DHS-HumanFactors

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Human Factors/BehavioralSciences Division

Dr. Sharla Rausch, HeadHuman Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division

Science and Technology Directorate. .

May 2009


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Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division

Vision: A safer, more resilient nation thatincorporates the human dimension intohomeland security analysis, operations andpolicy development.

We will advance national security bydeveloping and applying the social,behavioral, and physical sciences to improve

en ca on an ana ys s o rea s, oenhance societal resilience, and to integratehuman capabilities into the development of technology.

Customers: TSA, US-VISIT, USCIS, ICE, SCO, USSS,FEMA, OI&A, USCG, State & Local, S&T Divisions

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HFD Thrust Areas

comprised of three primary thrust areas, with programs under each:

- Motivation and Intent Suspicious Behavior Detection Community Preparedness and

Resilience

Personal Identification S stems Biometrics Credentialing

uman ec no ogy n egra on Human Systems Research &Engineering Technology Acceptance and Integration

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Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences

1. Enhance the capability of the Department to analyze and counter terrorist motivation, intent and behavior.

2. Improve screening by providing a science-based capability to identifyunknown threats indicated by deceptive and suspicious behavior.

3. Im rove screenin b rovidin a science-based ca abilit to identif known threats through accurate, timely, and easy-to-use biometricidentification and credentialing validation tools.

4. Enhance safet effectiveness and usabilit of technolo b systemically incorporating user and public input.

5. Enhance preparedness and mitigate impacts of catastrophic events bydeliverin ca abilities that incor orate social s cholo ical and economic aspects of community resilience.

Know our enemies, understand ourselves; put the human in the equation.

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Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences S&Tocus reas

AnalysisAnalysis CommunityCommunityPre arednessPre aredness

ObservationObservationPersonalPersonal

IdentificationIdentificationS stemsS stems

InteractionInteraction

& Resilience& Resilience

Human Technology IntegrationHuman Technology Integration

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Motivation and Intent

Su ortin DHS com onents and the intera enc olic

, ,

communitys research priorities: Understanding how radicalization develops within

, , Measuring the level of radicalization in the U.S. homeland; Understanding the roles communities, governments, and

civic organizations play in moving individuals toward andaway from radical violence; and

Documenting the impacts of various media on the spreadof radicalization.

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START

The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses

basic social and behavioral science research aimed at

understanding the formation and dynamics of terrorist groups, as

projects include: Understanding Ethnic Political Violence Develo in a U.S. Extremist Crime Database Conducting International Surveys

START is matrixed to HFD and the knowledge it generates forms a-

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The Global Terrorism Database

Largest terrorist event database, with more than 80,000 events,

includin all worldwide terrorist attacks that have occurred since1970

Housed at the DHS Center of Excellence for the Study of Terrorismand Res onses to Terrorism START

Provides increased accuracy in terrorist trend analysis

Addresses the need for a comprehensive, up-to-date unclassifiedintelligence analysts

50%

Percent of Terrorist Activity in EachRegion, 1970-1997

20%25%30%35%40% Incidents

Fatalities

90%5%

10%15

LatinAmerica

Europe Asia MiddleEast/NA

Sub-Saharan

Africa

NorthAmerica


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Violent Intent Modeling & Simulation

Anal tic Tools for the Stud of Grou Behavior Intelligence analysis framework that will

include:

of terrorist intentions systematic estimation of future

terrorist behavior based on socialand behavioral sciences

modeling and simulations of influences

on future terrorist behavior na es sys ema c co ec on an ana ys s o

information related to understanding terroristgroup intent to engage in violence

groups intention to engage in violence

Increases ability to rapidly assemble and testcompeting scenarios

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Preventing IED Attacks

Programs Areas will address theThreat Attack from the Beginning

Terrorist ParentOrg Obtains

Funds Prevent/Deter

of the fire chain to the End. PREVENT/DETER PREDICT DETECT

RadicalSub-Org

Development Predict

MITIGATE

BehaviorsPreceding

Attacks

Targeting &

Detect

Terrorist

Staging AreaPatterns

PlanAttacks

RespondDefeat

AttackTree

PerformAttacks

Consequence

MitigateBOOM

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anagemen

Blast Protection 12


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Counter-IED Prevent/Deter ProgramLeft of Boom, Right on Target

