Disaster Management in India_ Classification, Policies and Other Details
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DisasterManagementinIndia:Classification,PoliciesandotherDetailsbyPujaMondalEssay
DisasterManagementinIndia:Classification,PoliciesandotherDetails!
Lossesduetodisastershaveshowngrowingtrendintermsoflivesandpropertythroughouttheworldduetourbanization,increasingpopulationandincreasingdegradationofenvironment.Theglobaleffortstomanagedisastersarenotmatchedwiththefrequencyandmagnitudeofdisasters.
However,forthelast15yearsorsosomenewthinkingondisastermanagementhasemergedatgloballevelwhichpleadsforaproactiveandpreventiveapproachandintegratesdisastermanagementwithongoingdevelopmentactivitiesthatissustainabledevelopment.
AccordingtoWorldDisasterReport2009,hydrometeorologicalevent,linkedtoclimatechangefloods,storms,heatwavesanddroughttogetheraccountedfornearly60percentofDisasterReliefEmergencyFund(DREF).
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InMyanmaralone,cycloneNargisclaimedsome1,38,000liveslastyears.
EarthquakeinChinasSichuanProvincekilledsome88,000people,affected46millionpeopleamajorUSflood11millionandadroughtinThailand10million.Buttherewerefewerdisastersworldwidein2008thaninanyotheryearoftheprecedingdecade326naturaland259technologicaldisasters.
IndiasDisasterProfile:
TheIndiansubcontinentisamongtheworldsmostdisasterproneareas.Almost85%ofIndiasareaisvulnerabletooneormultiplehazard.Ofthe28statesand7unionterritories,22aredisasterprone.
ItisvulnerabletowindstormsspawnedintheBayofBengalandtheArabianSea,earthquakescausedbyactivecrustalmovementintheHimalayanmountains,floodsbroughtbymonsoons,anddroughtsinthecountrysaridandsemiaridareas.
Almost57%ofthelandisvulnerabletoearthquake(highseismiczoneslllV),68%todrought,8%tocyclonesand12%tofloods.Indiahasalsobecomemuchmorevulnerabletotsunamissincethe2004IndianOceantsunami.
Earthquakes:
Oftheearthquakeproneareas,12%ispronetoverysevereearthquakes,18%tosevereearthquakesand25%todamageableearthquakes.ThebiggestquakesoccurintheAndamanandNicobarIslands,Kutch,HimachalandtheNorthEast.TheHimalayanregionsareparticularlypronetoearthquakes.
ThelasttwomajorearthquakesshookGujaratinJanuary2001andJammuandKashmirinOctober2005.ManysmallerscalequakesoccurredinotherpartsofIndiain2006.All7NorthEaststatesofIndiaAssam,Arunachal
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Pradesh,Nagaland,Manipur,Mizoram,TripuraandMeghalayaAndaman&NicobarIslandsandpartsof6otherstatesintheNorth/NorthWest(JammuandKashmir,Uttaranchal,andBihar)andWest(Gujarat),areinSeismicZoneV.
Floods:
About30millionpeopleareaffectedannually.FloodsintheIndoGangeticBrahmaputraplainsareanannualfeature.Onanaverage,afewhundredlivesarelost,millionsarerenderedhomelessandseveralhectaresofcropsaredamagedeveryyear.
Nearly75%ofthetotalrainfalloccursoverashortmonsoonseason(JuneSeptember).40millionhectares,or12%ofIndianland,isconsideredpronetofloods.Floodsareaperennialphenomenoninatleast5statesAssam,Bihar,Orissa,UttarPradeshandWestBengal.
Onaccountofclimatechange,floodshavealsooccurredinrecentyearsinareasthatarenormallynotfloodprone.In2006,droughtpronepartsofRajasthanexperiencedfloods.
Droughts:
About50millionpeopleareaffectedannuallybydrought.Ofapproximately90millionhectaresofrainfedareas,about40millionhectaresarepronetoscantyornorain.Rainfallispoorinninemeteorologicalsubdivisionsoutof36subdivision(eachmeteorologicalsubdivisioncoversageographicareaofmorethantenrevenuedistrictsinIndia).
InIndiaannually33%areareceiverainfalllessthan750mm(lowrainfallarea)and35%areareceivebetween750to1125mmrainfallMediumrainfall)andonly32percentfallsinthehighrainfall(>1126mm)zone.
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Cyclones:
About8%ofthelandisvulnerabletocyclonesofwhichcoastalareasexperiencetwoorthreetropicalcyclonesofvaryingintensityeachyear.Cyclonicactivitiesontheeastcoastaremoreseverethanonthewestcoast.
