Disgust “Ultimately, the basis for all disgust is us ― that we live and die and that the process...
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Transcript of Disgust “Ultimately, the basis for all disgust is us ― that we live and die and that the process...
Disgust
“Ultimately, the basis for all disgust is us ― that we live and die and that the process is a messy one emitting substances and odors that make us doubt ourselves and fear our neighbors.”
(Miller, 1997, p. xiv)
0 = something you would not like50 = neutral100 = something you would like
How would you feel about wearing a sweater that was…
1. …brand new?2. …worn by a perfectly healthy stranger?3. …worn by someone diagnosed with
leukemia?4. …worn by someone who lost his/her leg in a
car accident?5. …worn by someone who was convicted of
murder?
Elicitors: What causes disgust?
For North Americans…Elicitors of Disgust Food Body products Animals Sexual behaviors Contact with death or corpses Violations of exterior envelope of the body
(including gore and deformity) Poor hygiene Interpersonal Contamination (contact w/
unsavory human beings) Moral offenses
(Haidt, Rozin, & colleagues, 1993, 1994, 1997)
Definition of Disgust Focus on mouth, real/imagined ingestion, or oral rejection of
aversive stimulus (Ekman & Friesen, 1975)
Avoidance of stimuli High in infection potential (Curtis et al., 2004) Oral toxins and parasites (Kelly, 2007)
Probably began as a rejection response to guard body from harmful food
As human societies developed, definition expanded to a rejection response that guards humans from a variety of dangers
Harm for body + Harm for Soul (e.g., morality, social order)
Disgust Components Physiological Arousal?
Subjective Feelings?
Cognitive Appraisals?
Behavior Change?
Disgust 4 Components Physiology:
PNS Activation – ↓HR, ↓BP, nausea, gagging, passing out SNS Activation - ↑SCR, ↑HR, ↑BP May depend on situation – threat vs. consumption Brain Areas: insula, basal ganglia, parts of prefrontal
cortex
Subjective Feelings: Repulsion, Drop in arousal
Appraisals It’s contaminated! It has a disease! It reminds me of an animal! I’m feeling lightheaded!
(Scherer, 1997)
Disgust 4 Components Physiology:
PNS Activation – ↓HR, ↓BP, nausea, gagging, passing out SNS Activation - ↑SCR, ↑HR, ↑BP May depend on situation – threat vs. consumption Brain Areas: insula, basal ganglia, parts of prefrontal cortex
Subjective Feelings: Repulsion, Drop in arousal
Appraisals It’s contaminated! It has a disease! It reminds me of an animal! I’m feeling lightheaded!
Behavior: Rejection, Avoidance, and Facial Expressions
Expressive Component
RETRACTION OF UPPER LIP
NOSE WRINKLE
GAPE
4 Types of Disgust Core
Animal-Nature
Interpersonal
Moral
Core Disgust Oral defense related to food contamination
Not just a bad taste
Not just danger to the body (i.e., fear)
Distasteful PLUS Dangerous
Universal across cultures
3 Appraisals Required: Oral Incorporation, Offensiveness, and Contamination
Core Disgust: Oral Incorporation into the Self Strongest aversion is to an
offensive entity in mouth
Appraisal - You are what you eat
Believe that we take on the physical and moral properties of the thing that we eat
Core Disgust: Offensiveness All animals and their waste products as
potential foods
All cultures eat a small subset of animal foods
In many cultures, we disguise our food
Many cultures share same food taboos
Core Disgust: Offensiveness Animals and the waste
products of all animals as potential food
Universal- All cultures eat a small subset of animal foods Many cultures share
same food taboos
In many cultures, we disguise our food
Core Disgust: Contamination Universal Contamination
Response
Adaptation for disease avoidance
Law of Contagion – once in contact, always in contact Kelly’s
Law of Similarity – the image equals the object
4 Types of Disgust Core
Animal-Nature
Interpersonal
Moral
Animal-Nature Disgust List most disgusting things
25% classified as core disgust
75% classified into 4 additional domains: Inappropriate sexual acts Poor hygiene Death (Terror Management Theory; Greenberg et al.,
1986) Imagining death → Disgust Disgust → Thoughts about death
Envelope Violations (e.g., gore, deformity, obesity)
(Haidt, Rozin, & colleagues, 1997)
Animal-Nature Disgust
Disgust Elicitor: anything that reminds us that we are animals Inappropriate sexual acts –
veneral disease Poor hygiene – skin to skin,
hair to hair Death (Terror Management
Theory) Envelope Violations
Fragile body envelopes display our commonality with animals
4 Types of Disgust Core
Animal-Nature
Interpersonal
Moral
0 = something you would not like50 = neutral100 = something you would like
How would you feel about wearing a sweater that was…
1. …brand new?2. …worn by a perfectly healthy stranger?3. …worn by someone diagnosed with
leukemia?4. …worn by someone who lost his/her leg in a
car accident?5. …worn by someone who was convicted of
murder?