Program Goals Develop actionable indicators to aid the

intelligence and law enforcement communitiesU.S. authorities capture

'dirty bomb' suspectHis associate ca tured in

significant threats of IED attacks Provide empirical findings to aid policymakersin developing longer term radicalization and

Pakistan, U.S. officials say

preven on e or sApproach

Analyze event databases focused on bothL.A.'s Thwarted Terror Spree

Study the relationship between community

attitudes and the violent activities of radicalgroups using retrospective data Plot to Bomb U.S.-Bound Jets Is Foiled

on uc con en ana yses o e r e or c ogroups who have and have not conductedterrorist incidents

Evaluate IED radicalization countermeasures

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HFD Funded START ResearchThe Basics of Counter-IED

Survey SynthesesExamines whether communities attitudes towards

Case StudyEvaluationsExamines the types of de-, ,

other issues are related to

terrorist activity by compilingexisting survey data from arange of U.S. sources and

radicalization strategies used in five

countries Saudi Arabia, Yemen,Indonesia, Colombia, and NorthernIreland and explores theapplicability of different

Forensic InvestigationsUses forensic psychology methods

of actual terrorist events.

Database Analyses Ethnographic

countermeasures to the U.S.context.features of terrorist bomb attacks

(e.g. planning, organization, andmotivation). It will develop a typologyof bombings and examine bombing

Conducts empirical analyses of past cases of IED attacksdrawing on START databasesas well as other publicdatabases in order to address

Conducts ethnographic research toexamine the experiences of Muslims and non-Muslims in

Research.

questions including: Arevariables such as ideology andgroup size associated with IEDuse? Have trends in IED usechan ed over time?

several communities throughoutthe United States with the goal of providing insight into participantsperceptions of American societyand their roles and status within it.

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Risk PredictionPredicting Locations of Potential IED Attacks

Goal Support for interdiction decisions

and indication and warningTransfer of foreign IED attackTransfer of foreign IED attack

patterns to DCpatterns to DC

assessmen s

Support for prioritization of intelligence, surveillance, andreconnaissance assets

Geo-BehavioralAnalysis

Support of real-time hypothesistesting

Approach Leverage targeting strategies from overseas IED attacks to identify high

risk U.S. targets IED targeting strategies are derived using multi-layered analysis of

infrastructure, terrorist tactics, and regional cultural, political, and

demographic data Existing geo-behavioral pattern discovery algorithms and engine This technology will be tested by DHS operational components

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CBP

serva onserva on

Hostile IntentHostile IntentDetectionDetection

ICE

Im rove screenin b

TSA

providing a science-based capability to

identify unknown threatsindicated by deceptive

Insider ThreatInsider ThreatDetectionDetection

IEDIEDPredictivePredictiveScreeningScreening

DOD-.

KEY

HFD Core

C-IED

OSD-SCO Academia

InnovationsSBIR

u ure r u eu ure r u eScreeningScreeningTechnologyTechnology

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Army NightVision

Laboratory

Defense AcademyCredibility

Assessment


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CBP

Hostile IntentHostile IntentDetectionDetection Automated Automated

n erac onn erac on

Improve screening by

TSAICE

providing a science-based capability toidentify unknown

threats indicated bydece tive andIARPA

suspicious behavior.

