Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for...

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者:橋本征二・森口祐一 By Seiji Hashimoto and Yuichi Moriguchi ISSN 1341-4356 CGER-D034-2004 CGER-REPORT 日本における伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローデータブック Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested Wood in Japan

Transcript of Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for...

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著 者:橋本征二・森口祐一

By Seiji Hashimoto and Yuichi Moriguchi

ISSN 1341-4356CGER-D034-2004

CGER-REPORT

日本における伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローデータブック

Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested Wood in Japan

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Copyright 2004 by National Institute for Environmental Studies (NNNNIIIIEEEESSSS),

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CGER-REPORT

ISSN 1341-4356

CGER-D034-2004

Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested Wood in Japan

Seiji Hashimoto and Yuichi Moriguchi

National Institute for Environmental Studies

2004

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Foreword

One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and

government officials in Japan and abroad with data relating to the global environment. Since its

establishment in 1990, work has been underway to publish the data obtained through research

within the National Institute for Environmental Studies in the form of a database for general use.

In recent years, it has come to be recognized that an economic system characterized by mass

production, mass consumption, and mass disposal is the root of global environmental problems; and

the efforts to convert this into a sustainable system must start with a comprehensive, systematic

description of the manner of use of various resources within our economic system. Japan is one of

the world's leading importers, as well as being a major consumer of harvested wood; this data book,

focusing on this harvested wood, estimates material flows within the economy and summarizes, on

a year-to-year basis, material flows in the form of input-output tables. It is hoped that these results

will be utilized as basic data in studies on improvement of resource productivity, promotion of

recycling, and other areas. In recent years, there has also been much interest in harvested wood as

carbon pool; carbon flows have also been summarized, and it is hoped that they will prove useful as

well.

It is hoped that this data book will provide useful information not only for researchers and

government officials working in related fields, but for all persons interested in forestry issues and

climate change issues.

March 2004

Gen Inoue

Director

Center for Global Environment Research

National Institute for Environmental Studies

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Preface

Japan imports harvested wood from North America, Southeast Asia, Australia, Russia, and

elsewhere in a variety of forms - as roundwood, sawnwood, pulp, paper, and so on. Japan accounts

for a high proportion of the amount of harvested wood traded in the world markets. Worldwide

production of industrial roundwood (excluding fuel wood) is approx. 1,500,000,000 m3; of this,

Japanese consumption totals roughly 100,000,000 m3, making Japan one of the foremost consumers

of harvested wood. It will be necessary to pursue more efficient utilization of harvested wood

through improved resource productivity, the promotion of recycling, and other measures.

Because, in addition to forest ecosystems, human society is also carbon pool through harvested

wood, it is conceivable that management of forest harvesting and harvested wood affect the

concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. That is, in order to correctly understand carbon cycle

between the atmosphere and biosphere, there is also a need to elucidate the carbon balance for

harvested wood in addition to the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.

This data book, focusing on this harvested wood, estimates material and carbon flows within the

economy and summarizes, on a year-to-year basis, material and carbon flows in the form of input-

output tables. It is hoped that these results will be utilized as basic macroscopic data in studies on

improvement of resource productivity, promotion of recycling, and other areas. However, as a first

attempt, we recognized that these results include many insufficient estimates. Therefore, we would

like to consult experts who have detailed information in order to make flows of harvested wood

more accurate. Please contact us, if you have any questions or comments regarding this data book.

March 2004

Seiji Hashimoto

Yuichi Moriguchi

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Contents

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1 Overview................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 The Significance of Grasping Material and Carbon Flow for Harvested Wood ....................... 1

(1) The need for material flow analysis toward sustainable development .................................... 1

(2) The need for material flow analysis for the efficient utilization of harvested wood ............... 2

(3) The need for carbon flow analysis relating to harvested wood as carbon pool ........................ 3

1.2 Estimated Flows of Harvested Wood, Method of Description of Flows, and Notes for

Interpretation ............................................................................................................................... 5

(1) Estimated flows of harvested wood and method of description of flows .................................. 5

(2) Notes for interpretation ............................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Summary of Material Flows......................................................................................................... 7

(1) Material flows in 1995 ................................................................................................................. 7

(2) Year-to-year changes in material flows..................................................................................... 10

1.4 Summary of Carbon Flows......................................................................................................... 12

(1) Year-to-year changes in carbon stock........................................................................................ 12

(2) Year-to-year changes in change in carbon stock ...................................................................... 14

Chapter 2 Method of Estimation ......................................................................................................... 17

2.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 17

2.2 Method of Estimation for Production Activities ....................................................................... 19

(1) Sawnwood and glued laminated wood ...................................................................................... 19

(2) Veneer, plywood, and laminated veneer lumber (LVL)............................................................ 19

(3) Chip ............................................................................................................................................. 20

(4) Particleboard and fiberboard..................................................................................................... 20

(5) Pulp, paper, and paperboard...................................................................................................... 21

(6) Wood products (packing and pallet, furniture and household goods, building,

infrastructure, and other wood products) ............................................................................... 21

(7) Paper and paperboard products (corrugated cardboard, corrugated cardboard box,

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other packaging paper, sanitary paper, newsprint, printing, publication, and other

paper products) ....................................................................................................................... 21

2.3 Method of Estimation for Product Stock and Disposal ............................................................ 21

2.4 Method of Estimation for Waste Management ......................................................................... 23

(1) Treatments of wood residues, used wood products, black liquor, sludge, paper residues,

and used paper products .......................................................................................................... 23

(2) Biological decomposition of landfilled waste, compost, and livestock bedding...................... 24

Chapter 3 Flow Charts......................................................................................................................... 25

References................................................................................................................................................ 37

Appendix Matrix Data

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Tables and Figures

Table 1.1 6 indicators of material cycles ........................................................................................... 8

Table 1.2 Carbon stocks in forest ecosystems, and products and wastes ..................................... 13

Table 1.3 Carbon stock changes in forest ecosystems, and products and wastes ........................ 15

Table 2.1 Method and year of estimation of flows .......................................................................... 17

Table 2.2 Absolute dry-weight gravities and percentage weights of water, adhesives or

chemicals............................................................................................................................ 19

Table 2.3 Rates of disposal of products............................................................................................ 22

Table A.1 Material flows in 1960 .....................................................................................................A1

Table A.2 Material flows in 1970 .....................................................................................................A2

Table A.3 Material flows in 1980 .....................................................................................................A3

Table A.4 Material flows in 1990 .....................................................................................................A4

Table A.5 Material flows in 2000 .....................................................................................................A5

Table A.6 Carbon flows in 1960 .......................................................................................................A6

Table A.7 Carbon flows in 1970 .......................................................................................................A7

Table A.8 Carbon flows in 1980 .......................................................................................................A8

Table A.9 Carbon flows in 1990 .......................................................................................................A9

Table A.10 Carbon flows in 2000 ...................................................................................................A10

Fig.1.1 Environmental problems brought about by vast material flows ........................................ 1

Fig.1.2 Trade flows of wood in the world........................................................................................... 3

Fig.1.3 Carbon cycles among forest ecosystem, the atmosphere, and human society ................... 4

Fig.1.4 Material and carbon flows of harvested wood estimated in this data book....................... 5

Fig.1.5 Matrix presenting material and carbon flows of harvested wood ...................................... 6

Fig.1.6 Yields when manufacturing products (absolute dry weight) .............................................. 7

Fig.1.7 Material flows of harvested wood and 6 indicators of material cycles (1995) ................... 8

Fig.1.8 Material flows of harvested wood (wood products) and 6 indicators of material

cycles (1995)........................................................................................................................... 9

Fig.1.9 Material flows of harvested wood (paper products) and 6 indicators of material

cycles (1995)........................................................................................................................... 9

Fig.1.10 Year-to-year changes in the breakdown of total material inputs ................................... 10

Fig.1.11 Year-to-year changes in the breakdown of used products generated...............................11

Fig.1.12 Year-to-year changes in 5 indicators of material cycles .................................................. 12

Fig.1.13 Carbon stock in products and wastes ............................................................................... 13

Fig.1.14 Carbon input, output, and carbon stock change .............................................................. 14

Fig.1.15 Breakdown of carbon input and output............................................................................ 15

Fig.2.1 Stock of sawnwood used in buildings.................................................................................. 23

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Fig.3.1 Material flows in 1960 ......................................................................................................... 26

Fig.3.2 Material flows in 1970 ......................................................................................................... 27

Fig.3.3 Material flows in 1980 ......................................................................................................... 28

Fig.3.4 Material flows in 1990 ......................................................................................................... 29

Fig.3.5 Material flows in 2000 ......................................................................................................... 30

Fig.3.6 Carbon flows in 1960............................................................................................................ 31

Fig.3.7 Carbon flows in 1970............................................................................................................ 32

Fig.3.8 Carbon flows in 1980............................................................................................................ 33

Fig.3.9 Carbon flows in 1990............................................................................................................ 34

Fig.3.10 Carbon flows in 2000.......................................................................................................... 35

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Chapter 1 Overview

1.1 The Significance of Grasping Material and Carbon Flow for Harvested Wood

(1) The need for material flow analysis toward sustainable development

Residents of industrialized countries such as Japan enjoy convenience and material abundance as

a consequence of the extraction of large amounts of resources from the natural environment, and

the production and consumption of a wide variety of products and services. On the other hand, this

production and consumption of products and services is accompanied by generation of vast

quantities of exhaust gases, waste liquids, and solid wastes, which are returned to the natural

environment – i.e. the atmosphere, water, and soil. Various environmental problems originate in

the fact that, in essence, such massive material flows have overwhelmed the capacity of the natural

environment to reproduce resources and to cleanse waste materials (see Fig. 1.1). The deforestation

and loss of biodiversity engendered by excessive forest harvesting, and the climate change resulting

from the release of huge amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases, are representative examples of

the global- scale environmental problems brought about by vast material flows which accompany

human activities. A recognition that there is a limit to resources available for use, and that the

cleansing ability of the natural environment is finite, is essential to any discussion of sustainable

development. In the Agenda 21 (Chapter 4, Changing Consumption Patterns) adopted at the 1992

Earth Summit, it was also pointed out that such production and consumption patterns in

industrialized countries are unsustainable. A grasp of material flows between the natural

environment and human society, as well as between diverse entities within society, is indispensable

for analyzing the relation between environmental problems and current human societies, which are

characterized by massive material flows. Methods known as material flow analysis (MFA) and

material flow accounts (MFA) are effective to this end (Ayres and Ayres, 1998; Ayres and Ayres,

1999; Bringezu and Moriguchi, 2002).

Resources

Exhaust GasesWaste LiquidsSolid Wastes

Fig.1.1 Environmental problems brought about by vast material flows

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In recent years, numerous material flow analyses have been performed studying the inputs and

outputs of materials at the country level. For example, in addition to reports of studies addressing

Austria (Gerhold and Petrovic, 2000; Matthews et al., 2000), China (Chen and Qiao, 2000), Finland

(Muukkonen, 2000), Germany (Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000; Bringezu, 2002), Italy

(De Marco et al., 2000; Femia, 2000; Barbiero et al., 2003), Japan (Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews

et al., 2000; Moriguchi, 2001, 2002), The Netherlands (Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000),

Sweden (Palm and Jonsson, 2003), the U.K. (Schandl and Schulz, 2000; Bringezu and Schutz, 2002),

the U.S. (Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000) and other countries, studies attempting

international comparisons have also been performed (Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000;

Bringezu and Schutz, 2001;Eurostat, 2002; OECD, 2002), and in Europe methodological guidelines

have also been developed (Eurostat, 2001). In addition, indicators derived from such material flow

analyses (Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000; Eurostat, 2001) are coming to be recognized

as one of the indicators for measuring the degree to which sustainable development has been

achieved.

On the other hand, in order to achieve sustainable development it will be necessary to pursue the

more efficient utilization of resources through enhanced resource productivity, the promotion of

recycling, and other measures. To this end, comprehensive analyses of the manner of utilization of

individual resources are needed. The need for material flow analyses between economic entities,

that is, for physical input-output tables (PIOTs), has also been pointed out, and some instances of

creation of these tables have been reported (Stahmer et al., 1998).

(2) The need for material flow analysis for the efficient utilization of harvested wood

Japan relies on imports of large quantities of resources, and it is thus extremely important that

the environmental problems occurring at the source of the imported resources be taken into

consideration; harvested wood is no exception. Japan imports harvested wood from North America,

Southeast Asia, Australia, Russia, and elsewhere in a variety of forms - as roundwood, sawnwood,

pulp, paper, and so on. Japan accounts for a high proportion of the amount of harvested wood traded

in the world markets (see Fig. 1.2). Worldwide production of industrial roundwood (excluding fuel

wood) is approx. 1,500,000,000 m3; of this, Japanese consumption totals roughly 100,000,000 m3,

making Japan one of the foremost consumers of harvested wood. It will be necessary to pursue more

efficient utilization through improved resource productivity, the promotion of recycling, and other

measures, for harvested wood just as for other resources. By estimating the material flows of

harvested wood and preparing such data, it will be possible to undertake various examinations of

the efficient use of harvested wood.

With regards to material flow analyses of harvested wood, in addition to reported researches

targeting Japan (Hashimoto et al., 2004) and The Netherlands (Hekkert et al., 2000), there have

also been studies on paper and pulp in the U.K. (Sundin et al., 2002) and the U.S. (Ruth and

Harrington, 1998). This data book is the result of addition of statistical data and revision of waste-

related flows to Hashimoto et al. (2004).