TheIndiancontinentisconsideredtobetheworstcycloneaffectedpartoftheworld,asaresultoflowdepthoceanbedtopographyandcoastalconfiguration.Theprincipalthreatsfromacycloneareintheformofgalesandstrongwindstorrentialrainandhightidalwaves/stormsurges.
Mostcasualtiesarecausedduetocoastalinundationbytidalwavesandstormsurges.CyclonestypicallystriketheEastCoastofIndia,alongtheBayofBengal,i.e.thestatesofWestBengal,Orissa,AndhraPradeshandTamilNadu,butalsopartsofMaharashtraandGujaratattheArabianSeaWestCoast.
Landslides:
LandslidesoccurinthehillyregionssuchastheHimalayas,NorthEastIndia,theNilgiris,andEasternandWesternGhats.LandslidesinIndiaareanotherrecurrentphenomenon.Landslideproneareaslargelycorrespondtoearthquakeproneareas,i.e.NorthwestandNorthEast,wheretheincidenceoflandslidesisthehighest.
Droughts:
Droughtisanotherrecurrentphenomenonwhichresultsinwidespreadadverseimpactonvulnerablepeopleslivelihoodsandyoungchildrensnutritionstatus.IttypicallystrikesaridareasofRajasthan(chronically)andGujaratstates.
DroughtisnotuncommonincertaindistrictsofUttarPradesh,Madhya
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Pradesh,Orissa,AndhraPradesh,etc.Althoughaslowonsetemergency,andtoanextentpredictableemergency,droughthascausedseveresufferingintheaffectedareasinrecentyears,includingeffectsonpoverty,hunger,andunemployment.
ColdWaves:
ColdwavesarerecurrentphenomenoninNorthIndia.Hundredsifnotthousandsofpeopledieofcoldandrelateddiseaseseveryyear,mostofthemfrompoorurbanareasinnorthernpartsofthecountry.AccordingtoIndiasTenthFiveYearPlan,naturaldisastershaveaffectednearly6%ofthepopulationand24%ofdeathsinAsiacausedbydisastershaveoccurredinIndia.
Between1996and2001,2%ofnationalGDPwaslostbecauseofnaturaldisasters,andnearly12%ofGovernmentrevenuewasspentonrelief,rehabilitationandreconstructionduringthesameperiod.AsperaWorldBankstudyin2003,naturaldisastersposeamajorimpedimentonthepathofeconomicdevelopmentinIndia
ClassificationofDisasters:
Theclassificationofdisasterdiffersasperthecriterionofclassification.Forexample,onthebasisoftheirorigin,theyareclassifiedasnaturalandmanmade.Ifwetakeintoaccounttheirseverity,theymaybeclassifiedasmanorandminordisasters.
However,ahighpoweredcommitteeconstitutedinAug.1999bytheGovernmentofIndia,undertheChairmanshipofJ.C.Pantadoptedoriginasthecriterionfortheclassificationofdisaster.
Thefundamentaltaskofthecommitteewastopreparecomprehensive
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modelplansfordisastermanagementatdistrict,stateandnationallevel.Thecommitteehasidentified30disastersandcategoriestheminthefollowingfivegroups.
1.WaterandClimateDisaster:
Suchasflood,cyclones,hailstorms,cloudburst,heatandcoldwaves,snowavalanches,droughts,seaerosion,thunderandlightning.
2.GeologicalDisaster:
Suchaslandslidesandmudflows,earthquakes,minefires,damfailuresandgeneralfires.
3.BiologicalDisaster:
Suchasepidemics,pestattacks,cattleepidemicandfoodpoisoning.
4.NuclearandIndustrialDisaster:
Suchaschemicalandindustrialdisastersandnuclearaccidents.
5.AccidentalDisaster:
Suchasurbanandforestfires,oilspill,minefloodingincidents,collapseofhugebuildingstructures,bombblasts,air,roadandrailmishaps,boatcapsizingandstampededuringcongregations.
Atcentrallevel,anadministrativeministryhasbeenidentifiedasnodalagencyforeachdisastertocoordinatetheactivitiesofdisastermanagementoperationsatdifferentlevels.
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DisasterManagementANewApproach:
DisasterManagementisanefforttoinquireintotheprocessofahazardturningtodisastertoidentifyitscausesandrectifythesamethroughpublicpolicy.Thereforedisastermanagementisapolicyissueconcernedwithminimizingandpreventingthedamagingimpactofanaturalormanmadehazard.
