Developing a new dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) for global changing predictions
description
Transcript of Developing a new dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) for global changing predictions
Developing a new dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) for global changing predictions
Hisashi SATO (FRSGC)
Akihiko ITOH (FRSGC)
Takashi KOHYAMA (Hokkaido Univ.)
Toward developing the integrated land-surface-model
Vegetation dynamics model
Land surface physical process model
åå³ïŒäŒè€æ圊
å®çãæ»äº¡ãæªä¹±ã競äºãããã®çµæãšããŠã®æ€çå€å
Land surface carbon cycle model
ãæ€çåæ ã¢ãã«ããšãéžåççŽ åŸªç°ã¢ãã«ããšãåé¢ããŠèšèšããããšãå°é£ã§ãã£ãããããã®äž¡è ãçµåããã¢ãã«ãäœæããããªããæ€çåæ éšåã®æ§é ã¯ã LPJ-DGVM ãš BIOME3 ãåèã«ããã
General description of the DGVM
Major advances from the previous DGVMs
(1) Individual Based Model ã ã ã ã ã ã ã (except for herbaceous PFTs)
(2) Explicitly simulate spatial structures of vegetations
â Plant Functional Types
åŸæ¥ã®ïŒ€ïŒ§ïŒ¶ïŒãšæ¯èŒããå©ç¹
â
空éæ§é ãæ瀺çã«è¡šããåäœããŒã¹ã¢ãã«ã§ããããããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒæšå®ã«åäœçŸ€çæ åŠã®ããŒã¿ïŒæšæ¬å¯åºŠããµã€ãºååžã暹霢æ§æååžïŒããã®ãŸãŸçšããããšãåºæ¥ãããŸããåäœé競äºã®è¡šçŸã劥åœã§ããããããã£ãŠæ°åå€åã«äŒŽã£ãæ€çå€åã®é床ããããç確ã«äºæž¬ã§ããããšãæåŸ ãããã
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幎平åæ°æž©ïŒâ ïŒ
幎éæ°Žé
ïŒmm
ïŒ
Plant Characteristics (1)
Plant Functional Types (PFTs)
1. Tropical broad-leaved evergreen2. Tropical broad-leaved raingreen3. Temperate needle-leaved evergreen4. Temperate broad-leaved evergreen5. Temperate broad-leaved summergreen
äžèš PFT1 ïœ 8 ãæšæ¬ã PFT9 ãš 10 ãèæ¬ã§ãããèšç®åºç»ã«ãããŠã¯ãæšæ¬ PFT ãšèæ¬ PFT ãšãåæã«ååžãããšä»®å®ãããæšæ¬ã«é¢ããŠã¯åäžåºç»å ã«è€æ°ã® PFT ãæ··åšå¯èœã§ããããèæ¬ PFTs ã¯åäžåºç»å ã«ã¯ïŒã¿ã€ãããååžã§ããªããšããã
æ€çæ¯èŠ³ã®æ±ãæ¹
äŸãã°ãéšç·æš¹ (PFT#2) ãš C4 èæ¬ (PFT#10) ãšãåªå ããŠããåºç»ã«ãããŠã¯ãæšæ¬ã®åäœå¯åºŠãé«ããã°ãéšç·æš¹æããšããæšæ¬ã®åäœå¯åºŠãäœãèæ¬ãã€ãªãã¹ãé«ããã°ããµãã³ãããæšæ¬ã®åäœå¯åºŠãèæ¬ãã€ãªãã¹ãäœããã°ãç æŒ å°åž¯ããšããã
6. Boreal needle-leaved evergreen 7. Boreal needle-leaved summergreen 8. Boreal broad-leaved summergreen 9. Temperate herbaceous (C3)10. Tropical herbaceous (C4)
ååºç»ã®æ€çæ¯èŠ³ã¯ãåªå ããæšæ¬ PFT ã®åäœå¯åºŠãåã³åªå ããèæ¬ PFT ã®åäœé¢ç©åœãã€ãªãã¹ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ºå®ããã
Crown : biomass, diameter, depth Stem : biomass, height, sapwood & heartwood DBH Root : biomass Stock-resource per individual tree
Woody PFTs
Herbaceous PFTs
Foliage : biomass in a unit areaRoot : biomass in a unit areaStock-resource in a unit area
èæ¬ã¯ãèãšæ ¹ã®ã¿ããæ§æãããããããã¯åäœé¢ç©åœããã®ãã€ãªãã¹ã®ã¿ã§æ±ãããããªããèæ¬ã¯å€å¹Žæ§ã§ãããšä»®å®ããæ ¹ã¯æ£®æç«çœãªã©ã®æªä¹±ãçããªãéããèãæ¯ããŠãæ®åãããšããã
Plant Characteristics (2)