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Fig.1.2 Trade flows of wood in the world (Moriguchi, 2003)

(3) The need for carbon flow analysis relating to harvested wood as carbon pool

Forest harvesting brings about changes in the natural carbon cycles between the atmosphere and

the biosphere. In a forest ecosystem, the rate of carbon sequestration and emission, including soil

conditions, changes due to forest harvesting. Also, harvested wood which is brought from a forest

ecosystem into human society passes through the phases of wood and paper product manufacturing,

use, and disposal, and a portion accumulates in society as wood and paper products, while a portion

is decomposed and released into the atmosphere (see Fig. 1.3). Because, in addition to forest

ecosystems, human society is also carbon pool through harvested wood, it is conceivable that

management of forest harvesting and harvested wood affect the concentration of carbon in the

atmosphere. Dixon et al (1994), in estimates of current carbon balances in forest ecosystems at

moderate to high latitudes, have reported that there is substantial uncertainty in estimates

relating to harvested wood and to slash after harvesting. That is, in order to correctly understand

carbon cycle between the atmosphere and biosphere, there is also a need to elucidate the carbon

balance for harvested wood, in addition to the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.

With respect to the volume of carbon stock in wood and paper products, Hashimoto et al. (2002)

have improved the method of Winjum et al. (1997), and estimated an increase of 117 Tg-C/year

(1990) worldwide; this figure is equivalent to approx. 2% of the 6,300 Tg-C/year (1990) which is the

volume of carbon released worldwide through fossil fuels and cement production. In addition,

studies have been reported for a number of countries and regions, among them Canada (Kurz et al.,

1992; Apps et al., 1999), Finland (Karjalainen et al., 1994, 1995, 1999; Pingoud et al., 1996, 2001;

Pussinen et al., 1997), Germany (Burschel et al., 1993), the U.K. (Cannell and Dewar, 1995; Cannell

and Milne, 1995; Cannell et al., 1996), the U.S. (Heath et al., 1996; Skog and Nicholson, 1998), and

Fig.1.2 Trade flows of wood in the world (Moriguchi, 2003)

500 ~ 1000 1000 ~ 2000 2000 ~ 4000 4000 ~ 8000 8000 ~ 12000 12000 ~ 16000 16000 ~

LogSawnwoodWood MfrsPulpwoodPulpPaperUNIT : 1000t(1998)

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the northeastern U.S. (Harmon et al., 1996), as well as numerous researches of model forest units

(Harmon et al., 1990; Dewar, 1990, 1991; Dewar and Cannell, 1992; Nabuurs and Mohren, 1995;

Nabuurs, 1996; Schlamadinger and Marland, 1996; Marland and Schlamadinger, 1997; Price et al.,

1997). Based on these results, the following points can be noted.

Atmosphere

DecompositionPhotosynthesis

Forest Ecosystem Human Society

Decomposition

Harvesting

Fig.1.3 Carbon cycles among forest ecosystem, the atmosphere, and human society

First, the volume of carbon stock in wood and paper products on the country level ranges, for

example, from approx. 120 Tg-C (1990) for Finland (Pingoud et al., 1996) to approx. 2,700 Tg-C

(1990) for the U.S. (Skog and Nicholson, 1998), and even in terms of the ratio to the volume of

carbon stock in a forest ecosystem, values range from below 1% for Canada (Apps et al., 1999) to 7%

for the U.S. (Skog and Nicholson, 1998). Researches addressing model forest unit have also reported

that, depending on the tree species and produced products, this ratio can be up to several tens of

percent (Dewar and Cannell, 1992; Nabuurs, 1996).

Second, changes in the volume of carbon stock in wood products, once again, vary greatly, from an

increase of approx. 3 Tg-C/year (1990) for Finland (Pingoud et al., 1996) to an increase of approx. 59

Tg-C/year (1990) for the U.S. (Skog and Nicholson, 1998). In nearly all such studies, stock is shown

to be increasing; this provides a partial offset to a decrease in carbon stock in the forest ecosystem

in Canada (Apps et al., 1999). The ratio to carbon emissions due to fossil fuels and cement

production again varies from several percent to about 10% depending on the country (Hashimoto et

al., 2002).

In Japan also, by estimating carbon flows for harvested wood and preparing such data, the

volume of carbon stock in wood and paper products and changes in this volume can be studied in

various ways.

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1.2 Estimated Flows of Harvested Wood, Method of Description of Flows, and Notes for

Interpretation

(1) Estimated flows of harvested wood and method of description of flows

In this data book, flows of harvested wood are estimated as shown in Fig. 1.4, and the results are

presented in a matrix form such as Fig. 1.5 (see Appendix).

This matrix consists of 32 sectors of production activity (columns), and 48 sectors of products,

byproducts, wastes, and resources (rows). Raw material and other inputs to various production

activities appear as positive figures, and products, byproducts, wastes, and other outputs appear as

negative figures. Flows are described as consumption and production volumes; when no data is

available, received and shipped volumes are used. Wherever possible, production activities have

been made to correspond to the sectors of input-output tables for Japan. As shown in Fig.1.5,

sawnwood production activity consumes 15,082 kt (absolute dry weight) of roundwood and semi-

products, produces 10,193 kt (absolute dry weight) of sawnwood, and generates 4,890 kt (absolute

dry weight) of wood residues. Sawnwood produced, along with 5,157 kt (absolute dry weight) of

imported sawnwood, is consumed in various production activities, for instance, 307 kt (absolute dry

weight) in glued laminated wood production activity.

Fig.1.4 Material and carbon flows of harvested wood estimated in this data book

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Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産活動

Fer

tiliz

er &

Live

stoc

k B

eddi

ng堆肥・家畜敷料

Fu

elw

oo

d薪炭材

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎茸原木

Rou

ndw

ood

素材

Sa

wn

wo

od

製材

Glu

ed L

amin

ated

Woo

d 集成材

 製品Commodity 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry

Input 投入  産出Output -1,599

Input 投入  産出Output -163

Input 投入  産出Output -517

Input 投入 15,082 産出Output -9,896

Input 投入 307 産出Output -10,193

Input 投入  産出Output -246

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

Pro

duct

Dem

and

製品需要

Ene

rgy

Dem

and

エネルギー需要

Sto

ck在庫

Exp

ort

輸出

Impo

rt輸入

1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry

1,599

353 0 -191

517

183 2 -12,626

-112 6 -5,157

-82

Input 投入  産出Output -9

Input 投入 1,599 産出Output -4,890 -61

Input 投入  産出Output

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

Fig.1.5 Matrix presenting material and carbon flows of harvested wood

In addition to the flows appearing in Fig. 1.4, there are also container and packaging materials

imported in association with products, and wood and paper products included within the imported

products; however, these are not described. It is possible to estimate these using input-output

analyses, for example as proposed by Joosten et al. (1999), but this will remain an issue for future

study. Also, because nearly all import/export statistics for finished products are value-based, many

of these are not included.

(2) Notes for interpretation

As is also clear from the methods of computation described in Chapter 2, when interpreting

estimated flows, the following points must be born in mind.

First, when insufficient data is available, the yields when manufacturing the products or the

ratios of shipments for different application are based on large assumptions. Also, when there is

data for the volumes of production of a product and the volumes of consumption of raw materials, it

is possible to compute yields when manufacturing the product; however, the results are sometimes

unrealistic. For example, as shown in Fig. 1.6, considerable fluctuation and relatively low yields are

seen in the case of veneer to laminated veneer lumber, and chips to particleboard and fiberboard.

This is attributed to uncertainty when converting to absolute dry weights, and to the unreliability

of the statistical data for the raw materials.

Second, volumes of product stock and volumes of disposal are estimated by assuming a disposal

rate. Although direct estimates from separate statistics are conducted for the volumes of sawnwood

stock used in buildings, disposal rates for individual products are assumed not to have changed over

the years from 1960 to 2000.

Third, in many cases, volumes of waste calculated based on the assumptions of yields and

disposal rates described above do not agree with figures in statistics on waste; in such cases,

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calculated figures are adopted in this data book. Statistical figures are used insofar as possible for

volumes of recovered material; for example, however, major assumptions were made to obtain

estimates for volumes of recovered chips used in pulp production, volumes of recovered chips used

for fuel, and other figures, and thus they may not be reliable.

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Roundwood to sawnwood

Roundwood to veneer

Roundwood to chip

Sawnwood to glued laminated wood

Veneer to plywood

Veneer to laminated veneer lumber

Chip to particleboard & fiberboard

Chip to pulp

Recovered paper to recovered pulp

Pulp to paper

Pulp to paperboard

Fig.1.6 Yields when manufacturing products (absolute dry weight)

1.3 Summary of Material Flows

(1) Material flows in 1995

First, an overview is presented of material flows in a single year, taking 1995 as an example; here,

six indicators of material cycles developed by us (Hashimoto and Moriguchi, 2004) for measuring

such activities as waste prevention, reuse, and recycling, are employed in an attempt at analysis

mainly from the perspective of wastes and recycling. The indicators are as described in Table 1.1;

detailed material flows are shown in simplified form together with these indicators in Fig. 1.7.

As shown in Fig. 1.7, input of harvested wood and imported products in 1995 (direct material

input: DMI) is estimated at 49 million t. This includes a great deal of imported roundwood and

products, accounting for 78% of the total. The volume of used products recovered for product

manufacture was 14 million t, and the ratio to the total volume of 63 million t of total material

input (use rate of recovered used products: URRUP) was 23%. Recovery of used paper products

raise this figure; the volume of used wood products that are recovered is small compared with paper

products.

Of this total material input, the fraction used in some form (material use efficiency: MUE) was

91%; 18% was used as fuel, and 73% was used as products. Wood products and paper products each

account for half of all products, with the paper products accounting for a slightly greater share.

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Table 1.1 6 indicators of material cycles (Hashimoto and Moriguchi, 2004)

Indicator What indicator measures Formula

Direct Material Input: DMIObjective of material cycling (restraintof natural resource consumption)

Use Rate of Recovered UsedProducts: URRUP

Recovery of used products (input side)Volume of used products recovered

Volume of material consumed

Material Use Efficiency: MUERecovery of byproducts and wasteprevention

Volume of material utilizedVolume of material consumed

Material Use Time: MUTReuse of used products and wasteprevention

Volume of product stocksVolume of used products recovered

and disposed of

Recovery Rate of UsedProducts: RRUP

Recovery of used products (output side)Volume of used products recoveredVolume of used products recovered

and disposed of

Domestic Processed Output:DPO

Objective of material cycling (reductionin the environmental load)

Fig.1.7 Material flows of harvested wood and 6 indicators of material cycles (1995)

The period of use of these products (material use time: MUT) is estimated to be 10 to 12 years on

average. The material use time (MUT) is the time of use as averaged for everything from buildings

and civil engineering to furniture and doors, packaging, and paper products; because paper

products are included, the result is shorter than one might expect. It is estimated that in 1995, 43

million t of products were brought into human society, and 37 million t became wastes.

The rate of recovery of used products which had been disposed of (recovery rate of used products:

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RRUP) was 38%; the volume released into the atmosphere combined with oxygen through

incineration or other means (domestic processed output: DPO) was 81 million t; and the volume

discharged into the earth as landfill is estimated at 7 million t.

Fig. 1.8 and Fig. 1.9 show the material flows of Fig. 1.7, divided into wood products and paper

products. On comparing wood and paper products, the following can be pointed out.

Fig.1.8 Material flows of harvested wood (wood products) and 6 indicators of material cycles (1995)

Fig.1.9 Material flows of harvested wood (paper products) and 6 indicators of material cycles (1995)

First, the use rate of recovered used products (URRUP) and the recovery rate of used products

(RRUP) are both low for wood products (1% and 18% respectively) and high for paper products (36%

and 51% respectively). In particular, there is little recovery flows of used wood products to the raw

materials for manufacturing new wood products (0.3 million t), and the use rate of recovered used

wood products (URRUP of wood) is a mere 1%. There is also little recovery of flows to raw materials

for paper products (0.5 million t), and at present most recovered used wood products are used as

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fuel. Material use efficiency (MUE) is in both cases high, around 90%.

Second, in 1995 the volume of used wood products generated (15 million t) was low compared with

consumption of wood products (20 million t); this is because nearly all wood products are durable

goods, and indicates that their stock is increasing. Hence the volume of used wood products

generated is expected to increase in the future.

Third, whereas material use time (MUT) of wood products is 22 to 30 years, that of paper

products is 0.2 years. The material use time (MUT) of wood products is computed as an average for

products such as building, civil engineering, furniture and doors, packing and the like; and

differences in the material use time (MUT) between wood and paper products are due to differences

in the manner of use of products. Hence it makes sense to extend the material use time (MUT) of

wood products, but there is little sense in extending the material use time (MUT) of paper products.

As discussed above, because the material use efficiency (MUE) is comparatively high for both

wood and paper products, hereafter, in order to promote material cycling, the reuse of used products

and recovery of used products should be targeted. In particular, the recovery of used wood products,

which until now has not made much progress, is very important in light of the future increase in the

volume generated. Meanwhile, most paper products are used in applications with short material

use time (MUT), and so hereafter the recovery rate of used products (RRUP) and the use rate of

recovered used products (URRUP) should be emphasized for paper products. In addition to these

indicators, the material use time (MUT) should also be stressed for wood products.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Abs

olut

e dr

y w

eigh

t (m

illio

n t/y

ear)

Used products Domestic roundwood

Imported roundwood Imported products

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Abs

olut

e dr

y w

eigh

t (m

illio

n t/y

ear)

Wood products Paper ProductsAgricultural Products FuelWaste Others

(a) Sources (b) Applications

Fig.1.10 Year-to-year changes in the breakdown of total material inputs

(2) Year-to-year changes in material flows

Next, an overview is presented of year-to-year changes in material flows. Here also, six indicators

of material cycling (Table 1.1) are used in analyses mainly from the perspective of wastes and

recycling.