Someofthepolicyandadministrativefactorsrelevanttodisastermanagementaresuchaspoorandweakorovercrowdedbuildingsinearthquakepronezone,poorlanduseplanninginfloodproneareas,inadequateandfaultylawsregulatingvariousprocessesandfacilities,generallowriskperceptiontowardsamongpeopleetc.
Theabovedescriptionofdisastermanagementunderlinesthedifferencebetweenthehazardandthedisaster.Ahazardisanaturalormanmadedamagingeventwhichisbeyondtheeffectivecontrolofhumanbeing,whereasthedisasteristhesumtotalofconsequencesofnaturalhazardduetovulnerabilityofpeopleorregionssubjecttohazard.
Thussamenaturalhazardmayproducedifferentamountofdisastrousimpactondifferentgroupofpeopleorregions.Thenewapproachtodisastermanagementevolvedgraduallyin1990sbeginningwiththedeclarationof19902000byUNGeneralAssemblyastheInternationalDecadeofNaturalDisasterReduction.
ThemajordisasterssuchastsunamiinAsiain2004,HurricaneKatrinainU.S.in2005andMuzaffarabadEarthquakein2005andunderlinedtheimportanceofthenewapproachacrosstheworld.TheUnitedNationReporttitledLivingwithriskclaimsthatthoughtherehasbeendeclineinthenumberoflossestohumanlivesfromdisastertheoccurrenceofdisasteris
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rising.
TheYakohamaStrategyfordisastermanagementwasrenewedattheworldconferenceonDisasterReductionheldatHyogo(Japan)inJan.2005.Theconferencelaidemphasisonsomecrucialbutneglectedaspectsofdisastermanagementsuchasgovernanceandpolicyframework,riskidentificationandearlywarning,knowledgemanagement,reducingriskfactorsandpreparednessforeffectiveresponseandrecovery.
TheHyogoconferenceadoptedtheframeworkofAction,20052015calledBuildingtheResilienceofNationsandCommunitiestoDisaster.
AspanicsweptacrossIndiaseasterncoastintheaftermathofthemassive8.6magnitudeearthquakeofftheIndonesiancoaston12April,2012,theNationalDisasterManagementAuthority(NDMA)setoffthebiggestdisasterdrillthecountryhasseensincethebodywascreated.
Thealertbroughtbackmemoriesofthedevastatingtsunamiof2004,inwhich2.4lakhpeoplewerekilledworldwide.Beforethat,amongthemajorquakesIndiahasseenwastheoneonApril4,1905,an8.25rockerthathittheKangraregioninHimachal.Ithadkilledaround20,000people.ThenthereweretwoverylargemagnitudeearthquakesinBihar(1934)andAssam(1950).
Throughtheseearthquakesandtheauthoritiesresponsetothose,aquakephilosophyhasbeenevolvingcontinuously.Tilltheendoflastcentury,theessentialadministrativeapproachwas,Earthquakescannotbepredicted.
ThisattitudeexperiencedathawsometimeafterthedisastrousBhujearthquakeofmagnitude8.0onJanuary26,2001.Theadministrationstartedconsideringhowtosavelivesandmanagedisaster.Variousstate
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governmentswererequestedtosetupadisastermanagementoffice.AttheGovernmentofIndialevel,twoinstitutesweresetupinNewDelhitheNationalInstituteofDisasterManagement(NIDM)andtheNationalDisasterManagementAuthority(NDMA).Theaimwastomitigatethedamagepotentialofnaturaldisastersinfuture.
Foronce,thesubjectofdisastermanagementhadbeentakenseriouslyatthegovernmentallevel.However,subsequentearthquakesprovedthattheorganisationswerenotabletocheckdisasters.AfterBhuj,thereweretwomajorseismiceventstheAndaman(Sumatran)earthquakecumtsunamiof26December,2004,andtheKashmirearthquakeofOctober8,2005.
Thedisastermanagementbodieswerenotabletodoanythingtopreventdeaths.Evenamoderateearthquakeofmagnitude6.8onSeptember18,2011,inSikkimwasadisaster.Mostdisastermanagementplanshavethusfarfocusedonthepostseismicperiodofrescue,rehabilitationandreconstruction(RRR).Inatypicalscenario,seismicshakingofmoderatetolargeearthquakeslasts3545seconds.
Ifthattimeisdividedintothreepartsof1215seconds,thenduringthefirstpart,disastermanagersarehighlyexcitedwatchingtheterrainshake.Duringthesecondpart,theyareinawetoseethecollapseofstructures.Thethirdparthasthemneartears,seeingthehorrificdeathsanddestruction.
