Desi 122 - Spring 2013 - Week 12 PDF
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DESI122HumanFactors
Spring2013
Week12
Ac6vi6es&Spa6alRequirementsRela6onships&Spa6alDiagrams
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• ThedesignTaskinvolvesconsidera6onsof
manyelements:
• Func6onalrequirements
• Loca6onofResources
• SymbolicConsidera6ons
• Materials&Construc6on
• Otherobjec6ves–i.e.sustainability
Activities & Spatial Requirements
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• Func6onalRequirementsareoftwomain
components:
• TheSpacesrequired• TheRela6onshipbetweenSpaces
Func/onalRequirements
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• TheSpacesrequiredarethecontainersthatenablesthe
aainmentoftheClient’sobjec6ves
• Todefinethespaces:
weneedtoanalyzetheclientobjec6vesandseehow
theyaretranslatedtothenecessaryac6vi6estoaainthem
• Objec6vesareaainedbyAc6vi6es
• Ac6vi6esarewhatlinkClientObjec6vestoDesign
TheSpacesrequired
Therequirementsare:
Spa6al Environmental
Servicing Equipment
Furniture
ThereshouldbeFITbetween
RequirementsandWhatthespacecan
provide.
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Thedesignworkstartsfroma
statementoftheobjec6vesofa
facility
• Thedesigner’sroleistotranslatethis
statementtoaspaceprogram:
i.e.Iden6fyingthespacesthatfulfilltheseobjec6ves
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• Iden6fytheACTIVITIESthatareneededtofulfilltheseobjec6ves.Whataretheac6vi6estobeperformedin
acertainspace?
• Iden6fytheREQUIREMENTS.Theneedforanyspace
shouldbedeterminedbytherequirementsof
ac6vi6es.Whatdoeseachac6vityrequirespa6ally?
herecomesanthropometrics;
WhendealingwithSpa6alRequirements,weshould
consideranthropometricsinthespacesinordertoinclude95%ofthepopula6on(usersofthespaces);
WhendesignersdesignforREACHtheyshould
accommodate/caterforthe5thpercen6le.
AndwhentheydesignforCLEARANCEtheyshould
accommodate/caterforthe95thPercen6le.
• Iden6fySHARING,whetherdifferentac6vi6escan
shareonespace
To achieve this:
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Inordertoiden6fySHARING:
- Anassessmentismadeofthesimilari6es
betweentherequirementsofthevarious
ac6vi6es.
- Spacesaregenerallydefinedinresponsetothebiggestorgreaterrequirements.
- Ifaspacecanaccommodateamoredemanding
ac6vity,itcanthusaccommodatealess
demandingac6vity.
- Therequirementsofthemostdemandingac6vity
representthecharacteris6csofthespaceneeded
- Astatementabouttheresultantspacesthatcanaccommodateac6vi6esofcomparable
requirements
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Therefore:Spacesinaprojectarethefinaldescrip6onofresourcesthatarecapableofaccommoda6ngarangeof ac6vi6esthatarenecessarytofulfilltheclientobjec6ves.
Inshorttherearetwobasicissues:
First:
• Definingthearearequiredforindividual
ac6vi6es
Second:
• Seewhethertherequirementsofagroupof
ac6vi6esarecomparabletoshareaspace
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ClientObjec6ves
Ac6vi6esrelevanttotheaainmentofeach
objec6ve
Spa6alrequirementsofeachac6vity
Anassessmentofthesimilari6esamongac6vi6esintermsoftherequirements
Astatementabouttheresultantspacesthatcan
accommodateac6vi6esofacomparablerequirements
Thisisthespaceprogram
1
2
3
4
5
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Week9MondayMar.1th.
200910
SportFacili/es:
PlayersSpaces:
PlayersRecep6onAreas
ChangeRooms
InstructorsSpace
SportsAreas
SpectatorsSpaces:
MainEntrance
Recep6on&Tickets
Cafeteria
Washrooms
SpectatorsSea6ng
ManagementSpaces:
Offices
Storage
washrooms
ServiceSpaces:
Storages
Buildingservices
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Week9MondayMar.1th.
200912
NameofAc/vity1
Space
NameofAc/vity
2Space
NameofAc/vity
3Space
Spa/al
Requirements
Area
Required
Shapeof
SpaceRequired
Height
Levelswithin
Environmental
Requirements
Temperature
Natural/
Ar6ficialLight
Needfor
Ven6la6on
NoiseControl
Finishes
Servicing
Requirements
Water
Requirements
Special
Power
EquipmentRequired
(e.g.Audio/Visual)
FixedFurnitureRequired
MoveableFurniture
ForaSELECTEDSpace,Iden6fy:
-THREEACTIVITIESperformedinthespace
-TheREQUIREMENTSof EACHoftheseac6vi6es
HighlighttheRequirementsthatareMoreInclusiveoftheothertwoineachrow
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Week9MondayMar.1th.