Fig. 1.10 shows the year-to-year changes in the breakdown of total material inputs. As for sources

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of these inputs, used products and imported products are increasing, and there is a reduction in the

volumes of domestically produced roundwood and imported roundwood. Recovery of used paper

products constitutes the bulk, but a rising trend in recovery of used products is apparent. As for

applications, nearly all materials are used as products or as fuel, and roughly 10% becomes waste

without being used. There is a trend toward increased use of paper products, and use of wood

products is declining gradually.

Fig. 1.11 shows year-to-year changes in the breakdown of used product generated. As seen here,

the volume of used paper products generated is increasing as a proportion of total sources,

consequent to an increase in use of harvested wood as paper products. On the other hand, there is

an increasing trend in recovery of used products centering on the recovery of used paper products as

a treatment method. The ratio of used products to landfill is small throughout.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Abs

olut

e dr

y w

eigh

t (m

illio

n t/y

ear)

Used wood products Used paper products

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Abs

olut

e dr

y w

eigh

t (m

illio

n t/y

ear)

Recycling Incineration Landfilling

(a) Sources (b) Treatments

Fig.1.11 Year-to-year changes in the breakdown of used products generated

Fig. 1.12 shows the computation of year-to-year changes in 5 indicators of material cycles based

on the above, excluding material use time (MUT). Direct material input (DMI) tended to increase

up to the beginning of the 1970's, and thereafter have shifted from 40 million t to 50 million t.

Domestic processed output (DPO) also increased up till the early 1970's, and then shifted to a

gradual rise. Material use efficiency (MUE) has remained high throughout, at around 90%, and the

use rate of recovered used products (URRUP) and recovery rate of used products (RRUP) have both

tended to rise. Despite progress made in recovery, there is no evidence of a decline in direct material

input (DMI) and domestic processed output (DPO). This is because, as shown in Fig. 1.10, total

material input volumes including used products have been gradually increasing since the 1970's.

This result resembles the conclusions reached by Adriaanse et al. (1997) and by Matthews et al.

(2000), namely that, despite decreases in direct material input (DMI) and domestic processed

output (DPO) per unit GDP, there is no decrease in direct material input (DMI) and domestic

processed output (DPO) themselves. Progress in the recovery of byproducts and used products has

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contributed to restrain consumption of natural resources and environmental loads, but have not

resulted in reductions of both.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Abo

solu

te d

ry w

eigh

t (m

illio

n t/y

ear)

DMI DPO

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

MUE URRUP RRUP

(a) DMI, DPO (b) MUE, URRUP, RRUP

Fig.1.12 Year-to-year changes in 5 indicators of material cycles

1.4 Summary of Carbon Flows

(1) Year-to-year changes in carbon stock

Here, carbon flows are analyzed from the perspective of carbon stock as products and wastes in

human society.

Fig. 1.13 shows the results of estimates of carbon stock in products and wastes. Carbon stock was

estimated to be 284 Tg-C in 1990, and 338 Tg-C in 2000. Of the carbon stock in 1990, 209 Tg-C was

wood and paper products in use, 2 Tg-C was agricultural products in use, and 73 Tg-C was wastes

in landfill. Of 209 Tg-C wood and paper products in use, over 80% were buildings, and it is found

that carbon stock in landfill is very large. Carbon stock of 284 Tg-C in products and wastes in 1990

were equivalent to approx. 20% of the carbon stock of 1,421 Tg-C (UNFCCC, 2000) in Japan's forest

ecosystems (only vegetation).

Table 1.2 compares figures for different countries.

For example, Apps et al. (1999) estimate carbon stock in products and wastes in Canada at 837

Tg-C (including both exported and imported products), or less than 1% of the 86,600 Tg-C of carbon

stock in forest ecosystems (Kurz and Apps, 1999). On the other hand, Skog and Nicholson (1998)

have estimated that carbon stock in products and wastes in the U.S. is 2,700 Tg-C (not including

exported products, but including imported products), which is large (approx. 7%) compared with the

38,500 Tg-C of carbon stock in the forest ecosystem (Birdsey, 1992). In countries such as Canada

and Finland, carbon stock in the soil accounts for a large fraction of that in the forest ecosystem; but

the ratio of carbon stock in products and wastes to that in vegetation alone is 6% in Canada, 16% in

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Finland (both including both exported and imported products), 20% in Japan and in the U.S. (both

including imported products, but not including exported products).

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Car

bon

(Tg-

C)

Wood prod. (buildings) in use Wood prod. (others) in use

Paper & agri. prod. in use Waste in landfill

Fig.1.13 Carbon stock in products and wastes

Table 1.2 Carbon stocks in forest ecosystems, and products and wastes (Tg-C)

Forest ecosystems Products and wastes

Carbon stock Year Source Carbon stock Year Source

Canada86,60014,500 in vegetation71,300 in others

1989Kurz andApps(1999)

837 (a)376 in use461 in landfills

1989Apps et al.(1999)

100-140 (a)40-50 in use70-90 in landfills

Finland5,600-8,000740 in vegetation4,900-7,300 in others

1990Pingoud et al.(1996) 29-34 (b)

13-15 in use16-19 in landfills

1990Pingoud et al.(1996)

Germany2,496898 in vegetation1,598 in others

Burschel et al.(1993)

128 (b)128 in use

Burschel et al.(1993)

Japan1,4211,421 in vegetation

1990UNFCCC(2000)

284 (b)211 in use73 in landfills

1990 This data book

US38,50013,800 in vegetation24,700 in others

1987Birdsey(1992)

2,700 (b)in use and landfills

1990Skog andNicholson(1998)

a) Including both exported and imported productsb) Not including exported products, but including imported products

Further, while Pingoud et al. (1996) have estimated that in Finland some 60 to 70% of carbon

stock exists in landfill, Harmon et al. (1996) estimate this figure to be approx. 20% in the

northwestern U.S. Harmon et al. (1996) note that, in comparison with the estimate by Kurz et al.

(1992) that 50% of carbon stock in Canada is in landfill, it is important to distinguish between open

dumping and landfill. Apps et al. (1999) claim that the low ratio estimated to be in landfill by

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Harmon et al. (1996) is due to the fact that Harmon et al. (1996) assume a constant decomposition

rate for wastes in landfill, and use a model which assumes that all wastes will be decomposed

eventually. The model for landfills of this data book is close to that of Pingoud et al. (1996) and Apps

et al. (1999), but estimate results are close to the percentage figures of Harmon et al. (1996).

Conceivable reasons for this include a high rate of incineration in Japan, and the fact that wastes

disposed of in landfills prior to 1960 are not included. While there is a great deal of uncertainty with

respect to carbon stock levels in landfills, landfill sites have potentials to accumulate large volumes

of carbon.

(2) Year-to-year changes in change in carbon stock

Fig. 1.14 shows the results of estimate of input of carbon into human society as harvested wood,

output to the atmosphere of carbon contained in harvested wood, and changes in carbon stock.

Changes in carbon stock are estimated to indicate an increase of 7.3 Tg-C/year in 1990, and an

increase of 3.6 Tg-C/year in 2000. Of the increase in carbon stock in 1990, products in use accounted

for 3.7 Tg-C/year, and wastes in landfill for 3.6 Tg-C/year. During the period over which analyses

were performed, carbon input exceeded output and there was an increase in the carbon stock, but

this volume is declining year by year.

Fig. 1.15 shows the breakdown of the input and output. The ratio of input accounted for by

imports is gradually increasing, and among imports, the ratio due to roundwood is declining while

that due to processed products is increasing. On the other hand, nearly all output is accounted for

by incineration and energy use. Changes in carbon stock in 1990 were equivalent to approx. 2% of

the volume of carbon released from fossil fuels and cement production in 1990, totaling 307 Tg-

C/year (The Government of Japan, 1997).

Table 1.3 compares figures for different countries.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Car

bon

(Tg-

C/y

ear)

Input Output Carbon stock change

Fig.1.14 Carbon input, output, and carbon stock change

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0

5

10

15

20

25

301

96

0

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Car

bon

(Tg-

C/y

ear)

Domestic roundwood Imported roundwood

Imported products

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Car

bon

(Tg-

C/y

ear)

Decomposition of agri. prod. & landfilled wastesIncinerationEnergy use

(a) Input (b) Output

Fig.1.15 Breakdown of carbon input and output

Table 1.3 Carbon stock changes in forest ecosystems, and products and wastes (Tg-C/year)

Forest ecosystems Products and wastes

Carbon stockchange

Year SourceCarbon stock

changeYear Source

Globe 117 1990Hashimoto etal. (2002)

Canada-69in vegetation andin others

1985-1989

Kurz andApps (1999)

25 (a)in use andin landfills

1989Apps et al.(1999)

3 (a)0.6 in use2.8 in landfills

Finland99 in vegetation

1990Pingoud et al.(1996) 0.8 (b)

0.3 in use0.6 in landfills

1990Pingoud et al. (1996)

Germany6.55.5 in vegetation1.0 in others

Burschel et al.(1993)

1.1 (b)1.1 in use

Burschel et al.(1993)

Japan2323 in vegetation

1990

TheGovernmentof Japan(1997)

7.3 (b)3.7 in use3.6 in landfills

1990 This data book

US274in vegetation andin others

1990Skog andNicholson(1998)

59 (b)26 in use33 in landfills

1990Skog andNicholson(1998)

a) Including both exported and imported productsb) Not including exported products, but including imported products

* Positive figures mean increases in carbon stock.

Hashimoto et al. (2002) improved the method of Winjum et al. (1997), and estimated the

worldwide increase in carbon stock in products and wastes in 1990 to be 117 Tg-C/year; this figure

is equivalent to about 2% of the 6,300 Tg-C/year of carbon emissions worldwide in 1990 from fossil

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fuels and cement production. Viewed by country, for example, Apps et al. (1999) estimate the

increase in carbon stock in Canada due to products and wastes to be 25 Tg-C/year (including both

exported and imported products), and claim that this partially offsets the 69 Tg-C/year decrease in

carbon stock in the forest ecosystems (Kurz and Apps, 1999). On the other hand, Skog and

Nicholson (1998) estimate the increase in carbon stock in the U.S. due to products and wastes at 59

Tg-C/year (not including exported products, but including imported products); the 333 Tg-C/year

resulting when this is added to the increase of 274 Tg-C/year of carbon stock in forest ecosystems is

equivalent to 24% of the 1,367 Tg-C/year of carbon released in the U.S. In Japan, the total of 30

Tg-C/year of increases in carbon stock in forest vegetation and products and wastes is equivalent to

approx. 10% of the volume of carbon released in Japan.

Pingoud et al. (1996) have estimated that among the increase in carbon stock in Finland, 0.6 Tg-

C/year is due to products in use, and 2.8 Tg-C/year to wastes in landfills, while Skog and Nicholson

(1998) estimate that of the increase in carbon stock in the U.S., products in use total 26 Tg-C/year

and wastes in landfills account for 33 Tg-C/year; thus in both cases an increase in the volume of

carbon stock due to wastes in landfills is estimated to be larger. Apps et al. (1996) also point out

that wastes in landfills account for over half the increase in carbon stock in Canada. However, in

Japan it was found that products in use account for over half the total. This may be due to the facts

that the rate of incineration of wastes in Japan is high, and that in Japan there is still a trend

toward increases in products in use.

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Chapter 2 Method of Estimation

2.1 Summary

Table 2.1 shows method and year of estimation of input volumes (shipment and consumption

volumes) of raw materials and output volumes (production and shipment volumes) of products and

others in various production activities, traded volumes of products, and application of products. The

statistical figures were used where “SF” is shown, and computed figures, as described in Section 2.2

below, were used where “CF” is shown.

Table 2.1 Method and year of estimation of flows (1/2)

Input of law materials Output of products and othersProduction activity

Shipment Consumption Production ShipmentTrade Application

Compost & livestockbedding

–CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Mushroom bed log – – –SF(a)

1967–2000– –

Fuelwood – – –SF(a)

1960–2000SF(a)

1960–2000–

Roundwood – – –SF(a, b)

+CF1960–2000

SF(a, b)+CF

1960–2000

SF(a, b, e)+CF

1960–2000

SawnwoodSF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000

SF(a, b)+CF

1960–2000

Glued laminatedwood

–CF

1965–2000SF(c)

1965–2000–

SF(c)1983–2000

SF(c)1965–2000

VeneerSF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000CF

1960–2000–

SF(a)1962–2000

CF1960–2000

Plywood –CF

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(a, b)

1960–2000CF

1960–2000

Laminated veneerlumber

–SF(c, d)

1989–2000SF(c, d)

1989–2000–

SF(c, d)1989–2000

SF(d)+CF

1989–2000

ChipSF(a, b)

+CF1960–2000

–SF(a, b)

+CF1960–2000

SF(a, b)+CF

1960–2000

SF(a, b)1963–2000

CF1960–2000

Particleboard &fiberboard

SF(e)+CF

1960–2000

SF(e)+CF

1960–2000

SF(e)1960–2000

SF(e)1960–2000

SF(f)1961–2000

CF1960–2000

a) Forestry Agency of Japan (1961-2001)b) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery of Japan (1961-2001)c) Japan Housing and Wood Technology Center (1966-2001)d) Japan Wood-Products Information and Research Center (1997)e) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (1961-2001a)f) FAO (2001)# ”SF” and “CF” indicate statistical and computed figures, respectively.