Aftertheshakingstops,theyrushtoaffectedsiteswithstretchers,medicine,rescueequipment,etc.Allthisamountstorescue,notprevention.Tragically,thisisallthatdisastermanagementisaboutatpresent.Thereisnoactivityduringthepreseismicandcoseismicperiod.
Theproblemhasattainedseveredimensions.TheGeologicalSurveyofIndia(GSI),inareportpresentedtotheUttarakhandGovernmentinJuly2007,
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observedthattheprobabilityofoccurrenceofalargemagnitudeearthquakemorethanmagnitude8.0inUttarakhandwasashighas0.98%.
Inseismologicallexicon,onemaysaythatasthemagnitudeoftheprobabilisticallypredictedearthquakeisverylarge,thestatementisequallyapplicabletoHimachalPradesh.Suchanearthquakecouldseverelyaffectanareaofabout200kmradiusormore.
ItcouldbesaidthattheprobabilityofoccurrenceofalargemagnitudeearthquakeintheconglomerateofUttarakhandandHimachalisashighas0.98%.
PlaninAdvance:
Undersuchunforeseenconditions,ourmanagersneedtoplansomeactivitiesduringthepreseismicperiodandalsodiscusswhatshouldbedoneduringthecoseismicperiod.Takeeverysectionofsocietyinconfidenceandexplaintothemthelimitsofearthquakepredictionandhowtheadministrationplanstoovercometheodds.
Itisafactthatthesubjectofearthquakepredictionhasnotreachedperfection.Itisdifficulttopredictearthquakes.Ontheotherhand,iftheadministrationpredictsanearthquake,anditdoesnotoccur,theadministrationhastofacepubliccriticism.
Thebestwayfordisastermanagementofficesistocreateseismicawareness,informpeopleaboutreliableseismicprecursorseventsandindicatorsthatmaybenotedaheadofanimpendingearthquake.
NationalDisasterManagementAct2005:
NationalDisasterManagementAct,2005defineseventsthatcause
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substantiallessoflife,prosperityandenvironment.Itread,Disastermeanscatastrophe,mishap,calamityorgraveoccurrenceinanyarea,arisingfromnatureormanmadecauses,orbyaccidentornegligencewhichresultinsubstantiallossoflife,ofhumansufferingordamageto,anddestructionofproperty,ordamageto,ordegradationofenvironment,andisofsuchnatureormagnitudeastobebeyondthecopingcapacityofthecommunityofaffectedareas.
About60percentoflandmassinIndiaispronetoearthquakesofvariousintensities,over40millionhectaresispronetofloods,about8percentofthetotalareaispronetocyclonesand68percentofareaissusceptibletodrought.
DisastermanagementAct,2005definesDisasterManagementas,acontinuouscycleandintegratedprocessofplanning,organizing,coordinatingandimplementing,coordinatingandimplementingmeasureswhicharenecessaryorexpedientfor
(i)Preventionofdangerorthreatofanydisaster
(ii)Mitigationorreductionofriskofanydisasteroritsseverityorconsequences
(iii)Capacitybuilding
(iv)Preparednesstodealwithanydisaster
(v)Promptresponsetoanythreateningdisastersituationordisaster
(vi)Assessingtheseverityormagnitudeofeffectsofanydisaster
(vii)Evacuation,rescueandrelief
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(viii)RehabilitationandReconstruction.DisasterManagementAmendmentBill,2006aimsatbroadeningthemeaningofDisasterinDisasterManagementAct.
MainProvisionsofNationalDisasterManagementAct,2005:
TheActprovidesforthreetiermechanismforDisasterManagementthatincludesNationalDisasterManagementAuthority,StateDisasterManagementAuthorityandDistrictDisasterManagementAuthority.
NationalDisasterManagementAuthority:
ItschairpersonisthePrimeMinister.Notmorethannineothermemberscanbethere.ViceChairpersonsisappointedfromamongstmembersbytheChairperson.ExecutiveCommitteeischairedbytheSecretaryoftheMinistryentrustedwiththeworkoftheDisasterManagement.
StateDisasterManagementAuthority:
ItsChairpersonistheChiefMinisteroftheconcernedState.Othermembersnotexceedingeightarethere.Andinaddition,ChairpersonoftheStateExecutiveCommittee(whoisChiefSecretary)isalsoincluded.ViceChairpersonisappointedbyChairpersonsfromamongstmembers.ChairpersonoftheStateExecutiveCommitteeistheChiefExecutiveOfficer.StateExecutiveCommitteeischairedbytheStateChiefSecretary.
NationalDisasterResponseFund:
TobeconstitutedbytheCentralGovernmentforemergencyresponse,reliefandrehabilitation.