DetectionDetection

TrainingTrainingSimulationSimulation

BiometricsTaskForce

NISTHFD Core

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Project Hostile Intent

Detecting Unknown Hostile Threats

Goal

intentions in real-time usingnon-invasive sensors

AnalysisAnalysis ObservationObservationPersonalPersonal

IdentificationIdentificationSystemsSystems


Approach

Validate behavioral indicators of

Primary & SecondaryScreening & Interviews

Develop training courseware &

simulation to provide screeners withincreased dece tion detection skills

Develop a prototype to detect deception and hostile intent in real-time using non-invasive, culturally independent sensors algorithms

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Suspicious Behavior Detection

Project Hostile Intent Accomplishments Transitions

Intent Training Simulation Interim transition of behavioral indicators of deception embedded into a deception

detection training course and support materials Course being updated for CBP and local law enforcement sessions this summer

Accom lishments Automated Prototype

Solidified partnership with ICE to use their operational data to validate behavioral

indicators of hostile intent across cultures

action within a 2 minute high deception base rate environment Cross-Cultural Optimization of SPOT (Screening Passengers by

Observation Technique)

Interim validation of behavioral SPOT indicators for possession of illegal items(weapons, false documents), including Computer-Aided Passenger Pre-Screening (CAPPS) program

Proof of concept demonstration Mobile-SPOT technologies, a hand-held device

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Project Hostile Intent Upcoming Events

Significant Upcoming Events Hostile Intent Detection: SPOT Validation

Transition Culturally Independent Indicators - Q4 FY09

Hostile Intent Detection: Intent Training Simulation Transition Cross-Culturally-Validated Simulation Q3 FY 10

Hostile Intent Detection: Automated Prototype Demonstrate Real-Time Auto Intent Detection - Q4 FY09

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Predictive Screening

Detectin Behavioral Precursors of an IED Attack

Behavior- &Biometric-

Goal

SuspiciousPerson

SocialNetwork

SuspiciousPerson

Predict risk Intelligently screen Approach Identify and track suicide bombing

behavior & anomalous or

SuspiciousPackage

Collaborative SPOT

BombingIndicators

using automation technology

Leverage validated SPOT indicators to designate and drive automatedtrackin al orithms

Extend capability to identify & track potential suicide bombers at longer stand-off distances

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Predictive Screening Accomplishments & Events

Significant Upcoming Events Counter - IED: Suicide Bombing Behavior

Literature- and SME-based international effort to define observablebehaviors that precede a suicide bombing attack - FY09 Q4

Counter - IED: Automated Prototype Conduct follow-on open competition of automated video extraction

algorithms technologies - FY09 Q4

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Insider ThreatIdentification and Mitigation of Public Trust Betrayal

Goal Develop technologies and

me o s or en y ng n en ona

and unintentional threats posed byorganizational insiders

AnalysisAnalysis ObservationObservation InteractionInteraction

IdentificationIdentification

SystemsSystems

Approach Conduct workshop involving government, industry, academia and international

stakeholders (July 2009) to benchmark technical, operational, psychological and

DHS S&T Special Programs Division (SPD)) Conduct empirical study using TSA historical records to assess in a matched

sample of violators and non-violators whether social and behavioral indicators

were present prior to malicious acts (in coordination with DHS S&T SPD) Develop a common codebook to allow international research into identificationand mitigation of insider threats (in coordination with U.K. and DHS CBP)

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Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST)

Improving Checkpoint Screening Goals Improve user experience;

rovide automated behavior Anal sisAnal sis ObservationObservationPersonalPersonal


based screening integratedwith multiple physiologicalscreening technology systems;validate technical re uirements

SystemsSystems

and establish performancemetrics for primary screening

systems

Future AttributeScreening

Technologypproac

Validate Basic Theory Evaluate Individual Physiological and Behavioral Cues Develop/demonstrate an operational lab environment based on a Security

creen ng cenar o Combine Detection Theory, Sensors and Operational Environment Demonstrate functionality of the sensors within the operational lab environment,

validating sensor operation

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Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST) Accomplishments & Events

Theory Development Malintent Intention or desire to cause harm Initial Identification of physiological, and behavioral cues

Initial Sensor Suite Non-contact, non-intrusive physiological sensors

Events Initial Sensor Suite Demo FAST Mobile Module Virtual Demonstration FAST Mobile Module Operational Protocol Demonstration

Upcoming Events Malintent Theory Validation Primary Screening in Operational Environment

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DHSBiometrics

CoordinationGroupPersonalPersonal

MultiMulti--ModalModalMobileMobile

IdentificationIdentificationSystemsSystems

Improve screening byrovidin a science-

USCGMonaPass

TSWG

based capability toidentify known threats

through accurate,

timely, and easy-to-use

BiometricBiometricDetector Detector

RemoteRemoteBiometricsBiometrics

CaptureCaptureDoD

DDR&E and credentialingvalidation tools.