200913
Ques%on:
ListforASPACEintheSPORTCentre:
-TheAc6vi6esperformed
-TheAnthropometricMeasurementsrelevanttoeachac6vity
-Thesuggestedpercen6leforeachmeasurement
PresentyourANSWERinTABLE-Formatasindicatedbelow.
Ac/vi/es AnthropometricMeasurements Relevant
Percen/le
Ac6vity1: Measurement1:
Measurement2:
Measurement3:
Ac6vity1: Measurement1:
Measurement2:
Measurement3:
Ac6vity1: Measurement1:
Measurement2:
Measurement3:
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ToarriveatIndividualSpaces
Ac/vi/es&RequirementsareAssessed
1. ChoosingtheAppropriatePercen/le2. AssessingSimilarityofRequirementsamong
Ac/vi/es
IndividualSpaces
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Rela/onship
Among
Spaces
ToevaluatetheRela6onshipamongSpaceswe
employTHREEMethods:
Matrix
Bubble
Diagram
Zoning
Diagram
1.
2.
3.
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ConsequencesoftheMatrix,BubbleDiagram
andZoningDiagramareviewedaccordingto:
Strength
Of
Rela/onships
Distribu/on
Of
Rela/onships
Correspondence
With
Area
CorrespondenceWith
Other
Characteris/cs
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Characteris6csofaMatrix:Onlyindicatestherela6onshipamongallspaceswithoutindica6ngareasorconsideringanyotherdesignaspects.Onematrixisusedforaproject.
Thereare3generalpossibili6escanoccurinthematrix:
1.Whenallcellshavethesamesymbols/number,therela6onshipsbetweenallspacesarethesame–Uniform.
2.Whenthecellsareallempty,thereisnorela6onship
betweenthespaces.
3.Whensomecellshavestrongrela6onshipsamongothercellsthathaveweakerrela6onships,ahierarchyisgiventothespaceswithstrongrela6onships,i.e.groupingtheminclusters,consideringthemafocalpointinthedesign.
Matrix
1.
Howdoesanarchitectdesignerusethematrix?
• Lis/ngAlltheSpaces
• DefiningtheRela/onshipsamongthem
• StrengthofRela/onshiprelatesto:
FrequencyofTrips
NumberofPeopleInvolved
TypeofpeopleMoving
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ThefollowingMatricesareexamplesfortheabovegeneralpossibili6es.Wehavetothinkaboutwhatthecellsindicateandtheresults(IF&Consequences)
Legend:
StrongRela6onship
WeakRela6onship
MediumRela6onship
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Spaces
S p a c e s
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IF&Consequences:
IfAllspacesareLarge:
Consequences:
-Allthespacesareinvolvedinthestrongrela6onship
-Consistent
-Nohierarchypreference
-Differentac6vi6eswillnotSHAREonespace
IfAllSpacesareSmall:
Consequences:
-Allthespacesareinvolvedinthestrongrela6onship
-Consistent
-Differentac6vi6eswillnotSHAREonespace
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Spaces
S p a c e s
IF&Consequences:
IfAllspacesareLargeorsmall:Consequences:
-Allspacesareinvolvedinweakornorela6onships
-Consistent
-Nohierarchypreference
-Differentac6vi6eswillnotSHAREonespace
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Spaces
S p a c e s
IF&Consequences:
IfAllspacesareLargeorsmall:Consequences:
-Allspacesareinvolvedinmediumstrengthrela6onships
-Consistent
-Nohierarchypreference
-Differentac6vi6eswillnotSHAREonespace
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Spaces
S p a c e s
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IfAllspacesareLargerthantheONE:
Consequences:
-Themajorityofrela6onshipsareweak
-OnlySpaceONEisstronglyrelatedtoallotherspaces
- Differentac6vi6escannotshareSpaceONE
If AllSpacesareSmallerthantheONE:
Consequences:
-Themajorityofrela6onshipsareweak
-OnlySpaceONEisstronglyrelatedtoallotherspaces
- SpaceONEshouldcontainallotherspaceasthesizepermits.Differentac6vi6esofrestofspacesshareSpaceONE
- However,SpaceONEshouldbeplacedasthefocalpointorhierarchyspacewhereallotherspacescanrelatestronglytoit.