NationalDisasterManagementFund:
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TobeconstitutedbytheCentralGovernmentfortheprojectsexclusivelyofmitigation.
UnderConstitutionalPosition,UnionListincludes:
AtomicEnergy,Railwaysetc.StateListincludesPublicOrder,PublicHealth,Agriculture,Wateretc.ConcurrentListincludesEnvironment,SocialSecurity,preventionoftheextensionfromoneStatetoanotherofinfectiousorcontagiousdiseases,etc.
ThroughStateLegislativeEnactmentssomefunctionhasbeengiventolocalgovernmentalso,moresoafter73rdand74thConstitutionalAmendmentAct.
UnionGovernment:
Supportiveroleisthereinmattersofresearchanddevelopment,finances,etc.ThereisCabinedCommitteeonManagementAct,2005providesfortheNationalDisasterManagementAuthorityunderPrimeMinistersalreadyfunctional.AcommitteeofUniongovernmentlooksafterissueoffinancialsupportfromNationalCalamitycontingencyFund.
ThereisCentralReliefFund.BiologicalandChemicalEmergenciesarecoordinatedbyCabinetcommitteeonsecurity.NationalCrisisManagementbyCabinetCommitteeonSecurity.
NationalCrisisManagementcommittee(NCMC)isheadedbytheCabinetSecretary.UnionMinistrieslookingafterdisastersare:MinistryofHomeAffairsnaturalandmanmadeDisastersMinistryofAgricultureDrought,MinistryofCivilAviationAirAccidentsMinistryofRailwaysRailwayAccidentsMinistryofEnvironmentChemicalDisasterMinistryofHealthBiologicalDisastersDepartmentofAtomicEnergyNuclear
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Accidentsetc.CrisisManagementGroup(CMG)ischairedbyCentralReliefCommissionerintheMinistryofHomeAffairs.
StateGovernment:
PrimaryresponsibilityofreliefoperationsisoftheStates.NationalDisasterManagementAct,2005providesforthestateDisasterManagementAuthorityundertheChiefMinister.Attoppoliticallevel,thereis,normallyCabinetCommitteeonNaturalCalamitiesundertheChiefMinister.
ThereareCrisisManagementCommitteeschairedbytheChiefSecretaries.ReliefcommissionersfunctionariesofStateRevenueDepartmentareused.TheylookafterissuesofNaturalDisasters.
TheyworkunderCrisisManagementcommitteeheadedbytheChiefSecretary.StateRevenueSecretariesalsohavesomeresponsibilities.OverallresponsibilityattheDistrictLevel,restswiththeDistrictCollector/Districtmagistrate.
DistrictCollector/DistrictMagistrates:
NationalDisasterManagementAct,2005providesforthedistrictDisasterManagementAuthorityunderhis/herchairpersonships(cochairpersonsiselectedmemberoflocalauthority).Overallcoordinationbetweenvariousdepartmentsatdistrictlevelisachieved.
UnderGeneralFinancialRules/RevenueCodes,therearepowerstodrawmoney.Iftherearearmedforcesunitsavailablelocally,theirassistancecanberequested.Coordinationwithcivilsocietyisachieved.
Institutions:
TheDisasterManagementAct2005hasprovidedthelegalandinstitutional
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frameworkfordisastermanagementinIndiaatthenational,stateanddistrictlevels.InthefederalpolityofIndiatheprimaryresponsibilityofdisastermanagementvestswiththeStateGovernments.
TheCentralGovernmentlaysdownpoliciesandguidelinesandprovidestechnical,financialandlogisticsupportwhilethedistrictadministrationcarriesoutmostoftheoperationsincollaborationwithcentralandstatelevelagencies.
IntheCentralGovernmentthereareexistinginstitutionsandmechanismsfordisastermanagementwhilenewdedicatedinstitutionshavebeencreatedundertheDisasterManagementActof2005.
TheCabinetCommitteeonManagementofNaturalCalamities(CCMNC)overseesallaspectsrelatingtothemanagementofnaturalcalamitiesincludingassessmentofthesituationandidentificationofmeasuresandprogrammesconsiderednecessarytoreduceitsimpact,monitorandsuggestlongtermmeasuresforpreventionofsuchcalamities,formulateandrecommendprogrammesforpublicawarenessforbuildingupsocietysresiliencetothem.