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Table 2.1 Method and year of estimation of flows (2/2)

Input of law materials Output of products and othersProduction activity

Shipment Consumption Production ShipmentTrade Application

Packing & pallet –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Other wood products –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Furniture &household goods

–CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000–

SF(g)1976–2000

PulpSF(a, b)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(a, h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000

PaperSF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000

PaperboardSF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000SF(h)

1960–2000

Corrugatedcardboard

–CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Corrugatedcardboard box

–CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Other packagingpaper

–CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Sanitary paper –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Other paper products –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Newsprint –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Printing –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Publication –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Building –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Infrastructure –CF

1960–2000CF

1960–2000– – –

Recovered chip – –CF

1960–2000– – –

Recovered paper – –CF

1960–2000–

SF(h)1976–2000

Waste forincineration

– –CF

1960–2000– – –

Waste for landfilling – –CF

1960–2000– – –

a) Forestry Agency of Japan (1961-2001)b) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery of Japan (1961-2001)g) Ministry of Finance of Japan (1977-2001)h) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (1961-2000b)# ”SF” and “CF” indicate statistical and computed figures, respectively.

When converting statistical figures into absolute dry weights, the conversion coefficients shown

in Table 2.2 were used. The absolute dry-weight gravity of imported roundwood and imported

sawnwood are the weighted averages for tree species imported in recent years. Chips, paper, and

paperboard were assumed to contain 10% water by weight when converting to absolute dry weights.

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Table 2.2 Absolute dry-weight gravities and percentage weights of water, adhesives or chemicals

Absolute dry-weight gravity

Conifer Non-conifer

Percentageweight of

water

Percentageweight ofadhesive

or chemicals

Fuelwood and mushroom bed log 0.49 – –

Domestic roundwood, sawnwood, andveneer

0.39 0.59 – –

Imported roundwood, sawnwood, andveneer

0.42 0.53 – –

Plywood and laminated veneer lumber 0.59 – 5%

Particleboard 0.72 – 10%

Hard fiberboard 0.86 – 5%

Medium-density fiberboard 0.63 – 15%

Insulation fiberboard 0.36 – –

Chip and pulp – 10% –

Paper and paperboard – 10% 10%

Wood products – 20% –

In order to exclude the weight of adhesives or chemicals from product weights, the ratios of Table

2.2 were used.

When converting absolute dry weights into carbon weights, a coefficient of 0.5 was used.

2.2 Method of Estimation for Production Activities

(1) Sawnwood and glued laminated wood

Volumes of wood residues generating during production of sawnwood were computed from

volumes of roundwood consumed and of sawnwood produced. Statistical figures from Table 2.1 were

used for shipped volumes of domestic sawnwood by application. Because applications for imported

sawnwood are unknown, proportions of applications for imported sawnwood were assumed to be the

same as for domestic sawnwood. Shipped volumes for glued laminated wood were assumed to be the

same as consumed volumes for it and to be included in shipped volumes for building, and estimated

with the method below.

Production yields when manufacturing glued laminated wood from sawnwood were assumed to

be 80%, and the volumes of sawnwood consumed as well as volumes of wood residues generated

were computed. Figures from Table 2.1 were employed for production volumes of domestic glued

laminated wood by application. Because applications for imported glued laminated wood are

unknown, proportions of applications for imported glued laminated wood were assumed to be the

same as for domestic glued laminated wood.

(2) Veneer, plywood, and laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

Because production and shipment volumes of veneer are unknown, yields when producing

plywood from veneer (Japan Housing and Wood Technology Center, 1994; Japan Wood-Products

Information and Research Center, 1999) were used to calculate veneer consumption volumes for

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plywood production. Domestic veneer supply volumes (taken to be production volumes) were

computed from the volumes of consumption of veneer for use in plywood and LVL and volumes of

veneer export/import. Amounts of wood residues generated during veneer production were

computed from volumes of roundwood consumed and of veneer produced.

Amounts of wood residues generated during plywood production were calculated based on

volumes of plywood production using yields when producing plywood from veneer (Japan Housing

and Wood Technology Center, 1994; Japan Wood-Products Information and Research Center, 1999).

As to plywood shipment volumes for construction, furniture and household goods, and pallet and

packing, proportions of shipment value (Japan Housing and Wood Technology Center, 1966-2001)

were used to allocate physical volumes. With regards to construction, ratios of building/

infrastructure were taken to be 85/15 (Japan Wood-Products Information & Research Center, 1994).

Because applications for imported plywood are unknown, apportionment assumed the same

proportions as applications for domestic plywood.

LVL is produced from veneer and from wood residues generated during veneer production.

Volumes of wood residues generated during LVL production were computed from the volumes of

veneer and wood residues consumed and from the volumes of production of LVL. For production

volumes of domestic LVL by application, figures from Table 2.1 were used. Because applications for

imported LVL are unknown, apportionment assumed the same proportions as applications of

domestic LVL.

(3) Chip

Volumes of wood residues generated during chip production were computed from the volumes of

roundwood consumed and of chips produced.

As to the volume of shipment of chips by application, the volumes received for production of

particleboard and fiberboard were used as shipped volumes for them, and the remainder was taken

to be the shipped volume for pulp production.

Because statistical figures are available back to 1962, the total volumes of shipment of chips in

1960 and 1961 were computed by summing the volumes received for production of particleboard

and fiberboard and production of pulp.

(4) Particleboard and fiberboard

As to ratios of recovered chips used in production of particleboard and fiberboard, values in the

literature for 1991 (Japan Housing and Wood Technology Center, 1994) and statistics from 1999

(Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, 1961-2001a) are available. The ratio of use of

recovered chips in 1960 was taken to be 0%, and interpolation was performed assuming a linear

change in the ratio of use from 1960 to 1991 and from 1991 to 1999. The volumes of wood residues

generated during production of particleboard and fiberboard were computed from the volumes of

raw materials consumed and of particleboard and fiberboard produced. As to volumes of

particleboard and fiberboard shipped by application, proportions of shipment by application (Japan

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Housing and Wood Technology Center, 1966-2001; Japan Fiberboard and Particleboard

Manufacturers Association, 2001) were used to allocate physical volumes.

(5) Pulp, paper, and paperboard

Volumes of recovered chips used in production of pulp were computed by subtracting the chip

volumes computed in (3) above from the total volumes of chips used. Statistical figures of waste

wood consumed for fuels (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, 1961-2001b) were

used as the volumes of wood residues generated during pulp production, while the volumes of black

liquor were computed by subtracting the volumes of wood residues from the total volumes of wood

residues and black liquor, that were calculated from the volumes of raw materials consumed and

the volumes of pulp produced. Both wood residues and black liquor were assumed to be utilized as

fuels.

Volumes of sludge generated in paper and paperboard production (more precisely, fibers of wood

origin contained in sludge) was computed from the volumes of raw materials consumed (virgin pulp

+ recovered paper + other fibers) and from the volumes of paper and paperboard produced

(excluding additives).

(6) Wood products (packing and pallet, furniture and household goods, building,

infrastructure, and other wood products)

Yields when producing packing and pallets, furniture and household goods, buildings,

infrastructures, and other wood products from raw materials were assumed to be 90%, and the

volumes of products produced and of wood residues generated were computed. As to plywood used

in the construction of buildings and infrastructures, plywood used for structures was distinguished

from plywood used for forms; plywood used for forms was assumed to be discarded within one year.

(7) Paper and paperboard products (corrugated cardboard, corrugated cardboard box,

other packaging paper, sanitary paper, newsprint, printing, publication, and other paper

products)

Yields when producing corrugated cardboard, newsprint, and printing from raw materials were

assumed to be 97%, and yields when producing corrugated cardboard boxes, other packaging paper,

sanitary paper, and other paper products from raw materials were assumed to be 90%, and the

volume of products produced and volume of paper residues generated were computed. With respect

to publication, volumes produced were computed from the number of volumes published and

average weight (All Japan Magazine and Book Publisher's and Editor's Association, 2001). The

ratio of fliers to newspapers plus fliers was assumed to be 30%.

2.3 Method of Estimation for Product Stock and Disposal

With respect to wood products, the volume of stock of product a at the beginning of year t ( S ta( ))

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and the volume of product a disposed in year t (W ta( )) were computed using the following

equations, using the volume of product a consumed in year t (C ta( )) and the rate of disposal of

product a ( d ta( )).

S t S t C t d t S ta a a a a( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )= − + − − − × −1 1 1 1 (1)

W t d t S ta a a( ) ( ) ( )= × (2)

With respect to paper products, the rate of disposal within one year ( ′d ta( )) was used to compute

the following formula.

S t S t d t C t d t S ta a a a a a( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ) ( )= − + − ′ − × − − − × −1 1 1 1 1 1 (3)

W t d t C t d t S ta a a a a( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )= ′ × + × (4)

The lifetimes of each product are represented as disposal rates. As these values, the figures

shown in Table 2.3 were adopted. Despite the fact that the data used in this work is from later than

1960, there are not a few buildings and infrastructures constructed before 1960 which are included

in actual stock volumes. Hence for products with long lifetimes such as buildings and

infrastructures, it is appropriate to separately estimate the stock volumes. Here, stock volumes are

estimated separately for sawnwood used in building.

The volume of stock of sawnwood used in buildings ( S tSW building( )( )) is determined by the

volume of stock (floor area) of buildings by structure type ( B tb ( ))(Ministry of Public Management,

Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications of Japan, 1976-2000) multiplied by the volume of

sawnwood stock per unit floor area by the structure type(αb t( )).

S t B t tSW building b bb

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )= ×( )∑ α (5)

Here, b indicates structure type (wooden, steel reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete, or steel),

and αb t( ) is the volume of sawnwood used per unit floor area (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure

and Transport of Japan, 1977-1992) multiplied by a yield of 90%. Due to data constraints,

calculations were performed for 1976 to 2000.

Table 2.3 Rates of disposal of products

Product Rate of disposalRate of disposalwithin one year

Mushroom bed log 0.33 –Packing and pallet 0.2 –Furniture and household goods 0.1 –Building 0.022 –Infrastructure 0.022 –Other wood products 0.2 –Paper products 0.8 0.8

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

19

60

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

95

20

00

Year

Abs

olut

e dr

y w

eigh

t (m

illio

n t)

Direct estimation using building stock

Calculation using disposal rate

Fig.2.1 Stock of sawnwood used in buildings

When stock for 1976(SSW building( )( )1976 )was provided by the equation (5) and subsequent

stock was calculated by the equation (1), the best fit was obtained for a disposal rate of 0.022

(lifetime 45 years). Fig. 2.1 shows these results. It has been reported that the average lifetime for

wooden structures in Japan in the 1980's is roughly 40 years (Komatsu et al, 1992; Komatsu et al,

1994), in rough agreement. As a result, the stock volume for 1960 is obtained; but if calculations are

begun assuming a stock volume of 0 for 1960, then the stock volume for 2000 should be different.

This suggests that a method should be adopted in which stock volumes are computed directly

insofar as possible (Pingoud et al., 2001).

2.4 Method of Estimation for Waste Management

(1) Treatments of wood residues, used wood products, black liquor, sludge, paper residues,

and used paper products

Wood residues generated during production of sawnwood, veneer, and plywood have numerous

uses. Data exists for the volumes used for LVL, virgin chips, and particleboard and fiberboard, and

so these usage volumes were subtracted from volumes of wood residues generated, and the

remainder was apportioned among usage volumes for fuel, compost and livestock bedding, and

disposal volumes, employing ratios in the literature (Yamaguchi et al., 1984; Japan Housing and

Wood Technology Center, 1994; Japan Wood-Products Information and Research Center, 1998,

1999). Wood residues generated from the manufacture of pulp were taken to be used as fuels, and

wood residues generated from the manufacture of other products were taken to be disposed of, and

as the rate of incineration of wastes, figures for industrial waste wood (Ministry of the Environment

of Japan, 2003) were used. Recovered chips are produced from a portion of the used wood products,

and are used as industrial raw materials or as fuel. The volume of production of recovered chips for

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industrial raw materials was taken to be the same as the above-described volume of consumption

(in pulp and particleboard and fiberboard), and the volume of production of recovered chips for use

as fuel was computed by calculating the ratio of production of recovered chips for fuel to the

generation of used wood products, using figures in the literature for 1991 (Japan Housing and Wood

Technology Center, 1994) and by employing this result for 1960 through 2000. Other used wood

products were taken to be disposed of, and as the rate of incineration of wastes, figures for

industrial waste wood (Ministry of the Environment of Japan, 2003) were used

Black liquor was assumed to be used as fuel, and sludge was assumed to be incinerated.

Paper residues generated during production of paper products were assumed to be recovered

based on recycling rates for industrial paper waste (Ministry of the Environment of Japan, 2003).

The volume of recovered paper received at pulp plants within Japan, and the volume of recovered

paper imports and exports, were used to compute the volumes of recovered paper collected within

Japan; the above paper residue volume for recycling was subtracted from this result to obtain the

volume of used paper products recovered. Paper residues and used paper products other than this

was assumed to be disposed of. As for paper residues, the rates of incineration of industrial paper

wastes were used, and as for used paper products, those of household wastes were used (Ministry of

the Environment of Japan, 2003).

(2) Biological decomposition of landfilled waste, compost, and livestock bedding

Landfilled wastes ( LW ta ( )) hardly decompose at all in the earth, and much material has been

reported to exist semi-permanently (Micales and Skog, 1997). Hence the volume of stock of wastes

in landfill at the beginning of year t ( LS t( ) ) is expressed as follows, using, among all landfilled

wastes, the part actually decomposed ( LWd ta ( ) ) and the volume of its stock ( LSd ta ( )), the part

not actually decomposed ( LWnd ta ( ) ) and the volume of its stock ( LSnd ta ( )), and the rate of

decomposition of landfilled wastes ( ld ta ( )).

