DisasterDisaster riskrisk Management in AlgeriaManagement in Algeria

Source of information:Source of information:-- Communication Communication cellcell of wilaya in Boumerdes of wilaya in Boumerdes

Stand of Stand of commentarycommentary ::-- Mrs Mrs SahebSaheb TassaditTassadit EducationEducation HeadmastressHeadmastress of Boumerdes districtof Boumerdes district-- HelpedHelped by by : Mr : Mr MekfouldjiMekfouldji Mustapha Mustapha ––11--Assistant Assistant ––

Mrs Mrs AoudacheAoudache NawelNawel –– 22-- AssistantAssistant--EditingEditing--Monsieur Monsieur AbdelouahabAbdelouahab SlimaneSlimane Head of department ( Head of department ( schoolarschoolar

programmes and programmes and statisticsstatistics))HelpedHelped by by : (: (photoesphotoes ))-- MMisis Samira Samira BendaoudBendaoud ––data processing data processing --expert ingeneer computer expert ingeneer computer

MMisis RafikaRafika LatracheLatrache BouteldjaBouteldja --data processing data processing --expertexpert

ReminderReminder and and adviceadvice

II--ThisThis presentationpresentation containscontains two important partstwo important parts ::

11-- Algeria and natural disasters.Algeria and natural disasters.

-- Establishment and managementEstablishment and management

22-- Awareness of this phenomenon at Awareness of this phenomenon at school environment .school environment .

IIII-- The content of this presentation may The content of this presentation may invite every invite every bordybordy to think deeply about the to think deeply about the lessons we should draw lessons we should draw from,andfrom,and how to how to sensibilizesensibilize others of this risk , through others of this risk , through debatsdebats..

Look out !!Look out !!Some of the pictures shown in this Some of the pictures shown in this presentations may shock the sensibility presentations may shock the sensibility of those who lived this disaster , but from of those who lived this disaster , but from now on we should be accustomed to this now on we should be accustomed to this phenomenon and know how to live with it phenomenon and know how to live with it frequently by changing our daily attitudes frequently by changing our daily attitudes towards these risks . towards these risks .

The Message of The Message of AlgeriaAlgeriaTo our amiable guestsTo our amiable guests

All around the wilaya and the on All around the wilaya and the on the May 21st ,Algeria is going to the May 21st ,Algeria is going to commemorate the annual commemorate the annual solemnization of the disaster that solemnization of the disaster that caused human and materiel caused human and materiel destruction in 2003.destruction in 2003.-- On this photo , we see Algerian On this photo , we see Algerian

education minister together with education minister together with the the waliwali in charge of in charge of BoumerdesBoumerdesdistrict in company of other district in company of other authorities.. authorities..

…… Many public Many public equipmentequipment are are going to be inaugurated , going to be inaugurated , because because theirtheir rebuildingrebuilding is quiet is quiet finished now .finished now .

On On thisthis photo ,photo ,wewe see see HisHisexcellency excellency thethe JapanJapanAmbassadorAmbassador , , togethertogether , with , with AlegerianAlegerian authoritiesauthorities , , whenwhenopening for opening for thethe firstfirst timetime twotwoprimaryprimary schools , schools , rebuiltrebuilt after after thethe eorth eorth quakequake of May of May thethe 2121stst

2003 . These 2003 . These schoolsschools are are rebuiltrebuiltthanksthanks to to thethe gracefulgraceful loanloan of of JapanJapan governmentgovernment. .

…… In In factfact thethe ceremonial ceremonial protocol protocol proccedureproccedure waswasinitiated by initiated by HisHis ExcellencyExcellency , , Algerian Algerian presidentpresident Mr Mr Abdelaziz BouteflikaAbdelaziz Bouteflika by by mutual mutual agreementagreement signedsigned on on thethe 08/06/2005 with 08/06/2005 with JapanJapangovernment government throughthrough orderorder ofofcouncilcouncil nembernember 05/289of 05/289of 16/08/2005 16/08/2005 withwith JBIC JBIC JapanJapanBank international Bank international cooperationcooperation. . In addition to that In addition to that eventevent , , another another lawlaw waswas drawndrawn , , concernningconcernning schoolarschoolarsensibilisation to greater sensibilisation to greater risksrisks,,whishwhish isis carryingcarrying out in out in manymany schoolsschools. .