TheCabinetCommitteeonSecurity.(CCS)dealswiththemattersrelatingtonuclear,biologicalandchemicalemergencies
TheNationalCrisisManagementCommittee(NCMC)undertheCabinetSecretaryoverseestheCommand,ControlandCoordinationofthedisasterresponse.TheDisasterManagementAct,2005hascreatednewinstitutionsatthenational,state,districtandlocallevels.Thenewinstitutionalframeworkfordisastermanagementinthecountryisasunder:
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TheNationalDisasterManagementAuthority(NDMA)undertheChairmanshipofthePrimeMinisteristheapexbodyresponsibleforlayingdownpolicies,plansandguidelinesfordisastermanagementandforcoordinatingtheirenforcementandimplementationthroughoutthecountry.
ThepoliciesandguidelineswillassisttheCentralMinistries,StateGovernmentsanddistrictadministrationtoformulatetheirrespectiveplansandprogrammes.NDMAhasthepowertoapprovetheNationalPlansandthePlansoftherespectiveMinistriesandDepartmentsofGovernmentofIndia.Thegeneralsuperintendence,directionandcontrolofNationalDisasterResponseForce(NDRF)arevestedinandwillbeexercisedbytheNDMA.
TheNationalExecutiveCommittee(NEC)ismandatedtoassisttheNDMAinthedischargeofitsfunctionsandfurtherensurecomplianceofthedirectionsissuedbytheCentralGovernment.TheNECcomprisesofthe
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UnionHomeSecretaryastheChairperson,andtheSecretariestotheGOIintheMinistries/DepartmentsofAgriculture,AtomicEnergy,Defence,DrinkingWaterSupply,EnvironmentandForests,Finance(Expenditure),Health,Power,RuralDevelopment,ScienceandTechnology,Space,Telecommunications,UrbanDevelopment,WaterResourcesandtheChiefoftheIntegratedDefenceStaffoftheChiefsofStaffCommitteeasmembers.
SecretariesintheMinistryofExternalAffairs,EarthSciences,HumanResourceDevelopment,Mines,Shipping,RoadTransport&HighwaysandSecretary,NDMAarespecialinviteestothemeetingsoftheNEC.
TheNationalExecutiveCommitteeisresponsibletopreparetheNationalPlanandcoordinateandmonitortheimplementationoftheNationalPolicyandtheguidelinesissuedbyNDMA.
TheMinistryofHomeAffairs(MHA)intheCentralGovernmenthastheoverallresponsibilityfordisastermanagementinthecountry.ForafewspecifictypesofdisasterstheconcernedMinistrieshavethenodalresponsibilitiesformanagementofthedisasters,asunder:
Drought MinistryofAgriculture
Epidemics&BiologicalDisastersChemicalDisastersNuclearDisastersAirAccidentsRailwayAccidents
MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfareMinistryofEnvironment&ForestsMinistryofAtomicEnergyMinistryofCivilAviationMinistryofRailways
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TheNationalInstituteofDisasterManagement(NIDM)hasthemandateforhumanresourcedevelopmentandcapacitybuildingfordisastermanagementwithinthebroadpoliciesandguidelineslaiddownbytheNDMA.
NIDMisrequiredtodesign,developandimplementtrainingprogrammes,undertakeresearch,formulateandimplementacomprehensivehumanresourcedevelopmentplan,provideassistanceinnationalpolicyformulation,assistotherresearchandtraininginstitutes,stategovernmentsandotherorganizationsforsuccessfullydischargingtheirresponsibilities,developeducationalmaterialsfordisseminationandpromoteawarenessamongstakeholdersinadditiontoundertakeanyotherfunctionasassignedtoitbytheCentralGovernment.
TheNationalDisasterResponseForce(NDRF)isthespecializedforcefordisasterresponsewhichworksundertheoverallsupervisionandcontroloftheNDMA.
AttheStateLeveltheStateDisasterManagementAuthority(SDMA),headedbytheChiefMinister,laysdownpoliciesandplansfordisastermanagementintheState.ItisalsoresponsibletocoordinatetheimplementationoftheStatePlan,recommendprovisionoffundsformitigationandpreparednessmeasuresandreviewthedevelopmentalplansofthedifferentdepartmentsoftheStatetoensureintegrationofprevention,preparednessandmitigationmeasures.
TheStateDisasterManagementDepartment(DMD)whichismostlypositionedintheRevenueandreliefDepartmentisthenodalauthority.InthedistrictleveltheDistrictDisasterManagementAuthority(DDMA)isheadedbytheDistrictMagistrate,withtheelectedrepresentativeofthelocalauthorityastheCoChairperson.
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DDMAistheplanning,coordinatingandimplementingbodyfordisastermanagementatdistrictlevel.Itwill,interaliapreparetheDistrictDisasterManagementPlanandmonitortheimplementationoftheNationalandStatePoliciesandtheNational,StateandtheDistrictPlans.