LS t LSd t LSnd t

LSd t LWd t ld t LSd t

LSnd t LWnd t

a a a

a a a a

a a

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

= +

= − + − − − × −

+ − + −

1 1 1 1

1 1

(6)

Pingoud et al. (1996) have noted that the ratio of the portion that is actually decomposed to the

portion that is not decomposed has a large impact on the volume of carbon stock in the landfill.

Karjalainen et al. (1994, 1995) report that the rate of decomposition of landfilled wastes greatly

affects the volume of carbon stock in all products and wastes. This data book used the maximum

ratios of actually decomposed material (3% for wood waste, 26% for paper waste) reported by

Micales and Skog (1997), and 0.01 was used as decomposition rate. In Japan, regulations

stipulating an earth covering were instituted by law in 1970. In this data book, open dumping is not

considered, and all disposal after 1960 is assumed to be landfill.

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Chapter 3 Flow Charts

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Fig.3.1 Material flows in 1960

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Fig3.2 Material flows in 1970

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Fig3.3 Material flows in 1980

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Fig3.4 Material flows in 1990

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Fig3.5 Material flows in 2000

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Fig3.6 Carbon flows in 1960

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Fig3.7 Carbon flows in 1970

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Fig3.8 Carbon flows in 1980

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Fig3.9 Carbon flows in 1990

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Fig3.10 Carbon flows in 2000

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agricultural, forestry and fishery products and its assessment. Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries Research Council, Tokyo. (in Japanese)

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42

Authors

Seiji Hashimoto*

Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management

National Institute for Environmental Studies

16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan

TEL: +81-29-850-2842 FAX: +81-29-850-2917 E-mail: [email protected]

Yuichi Moriguchi

Social and Environmental Systems Division

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Support for data development

Akira Saito

Takafumi Ono

Yasuhiko Tabaru

Fuji Research Institute Corporation

Photos on the front cover

Shunpei Shimada

Naohiro Horimoto

Thin-ku Tan-ku KYOTO

If you have any questions and comments on this data book, please contact to corresponding author*.

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CGER-REPORT

ISSN 1341-4356

CGER-D034-2004

日本における伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローデータブック

橋本征二・森口祐一

独立行政法人 国立環境研究所

2004

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地球環境研究センターの機能の1つは、国内外の地球環境研究者や行政担当者に、地球環境に関わ

るデータや情報を提供することである。1990 年に設立されて以来、国立環境研究所における研究成果

として得られたデータの提供を受け、これを一般の利用に供するためにデータベースとして公開する

活動を行ってきた。

近年、大量生産・大量消費・大量廃棄型の経済構造が地球環境問題の根源として認識されつつある

が、これを持続可能なものへと転換していくための出発点は、われわれの経済の中でさまざま資源が

どのように利用されているのかを包括的、体系的に記述することである。日本は世界有数の木材輸入

国であるとともに消費国であるが、本データブックはこの木材を対象として、経済内のマテリアルフ

ローを推計し、投入産出表の形で記述、経年的にとりまとめたものである。資源生産性の向上やリサ

イクルの推進などを検討する上での基礎情報として活用いただければ幸いである。また、近年、炭素

の貯蔵庫としての木材にも関心が寄せられているが、炭素フローも同時にとりまとめているので活用

いただきたい。

本データブックが、関連研究者や行政担当者だけでなく、広く森林問題や気候変動問題に関心を持

つ方々にとって、有益な情報となれば幸いである。

2004 年 3 月

独立行政法人 国立環境研究所

地球環境研究センター

統括研究管理官

井上 元

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はじめに

日本は、北米、東南アジア、豪州、ロシアなどから、素材、製材、パルプ、紙などのさまざまな形

態で伐採木材を輸入しており、世界全体の貿易量に占める割合も大きい。世界の産業用伐採木材(薪

炭用伐採木材を除く)の生産量は約 15 億 m3 であるが、日本の消費量は約 1 億 m3 にものぼり、日本

が大量の伐採木材を消費する国の 1 つであることが分かる。資源生産性の向上やリサイクルの推進な

どを通じて、伐採木材のより効率的な利用を追求することが求められよう。

また、森林生態系とともに人間社会も伐採木材を通じて炭素の貯蔵庫となっていることから、森林

伐採とともに伐採木材の管理も大気中の炭素濃度に影響を与えていると考えられる。すなわち、気圏

と生物圏の炭素循環を正しく理解しようと思えば、森林生態系の炭素収支とともに、伐採木材の炭素

収支を明らかにする必要がある。

本データブックは、この伐採木材を対象として経済内のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローを推計し、

投入産出表の形で記述、経年的にとりまとめたものである。資源生産性の向上やリサイクルの推進な

どを検討する上でのマクロな基礎情報としてご活用いただきたいが、最初の取組として不十分な点も

多数あると考えている。これを承知でデータブックとして公開するのは、詳細な情報をお持ちの関係

諸氏に伐採木材のフローをより正確なものとするためのご助言を仰ぎたいからである。お気づきの点

について、ご一報いただければ幸甚である。

2004 年 3 月

橋本征二

森口祐一

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目次

はじめに

第 1 章 解説 .............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローを把握する意義 .......................................................... 1

(1)持続可能な発展に向けたマテリアルフロー分析の必要性 .......................................................... 1

(2)伐採木材の効率的な利用のためのマテリアルフロー分析の必要性............................................ 2

(3)炭素の貯蔵庫としての伐採木材に関する炭素フロー分析の必要性............................................ 3

1.2 推計を行った伐採木材のフローとその記述方法、解釈の際の留意点 ............................................ 4

(1)推計を行った伐採木材のフローとその記述方法 ........................................................................ 4

(2)解釈の際の留意点....................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 マテリアルフローの概要 ................................................................................................................ 6

(1)1995 年のマテリアルフロー....................................................................................................... 6

(2)マテリアルフローの経年変化 ..................................................................................................... 9

1.4 炭素フローの概要 ..........................................................................................................................11

(1)炭素蓄積量の経年変化...............................................................................................................11

(2)炭素蓄積量の変化の経年変化 ................................................................................................... 13

第2章 推計方法 ..................................................................................................................................... 15

2.1 概要 .............................................................................................................................................. 15

2.2 各生産活動における推計方法 ....................................................................................................... 17

(1)製材、集成材 ............................................................................................................................ 17

(2)単板、合板、単板積層材 .......................................................................................................... 17

(3)チップ....................................................................................................................................... 18

(4)削片板、繊維板 ........................................................................................................................ 18

(5)パルプ、紙、板紙..................................................................................................................... 18

(6)木製品(梱包材・パレット、家具・建具、建築物、土木構造物、その他の木製品) ............. 18

(7)紙、板紙製品(段ボール、段ボール箱、その他の紙製容器包装、衛生用紙、新聞紙、印刷物、

出版物、その他の紙製品) ........................................................................................................ 18

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2.3 製品の蓄積、廃棄の推計方法 ....................................................................................................... 19

2.4 廃棄物管理における推計方法 ....................................................................................................... 20

(1)工場残材、使用済み木製品、黒液、汚泥、加工紙くず、使用済み紙製品の処理 .................... 20

(2)埋立廃棄物、堆肥・家畜敷料の生物分解 ................................................................................. 20

第3章 フロー図 ..................................................................................................................................... 23

参考文献(和文) ..................................................................................................................................... 35

参考文献(英文) ..................................................................................................................................... 35

付録 マトリックスデータ

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図表目次

表 1.1 6 つの物質循環指標........................................................................................................................ 7

表 1.2 森林生態系と製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量 ..................................................................................... 12

表 1.3 森林生態系と製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量の変化 ......................................................................... 14

表 2.1 フローの推計方法と推計年の一覧................................................................................................ 15

表 2.2 絶乾比重と水分、接着剤、薬剤等の比率 ..................................................................................... 17

表 2.3 製品の廃棄率 ................................................................................................................................ 19

表 A.1 1960 年のマテリアルフロー ........................................................................................................A1

表 A.2 1970 年のマテリアルフロー ........................................................................................................A2

表 A.3 1980 年のマテリアルフロー ........................................................................................................A3

表 A.4 1990 年のマテリアルフロー ........................................................................................................A4

表 A.5 2000 年のマテリアルフロー ........................................................................................................A5

表 A.6 1960 年の炭素フロー...................................................................................................................A6

表 A.7 1970 年の炭素フロー...................................................................................................................A7

表 A.8 1980 年の炭素フロー...................................................................................................................A8

表 A.9 1990 年の炭素フロー...................................................................................................................A9

表 A.10 2000 年の炭素フロー...............................................................................................................A10

図 1.1 大量の物質フローがもたらす環境問題 .......................................................................................... 1

図 1.2 世界における木材の貿易フロー ..................................................................................................... 2

図 1.3 森林生態系、大気と人間社会の炭素のやりとり ............................................................................ 3

図 1.4 このデータブックで推計を行った伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フロー.............................. 5

図 1.5 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローを記述するマトリックス ............................................ 5

図 1.6 製品生産時の歩留まり(絶乾重量) .............................................................................................. 6

図 1.7 伐採木材のマテリアルフローと 6 つの物質循環指標(1995)...................................................... 7

図 1.8 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー(木製品関連)と 6 つの物質循環指標(1995) ............................ 8

図 1.9 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー(紙製品関連)と 6 つの物質循環指標(1995) ............................ 8

図 1.10 全物質投入量の内訳の経年変化 ................................................................................................... 9

図 1.11 使用済み製品発生量の内訳の経年変化....................................................................................... 10

図 1.12 5 つの物質循環指標の経年変化 .................................................................................................. 10

図 1.13 製品・廃棄物としての炭素蓄積量...............................................................................................11

図 1.14 炭素のインプット、アウトプットと炭素蓄積量の変化 ............................................................. 13

図 1.15 炭素のインプット、アウトプットの内訳 ................................................................................... 13

図 2.1 建築物における製材蓄積量 .......................................................................................................... 20

図 3.1 1960 年のマテリアルフロー......................................................................................................... 24

図 3.2 1970 年のマテリアルフロー......................................................................................................... 25

図 3.3 1980 年のマテリアルフロー......................................................................................................... 26

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図 3.4 1990 年のマテリアルフロー......................................................................................................... 27

図 3.5 2000 年のマテリアルフロー......................................................................................................... 28

図 3.6 1960 年の炭素フロー ................................................................................................................... 29

図 3.7 1970 年の炭素フロー ................................................................................................................... 30

図 3.8 1980 年の炭素フロー ................................................................................................................... 31

図 3.9 1990 年の炭素フロー ................................................................................................................... 32

図 3.10 2000 年の炭素フロー ................................................................................................................. 33

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1

第 1 章 解説

1.1 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローを把握する意義

(1)持続可能な発展に向けたマテリアルフロー分析の必要性

日本をはじめとする先進工業国は、大量の資源を自然環境から採取し、さまざまな製品やサービス

を生産、消費することによって便利で豊かな生活を享受している。一方、そうした製品やサービスの

生産、消費に付随して大量の排ガス、廃液、固形廃棄物などを発生させ、これらを大気、水、土壌な

どの自然環境に戻している。様々な環境問題は、基本的にはこのような大量の物質フローが、自然環

境のもつ資源の再生能力や廃物の浄化能力を大きく超えてしまったことに起因していると言えるだろ

う(図 1.1 参照)。過度の森林伐採によって引き起こされる森林減少や生物多様性の減少、大量の二酸

化炭素等の排出によって引き起こされる気候変動などは、人間活動に伴う大量の物質フローが引き起

こした地球規模の環境問題の典型例である。資源の利用可能量や自然環境の浄化能力が有限であるこ

との認識は、持続可能な発展を論じる上での基本認識の一つであり、1992 年の地球サミットで採択さ

れたアジェンダ 21(第 4 章 消費形態の変更)でも、こうした先進工業国における生産と消費の形態

が持続不可能なものであることが指摘されている。大量の物質フローに特徴づけられた今日の人間社

会と環境問題の関わりを分析する上では、自然環境と人間社会の間、および人間社会におけるさまざ

まな主体間の物質フローを把握することが不可欠であり、その目的のためには、マテリアルフロー分

析(Material Flow Analysis: MFA)もしくはマテリアルフロー勘定(Material Flow Accounts: MFA)

と呼ばれる手法が有益である(Ayres and Ayres, 1998; Ayres and Ayres, 1999; Bringezu and

Moriguchi, 2002)。

資源

排ガス廃液

固形廃棄物

図 1.1 大量の物質フローがもたらす環境問題

近年では、国レベルでの物質の投入と排出を対象としたマテリアルフロー分析が多く行われ、例え

ば、オーストリア(Gerhold and Petrovic, 2000; Matthews et al., 2000)、中国(Chen and Qiao, 2000)、

フィンランド(Muukkonen, 2000)、ドイツ(Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000; Bringezu,

2002)、イタリア(De Marco et al., 2000; Femia, 2000; Barbiero et al., 2003)、日本(Adriaanse et al.,

1997; Matthews et al., 2000; Moriguchi, 2001, 2002)、オランダ(Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et

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2

al., 2000)、スウェーデン(Palm and Jonsson, 2003)、英国(Schandl and Schulz, 2000; Bringezu and

Schutz, 2002)、米国(Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000)などを対象とした研究が報告

されているほか、これらの国際比較研究(Adriaanse et al., 1997; Matthews et al., 2000; Bringezu and

Schutz, 2001; Eurostat, 2002; OECD, 2002)も行われ、欧州では手法のガイドラインも作成されてい

る(Eurostat, 2001)。また、これらのマテリアルフロー分析から導出される指標(Adriaanse et al., 1997;