……Iam Miss Iam Miss SAHEB SAHEB TassaditTassadit, , educationeducation HeadmastressHeadmastress of of Boumerdes district ; Iam very Boumerdes district ; Iam very pleased to expose pleased to expose mymy modestmodestpresentationpresentation which is really full of which is really full of heavyheavy messages which messages which maymay give give riserise to to interestinginteresting discussion discussion fromfromwhich we which we cancan drawdraw fruitfulfruitfullessonslessons that that cancan be left to be left to futurefuturegenerationsgenerations . .

Algeria , position in Algeria , position in AfricaAfrica

Algeria , is a country that is Algeria , is a country that is situated in situated in thethe northnorth of of AfricaAfrica ..

ItIt stands stands appositeapposite to to EuropEurop ; ; between between MorroccoMorrocco and and TunisiaTunisia..

ItIt’’s s thethe birthplace of a great birthplace of a great number of civilisations number of civilisations strategic area to strategic area to

intercontinental intercontinental exchangesexchanges..

A.Timouchent

Chlef

Boumredes

Here is the Algerian map , We can remark that the north is often subject to disasters.

DisastersDisasters in Algeria in Algeria

Algeria is situated in a complex Algeria is situated in a complex sismicsismic area . The area . The firstfirstearthquakeearthquake happened in Algiers on January 3happened in Algiers on January 3rdrd 1365, 1365, since that time , since that time , thethe populations frequenthy populations frequenthy sufferedsufferedfromfrom violent earth tremor principally in violent earth tremor principally in thethe northnorth citiescitiesof of thethe country , as Algies , Oran country , as Algies , Oran –– Blida Blida –– Ain Ain Timouchent and Timouchent and ChelfChelf where two where two earthquakesearthquakes hadhadsimultaneouslysimultaneously shaken shaken thethe area , in 1954 and1980.area , in 1954 and1980.PreviouslyPreviously Boumerdes , Boumerdes , hadhad also been shaken on also been shaken on september 19th1988 , But september 19th1988 , But thethe intensity intensity waswas not very not very highhigh . . HoweverHowever thethe worst and worst and thethe most dangerous most dangerous disasterdisaster waswas on 21on 21st st 2003 with a double 2003 with a double shakeshake which which intensityintensity hadhad reached 6.8 reached 6.8 upup to richter ladder . to richter ladder .

EarthquakeEarthquake of of ChlefChlef (El Asnam)(El Asnam)OctoberOctober 1980 1980

It was a real disaster that destroyed 70% of the Housing park

-2912 people died - 348 were lost - 8369 were injured

-6778 families without any lodging

Ain Ain TimouchentTimouchent disasterdisaster22/12/199922/12/1999

Another earthquake had terrified this beautiful district situated on thecoastline . Many shakings succeded later which made emplified the

damages and the loss of Lives.

Ain Timouchent 22/12/1999

BabBab El Oued El Oued floodedfloodedNovemberNovember 20012001

757 People died - Many materiel damages. A lot of people were takenaway by the waters. The sea invaded the earth and carried away everything across. It was a terrible catastroph.

BoumerdesBoumerdes, , unforgetableunforgetable darkdark nightnight

BoumerdesBoumerdes is is alsoalso oneone of of thethecoastlinecoastline district which surface is district which surface is 1456,16Km2 and 100Km of 1456,16Km2 and 100Km of thetheliltoralliltoral. It. It’’s only 45 Kms far s only 45 Kms far fromfromthethe main and capital city Algiers main and capital city Algiers

Boumerdes , Boumerdes , FewFew hourshoursbeforebefore thethe catastrophcatastroph

BoumerdesBoumerdes was preparing was preparing thethesummersummer season . Many people season . Many people startedstarted swimmingswimming in in thethe warmwarmwaterwater .The city .The city waswas full of full of

ornmentsornments , The last embellishing , The last embellishing touchtouch waswas not not yetyet donedone. An . An important important europeaneuropean foot ball foot ball match match waswas goinggoing to be to be broadcastedbroadcasted on T.V. on T.V. ManyMany people people were waiting in front of were waiting in front of theirtheir T.V T.V serenely and serenely and calmlycalmly. In . In thethemosques , mosques , thethe faithfaith fulful people people quiethy also stayed there waiting quiethy also stayed there waiting thethe prayer call .prayer call .