DDMAwillalsoensurethattheguidelinesforprevention,mitigation,preparednessandresponsemeasureslaiddownbytheNDMAandtheSDMAarefollowedbyalldepartmentsoftheStateGovernmentatthedistrictlevelandthelocalauthoritiesinthedistrict.
TheLocalAuthoritiesboththerurallocalselfgoverninginstitutions(PanchayatiRajInstitutions)andurbanlocalbodies(Municipalities,CantonmentBoardsandTownPlanningAuthorities)Thesebodieswillensurecapacitybuildingoftheirofficersandemployeesformanagingdisasters,carryoutrelief,rehabilitationandreconstructionactivitiesintheaffectedareasandwillprepareDMPlansinconsonancewithguidelinesoftheNDMA,SDMAsandDDMAs.
NationalPolicyonDisasterManagement2009:
(a)TheNationalPolicyonDisasterManagementwasapprovedbytheGovernmentinNovember2009.Thiscomprehensivepolicydocumentlaysdownpoliciesoneveryaspectofholisticmanagementofdisastersinthecountry.
SalientFeaturesofIndiasNationalPolicyonDisasterManagement:IndiasNationalPolicyonDisasterManagementwasapprovedbytheUnionCabinetofIndiaon22ndOctober,2009withtheaimtominimizethelossestolives,livelihoodsandproperty,causedbynaturalormanmadedisasterswithavisiontobuildasafe&DisasterresilientIndiabydevelopingaholistic,proactive,integrated,Multidisasterorientedandtechnologydriven
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strategy.
WiththisnationalPolicyinplaceinIndia,aholisticandintegratedapproachwillbeevolvedtowardsdisastermanagementwithemphasisonbuildingstrategicpartnershipsatvariouslevels.
ThethemesunderpinningthepolicyincludeCommunitybasedDisasterManagement,Capacitydevelopmentinallspheres,ConsolidationofpastinitiativesandbestpracticesandCooperationwithagenciesatNationalandInternationallevelswithmultisectoralsynergy.
(b)ThePolicyisalsointendedtopromoteacultureofprevention,preparednessandresilienceatalllevelsthroughknowledge,innovationandeducation.Itencouragesmitigationmeasuresbasedonenvironmentalsustainability.
ItseekstomainstreamdisastermanagementintothedevelopmentalplanningprocessandprovidesforInstitutionalandFinancialarrangementsatnational,State,andDistrictlevelsforDisasterPrevention,Mitigation,PreparednessandResponseasitensuresadequatebudgetingfordisastermitigationactivitiesinallMinistriesandDepartments.
(c)StatePoliciesonDisasterManagement%TheStatesofMadhyaPradesh,Gujarat,KeralahaveformulatedStateDisasterManagementPolicies.TamilNadu,Chattisgarh,Uttranchal,Meghalaya,Bihar,Rajasthan,Delhi,OrissaandWestBengalhaveprepareddraftpolicies.
(d)StateReliefCodes/DMCodes:ManyStateshavemanualsandcodesformanagementofdrought,floodsetc.NowmanystatesareintheprocessofchangingtheirStateReliefcodesintoDisasterManagementManuals.
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AMatterofConcern:
YokhamaDeclarationexposedthateconomiclosswasincreasingduetovariousdisasters.TheintergovernmentalPanelonthatworldwidethefrequencyandmagnitudeofalltypesofnaturaldisastersareincreasing.Increasingtendencyofdroughtsinsomeareasmorevulnerabilityofforestfires.
Disastersaffect:one,astheyderaildevelopmentprocess.Two,affectsresourceavailabilityforfuturedevelopment.Merenarrowapproachtemporaryreliefandinvolvesmorecost.ThereisneedtolinkDisastermanagementandDevelopment,reliefandreconstruction.
Somedisasterssayfloodhavemuchpostdisastercomplication.Manmadeinhumanedisastersincrease.PlannedDevelopmentfinanceforDisasterManagementPlans.Thenthereistargetedrevenuedifficulteliminationissue.Overexploitationofnaturalresourcesisleadingtowardsenvironmentaldegradation.
Thatmayleadtonationincreasesmuchbutpublicsafetycommonsenseandawarenessincommunitylacks.Inmanyinstancelackofpreparednessisconvertinghazardsintodisasters.Flawsinintelligencearecausingsomedisasters,say,terrorism,strikes,socialtensions,etc.
