_mjgtndn nop_t pndib cdbcgt n`indodq` C?,IO \i_ DLH?,IO+
Pc` AT=IO \i_ C?OKH=N hj_`gdib m`npgon \bm`` r`gg rdoc oc`
g\]jm\ojmt m`npgon+ Ei oc` ^\n` ja AT=IO) oc` di^jindno`i^t dn kmj]\]gt _p` oj
oc` a\^o oc\o AT=IO b`i`m\o`n \ no`\_t*no\o`) \q`m\b` agjr ad`g_ ajm oc`
`^jntno`h+ Pc` kmjbm\h ocpn ^\iijo apggt `q\gp\o` oc` om\ind`io) ^ji^`iom\o`_)
`sk`^o`_ `iqdmjih`io\g ^ji^`iom\odjin oc\o \mdn` amjh ^c`hd^\g nkdggn+ Eo r\n
\]g` oj kmjqd_` njh` pn`apg _\o\ \n oj cjr hp^c IEP? qjg\odgdu`_ amjh oc` mdq`m
\i_ r\n \q\dg\]g` ajm b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn+ Ei oc` ^\n` ja C?OKH=N) oc`
m`npgon r`m` npmkmdndibgt ^jhk\m\]g`+ C?OKH=N km`_d^o`_ \ hd_*_\t) hd_*
nphh`m c\ga*gda` ja ./ cjpmn rcd^c ^jhk\m`n lpdo` r`gg oj oc` .- 0 cjpmn c\ga*
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..6
gda` _`o`mhdi`_ `sk`mdh`io\ggt+ Pc` m`\g odh` kcjojgtndn c\ga*gda` m\o` km`_d^o`_
\n 06 cjpmn dn di bjj_ \bm``h`io rdoc oc` m`npgon ja oc` jpo_jjm `sk`mdh`ion
rcd^c td`g_`_ c\ga*gdq`n ]`or``i /6 \i_ 06 cjpmn+ Pc`n` hj_`gn \m` q\gd_ oj
kmjqd_` mjpbc `nodh\odjin ja `iqdmjih`io\g _`bm\_\odji m\o`n+
Pc` m`npgon ja oc`n` `sk`mdh`ion \m` ndbidad^\io ajm `^jgjbd^\g \i_ cph\i
c`\goc mdnf \nn`nnh`io ajm orj m`\njin+ Pc` admno m`g\o`n oj nop_d`n di oc` pkk`m
O\^m\h`ioj Ndq`m oj d_`iodat oc` cph\i c`\goc \i_ `^jgjbd^\g mdnfn m`npgodib
amjh oc` h`o\h nj_dph nkdgg di Fpgt ja .66.+ Pc` kcjoj^c`hdnomt \i_
qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP? dn k\mod^pg\mgt ^mdod^\g bdq`i oc` ^\itji g\i_n^\k` \i_
nphh`modh` ^gdh\od^ ^ji_dodjin rcd^c rjpg_ kmjhjo` cdbc m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn
\i_ no\bi\odji rdocdi oc` ^\itji+ Qi_`m oc`n` ^ji_dodjin) do rjpg_ \kk`\m oc\o
oc` bm`\o`no mdnf dn amjh `skjnpm` oj om\inajmh\odji kmj_p^on m\oc`m oc\i amjh oc`
k\m`io ^jhkjpi_+
Pc` n`^ji_ m`\nji dn hjm` m`bdji\g di ^jio`so \i_ dn ]\n`_ ji oc`
di^m`\ndibgt rd_`nkm`\_ pn` ja h`o\h nj_dph ajm \bmd^pgopm\g pn`n+ Pcm`` oj nds
hdggdji fdgjbm\hn ja h`o\h nj_dph \m` pn`_ \iip\ggt di oc` Q+O+) rdoc ?\gdajmid\
pndib /+/ hdggdji fdgjbm\hn ji h\digt ^\mmjo) ojh\oj \i_ ]mpnn`g nkmjpo ^mjkn+
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