Boumerdes Boumerdes duringduring thethe disasterdisaster

On May On May thethe 21st 2003 21st 2003 atat 19.44, 19.44, thethe area of Boumerdes area of Boumerdes waswasdevasteddevasted by a terrible by a terrible eatheathquakequake. . ManyMany people died , people died , children, babies, children, babies, adultsadults , , thethenumber number couldcould notnot be be yetyet givengiven ..ItIt was sure was sure thatthat thisthis eathquakeeathquakewas more was more murderermurderer thanthan thetheonesones of of ChlefChlef and Ain and Ain Timouchent . Timouchent .

PresidentPresident ABDELAZIZ BOUTEFLIKA, ABDELAZIZ BOUTEFLIKA, arrivedarrived quickelyquickely in in Boumerdes only few minuts after Boumerdes only few minuts after thethe disaster , disaster , ThereThere, , hehe was deeply was deeply shockedshocked by by thethe consequenceconsequence ofof thethecatastrophcatastroph, , observingobserving allall thethe buildings down . buildings down .

But But hehe didndidn’’tt forget forget thethe injuredinjured people people whomwhom hehe tried to tried to console and console and comfortcomfort , , promisingpromising to do his best in order to to do his best in order to savesave thethe victimsvictims andand help help allall thethe peoplepeople..

DamagesDamagesHumanHuman

DeathDeath : 1391: 1391InjuredInjured :3444:3444

PropertyProperty –– equipmentequipment

95 243 : Houses / 95 243 : Houses / partiallypartially damageddamaged10 866 : Houses / 10 866 : Houses / completelycompletely damageddamaged

890 : public infrastructure 890 : public infrastructure partiallypartially damageddamaged64 : public infrastructure 64 : public infrastructure completelycompletely damageddamaged

A) Rising of the coast

1- Rising of the sea botton

-up to 85 cm in the east

of Boumerdes

-up to 75 cm at the

Zemmouri El Bahri quay

2- Nearly 100 motor boats

were damaged

B) Sea withdrawal: of about 50cm

C) Landslide and landslip.

1- Area of Thenia

2- Liquefation of the ground .

Disaster result on the environment

SomeSome picturespictures ofof thethe disasterdisasterQuarter Quarter ofof 1200 Houses 1200 Houses

HereHere are more are more thanthan fortyforty building down building down ManyMany peoplepeople werewere stillstill underunder heavyheavy masses masses ofof reinforcedreinforced concreteconcrete. .

wewe remarkremark peoplepeople wanderingwandering dishearteddishearted lookinglooking for for theirtheir familyfamilymembersmembers

AllAll thethe housinghousing buildings are down buildings are down This This manman hadhad lostlost allall hishis familyfamily membersmembers , , hehe leftleft alonealone discourageddiscouraged eveneven hishis

shopshop isis damageddamaged

The The samesame place place atat dawndawn , , thethe firstfirst light , on light , on thethe 22 22 ndnd ofof May May somesome tiredtired peoplepeople are are stillstill sleeping , sleeping , othersothers , , notnot yetyet realizingrealizing

whatwhat hadhad happenedhappened,,theythey are are lookinglooking for for theirtheir thingsthings. .

This girl has lost all her parents .Eventhough, she seems waiting for them because she is not yet aware of what had happened , but her birdis here to keep her company

SomeSome picturespictures ofof thethe disasterdisaster , , NobodyNobody came came herehere to to seeseewhetherwhether peoplepeople are are underunder or or notnot , because , because theythey are are busybusywithwith savingsaving in in otherother places .places .

It’s too cold some boys made a fire in order to warn up .

Here Here isis a picture of damages a picture of damages causedcaused to a school ( to a school ( collegecollege) ) 388 388 choolschools werewere destroyeddestroyed , which , which meansmeans that 600 class that 600 class roomsrooms were were lostlost and 24 000 and 24 000 pedagogicalpedagogical places are out of places are out of use.use.

Another school here , was completely damaged Another school here , was completely damaged 189 pupils and 29 teachers also died.189 pupils and 29 teachers also died.