Matthews et al., 2000; Eurostat, 2001)が、持続可能な発展の達成度を測る指標の一つとして認識さ

れつつある。

一方、持続可能な発展を達成するためには、資源生産性の向上やリサイクルの推進などを通じて、

資源のより効率的な利用を追求することが必要となる。このためには、個々の資源がどのような利用

のされ方をしているのかについての包括的な分析が必要である。経済主体間のマテリアルフロー分析、

すなわち物量産業連関表(Physical Input-Output Table: PIOT)の必要性が指摘されており、いくつ

かの作成事例も報告されている(Stahmer et al., 1998)。

図 1.2 世界における木材の貿易フロー(森口、2003)

(2)伐採木材の効率的な利用のためのマテリアルフロー分析の必要性

大量の資源を輸入に頼る日本にとっては、資源の輸入先で起こっている環境問題に思いを馳せるこ

とが極めて重要であり、伐採木材もその例外ではない。日本は、北米、東南アジア、豪州、ロシアな

どから、素材、製材、パルプ、紙などのさまざまな形態で伐採木材を輸入しており、世界全体の貿易

量に占める割合も大きい(図 1.2 参照)。世界の産業用伐採木材(薪炭用伐採木材を除く)の生産量は

約 15 億 m3 であるが、日本の消費量は約 1 億 m3 にものぼり、日本が大量の伐採木材を消費する国の 1

つであることが分かる。持続可能な発展を達成するためには、伐採木材についても資源生産性の向上

やリサイクルの推進などを通じて、その効率的な利用を追求することが必要である。伐採木材のマテ

リアルフローを推計しデータとして整備することで、伐採木材の効率的な利用について様々な考察を

図 1.2 世界における木材の貿易フロー(森口、2003)

500 ~ 1000 1000 ~ 2000 2000 ~ 4000 4000 ~ 8000 8000 ~ 12000 12000 ~ 16000 16000 ~

LogSawnwoodWood MfrsPulpwoodPulpPaperUNIT : 1000t(1998)

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3

行うことが可能となる。

伐採木材のマテリアルフロー分析については、日本(Hashimoto et al., 2004)、オランダ(Hekkert et

al., 2000)を対象とした研究が報告されているほか、英国(Sundin et al., 2002)、米国(Ruth and

Harrington, 1998)などで紙・パルプを対象とした研究が報告されている。このデータブックは、

Hashimoto et al.(2004)に統計データの追加を行うとともに、廃棄物関連のフローについて改訂を施

したものである。

(3)炭素の貯蔵庫としての伐採木材に関する炭素フロー分析の必要性

森林伐採は、気圏と生物圏の間の自然の炭素循環に変化をもたらす。森林生態系においては、森林

伐採によって土壌も含めた炭素の吸収・排出速度が変化する。また、森林生態系から人間社会に持ち

込まれた伐採木材は、木製品・紙製品の生産、使用、廃棄を通して、一部は人間社会に蓄積され、一

部は分解されて大気中に放出される(図 1.3 参照)。森林生態系とともに人間社会も伐採木材を通じて

炭素の貯蔵庫となっていることから、森林伐採や伐採木材の管理は大気中の炭素濃度に影響を与えて

いると考えられる。Dixon et al.(1994)は、中高緯度の森林生態系に関する現在の炭素収支の推計に

おいて、伐採木材と伐採後の林地残材に関する推計の不確実性が大きいとしている。すなわち、気圏

と生物圏の炭素循環を正しく理解しようと思えば、森林生態系の炭素収支とともに、伐採木材の炭素

収支を明らかにする必要がある。

大気

生物分解・熱分解光合成

森林生態系 人間社会

生物分解・熱分解

伐採

図 1.3 森林生態系、大気と人間社会の炭素のやりとり

木製品・紙製品としての炭素蓄積量については、Hashimoto et al.(2002)が Winjum et al.(1997)

の手法を改善し、世界全体で 117Tg-C/年の増加(1990 年)と推計しているが、この値は、化石燃料と

セメント生産による世界の炭素排出量約 6,300Tg-C/年(1990 年)の約 2%に相当していた。このほか、

カナダ(Kurz et al., 1992; Apps et al., 1999)、フィンランド(Karjalainen et al., 1994, 1995, 1999;

Pingoud et al., 1996, 2001; Pussinen et al., 1997)、ドイツ(Burschel et al., 1993)、英国(Cannell and

Dewar, 1995; Cannell and Milne, 1995; Cannell et al., 1996)、米国(Heath et al., 1996; Skog and

Nicholson, 1998)、米国北西部(Harmon et al., 1996)などのいくつかの国や地域を対象とした研究

や、一定単位のモデル森林を対象とした研究が多数(Harmon et al., 1990; Dewar, 1990, 1991; Dewar

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4

and Cannell, 1992; Nabuurs and Mohren, 1995; Nabuurs, 1996; Schlamadinger and Marland, 1996;

Marland and Schlamadinger, 1997; Price et al., 1997)報告されているが、これらの結果からは、以

下のような点が指摘できる。

第 1 に、国レベルでの木製品・紙製品の炭素蓄積量は、例えば、フィンランドの約 120Tg-C(1990

年)(Pingoud et al., 1996)から米国の約 2,700Tg-C(1990 年)(Skog and Nicholson, 1998)まで国

によって様々であり、森林生態系の炭素蓄積量に対するそれらの比率も、カナダの 1%以下(Apps et al.,

1999)から米国の 7%(Skog and Nicholson, 1998)まで様々である。一定単位のモデル森林を対象

とした研究では、樹種や生産される製品によって、数 10%の値となる場合も報告されている(Dewar and

Cannell, 1992; Nabuurs, 1996)。

第 2 に、木製品・紙製品の炭素蓄積量の変化も、例えば、フィンランドの約 3Tg-C/年の増加(1990

年)(Pingoud et al., 1996)から米国の約 59Tg-C/年の増加(1990 年)(Skog and Nicholson, 1998)

まで国によって様々である。ほとんどの研究で、蓄積は増える方向にあることが示されており、カナ

ダでは森林生態系の炭素蓄積量の減少分の一部をオフセットする結果となっている(Apps et al.,

1999)。化石燃料とセメント生産による炭素排出に対する比率も、国によって数%から 10%程度と様々

である(Hashimoto et al., 2002)。

日本においても、伐採木材の炭素フローを推計しデータとして整備することで、木製品・紙製品の

炭素蓄積量とその変化について様々な考察を行うことが可能となる。

1.2 推計を行った伐採木材のフローとその記述方法、解釈の際の留意点

(1)推計を行った伐採木材のフローとその記述方法

このデータブックでは、図 1.4 に示すような伐採木材のフローを推計し、これを図 1.5 のようなマト

リックス(付録参照)で表現している。

このマトリックスは、生産活動 32 部門(列)、製品・副産物・廃棄物・資源 48 部門(行)で構成さ

れており、各生産活動における原材料等の投入がプラスの数値で、製品・副産物・廃棄物等の産出が

マイナスの数値で記されている。フローは全て消費量、生産量で記述するものとしたが、データのな

いものについては入荷量、出荷量を用いている。また、生産活動については、できる限り日本の産業

連関表の部門に対応させるようにしている。図 1.5 に示すように、例えば、製材を生産する活動では、

15,082 千 t(絶乾重量)の素材を用いて、10,193 千 t(絶乾重量)の製材を生産するとともに、4,890

千 t(絶乾重量)の工場残材が発生する。また、生産された製材は、輸入製材 5,157 千トン(絶乾重量)

とともに様々な生産活動、例えば集成材の生産活動で 307 千 t(絶乾重量)消費される。

なお、図 1.4 で挙げたものの他に、製品に付随して輸入される容器包装材や輸入製品内部に含まれる

木製品・紙製品があるが、これらについては記述の対象としていない。例えば、Joosten et al.(1999)

が提案するように産業連関分析を用いてこれらを推計することは可能であるが今後の課題とする。ま

た、最終製品の輸出入は、ほとんどが統計上金額ベースのため、記述を行っていないものが多い。

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図 1.4 このデータブックで推計を行った伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フロー

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産活動

Fer

tiliz

er &

Live

stoc

k B

eddi

ng堆肥・家畜敷料

Fu

elw

oo

d薪炭材

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎茸原木

Rou

ndw

ood

素材

Sa

wn

wo

od

製材

Glu

ed L

amin

ated

Woo

d 集成材

 製品Commodity 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry

Input 投入  産出Output -1,599

Input 投入  産出Output -163

Input 投入  産出Output -517

Input 投入 15,082 産出Output -9,896

Input 投入 307 産出Output -10,193

Input 投入  産出Output -246

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

Pro

duct

Dem

and

製品需要

Ene

rgy

Dem

and

エネルギー需要

Sto

ck在庫

Exp

ort

輸出

Impo

rt輸入

1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry 1000t-dry

1,599

353 0 -191

517

183 2 -12,626

-112 6 -5,157

-82

Input 投入  産出Output -9

Input 投入 1,599 産出Output -4,890 -61

Input 投入  産出Output

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

図 1.5 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローを記述するマトリックス

(2)解釈の際の留意点

第 2 章に示す計算方法からも分かるように、推計したフローを解釈するにあたっては、以下のよう

な点に留意する必要がある。

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第 1 に、データが不足している場合、製品生産時の留まりや用途別出荷比率などを大胆に仮定して

いることである。また、製品生産時の歩留まりについては、製品の生産量と原材料の消費量のデータ

があれば計算できるが、その結果が現実的でない場合も生じている。例えば、図 1.6 に示すように、単

板+短尺材→単板積層材、チップ→削片板・繊維板については、かなりの変動が見られるとともに、

低めの値である。これは絶乾重量への換算の不確実性、原材料の統計データの不確実性などが原因で

あると考えられる。

第 2 に、製品の蓄積量や廃棄量は、廃棄率を仮定することによって推計を行っていることである。2.3

に示すように建築用の製材蓄積量については別の統計から直接推計を行っているものの、個々の製品

の廃棄率は 1960 年から 2000 年を通して変わらないものとしている。

第 3 に、上記のような歩留まりや廃棄率の仮定によって算出される廃棄物量は、廃棄物の統計値と

合致しない場合が多いが、合致しない場合、このデータブックでは計算値の方を採用していることで

ある。また、再生利用量についてはできるだけ統計データを用いるようにしたが、例えば、再資源化

チップのパルプ用チップとしての利用量、再資源化チップの燃料としての利用量などは大胆な推計に

よるものであり、信頼性が低いと考えられる。

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

素材→製材

素材→単板

素材→チップ

製材→集成材

単板→合板

単板+短尺材→単板積層材

チップ→削片板・繊維板

チップ→パルプ

古紙→古紙パルプ

パルプ→紙

パルプ→板紙

図 1.6 製品生産時の歩留まり(絶乾重量)

1.3 マテリアルフローの概要

(1)1995 年のマテリアルフロー

まず、1995 年を例として単年のマテリアルフローを概観するが、ここでは、発生抑制、再使用、再

生利用などの活動を計測するために我々が開発した 6 つの物質循環指標(Hashimoto and Moriguchi,

2004)を利用して、主に廃棄物・リサイクルの観点から分析を行ってみる。それぞれの指標は表 1.1

に示すようなものであり、図 1.7 はこれらの指標に合わせて、詳細なマテリアルフローを簡略化して表

示したものである。

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表 1.1 6 つの物質循環指標(Hashimoto and Moriguchi, 2004)

指標 指標が計測するもの 計算式

直接物質投入量

Direct Material Input: DMI物質循環の目的(天然資

源の消費の抑制)

使用済み製品再生利用率

Use Rate of Recovered Used Products: URRUP使用済み製品の再生利用

(投入側)

使用済み製品の再生利用量

原材料の消費量

物質利用効率

Material Use Efficiency: MUE副産物の再生利用と発生

抑制

原材料の有効利用量

原材料の消費量

物質利用時間

Material Use Time: MUT使用済み製品の再使用と

発生抑制

製品の蓄積量

再生利用もしくは処分される

使用済み製品量

使用済み製品再資源化率

Recovery Rate of Used Products: RRUP使用済み製品の再生利用

(排出側)

使用済み製品の再資源化量

再資源化もしくは処分される

使用済み製品量

国内排出物量

Domestic Processed Output: DPO物質循環の目的(環境負

荷の低減)

図 1.7 伐採木材のマテリアルフローと 6 つの物質循環指標(1995)

図 1.7 に示すように、1995 年における伐採木材および輸入製品の投入量(直接物質投入量:DMI)

は 49 百万 t と推計された。これには輸入素材、製品が多く含まれ、全体の 78%を占めた。また、製品

の生産のために用いられる使用済み製品の量は 14 百万 t であり、全物質投入量 63 百万 t に占める比

率(使用済み製品再生利用率:URRUP)は 23%であった。この比率を大きくしているのは使用済み

紙製品(古紙)の再生利用であり、使用済み木製品の再生利用量は紙製品に比較して小さい。

これらの全物質投入量のうち、何らかの形で利用された比率(物質利用効率:MUE)は 91%であり、

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燃料として利用されるものが 17%、製品として利用されるものが 73%であった。製品として利用され

るものは、木製品と紙製品が半々であり、紙製品が若干多い。

また、これらの製品の利用時間(物質利用時間:MUT)は平均で 10-12 年と推計された。この物質

利用時間(MUT)は、建築、土木、家具・建具、梱包から紙製品までを平均的に見たときの利用時間

であり、紙製品が含まれているため想像よりは短くなっている。また、1995 年には 43 百万 t の製品

が人間社会に持ち込まれ、37 百万 t が廃棄物になったと推計された。

廃棄された使用済み製品の再資源化率(使用済み製品再資源化率:RRUP)は 38%であり、焼却な

どによって酸素と結びつきながら大気へ排出された量(国内排出物量:DPO)が 81 百万 t、埋立など

によって土壌に排出された量が 7 百万 t と推計された。

図 1.7 を木製品関係、紙製品関係に分けて見たものが、図 1.8、図 1.9 である。木製品関係と紙製品

関係を比較すると、以下の点が指摘できる。

図 1.8 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー(木製品関連)と 6 つの物質循環指標(1995)

