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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Defining metropolitan, urban and rural areas
Hugo Poelman
DG Regional Policy
March 2012
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
A system of classifications
• Towards an integrated system of classifications, at various levels
• Urban/rural typology of regions
• Degree of urbanisation
• Definitions of cities, agglomerations, metropolitan areas
• Avoid discrepancies between methodologies and classifications
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Revised methodologies (1)
• Urban/rural typology of NUTS3 regions: done
• Based on urban/rural classification of grid cells of 1 km²
• Degree of urbanisation of LAU2 units: done
• Based on typology of grid cells of 1 km²
• Definition of cities (and kernels) for the Urban Audit: done
• Compatible with the degree of urbanisation
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Revised methodologies (2)
• Definition of metropolitan areas: ongoing
• Based on commuting to cities
• Definition of Larger Urban Zones for the Urban Audit: ongoing
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Methodological development and/or data from
• DG Regional Policy
• DG Agriculture and Rural Development
• Eurostat
• DG Joint Research Centre
• OECD
• NSIs
• European Forum for GeoStatistics EFGS
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Degree of urbanisation: what?
• Classification of all LAU2s into three categories:
• Thinly populated
• Intermediate density
• Densely populated
• It is used primarily in the Labour Force Survey (LFS), but also in other surveys such as Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) and IT
• It is based on LAU2 density and contiguity
• It has been in use for 20 years
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Degree of urbanisation: why a revision?
• Distortions due to the large variation in area of local administrative units (LAU2)
• Revised urban-rural typology is based on a grid based definition of rural areas which is more reliable than OECD or LFS approach
• Harmonising spatial concepts
• Rural (OECD) and thinly populated areas (LFS)
• Densely populated areas (LFS) and cities (Urban Audit)
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Previously: 3 conflicting definitions
Urban-rural typology
Degree of urbanisation
Urban Audit
Rural LAU2 ≠ Thinly populated
Intermediate density
Densely populated ≠ Cities
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Harmonised definition based on a population grid
• Classification at raster level (1 km² cells):
• Rural grid cells: cells outside urban clusters
• Urban clusters: contiguous cells (incl. diagonals) with a density of at least 300 inh./km² and a minimum of 5,000 inhabitants
• Urban centres: contiguous cells (without diagonals and with gap filling) with a density of at least 1,500 inh./km² and a minimum of 50,000 inhabitants
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Classification at LAU2 level
Type of LAU2 Criteria
Thinly populated > 50% population in rural grid cells
Intermediate density
<50% population in rural grid cells and <50% population in high-density grid cells
Densely populated
> 50% population in high-density grid cells
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Definition of cities
• City definition for Urban Audit data collection
• UA cities also used for data compilation/reporting by e.g. EEA, ESPON, Urban Atlas,…
• Compatible with densely populated LAU2s
• Linked to the urban political level
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
1) High-density clusters
Raster cells with
density of at least
1,500 inh./km²
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
2) Urban centre
High-density cluster
with at least
50,000 inhabitants
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
3) Densely populated LAU2s
LAU2 with at least
50% of their
population
in urban centre
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
4) City
Adjustment of
densely populated
LAU2 to fit
political definition
Appropriate for
Urban Audit
data production
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Kernels
Some (administrative) cities are underbound in comparison to the city centre
Solution: the creation of a “kernel”: a wider urban area, composed of LAU2 units, ensuring a better correspondence with the extent of the city centre
A kernel can contain one of more cities
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Kernel in a complex environment
• The same “city centre”
• covers various
• administrative cities
• The kernel helps
• to improve the
• representation
• of the city centre
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
885 cities; 32 kernels, of which 15
contain more than one city
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Definition of metropolitan areas
Delineation of hinterland of Urban Audit cities
Based on commuting flows at LAU2 level:
Selection of LAU2 where at least 15% of employed commute to the city
Creation of a contiguous hinterland:
Including LAU2s enclaved by the commuting area
Excluding non-contiguous LAU2s
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
1) Commuting area
All LAU2s with at least
15% of commuting
to the city
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
2) Metropolitan area
City +
Contiguous hinterland
based on
Commuting area
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Larger Urban Zones
Urban Audit Larger Urban Zones are being (re)defined, using the extent of the metropolitan areas
Some adjustments needed to fit administrative / political / statistical entities
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Metropolitan regions
To be (re)defined once the Larger Urban Zones will be determined
Approximations – at NUTS3 level – of the Larger Urban Zones
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Small and medium-sized towns
Towns not currently covered by the city definition (city centre of less than 50000 inhabitants)
Forthcoming ESPON project will deal with the definition and typology of small and medium-sized towns
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Future developments
Apply the revised methodology to new population grids
Favouring bottom-up (register based) and “hybrid” population distribution grids
Determine the typologies using the NUTS 2010 breakdown
Regional urban/rural typology
Assess remoteness of regions, using new city definition
Collect, report and analyse data according to this system of typologies
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Regional Policy
REGIOgis
Some references
• A revised urban-rural typology http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?p_product_code=KS-HA-10-001-15 and http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Urban-rural_typology
• A revised degree of urbanisation classification http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/miscellaneous/index.cfm?TargetUrl=DSP_DEGURBA
• Remote rural regions http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/focus/2008_01_rural.pdf
• Urban Audit cities 2012 (poster map): https://circabc.europa.eu/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/1ec59c9e-d8da-487c-9de1-a3dd8de3efbf/URAU2012_pop_urb_city_centres_full_A0_Fev_2012.pdf