Next GenerationNext GenerationTenTen--PrintPrint

CommercialCommercial

KEY

HFD Core

CaptureCapturea a ourcesa a ources

Center for Identity

Technology

InnovationsSBIR

Coast Guard

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esearc NSTCBiometrics and

Identity

ManagementSubcommittee

NIST


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BiometricsDHSs Unique Challenges

DHS operational components have identified biometrics as a highpriority capability gap.

Screenin o erations within the DHS Mission S ace ose uni uechallenges to widespread deployment of biometrics. Scale and diversity of screening sites Need to accommodate existin DHS screenin ractices

Minimal impact on screener workload Minimal impact on wait time and throughput of screened

individuals Harsh lighting and environmental factors Extreme Outdoor Mobile Conditions Non-coo erative users Field-collected samples of mixed quality Real-time access to match results across the DHS enterprise

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Multi-modal BiometricsUtilizing the Full Range of Identification Tools

Goal Develop Multi-modal biometric tools

(fingerprint, face, and iris) to accurately and Analytical BiometricsInteractionObservationPersonal Identification Systems

rapidly identify known terrorists

Develop a framework to facilitate theintegration of biometric technologies across

Zone ZoneZoneZone

Approach Support development of interoperable biometrics tools and technologies Develo multi-modal biometrics collection ca abilit suitable for use in DHS

. ome r cs re en a ng

operational environments Develop fusion technologies to synthesize identity matches from DHS field-

collected (non-ideal quality) multi-modal biometric data

Payoff Improved biometrics-based identification of known terrorists Increase throughput of lawful travel across U.S. borders

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Mobile Biometrics AccomplishmentsMaritime Biometric Identification System:

Handheld Biometric System Pilot in the Mona PassGoal

-Guard maritime mobile biometricstechnologies in the Mona Pass.The pilot will identify strengths andshortfalls associated with the useof mobile biometrics.

Timely identification of interdicted immigrants to determine if they are on awatch or wanted listResults of ilot will inform S&Ts FY09 Mobile Biometric transition ro ect of

specific real-world operational shortfalls that exist with the use of mobilebiometrics devices

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Mobile Biometrics Accomplishmentsar me ome r c en ca on ys em: pera ona mpac

~ Data as of 5 February 2009:

MetricNumber

Encountered% of totalpossible

Biometrics

Collected4026 99% of persons

encountered

Database Matches 1028 26% of recordscollected

Prosecutions 467 45% of matches

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Biometric Detector

Goaleve op ec no og es or e c en ,

high quality, contact less acquisitionof fingerprint biometric signatures

Payoff

Ergonomic and user-friendly designprovides significantly improvedthroughput and signal quality

A fingerprint acquisition device that can be transitioned for implementation

Customers - US-Visit, USCIS, CBP, ICE, TSA

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Small Business Innovation Research Projects (SBIR)

Remote Biometrics

methodology and test and evaluation framework, for assessing the maximum standoff ranges in whichmulti le biometrics can be ca tured while stillensuring accuracy in determining an individualsidentity

Three (3) SBIR Phase I efforts initiated to provide ananalysis of DHS needs for mobile biometric devices;

enabling technologies; and a riskassessment for each technology

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Drivers of DHS Biometrics S&TIn the face of resourceful terrorists, however, we must continue to expand the US-VISIT programs biometric enrollment from two fingerprints to ten fingerprints, as well as leverage science and technology to enable more advanced multi-modal biometric recognition capabilities in the future that use fingerprint, face, or iris data.