図 1.9 伐採木材のマテリアルフロー(紙製品関連)と 6 つの物質循環指標(1995)

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第 1 に、使用済み製品再生利用率(URRUP)、使用済み製品再資源化率(RRUP)はいずれも、木

製品が小さく(それぞれ 1%、18%)、紙製品が大きい(それぞれ 36%、51%)。特に、使用済み木製

品が再び木製品の原材料として利用されるフローが少なく(0.3 百万 t)、木製品関係の使用済み製品再

生利用率(URRUP)はわずか1%である。紙製品の原材料として利用されるフローも少なく(0.5 百

万 t)、ほとんどが燃料として利用されているのが現状である。なお、物質利用効率(MUE)はいずれ

も 90%程度と高い。

第 2 に、1995 年時点では、木製品の消費量(20 百万 t)に比較して、使用済み木製品の発生量(15

百万 t)が少ないが、これは木製品のほとんどが耐久財であり、その蓄積が増えていることを示してい

る。従って、使用済み木製品の発生量は将来的には増加するものと考えられる。

第 3 に、木製品の物質利用時間(MUT)が 22-30 年であるのに対し、紙製品は 0.2 年である。木製

品の物質利用時間(MUT)は、建築、土木、家具・建具、梱包などの製品の平均として算出されたも

のであり、木製品と紙製品の物質利用時間(MUT)の違いは、それぞれの製品の利用形態の違いによ

るものである。したがって、木製品の物質利用時間(MUT)をのばすことには意味があるが、紙製品

の物質利用時間(MUT)をのばすことにはあまり意味がない。

以上、木製品、紙製品ともに物質利用効率(MUE)が比較的高いことから、今後、物質循環を促進

する上でターゲットとなるのは、使用済み製品の再使用と使用済み製品の再生利用である。特に、あ

まり進んでいない使用済み「木」製品の再生利用は、今後の発生量の増加を鑑みれば、一層重要であ

る。紙製品については、物質利用時間(MUT)が短い用途が多いため、今後も使用済み製品再資源化

率(URRUP)や使用済み製品再生利用率(RRUP)が重視されるべきであるが、木製品については、

これらに加え物質利用時間(MUT)も重視されるべきである。

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

絶乾重量

(百万t/年)

使用済み製品 国産素材 輸入素材 輸入製品

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

絶乾重量(百万t/年)

木製品 紙製品 堆肥・敷料 燃料 廃棄物 その他

(a)起源 (b)用途

図 1.10 全物質投入量の内訳の経年変化

(2)マテリアルフローの経年変化

続いて、マテリアルフローの経年変化を概観するが、ここでも、6 つの物質循環指標(表 1.1)を利

用して、主に廃棄物・リサイクルの観点から分析を行ってみる。

図 1.10 は全物質投入量の内訳の経年変化を見たものである。その起源では、使用済み製品と輸入製

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品が増え、国産素材と輸入素材が少なくなっている。また、古紙の再生利用が中心であるが、使用済

み製品の再生利用は増加の傾向にあると言える。一方、その用途では、ほとんどが製品もしくは燃料

として利用され、利用されないまま廃棄物となるものは 10%前後である。紙製品としての利用が増加

の傾向にあり、木製品としての利用が斬減の傾向にある。

図 1.11 は使用済み製品発生量の内訳を見たものである。その起源では、伐採木材の紙製品としての

利用量の増加に合わせて、使用済み紙製品の発生量も増加の傾向にあることが分かる。一方、その処

理方法では、古紙の再生利用を中心として使用済み製品の再生利用が増加の傾向にある。また、直接

埋立ての割合が一貫して小さくなっている。

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

絶乾重量(百万t/年)

使用済み木製品 使用済み紙製品

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

絶乾重量(百万t/年)

再資源化 焼却 埋立

(a)起源 (b)処理方法

図 1.11 使用済み製品発生量の内訳の経年変化

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

絶乾燥重量(百万t/年)

DMI DPO

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

MUE URRUP RRUP

(a)直接物質投入量(DMI)、 (b)物質利用効率(MUE)、使用済み製品再生利用率

国内排出物量(DPO) (URRUP)、使用済み製品再資源化率(RRUP)

図 1.12 5 つの物質循環指標の経年変化

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以上をもとに、物質利用時間(MUT)を除く 5 つの物質循環指標の経年変化を算出したものが図 1.12

である。直接物質投入量(DMI)は 1970 年初頭まで増加の傾向にあったが、それ以降 40 百万 t から

50 百万 t 前後で推移している。国内排出物量(DPO)も 1970 年代前半まで増加の傾向にあり、それ

以降は斬増に転じている。物質利用効率(MUE)は一貫して 90%前後と高率であり、使用済み製品再

生利用率(URRUP)、使用済み製品再資源化率(RRUP)はいずれも増加の傾向にある。再生利用が

進展してきたにも関わらず、直接物質投入量(DMI)、国内排出物量(DPO)には減少の傾向は見られ

ない。これは、図 1.10 が示すように、使用済み製品も含めた全物質投入量が、1970 年以降も斬増傾

向にあるためである。こうした結果は、Adriaanse et al.(1997)や Matthews et al.(2000)が、GDP

あたりの直接物質投入量(DMI)や国内排出物量(DPO)が減っているにもかかわらず、直接物質投

入量(DMI)、国内排出物量(DPO)自身が減少していないと結論付けたのとよく似ている。副産物や

使用済み製品の再生利用の促進は、天然資源の消費や環境負荷の抑制には貢献したが、それらを削減

するには至っていない。

1.4 炭素フローの概要

(1)炭素蓄積量の経年変化

炭素フローについて、ここでは、人間社会における製品・廃棄物としての炭素蓄積の観点から分析

を行う。

製品・廃棄物としての炭素蓄積量を推計した結果が図 1.13 である。炭素蓄積量は、1990 年には

284Tg-C、2000 年には 338Tg-C と推計された。1990 年時点での炭素蓄積量のうち、使用中の木製品・

紙製品が 209Tg-C、使用中の農業製品が 2Tg-C、埋立地中の廃棄物が 73Tg-C であった。使用中の木

製品・紙製品 209Tg-C のうち、建築物が 80%以上を占めており、埋立地中に蓄積された炭素の多いこ

とが分かる。また 1990 年における製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量 284Tg-C は、1990 年における日本の森

林生態系(植生のみ)の炭素蓄積量 1,421Tg-C(UNFCCC, 2000)の約 20%に相当する。

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

炭素

(Tg-C)

使用中木製品(建築物) 使用中木製品(その他)

使用中紙製品+農業製品 埋立地中廃棄物

図 1.13 製品・廃棄物としての炭素蓄積量

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表 1.2 は、各国の数値を比較したものである。

例えば、Apps et al.(1999)は、カナダにおける製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量を 837Tg-C(輸出製品、

輸入製品ともに含む)と推計し、森林生態系の炭素蓄積量 86,600Tg-C(Kurz and Apps, 1999)の1%

以下であるとしている。一方、Skog and Nicholson(1998)は、米国における製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄

積量を 2,700Tg-C(輸出製品を含まず、輸入製品を含む)と推計し、これが森林生態系の炭素蓄積量

38,500Tg-C(Birdsey, 1992)と比較して大きい(約 7%)としている。カナダ、フィンランドなどの

地域では、森林生態系のなかでも土壌に蓄積されている炭素が大きな比率を占めるが、植生のみの炭

素蓄積量に対する製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量の比率は、カナダで 6%、フィンランドで 16%(輸出製

品、輸入製品ともに含む)、日本、米国で 20%(輸出製品を含まず、輸入製品を含む)となっている。

また、Pingoud et al.(1996)が、フィンランドで炭素蓄積量の 60-70%が埋立地に存在すると推計

しているのに対し、Harmon et al.(1996)は、米国北西部で約 20%と推計している。Harmon et al.

(1996)は、Kurz et al.(1992)がカナダで炭素蓄積量の 50%が埋立地にあると推計しているのと比

較して、オープンダンピングと埋立の区別をすることが重要であると指摘している。また、Apps et al.

(1999)は、Harmon et al.(1996)の推計で埋立地の比率が小さいのは、Harmon et al.(1996)が

埋立地での廃棄物の分解率を一定として、全ての廃棄物がいずれは分解するモデルを用いているため

としている。このデータブックにおける埋立地のモデルは、Pingoud et al.(1996)や Apps et al.(1999)

に近いが、推計結果は Harmon et al.(1996)の%値に近い。その原因としては、日本では焼却率が高

いこと、1960 年以前に埋め立てられた廃棄物が含まれていないこと、などが考えられる。埋立地の炭

素蓄積量については不確実性が高いものの、多くの炭素を蓄積している可能性がある。

表 1.2 森林生態系と製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量 (Tg-C)

森林生態系 製品・廃棄物

炭素蓄積量 年 文献 炭素蓄積量 年 文献

カナダ

86,60014,500(植生)

71,300(その他)

1989Kurz andApps(1999)

837 (a)376(使用中)

461(埋立地中)

1989Apps et al.(1999)

100-140 (a)40-50(使用中)

70-90(埋立地中)フィンランド

5,600-8,000740(植生)

4,900-7,300(その他)

1990Pingoud et al.(1996) 29-34 (b)

13-15(使用中)

16-19(埋立地中)

1990Pingoud et al.(1996)

ドイツ

2,496898(植生)

1,598(その他)

Burschel et al.(1993)

128 (b)128(使用中)

Burschel et al.(1993)

日本1,4211,421(植生)

1990UNFCCC(2000)

284 (b)211(使用中)

73(埋立地中)

1990 本データブック

米国

38,50013,800(植生)

24,700(その他)

1987Birdsey(1992)

2,700 (b)(使用中および

埋立地中)

1990Skog andNicholson(1998)

a) 輸出製品、輸入製品ともに含む。

b) 輸出製品を含まず、輸入製品を含む。

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(2)炭素蓄積量の変化の経年変化

伐採木材としての炭素の人間社会へのインプット、伐採木材に含まれる炭素の大気へのアウトプッ

ト、炭素蓄積量の変化を推計した結果が図 1.14 である。炭素蓄積量の変化は、1990 年には 7.3Tg-C/

年の増加、2000 年には 3.6Tg-C/年の増加と推計された。1990 年時点での炭素蓄積量の増加のうち、

使用中の製品は 3.7Tg-C/年の増加、埋立地中の廃棄物は 3.6Tg-C/年の増加であった。分析を行った期

間内では、炭素のインプットがアウトプットを上回っており、炭素蓄積量は増加しているが、その量

は年々減少している。

図 1.15 は、インプットとアウトプットの内訳を見たものである。インプットの内訳では徐々に輸入

の占める割合が増え、輸入の中では素材が減り、加工製品が増えている。一方、アウトプットの内訳

では燃料利用と焼却がそのほとんどを占める。また、1990 年における炭素蓄積量の変化は、1990 年

における化石燃料とセメント生産からの炭素排出量 307Tg-C/年(The Government of Japan, 1997)

の約 2%に相当する。

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

炭素

(Tg-C/年)

インプット アウトプット 炭素蓄積量の変化

図 1.14 炭素のインプット、アウトプットと炭素蓄積量の変化

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

炭素

(Tg-C/年)

国産素材 輸入素材 輸入製品

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

炭素

(Tg-C/年)

燃料利用 焼却 農業製品+埋立廃棄物の分解

(a)インプット (b)アウトプット

図 1.15 炭素のインプット、アウトプットの内訳

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表 1.3 森林生態系と製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量の変化 (Tg-C/年)

森林生態系 製品・廃棄物

炭素蓄積量の変化 年 文献 炭素蓄積量の変化 年 文献

全世界 117 1990Hashimoto etal. (2002)

カナダ-69(植生およびその他)

1985-1989

Kurz andApps (1999)

25 (a)(使用中および

埋立地中)

1989Apps et al.(1999)

3 (a)0.6(使用中)

2.8(埋立地中)フィンランド

99(植生)

1990Pingoud et al.(1996) 0.8 (b)

0.3(使用中)

0.6(埋立地中)

1990Pingoud et al.(1996)

ドイツ

6.55.5(植生)

1.0(その他)

Burschel et al.(1993)

1.1 (b)1.1(使用中)

Burschel et al.(1993)

日本2323(植生)

1990

TheGovernmentof Japan(1997)

7.3 (b)3.7(使用中)

3.6(埋立地中)

1990 本データブック

米国274(植生およびその他)

1990Skog andNicholson(1998)

59 (b)26(使用中)

33(埋立地中)

1990Skog andNicholson(1998)

a) 輸出製品、輸入製品ともに含む。

b) 輸出製品を含まず、輸入製品を含む。

* 正の値が炭素蓄積量の増加。

表 1.3 は、各国の数値を比較したものである。

Hashimoto et al.(2002)は Winjum et al.(1997)の手法を改善し、1990 年における製品・廃棄

物の炭素蓄積量の増加を、世界全体で 117Tg-C/年と推計しているが、この値は、1990 年における化石

燃料とセメント生産による世界の炭素排出量約 6,300Tg-C/年の約 2%に相当する。国レベルで見ると、

例えば、Apps et al.(1999)は、カナダにおける製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量の増加を 25Tg-C/年(輸

出製品、輸入製品ともに含む)と推計し、これが森林生態系の炭素蓄積量の減少 69Tg-C/年(Kurz and

Apps, 1999)の一部をオフセットしているとしている。一方、Skog and Nicholson(1998)は、米国

における製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量の増加を 59Tg-C/年(輸出製品を含まず、輸入製品を含む)と推