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1
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
Spaces
S p a c e s
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IftheTHREEspacesareLargerthantherest:
Consequences:
-Weakornorela6onshipbetweentheThreespaceandtherest
-TheThreespaceswillnotcontainthespaceswhichare
smallerthanthem
- Seriousconsidera6onofthespaceclustersinformula6ngthedesign
- Clusterscouldbefocalpointsindesign
IftheTHREEspacesareSmallerthantherest:
Consequences:
-AllotherspacescannotbecontainedintheThreespaces
anyway
- However,hierarchy/clustersofthethreespacesshoulddominatethearrangements
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IftheTHREEspacesSHAREotherCharacteris6cs:
Consequences:
-Threespacesshouldallbegroupedtogetherinonespaceor
clusterif“OtherCharacteris6cs”areveryimportant.
- Shouldallbelinkedwithamediumstrengthrela6onshipif
“OtherCharacteris6cs”areofsomeimportance.
IftheTHREEspacesDONOTSHAREotherCharacteris6cs:
Consequences:
-TheThreespaceswillnotbegroupedtogether.
- TheThreespaceswillnotbelinkedinanyway
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Ascalefrom1to5canbeemployedtodemonstratestrength
ofspacerela6onshipsasshownhereunder.Thisisalsocalled
an:
AdjacencyStudy:Studyingtherela/onshipbetweenthespacesintermsofclosenessorfarness
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Bubble
Diagram2.
Characteris6csofaBubbleDiagram:LiketheMatrixaBubbleDiagramshowsrela6onshipsamongspaces.Inaddi6on,most
BubbleDiagramindicatestheareaforeachspace(bigor
smallbubblesorrectangles).OnlyoneBubbleDiagramis
requiredforaproject.
ThefollowingareexamplesofBubbleDiagrams:
Thebubblediagramsbelowsymbolicallyindicatesthe
areasofspaces,inaddi6ontothestrengthoftheir
func6onalrela6onships(achievedthroughnumberof
linesamongthespaces;
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WhendrawingBubble
Diagrams,weshouldkeep
inmindthatitshouldnotbe
toocomplexortoo
abstract.
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Thenexttwo“BubbleDiagrams”userectangles/
squareswithexactareastoindicatestrengthof
rela6onships/adjacencies;
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Zoning
Diagram3.
Characteris6csofazoningdiagram:
1. Indicatestherela6onshipamongallspacesandshowareas.
2. AbstractstheBubbleDiagram.
3. Considersotheraspectsofspaceoruserssuchasviews,access,naturalligh6ng,etc.
4. Resultsinbasictypology(basiclayouts).
5. Therecanbemanydifferentalterna6vebasiclayoutsofzoning,notonlyone.
Refertothefollowingillustra6onsshowinghowthe
BubbleDiagramhastransformedtoZoningDiagram
whichinturnhastransformedtoafunc6onalplan:
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3
1-BubbleDiagram 2-Consideringposi6on&orienta6on
3-Transforma6ontoZoningDiagram 4-Transforma6ontoafunc6onalplan
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TofindtheDesignProblemistogothroughtheprocessofexaminingthedifferenttypesofrela6onshipsamong
thespacesandthecharacteris6csofsuchspace.The
resultantDesignProblemiscalledProblemStatement
orProgrammingwhichwillbeexaminedlater.
Thecharacteris6csofthespaceandthecharacteris6csoftherela6onshipsamongthespacesshouldbe
combinedintoaBlockDiagram.
Theresultantofthesymboliccharacteris6csofthe
spacesisformorforms.
BlockDiagramsandFormsarethemaincomponents
requiredforaZoningDiagramwhichisthethresholdfor
solvingtheDesignProblemandarrivingtotheDesign
Solu6on(FinalDesign).
Thefollowingdiagramillustratesthis;
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Design
Problem
Design
Solu/on
Characteris/cs
Of
Spaces
Characteris/cs
Of
Rela/onships
Symbolic
Characteris/cs
Block
Diagram
Other
Forms
Final
Design
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Calculate Areas for each space/ present an Area block Diagram.
ExampleofhowtomakeBlockAreaDiagram
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• Programming
• Spaceplanning• PlanTypesTypology
Unit2:People&Buildings
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Programming&spaceplanning
Programming:
Astatementofobjec6ves&requirementsfortheproject,some6mescalledaprojectbrieforproblemstatement
Theprogramlistofrequirementsinclude :
• thenumberofspacestobeprovided,
• therela6onshipbetweenthem,
• Anyspecificneedsforthesespaces;
Thisdependsonthenumberofusersinthespace&thetypeofac6vi6estobeaccommodated.