-- 40 schools were completely damaged 40 schools were completely damaged -- 25 25 primaryprimary schools schools --08 08 collegescolleges –– 07 07 secondarysecondary schoolsschools

SomeSome schools were schools were partiallypartially damaged damaged -- 125 / 125 / primaryprimary school .school .-- 30 / 30 / collegecollege-- 14 / 14 / secondarysecondary schools schools

AllAll of of thesethese schoolsschools , , representerepresente 75 % of 75 % of thethe schoolarschoolar parkpark . . TheyThey needed long, needed long, expensiveexpensive and and heavyheavy reparationsreparations..

WereWere also completely damaged also completely damaged 150 Km of 150 Km of waterwater pipe pipe –– 6Km of 6Km of roadroad --80% of public 80% of public infrastructure infrastructure --96 mosques 96 mosques –– 03 03 HospitalsHospitals

In addition to : 02 In addition to : 02 harborsharbors -- 40 bridges 40 bridges -- 08 08

waterwater towers were towers were partiallypartially damageddamaged

RescueRescue scheduleschedule waswas set set upup ::The The operationaloperational headquarterheadquarter startedstarted savingsaving andand protectingprotecting peoplepeople andand rescuedrescuedthethe victimsvictims fromfrom underunder thethe buildingsbuildings

The The scheduleschedule ofof rescuerescue waswas composedcomposed of:of:

Head quarter command

Controled by general civil defence

Post control of rescueactivities

09 Command modules, eachof them includs severalmunicipalities and managedby a director from the district .

The The scheduleschedule of of rescuerescue was was beeingbeeingexecutedexecuted immdiatelyimmdiately

CompostionCompostion and mission of and mission of eacheach module module

Communication Communication andand set set upup allall plans plans Communication and Communication and connectionconnection

0606

ProvideProvide allall thethe necessarynecessary equipmentequipment to to allall thethemodules modules

MaterialMaterial and and equipmentequipment

0505

TechnicalTechnical analyses analyses Expert Expert ––valuationvaluationdevicesdevices

04 04

--FirstFirst aidsaids –– evacuateevacuate thethe woundedwounded ––preventprevent thethediseasesdiseases and and epidemiesepidemies

ProvideProvide medical care medical care ––healthhealth and and withdrawwithdraw

0303

-- SecureSecure people people andand theirtheir goodsgoods, , identifyidentify thethevictimsvictims, , injuredinjured, , deaddead,,andand set set upup order order

SecuritySecurity and public and public order order

0202

-- RescueRescue –– securesecure -- researchresearchRescueRescue and help and help 0101

missionsmissionsmodules modules NN°°

-- Set Set upup regularlyregularly thethe summarysummary of of allall thethe modules modules -- RegisterRegister thethe needsneeds of of allall kindskinds..

--ValuationValuation and and taketakenote note ofof thethe situation situation

1212

-- RepairRepair waterwater pipes ( pipes ( drinkingdrinking--waterwater ––wastewastewaterwater))

HydraulicHydraulic1111

ForseeForsee allall kindkind of of meansmeans of transport of transport lightlight--heavyheavy----weightweight ––imergencyimergency : land : land --airlineairlineTransportTransport1010

-- ReceiveReceive donations donations ProvideProvide foodfood and and care care

0909

-- In charge In charge ofof rehousingrehousing thethe victimsvictims ..TemporaryTemporaryregistration registration

0808

--CollectCollect , , dispatchdispatch allall thethe informations to informations to thethemodules modules

-- Sensibilisation of Sensibilisation of thethe population population InformationInformation0707

missionsmissionsmodules modules NN°°

(…Suite et fin)

We see on We see on thethe picturepicture HisHis ExcellencyExcellency RepublicRepublic PresidentPresident of of Algeria , listening to Algeria , listening to thethe victimsvictims , , takingtaking care of care of everyevery body and body and promisingpromising that that thethe governmentgovernment willwill do do thethe best to confort best to confort themthem

RescueRescueImmediatlyImmediatly after after thethe catastroph catastroph thethe citizen solidarity citizen solidarity

manifested manifested quicklyquickly,,followedfollowed later by later by thethe civil defense , civil defense , thethearmyarmy and policemenand policemen

EveryEvery where where thethe catastroph catastroph strukstruk thethe rescuerescue was was heldheld to to savesavethethe victimsvictims whowho werewere under their houses . under their houses . HereHere Cites : Cites : IsserIsser, , DellysDellys