PublicHealthinfrastructureisinadequatebuthealthhazardsincrease.WomenandChildrenareusuallymostaffectedduringdisasters.Moreattentionisneededtobegiventothisissue.EvencampmanagingCommitteelacksufficientnumberofwomen,totakecareofwomen,inreliefandrehabilitationApprehensionsofmisuseofscienceandtechnologicaladvancementsexist.Droughtaffectsruralareasmoreandwatersupplyinfrastructureremainsweakinruralareas.
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Asnormalproceduresaredifficulttofollow,duetourgencycorruptionproblemsarethere.IneffectivenessinwatermanagementPoliciescreatesproblemsindroughtmanagementandfloodrelief.StudyandResearchinDisasterManagementisstilldeficient.Infact,thereisneedtointroducetheDisastermanagementandPublicAdministration.
Traditionally,eveninlegalframework,meaningofdisasterhasbeentakennarrowly.EnforcementofPublicSafetyRegulationsisnoteffectiveLowincomeandPovertycreatesproblemsinmattersofpreparedness.Professionalskillsforfieldmachineryinmattersofdisastermanagementstilllack.
StilltherearedeficienciesintakinguptheissueofGeographicalInformationSystem(GlS)asaplanscheme.Communityparticipationinvulnerabilityanalysislacks.Mediauseforbringingmassawarenessisnotpaidsufficientattention.DigitaldisseminationofinformationbyDisasterManagementAuthoritiesisstillinadequate.
Muchgapexistsbetweendisasterresearchandcommunitycapacitybuilding.ThereareinstancesofpolicymakerslackingtheDisasterManagementexperience.Potentialofexservicemenavailableinbetweencountryisnotusedwell.InternationalorbilateralcooperationinDisastermanagementisnotuptothemark.
Whatcanbedone?
Lifecycleofcrisismanagementcanbebroadlydividedinthreephasesprecrisis,duringcrisisandpostcrisis.SustainableDevelopmentpreparednesscanreducehazard.Thereisneedtolinkdisastermanagementanddevelopmentplans.Plannedimprovementinlegalframeworkinneeded.
Bringingcommunityconsciousnesswillhelp.Shorttermandlongterms
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planningneedintegration.Moreeffectiveinternationalcooperationanduseofitisneedfordisasterwarningsystem.
As,normally,communityresponseisthefirstincaseofdisaster,thereisneedforcommunitycapacitybuilding.PolicyofEmergencyOperationCenters(EOC)atnational,stateanddistrictlevelshouldbeeffectivelyimplemented.
SubjectofDisastermanagementisnotmentionedspecifically,inanyofthethreelistsoftheSeventhScheduleoftheconstitution.NationalCommissionoftheConstitution(NCRWC)suggesteditsinclusioninConcurrentList.BestPracticesguidelinesshouldbelaiddown.
MeaningofDisasterinNationalDisasterManagementAct,2005isnarrowitshouldbebroadened.Capacitybuildinginlocalgovernmentisneeded.InJapanlocalgovernmentshavearoletoplayinsuchmatters.
2ndARCrecommends,inlargercities(saywithpopulation,exceeding2.5million)theMayor,assistedbytheCommissioneroftheMunicipalCorporationandthePoliceCommissionershouldbedirectlyresponsibleforCrisismanagement.
InitiativesCalamityreliefFund(CRF)exists,Variousrelatedrulesexist,say,HazardousWaste(managementandHandlingRules)1989,TheOzoneDepletingSubstances(Regulationandcontrol)Rules,2000etc.
NationalInstituteofDisasterManagementissetupatDelhi.,CoastalZoneRegulations,BuildingCodes,FireSafetyRulesetc.someStateshavegoneforStateDisasterManagementActs,say:Act,2003,BiharDisastermanagementAct,2004,UttrakhandDisasterMitigation,ManagementandPreventionAct,2005UttarPradeshDisasterManagementAct,2005etc.
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UttarakhandhassetupaseparatedepartmentofDisasterManagement.
VulnerabilityAtlasofIndiawasbroughtin1998.SeismicZoneofIndiahasbeenstandardized.Oflate,FiveYearPlanninghadbeengivinghighprioritytosuchissues.NationalBuildingCode3wasbroughtin2005.
IndiaDisasterResourcesnetworkDisasterManagementAwebenabledcentralizeddatabase.StandardOperatingProcedures(SOP)aretherewhichguidetheoperationsincaseofcrisis.CivilDefenceActwasbroughtin1968andCivilDefenceRegulations,1968exist.
SAARCDisasterManagementCentreitwassetupinOctober2006.ItisinthepremisesofNationalInstituteofDisasterManagement,NewDelhi.