Individual base ãåæšæ¬ã¯ã Crown ã Stem ã Root ã®ïŒåšå®ããæ§æãããååšå®ã¯æ¬¡ã®å€ãæããã ( å³å³ãåç § )
å®ç (annualy computation)Woody PFTs
èæ¬ã¯å®çéçšãæ瀺çã«æ±ãããåžžã«ååšãããšä»®å®ããããŸãã C3 çµè·¯ãšC4 çµè·¯ã®åæ¹ã䜿ãããšä»®å®ãããã®ã©ã¡ããã䜿ããã¯å幎ã®æ°åæ¡ä»¶ã«å¿ããŠæ±ºå®ããããããªãã¡å幎㮠coldest-month temperature ã 15.5 åºŠïŒ LPJ ã®åºæºïŒä»¥äžãªãã° C4 çµè·¯ãããæªæºã®å Žåã«ã¯ C3 çµè·¯ã«åãæ¿ããããã
Scenario 1: æå®ããïŒçš®é¡ã® PFT ã®ã¿ãå®çããïŒãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒæšå®çšã¢ãŒãïŒã
Scenario 2: çŸåšã©ã®ãã㪠PFT ãååžããŠããã®ãã«é¢ãããããã®ç°å¢æ¡ä»¶ã§å®çå¯èœãªå šãŠã®æšæ¬ PFT ãç確çã§å®çããïŒ infinite seed dispersal mode ãïŒ ã
Scenario 3: ã¹ãã³ã¢ããã§ã¯ Scenario 2 ãé©çšããã®åŸã®ã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ãåæšæ¬ PFT ã®ãã€ãªãã¹ã«æ¯äŸããŠå®çæ¯çã決ãŸãïŒ no seed dispersal mode ãïŒ ããHerbaceous PFTs
åæšæ¬ PFT ã«ã¯å®çå¯èœãªæ°æž©ç¯å²ïŒ maximum coldest-month temperature ãš sum of growth degree-day ïŒãäžããããŠããããã®ç¯å²ã«åã°ãªããã®æè¿ 20 幎éã®å¹³åæ°åãåãŸãå Žåããã®æšæ¬ PFT ãå®çå¯èœã§ãããšããããŸããå幎ã®ééšéã100mm ãäžåãå Žåã¯ããããªãæšæ¬ PFT ãå®çã§ããªããšããã
ã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã¯ä»¥äžã®ïŒã€ã®ã·ããªãªã«åºã¥ããŠè¡ãã
å ç°å¢ã®æ±ãæ¹ (daily & monthly computation)
Estimate light intensity on the top of the crown by using canopy location within the forest stand (SORTIE like)
To avoid âedge effectâ, this scanning is performed among replicated forest stands, which surround the examining area.
Estimate light distribution within canopy using leaf area concentration and light attenuation index
Estimated light intensity
æšæ¬ã®èã¯åäžã«ååžããŠããããšãä»®å®ããå°è¡šé¢ã«éã 泚ãå éãæ±ãããããèæ¬ PFT ãå©çšã§ãããšããã
Grass layer
Woody PFTs
Herbaceous PFTs
ãŸãé«ã 3m 以äžã®æšæ¬ã®å ç°å¢ã«ã€ããŠããåæ§ã®æ±ãæ¹ãããã
Leaf phenology (daily computation)
å PFT ã«ã¯èœèæ§ãåžžç·æ§ãã®å±æ§ãäžããããŠãããèœèæ§ã® PFTs ã§ã¯ä»¥äžã®èŠåã«ãã£ãŠãå±èæãšäŒç æã移ãå€ããããã®å€æã«ã¯æ°æž©ãšåå£æ°Žåã« ã€ããŠã®æè¿ 1é±éã® running mean ãçšããã移ãå€ããåºæºãããªãã¡ãåºæºæž©åºŠã ãšãåºæºæ°Ž ããã³ã·ã£ã«ãã¯ã LPJ-DGVM ããåŸãã
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å±èã (daily computation)
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æ ¹ããã®çµŠæ°Žé * ãã¡ããã©æºããèé
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* äžé±éã® running mean
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Herbaceous PFTs ã®æé· (daily computation)
æ°Ž åæ¯ (daily computation)
倧éšå㯠Sim-CYCLE ãšåäžïŒå·Šå³åç §ïŒã§ããããã®èŸºãã¯ã MATSIRO ãšçµååŸã«ã¯ã詳现ãªã¢ãã«ãšå€ããã¯ãã§ããã
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æªä¹± (annualy computation)
æ€çã®æªä¹±èŠå ãšããŠã¯ç«çœã®ã¿ãèãããç«çœã¢ãã«ã«ã¯ã Thonicke et al. (2001) ãéçºãã Sitch et al. (2003) ã LPJãžã®çµã¿èŸŒã¿ã«éããŠç°¡ç¥åãããã®ãçšããã
ãã®ã¢ãã«ã§ç«çœã¯ã fuel load ïŒãã€ãªãã¹ïŒãªãã¿ãŒïŒã 200 g C/m2 以äžèç©ããŠããå Žåã«ã®ã¿ã fuel load ãšãªãã¿ãŒå«æ°Ž çã«ãã£ãŠæ±ãããã確çã«ãã£ãŠçºçããã