More More thanthan 65 00 65 00 officersofficers werewere mobilizedmobilized dispatcheddispatched in in thethe sectorssectorsofof interventionintervention

DoctorsDoctors joinedjoined thethe places places andand startedstarted givinggiving firstfirst aidsaids to to thethe victimsvictims whilewhile thethe rescuerescue waswas continuingcontinuing

A A medical post was installed in medical post was installed in thethe olympic olympic stadium , several ambulances relayed stadium , several ambulances relayed rescuerescuesites and clearing sites and clearing groundsgrounds, saving , saving thethe victimsvictimsthat have not that have not yetyet beenbeen taken in charge taken in charge

……//……

……The help of national army was The help of national army was welcomedwelcomed and and also also otherother district district peoplepeople came to give help came to give help

……In In thethe nine sectors of intervention , nine sectors of intervention , andand in accordance in accordance with with thethe modules of modules of thethe districtdistrict ……. .

……especiallyespecially in in thethe citiescities which were which were seriouslyseriouslyandand completelycompletely damaged damaged ……

…… As Boumerdes, Corso, As Boumerdes, Corso, TidjelabineTidjelabine, and , and ZemmouriZemmouri ……

……More More ……

……More More rescuesrescues……

……By By ……

Volontary citizen Volontary citizen waitingwaiting for more for more supplysupply ……..

……887 rescuer came from. national districts887 rescuer came from. national districts

……Oriented by some people Oriented by some people whosewhose famillyfamilly are are notnot yetyet rescuedrescued

……Here is a lady Here is a lady rescuedrescued after a long reseach..after a long reseach..

...International ...International rescuerescue arrivedarrived soonsoon ……

……63 countries sent their 63 countries sent their rescuerescue shiftsshifts ……

……JapanJapan shift was shift was composedcomposed of 60 rescuer of 60 rescuer andand20 20 doctorsdoctors ……

ConsolateConsolate, , attenuateattenuate and and diminishdiminish anguishanguish and and distressdistress of of thethe victimsvictims……

…… RelieveRelieve thethe victimsvictims fromfrom thethe tragedytragedy they had they had alreadyalready livedlived……

thethe victimsvictims cancan nevernever forget forget thesethese difficultdifficult moments, moments, seeingseeingtheirtheir deaddead alongalong thethe groundground , and , and somesome timetime , , notnot bebe able to able to recognizerecognize themthem . .

Help , donation , came Help , donation , came fromfrom everyevery in in thethe worldworld , National , National and international solidarity were and international solidarity were iminentiminent

Also internatinal organisations were present Also internatinal organisations were present

……FoodFood kits , kits , clothesclothes and and chemicalchemical productsproductswere were distributeddistributed to to thethe victimsvictims......

……meanwhilemeanwhile , 20 000, tents and 200 000 , 20 000, tents and 200 000 warmwarmblanketsblankets were were givengiven to to thethe victimsvictims

……AtAt thethe samesame timetime , , pupilspupils must must studystudy in order to be in order to be readyreadyto to thethe examens examens programmedprogrammed on on septemberseptember. . MeawhileMeawhileothers are others are gettinggetting pleasurepleasure in in playingplaying ..

……DuringDuring 3 3 monthrsmonthrs thethe citizencitizen continuedcontinued to help to help thethe victimsvictims

--TakingTaking charge of charge of thethe victimsvictims-- CollectingCollecting theirtheir things and things and goodsgoods

CarryingCarrying upup tents in ageable sites tents in ageable sites

More More thanthan 15 000 15 000 familiesfamilies, , victimsvictims of of thethecatastroph were catastroph were waitingwaiting to to bebe rehousedrehoused

……In In thethe samesame time 8000 chalets were time 8000 chalets were beingbeing builtbuilt––In In lessless--thanthan two two monthsmonths , , allall ofof thethe19 municipalities 19 municipalities hadhad gotgot atat leastleast oneone site of site of chalets chalets

……duning duning thethe following following monthsmonths 16 000 chalets 16 000 chalets were were carriedcarried upup . . ……

……thethe schools were also set schools were also set upup soon because soon because thethepupils were pupils were goinggoing back in back in thethe endend of of septemberseptember ……

……//……

……More More overover, , childrenchildren were were askedasked to to expessexpess their their worryworry throughthrough drawingdrawing ……