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Programming
• Definetypeofac/vi/esrequiredin
theproject
• Definetypeofspaces
toaccommodatetheseac/vi/es
• Definetheareasof
thesespaces,by
studyinghowmanypersonsareusingthe
space&usingthe
standardstofigureit
out
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CaseStudies
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4
Themain
ac/vi/es:
Si`ng&wri/ng,
answeringthephone,
allrelatedtasks:
paperwork,typing
Filingwork
Movingaround/
Talkingtoavisitor
Worksta/onChair,desk,
typingspace
Filecabinets
Circula/onpaths
Visitorspace
Req.Spaces
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1.BasicL-shapeworksta/onwithvisitorsea/ng
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Basicworksta/onwithvisitorsea/ng
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3.Worksta/onwithbacklateralfilestorage
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Basicworksta/onwithcircula/onbehind
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4.Basicworksta/onwithvisitorsea/ng&
circula/on
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5.Basicworksta/onwithver/calstorageoverthe
workplane
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5.Basicworksta/onwithver/calstorageoverthe
workplane
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Arrangementsofworksta/on:
TypicalRowArrangement
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5
Arrangementsof2L-shapeworksta/on:
formingatypicalU–shapedarrangement
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Example:Finalofficeplan
U-shapedworksta/on
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People&BuildingsRestaurantsDiningplaces
Ac/vi/es&Spa/alrequirements
Spa/aldiagrams&typologies
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Basiccomponents
• Frontac/vi/es
• Backofhouse
ac/vi/es
Dining
Bar&lounge
Restrooms
Foodservicecounter
Kitchen
Storage
Staffarea
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Prototypeofagenericrestaurant
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TheArtofTableLayoutsinRestaurants
• ThefrontofthehouseexperienceShouldbepleasant
• Restaurantshavebecomesengsfor
life’sevents,forcelebra6ons• Ea6ng,themealisonlypartofthe
experience
• Allthesurroundingfactorshelpstoshapeit
• Sights,sounds&smellsaresome
aspects
• Themes&stylestransportpatronstoa
temporaryrealitywithspecialmoods
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• Restaurantsmustbedesignedtobalance
theneedforsocialinterac6onwiththe
needtocontrolthatinterac6on
• Theneedtosee&tobeseenversusprivacy&in6macy
• Oneofthemostimportantaspectof
restaurantdesignisthesea/ng
arrangement
• Placementoftables&chairs,booths,
banquees,determineshowterritoryis
defined&personalspaceisregulated
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Sea/ngchoicesforprivacy:
Peopleseateddirectlyacrossfromoneanotherattables
tendtoassumeamore
confronta6onalposture
Peopleseatedatrightangles
fromoneanothertendto
assumeamorecoopera6ve,
conversa6onalposturewhich
ismoreconduc6vetoprivacy
AccordingtoEdwardT.Hall/
Thehiddendimension
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Barsea6ng&privacy
Alongstraightbarplacesguestsdirectlynexttoeachother,oen
withineachotherpersonalzone
butitdoesn’tencourage
interac6on
Barswithangles&curvesprovide
op6onsforvaryingdegreeofsocialinterac6on
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Banqueesea6ng&privacy
Thestraight
banqueesea6ng
couldbemodified,
angledorcurvedto
establishpersonal
space&adegreeofprivacy
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Typesoflayouts;Narrow&wide
LinearNarrowlayouts
Withparallelwalls
Linearlayouts
Withcentralrow
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WiderlayoutsLinearlayoutswith
widercentralzones
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Tables/clearancebetween45degree
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Banqueesea6ng/Min.clearance
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Boothsea6ng
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InteriorSpace2:HealthClinic:
1.Recep6on 10sq.m.
2.Informa6onDesk 5sq.m.
3.Washrooms 7.5sq.m4.Examina6on1 10sq.m.
5.Examina6on2 10sq.m.
.Examina6on3 10sq.m.
7.Nurse 10sq.m.
8.StaffRestArea 15sq.m.
9.GeneralStorage 5sq.m.
10.Medicalstore 5sq.m.
InteriorSpace2:Bookshop:
1.Recep6on&Coffee 15sq.m.2.Informa6onDesk 5sq.m.
3.Washrooms 5sq.m.
4.InsuranceBroker1 10sq.m.
5.InsuranceBroker2 10sq.m.
.InsuranceBroker3 10sq.m.
7.Secretary 5sq.m.