Interpersonal Disgust Disgust Elicitor: Other people,
who are containers of waste products
Adaptation discourages contact with strangers
1. Strangeness (e.g., worn bowling shoes)
2. Misfortune (e.g., amputated leg)
3. Disease (e.g., tuberculosis, ebola)
4. Moral Taint (e.g., conviction for murder) (Rozin et al., 1989, 1994)
Silence of the Lambs
Giada
Outbreak
Hangover
CORE
ANIMAL-NATURE
INTERPERSONAL
Disgust Sensitivity Disgust Scale (DS; Haidt et al., 1994)
• Food Products• Animal Products• Body Products
Core Elicitors
• Inappropriate sexuality• Envelope Violations• Death
Animal-Nature Elicitors
• Human-human contactInterpersonal Elicitors
Core? Animal-Nature? Interpersonal?1. You see a man with his intestines exposed after an accident.
2. You are walking barefoot on concrete and step on a worm.
3. You hear about a 30-year old man who seeks sexual relationships with 80-year old women.
4. You accidentally touch the ashes of a person who has been cremated.
5. If I see someone vomit, it makes me sick to my stomach.
6. You see someone put ketchup on vanilla ice cream and eat it.
7. I never let any part of my body touch toilet seats in public restrooms.
Disgust Sensitivity Are you willing to touch it?’’
(88%)
‘‘Are you willing to pick it up in your hand?’’ (82%)
‘‘Are you willing to touch it to your lip?’’ (64%)
‘‘Are you willing to take a bite?’’ (57%)
(Rozin et al., 1999)
Disgust Sensitivity Participants engaged in 26 disgust-related tasks
Disgust Behavior Measure: average performance on disgust related tasks High = high willingness to engage in disgust-related
behaviors Low = low willingness to engage in disgust-related
behaviors
Disgust Scale (Haidt et al., 1994) High = High likeliness to experience disgust Low = Low likeliness to experience disgust
(Rozin et al., 1999)
Disgust Behavior Average 26 Behaviors Disgust Scale
Mucous .76* -.26
Grasshopper .70* -.46*
Dogfudge .69* -.31*
Mealworm .68* -.39*
Ketchup on cracker .67* -.08
Condom .63* -.17
Ashes .57* -.33*
Wormpop .57* -.11
Cockroach .56* -.43*
Pighead .53* -.31*
Bedpan .49* -.17
Monkeyfilm .47* -.29*
Tampon .46* -.15
Surgeryfilm .29* -.30*
Grassjelly .26* -.06
Snake .24 -.33*
Average 26 Disgust Behaviors -.41*
Disgust SensitivityDisgust Scale (DS; Haidt et al., 1994) Predicts disgust-relevant behavior
When looking at disgusting photos, disgusting facial expressions, and inhaling bad odors, higher scores linked to greater insular cortex activation Greater SCR Lower HR
Associated with clinical disorders Core and interpersonal predict contamination aspects of
OCD Animal-reminder predicts blood-injection-injury fears
[Wicker, B., et al. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655-664. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2]
Who has greater disgust sensitivity? Women or men?
Older or Younger?
High or low socioeconomic status?
More or less education?
Psychopathy or no psychopathy?
4 Types of Disgust Core
Animal-Nature
Interpersonal
Moral
Moral Disgust Disgust Elicitor: Moral violation
Elicitors Vary by Culture North Americans – violations of individual
(betrayal, hypocrisy) Japanese – violations of social order (ostracism,
being ignored)
Is moral disgust an emotion? Evidence to Support Cross-cultural similarity in words that describe
both core and moral disgust English – disgusted French – dégoût German – Ekel Hebrew – go-al Japanese – ken-o Chinese – aw-shin
(Haidt et al., 1997)
Is moral disgust an emotion? Evidence to Support Cross-cultural similarity in
words that describe both core and moral disgust
Insula cortex is activated for both moral, core, and animal-nature disgust
Physiology for moral disgust parallels physiology for core disgust, not anger
(Sherman et al., 2007)
Is moral disgust an emotion? Evidence Against “Grossed Out” → Core Disgust
“Disgusted” → Disgust and Anger
Lay word = Disgust + Anger
Disgust scale elicitors weakly correlated with moral disgust elicitors
(Nabi, 2002; Haidt et al., 1999)
CAD Triad Hypothesis
Community /
Contempt
Divinity /
Disgust
Autonomy /
Anger
[Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574]
Violations of communal
codesViolations of
individual rights
Violations of purity and sanctity
Evidence for CAD Hypothesis US and Japanese Students read scenarios that
included 1 of the 3 violations Community: A person is seeing someone burn the
American [Japanese] flag Autonomy: Someone is edging ahead of a person
in a long line Divinity: A person is touching a corpse
To each scenario, assigned 1 of 6 facial expressions – anger, contempt,
disgust 1 of 3 emotion labels – anger, contempt, disgust
[Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574]
66%
27%
8%
Community: U.S. Facial Expressions
28%
30%
9%
Community: U.S. Emotion Labels
ContemptAngerDisgust
28%
57%
15%
Autonomy: U.S. Facial Expressions
19%
58%
10%
Autonomy: U.S. Emotion Labels
19%
10%
71%
Divinity: U.S. Facial Expressions
3%2%
79%
Divinity: U.S. Emotion Labels
[Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574]