ç«çœã®çããåºç»ã§ã¯ãçŒæ»ããæšæ¬ã®å šãã€ãªãã¹ãçãæ®ã£ãæšæ¬ã®è矀ãã€ãªãã¹ãèæ¬ã®å šãã€ãªãã¹ããããŠå šãªãã¿ãŒã CO2 ãšããŠæŸåºãããŠããŸããšä»®å®ããã
äœããäžè¬çã«ã¯ç«çœè·¡ã«ã¯å€ãã®çåæšçãæ®ãããããã¯çå解ããã«ããããççŽ ã¹ããã¯ãšããŠé·ãå°äžã«çãŸãããŸãããããã®çåæšçã¯ã¢ã«ãããäœäžãããå¹æãæã€ãšãèãããããããããã®å¹æã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã®ã¢ãã«ã«ã¯å«ãŸããŠããªãã
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äœãã Sitch et al. (2003) ã¯ããããã®å€ã®åºæãåŒçšããŠããªãã®ã§ãã©ã®çšåºŠä¿¡é Œã®ãããå€ã§ãããã¯äžæã§ããã
æ»äº¡ (annualy computation)
æ»äº¡ç = Max [1.0, mort_greff + mort_heat + mort_limit]
mort_greff Background mortality from current yearâs growth efficiency
mort_heat
mort_limit If 20yrs running mean value of bioclimatic valiables of air-temperature fall outside a PFT limits for survival
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(daily computation)
(daily computation)
(daily computation)
(daily computation)
ïŒïŒïŒå¹Žéã®åæ ãã¢ã³ã¹ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ïŒ çæ¬çæ°Ž ä¿£åž
åå 100 幎éïŒãã®å Žæã§å®çå¯èœãªå šãŠã® PFT ãç確çã§å®çåŸå 100 幎éïŒ PFTæ¯ã®ãã€ãªãã¹æ¯ã«å¿ããŠå®ç枩垯æ§èœèåºèæš¹ãšæž©åž¯æ§åžžç·åºèæš¹ã®æ··åæ â 枩垯æ§èœèåºèæš¹æ
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åå 100 幎éïŒãã®å Žæã§å®çå¯èœãªå šãŠã® PFT ãç確çã§å®çåŸå 100 幎éïŒ PFTæ¯ã®ãã€ãªãã¹æ¯ã«å¿ããŠå®ç
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Yealy time-step
ççŽ åŸªç°ã®æŠç¥
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Simulation will be conducted on the T42 global grid (128Ã64), each of which includes 10 replication forest stands.
Thus, assuming 1/3 of the earth surface is terrene, about 27000 independent forest stand will be independently simulated.
To date, this would be the most complex ecosystem model that have ever made.
Simulation procedure
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Estimate parameters and algorithm of a tree growthso that tree-form are reasonably simulated for each PFT
Estimate dynamics parameters (Establishment, Mortality, Disturbance):so that density and age distribution of tree are reasonably simulated when only one PFT composes the forest
Estimate metabolic parameters (Photosynthesis, Respiration, Allocation):So that GPP, biomass, LAI, and distribution of DBH are reasonably simulated. This will be conducted on forest that was composed of only one PFT.
By repeating above (2) and (3), convergence parameters
Conduct test run on global gridthen examine that distribution of vegetation and GPP at equilibrium are reasonably simulated.
Procedure for parameter estimation and tuning
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
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