- National Strategy for Homeland Security, Homeland Security Council, October 2007

agencies are to place emphasis on the priorities outlined in The National Biometrics Challenge and the resulting agenda developed by the NSTC Subcommittee on Biometrics and Identity Management.

- OMB and OSTP FY2009 R&D Budget Priorities (www.ostp.gov)

National Security Presidential Directive andHomeland Security Presidential Directive

Biometrics for Identification and Screening to Enhance National Security

DHS People Screening IPT


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Current State of Multi-modal Biometrics

Other Biometric Modalities

Novel Biometrics(Vascular pattern,

Existing Capability

R&D remains

Dynamic signature, etc.)

InteroperableData standards existand are proven inoperational use

Non-proprietary DataStandards are under revision and have notbeen demonstrated

Non-proprietary DataStandards are under revision and have notbeen demonstrated

Data Standards are under development

Much R&D remains

Specificationsfor Collection

Sensors

Specifications for some types of sensors exist. Workrequired for other

Specifications do notexist. Work is requiredto initiate this effort.

Specifications do notexist. Work is requiredto initiate this effort.

Specifications do not exist.Work is required to initiatethis effort.

sensors.

Well-definedDefinition of

Quality

No consensus ondefinition of quality



No consensus on definitionof quality

Large-scaleidentification

Capability

Capability usingnon-propriety data isdemonstrated andproven

No capability has beendemonstrated usingnon-proprietary data.Capabilitydemonstrated using

No capability exists No capability exists

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propr etary ata


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Office of Naval

esearcCommunityCommunityPreparednessPreparedness& Resilience& Resilience

Enhancing PublicResponse and

Community

Enhancepreparedness and FEMA

Infrastructureand

catastrophic events bydelivering capabilities

that incorporate social,

psychological and

Risk Perception,Public Trust, and

Communication

Social Network Analysis for CommunityResilience

Geophysical

U.S. of community

resilience.

n vers yPrograms

or ernCommand

Effective

National

Risk Com Against IEDThreats

HFD Core

C-IED

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Academiesof Science

OHA


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Community Preparedness and ResilienceEnhancing Emergency Communications and Public Response

Collects, analyzes and classifiesemer enc communications and re uestsfor assistance generated by Texasresidents during Hurricanes Katrina andRita over Texas 211 call system

Generates a standard template for streamlining the collection of 211 call

system information collected by states whooperate those systems

Develops a methodology to overlay callsystem data onto geospatial mapping to

aid in analysis of disaster scenarios,regional evacuation and relief planning,and response procedures

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d d l


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Community Preparedness and ResilienceSocial Network Analysis to Enhance Collaborative Planning & Response

StatePrivate Community

FireDepartment

CountySheriff

Public HealthDepartmentFaith-BasedPrimary and

Public WorksDepartment

County Office ofEmergency

Management

UniversityUniversities Colleges Community CommunityService

Secondary Schools

Examines the current state of theart in social network analysis (SNA)

City Office ofEmergency

Management

LocalBusiness/Industry

CommunityBusiness Assns

FireDe artment

CityPolice

EmergencyMedicalServices

HarborMaster

yVisitorsBureau

NeighborhoodBusiness Leaders

an s app ca y o e

identification, construction, andstrengthening of social networks. .

purpose of building resilienceacross private and public sectors

cooperative endeavors betweenprivate and public sector entities for the s ecific ur ose of

strengthening the resilience of communities and regions

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Community Preparedness and ResilienceRisk Perception, Public Trust, and Communication

Develops a methodology for assessing theimpact of risk communications and warnings on

situations Determines the effectiveness of various means

populations Develops a means for assessing the

provided by civic leadership Incorporates lessons learned into exercises and

warnings during civil emergencies anddisasters

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Community Preparedness and Resilience


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Community Preparedness and ResilienceEffective Risk Communications Against the IED Threat

Conducts research into methodologiesfor effective hazard and riskcommunications to enhance the ability of oca o c a s o convey un ers an a e

and credible warnings of IED activity tothe public eve ops a mo e ng an s mu a on

capability to test effective publiccommunications methods for training

warnings Research supports local officials in

strategies for IED threat, to enhancepublic safety and maintain publicconfidence ost-event

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Human Technology IntegrationHuman Technology Integration

HumanHumanSystemsSystemsFirst

RespondersT&E/

Standards

Enhance safetHumanHuman EnhancedEnhanced

-- effectiveness, and

usability of technologyby systematically

incorporating user and

ResearchResearch TechnologyTechnologyInterfaceInterface

DOD HFE TAG/HSIS

public input.