In addition to In addition to allall thesethese actions, actions, thethe psychologicalpsychological care care waswas alsoalso providedprovided to to thethe childrenchildren andand theirtheir parents parents throughthrough meetings , meetings , listeninglistening andand playingplaying ……

……SingingSinging……dancingdancing……laughinglaughing……

…/…

WeWe seesee somesome ofof theirtheir drawingdrawing wherewhere theythey express express realyrealyhowhow theirtheir houses houses werewere, , thethe ageableageable pleasantpleasant andand beautifulbeautifulenvironmentenvironment theythey livedlived in , in , inin thethe opposite opposite theythey alsoalso drawdrawthethe disasterdisaster andand show show howhow everythingeverything changedchanged , , waswasdamageddamaged..

SeeingSeeing allall thethe drawingsdrawings ofof thethe childrenchildren , , wewe feelfeel thatthat theythey werewere deeplydeeply shochedshoched..

This This activityactivity waswas elaboratedelaborated in partenariat in partenariat withwiththethe Unicef Unicef ……

Show Show allall thethe drawingsdrawings ofof thethe childrenchildren, , description description ofof thethe catastrophcatastroph

……//……

……//……

whilewhile allall thethe familiesfamilies werewere savedsaved andand rehousedrehoused in in thethechalets , chalets , thethe demolutiondemolution ofof thethe damageddamaged houses , houses , andandpublic public equipmentequipment startedstarted

……This This demolitiondemolition mobilizedmobilized 116 public 116 public corporations , 659 lorries corporations , 659 lorries -- 20 20 heavyheavy equipmentequipment --77 loaders77 loaders……

…… To To taketake awayaway 03 Millions square 03 Millions square cubiccubic metremetreof of rubbishrubbish and and wastwast ..

RebuildingRebuilding

…75.991.312.000,00 Dinars Algeriens(Exemple de logements en cours de construction)

Financial effort of the government was estimated to 75.991.312.000.00 Algerian dinars

The photos show models of the reconstructed houses

The photo shows The photo shows thethe rehabilitatedrehabilitated buildingsbuildings

... ... HisHis ExcelencyExcelency PresidentPresident ofof AlgeriaAlgeria Sir Sir Abdelaziz Abdelaziz BouteflikaBouteflika hadhadpromisedpromised to to rebuildrebuild allall thethe schoolsschools destroyeddestroyed. This programme . This programme isisbeeingbeeing executed.Anexecuted.An exemple exemple isis shownshown herehere schoolsschools rebuiltrebuilt thanksthanks to to thethe loanloan ofof JapanJapan gouvernmentgouvernment ..

WeWe seesee on on thethe photo photo HisHis ExelencyExelency JapaneaseJapanease AmbassadorAmbassador in in AlgeriaAlgeria in in

companycompany ofof AlgerianAlgerian EducationEducation MinisterMinister andand otherother local local authoritiesauthorities

ItIt’’waswas on on NovemberNovember thethe 12th 200612th 2006JapanJapan governmentgovernment alsoalso helpedhelped AlgerianAlgerian governmentgovernmentwithwith a a loanloan in in orderorder to to rebuildrebuild twotwo secondarysecondary schoolsschools

The The rebuildingrebuilding programme programme startedstarted in in junjun 2005 2005 andand isisnearlynearly atat 40% 40% ofof thethe realisationrealisation , , thatthat meansmeans wewe willwill soonsoonreceirvereceirve themthem complelelycomplelely finishedfinished

Second part Second part ofof thethe presentationpresentation

As As wewe saidsaid, , beforebefore, , thisthis part deals part deals withwith thethe teaching to teaching to ourour pupilspupils howhow to behave in front to behave in front ofof major major riskrisk

The The sequencesequence whichwhich willwill followfollow consiste on exercices consiste on exercices thatthat werewere realisedrealised in partenariat in partenariat withwith redred crescentcrescent , , showingshowing ofof course course activitiesactivities whichwhich are simulation are simulation andand sensibilisation in sensibilisation in schoolschool environmentenvironment

These These excercisesexcercises are are donedone in in thethe schoolschool allall alongalongthethe schoolarschoolar yearyear supportedsupported by by thethe neededneededdocuments, documents, thethe teachersteachers are are closelyclosely associatedassociated to to thisthis demonstrationdemonstration. .