FAMSTSL

ReadinessReadinessCommunityCommunity

Perceptions of Perceptions of

DHS HSICommunityOf Practice

p m za onp m za onBrain MusicBrain MusicKEY

HFD Core

Innovations

TechnologiesTechnologiesPanelPanel

HSI

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TSOScreeners OHA


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H S t R h d E i i


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Human Systems Research and EngineeringOptimizing Technology for Detection Accuracy

Motion X-Ray Motion provides the best perceptual clue for

object identification

Motion X-Ray images showed an increase inhits and decrease in false alarms over Static X-Ray images

Automation Effects on Wea ons Detection Assess the effect that automated explosive

alarms have on the detection of other unidentified explosives, guns, knives, liquids, etc

Expected to result in an increase in weaponsdetection accuracy when using an AdvancedTechnology X-Ray at security checkpoints

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H S R h d E i i


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Human Systems Research and EngineeringMaximizing the Effectiveness of Human Performance

Screener Performance X-Ray Priming Method (XPM) designed to overcome the decrease in performance

Result in Increased Screener Vigilance and Threat Detection Performance

Created new 3-minute version of Performance Vigilance Test (PVT) that issensitive to fatigue and X-Ray performance deficits caused by fatigue

Discrimination Pilot Training Training Reduced False Alarm Rate by 50% Ex osure and Identification Trainin :

Increased Correct Rejection rates 59% to 75% Perceptual Discrimination Training:

Increased Hit rates for Difficult Tar ets 65% to 80%

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Technology Acceptance and Integration Program


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Technology Acceptance and Integration ProgramIncorporating Community Perspectives

into Technology Development Goal To successfully develop and adopt

application specific, publiclyaccep a e ec no og es anprocesses.

Approach Community Perceptions of

Technology (CPT) Panel focuseson a selected technology/process.

Experts selected from industry,

public interest, and community-or en e organ za ons oparticipate.

Qualitative data collected isutilized to inform operational

,

technology, and to guide thedesign of additional researchtools.

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I ti g C it P ti


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Incorporating Community Perspectivesinto Technolo Develo ment

CPT Panels 2008 e ruary : crowave e c e

Stopping

May 2008: Raman Spectroscopy-IED Standoff Ex losive Detection

August 2008: Mobile BiometricTechnology

December 2008: Nonlinear AcousticIED Standoff Threat Detection

CPT Panels 2009 y March 1-3: Northern Border

Technology- Radio-FrequencyIdentification (RFID) Registration andLow Resolution Imaging Technology

F r e q u e n c

( H z

)

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Joint panel with the CanadianGovernment

Incorporating Community Perspectives


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p g y pinto Technology Development

What we have done so far

technology for each panel.

Collected a ran e of o inions and ers ectives on issues thatmight inhibit community acceptance and deployment.

Identified major themes for each technology: health and safety,unintended consequences/collateral damage, compromisedtechnology, perceptions of threat, and potential impact on privacyand civil liberties.

Provided potential public information/communication initiatives

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Incorporating Community Perspectives into


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p g y pTechnology Development

Where we are going next

Incor oratin anel rocess into the technolo life c cle

Where in the technology life cycle is the panel most beneficial? How can S&T better utilize qualitative data in requirements gathering,

,

Developing operational support tools for S&T Directorate

Developing communication and informational materials

Convening working group of academics in the field of sciencecommunication and public perception research

Publishing literature reviews on the integration of public perception, nationalsecurity, and technology development

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DHS-HumanFactors

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