計し、森林生態系の炭素蓄積量の増加 274Tg-C/年と合わせた 333Tg-C/年が、米国の炭素排出量

1,367Tg-C/年の 24%に相当するとしている。日本の場合、森林植生と製品・廃棄物の炭素蓄積量の増

加の合計 30Tg-C/年は、日本の炭素排出量の約 10%に相当する。

また、Pingoud et al.(1996)は、フィンランドにおける炭素蓄積量の増加のうち、使用中の製品を

0.6Tg-C/年、埋立地中の廃棄物を 2.8Tg-C/年、Skog and Nicholson(1998)は、米国における炭素蓄

積量の増加のうち、使用中の製品を 26 Tg-C/年、埋立地中の廃棄物を 33 Tg-C/年と推計し、いずれも

埋立地中の廃棄物による炭素蓄積量の増加を大きく見積もっている。Apps et al.(1996)もカナダに

おける炭素蓄積量の増加のうち、埋立地中の廃棄物が半分以上を占めることを指摘している。しかし

ながら、日本では使用中の製品が多くを占める結果となった。これは、日本の廃棄物の焼却率が高い

こと、日本ではまだ使用中の製品が増加する傾向にあること、が理由として挙げられる。

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第2章 推計方法

2.1 概要

各生産活動における原材料の投入量(入荷量、消費量)や製品等の産出量(生産量、出荷量)、製品

の貿易量や製品の用途の推計方法と推計年の一覧を示したものが表 2.1 である。統計値と記されている

部分は統計値を用い、計算値と記されている部分は以下の 2.2 に示す考え方で計算した。

表 2.1 フローの推計方法と推計年の一覧(1/2)

原材料の投入量 製品等の産出量生産活動

入荷量 消費量 生産量 出荷量

製品の

貿易量

製品の

用途

堆肥・家畜敷料 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

椎茸原木 – – –統計値(a)1967–2000

– –

薪炭材 – – –統計値(a)1960–2000

統計値(a)1960–2000

素材 – – –統計値(a, b)

+計算値

1960–2000

統計値(a, b)+計算値

1960–2000

統計値(a, b, e)+計算値

1960–2000

製材統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000

統計値(a, b)+計算値

1960–2000

集成材 –計算値

1965–2000統計値(c)1965–2000

–統計値(c)1983–2000

統計値(c)1965–2000

単板統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000–

統計値(a)1962–2000

計算値

1960–2000

合板 –計算値

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(a, b)

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000

単板積層材 –統計値(c, d)1989–2000

統計値(c, d)1989–2000

–統計値(c, d)1989–2000

統計値(c, d)+計算値

1989–2000

チップ

統計値(a, b)+計算値

1960–2000–

統計値(a, b)+計算値

1960–2000

統計値(a, b)+計算値

1960–2000

統計値(a, b)1963–2000

計算値

1960–2000

削片板・繊維板

統計値(e)+計算値

1960–2000

統計値(e)+計算値

1960–2000

統計値(e)1960–2000

統計値(e)1960–2000

統計値(f)1961–2000

計算値

1960–2000

梱包材・パレット –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

その他の木製品 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

a)林野庁(1961-2001)b)農林水産省(1961-2001)c)日本住宅・木材技術センター(1966-2001)d)日本木材総合情報センター(1997)e)経済産業省(1961-2001a)f)FAO (2001)

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表 2.1 フローの推計方法と推計年の一覧(2/2)

原材料の投入量 製品等の産出量生産活動

入荷量 消費量 生産量 出荷量

製品の

貿易量

製品の

用途

家具・建具 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000–

統計値(g)1976–2000

パルプ統計値(a, b)

1960–2000統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(a, h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

紙統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

板紙統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

統計値(h)1960–2000

段ボール –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

段ボール箱 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

その他の容器包

装紙–

計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

衛生用紙 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

その他の紙製品 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

新聞紙 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

印刷物 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

出版物 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

建築物 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

土木構造物 –計算値

1960–2000計算値

1960–2000– – –

再資源化チップ – –計算値

1960–2000– – –

古紙 – –計算値

1960–2000–

統計値(h)1976–2000

焼却廃棄物 – –計算値

1960–2000– – –

埋立廃棄物 – –計算値

1960–2000– – –

a)林野庁(1961-2001)b)農林水産省(1961-2001)g)財務省(1977-2001)h) 経済産業省(1961-2001b)

また、統計値を絶乾重量に変換する際には表 2.2 に記した換算係数を用いた。輸入素材と輸入製材の

絶乾比重は、近年に輸入された樹種の加重平均をとったものである。チップ、パルプ、紙、板紙につ

いては、重量のうち水分が 10%を占めるものとし、絶乾重量に換算した。また、製品重量から接着剤

や薬品の重量を取り除くため、表 2.2 の比率を用いた。

さらに、絶乾重量を炭素重量に換算するにあたっては、0.5 の係数を用いた。

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表 2.2 絶乾比重と水分、接着剤、薬剤等の比率

絶乾比重

針葉樹 広葉樹水分の比率

接着剤、薬剤等

の比率

椎茸原木、薪炭材 0.49 – –

国産素材、製材、単板 0.39 0.59 – –

輸入素材、製材、単板 0.42 0.53 – –

合板、単板積層材 0.59 – 5%

削片板 0.72 – 10%

硬質繊維板 0.86 – 5%

中質繊維板 0.63 – 15%

軟質繊維板 0.36 – –

チップ、パルプ – 10% –

紙、板紙 – 10% 10%

木製品 – 20% –

2.2 各生産活動における推計方法

(1)製材、集成材

製材生産時に発生する工場残材量については、素材の消費量と製材の生産量から求めた。また、国

産製材の用途別出荷量については表 2.1 に示す統計値を用いたが、輸入製材については用途が不明であ

るため、国産製材の用途と同じ割合で出荷されるものとした。なお、集成材用の出荷量はその消費量

に等しいとして以下の方法で推計し、建築用の出荷量の内数とした。

集成材については、製材から集成材を生産する際の歩留まりを 80%として、製材消費量と発生する

工場残材量を求めた。また、国産集成材の用途別生産量については表 2.1 を用いたが、輸入集成材につ

いては用途が不明であるため、国産集成材の用途と同じ割合で出荷されるものとした。

(2)単板、合板、単板積層材

単板の生産量、出荷量が不明なため、単板から合板を生産する際の歩留まり(日本住宅・木材技術

センター、1994;日本木材総合情報センター、1999)を用いて、合板用の単板消費量を求めた。また、

合板用、単板積層材用の単板消費量と単板の輸出入量から、国内での単板の供給量(=生産量とする)

を求めた。単板生産時に発生する工場残材量は、素材の消費量と単板の生産量から求めた。

合板生産時に発生する工場残材量は、単板から合板を生産する際の歩留まり(日本住宅・木材技術

センター、1994;日本木材総合情報センター、1999)を用いて、合板の生産量をもとに求めた。土木

建築用、家具・建具・家電キャビネット用、パレット梱包用の出荷量については、出荷金額の比率(日

本住宅・木材技術センター、1966-2001)を用いて、物量を按分した。なお、土木建築用のうち、土木

用、建築用の比率は、15:85(日本木材総合情報センター、1994)とした。また、輸入合板について

は用途が不明であるため、国産合板の用途と同じ割合で出荷されるものとした。

単板積層材は単板と単板生産時に発生する工場残材からつくられる。単板積層材生産時に発生する

工場残材量は、単板および原料としての工場残材の消費量と単板積層材の生産量から求めた。国産単

板積層材の用途別生産量については表 2.1 を用いたが、輸入単板積層材については用途が不明であるた

め、国産単板積層材の用途と同じ割合で出荷されるものとした。

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(3)チップ

チップ生産時に発生する工場残材量は、素材の消費量とチップの生産量から求めた。

チップの用途別出荷量については、削片板、繊維板生産のための入荷量をそれへの出荷量とし、残

りをパルプ生産のための出荷量とした。

なお、統計値があるのは 1962 年以降であるため、1960-1961 年については、削片板、繊維板生産、

パルプ生産のための入荷量の合計値を出荷量とした。

(4)削片板、繊維板

削片板、繊維板生産時に利用する再資源化チップの比率については、1991 年の文献値(日本住宅・

木材技術センター、1994)と 1999-2000 年の統計値(経済産業省、1961-2001a)がある。そこで、1960

年の再資源化チップの利用率を 0%として、1960 年と 1991 年の間、1991 年と 1999 年の間は利用率

が線形に変化するものとして内挿した。削片板、繊維板生産時に発生する工場残材量は、原材料の消

費量と削片板、繊維板の生産量から求めた。削片板、繊維板の用途別出荷量については、用途別出荷

比率(日本住宅・木材技術センター、1966-2001:日本繊維板工業会、2001)を用いて、物量を按分

した。

(5)パルプ、紙、板紙

パルプ生産時に利用する再資源化チップ量については、利用する全チップ量から(3)で求めたバー

ジンチップ量を差し引くことで求めた。パルプ生産時に発生する工場残材量については燃料として利

用される廃材消費量の統計値(経済産業省、1961-2001b)を用い、黒液量については、原材料の消費

量とパルプの生産量から計算される工場残材量と黒液量の合計値から工場残材量を差し引くことで求

めた。工場残材、黒液ともに燃料として利用されるものとした。

紙、板紙生産時に発生する汚泥(正確には汚泥に含まれる木材起源の繊維)の量は、原材料の消費

量(パルプ+古紙+その他の繊維)と紙、板紙の生産量(添加剤を除く)から求めた。

(6)木製品(梱包材・パレット、家具・建具、建築物、土木構造物、その他の木製品)

原材料から木箱・パレット、家具・建具、建築物、土木構造物、その他の木製品を生産する際の歩

留まりを 90%とし、製品の生産量と発生する木くず量を求めた。建築物、土木構造物の生産時に利用

する合板については、構造用合板と型枠用合板を区別し、型枠用合板については、1年以内に廃棄さ

れるものとした。

(7)紙、板紙製品(段ボール、段ボール箱、その他の紙製容器包装、衛生用紙、新聞紙、

印刷物、出版物、その他の紙製品)

原材料から段ボール、新聞紙、印刷物を生産する際の歩留まりを 97%、原材料から段ボール箱、そ

の他紙製容器包装、衛生用紙、その他の紙製品を生産する際の歩留まりを 90%とし、製品の生産量と

発生する加工紙くず量を求めた。出版物については、出版冊数と平均重量(全国出版協会、2001)か

ら生産重量を算出した。また、新聞+チラシに占めるチラシの比率を 30%とした。

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2.3 製品の蓄積、廃棄の推計方法

木製品については、t 年期首の製品 a の蓄積量(S ta( ))、t 年の製品 a の廃棄量(W ta( ))を、t

年の製品 a の消費量(C ta( ))、廃棄率(d ta( ))を用いて次式により求めた。

S t S t C t d t S ta a a a a( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )= − + − − − × −1 1 1 1 (1)

W t d t S ta a a( ) ( ) ( )= × (2)

また、紙製品については、1 年以内に廃棄される率( ′d ta( ))を用いて次式により求めた。

S t S t d t C t d t S ta a a a a a( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ) ( )= − + − ′ − × − − − × −1 1 1 1 1 1 (3)

W t d t C t d t S ta a a a a( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )= ′ × + × (4)

それぞれの製品の寿命は廃棄率で表される。これらの値として表 2.3 に示す値を採用した。なお、本

稿で用いるデータが 1960 年以降であるにも関わらず、実際の蓄積量の中には 1960 年以前に建設され

た建築物や土木構造物が少なからず含まれている。したがって、建築物や土木構造物のような寿命の

長い製品については、その蓄積量の推計を別途行うのが適切である。ここでは、建築用の製材を対象

として、蓄積量の推計を別途行った。

建築用の製材の蓄積量( S tSW building( )( ))は、構造別の建築物の蓄積量(床面積)( B tb ( ))(総

務省、1976-2000)に、構造別の床面積あたりの製材蓄積量(αb t( ))を乗じることで求まる。

S t B t tSW building b bb

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )= ×( )∑ α (5)

ここで、b は、構造(木造、鉄骨鉄筋コンクリート造、鉄筋コンクリート造、鉄骨造)を示す。

αb t( )は、床面積あたり製材使用量(国土交通省、1977-1992)の平均に歩留まり 90%を乗じたもの

である。計算は、データの制約から 1976 年から 2000 年とした。

1976 年のストック( SSW building( )( )1976 )を(5)式により与え、それ以降のストックを(1)式

により計算した場合、廃棄率 0.022(寿命 45 年)が最もフィットした。図 2.1 はその結果を示したも

のである。1980 年代の日本の木造建築物の平均寿命は 40 年前後であることが報告されており(小松

ら、1992、1994)、整合的である。また、結果として 1960 年の蓄積量が得られるが、1960 年の蓄積

量を 0 として計算をスタートさせると、2000 年の蓄積量は異なったものとなるだろう。できるだけ蓄

積量を直接推計する手法を採用した方がよいことが示唆される(Pingoud et al, 2001)。

表 2.3 製品の廃棄率

製品 廃棄率1年以内の

廃棄率

椎茸原木 0.33 –

梱包材・パレット 0.2 –

家具・建具 0.1 –

建築物 0.022 –

土木構造物 0.022 –

その他の木製品 0.2 –

紙製品 0.8 0.8

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

西暦

絶乾重量(百万t)

建築物の蓄積量を用いた直接推計

廃棄率を用いた計算

図 2.1 建築物における製材蓄積量

2.4 廃棄物管理における推計方法

(1)工場残材、使用済み木製品、黒液、汚泥、加工紙くず、使用済み紙製品の処理

製材、単板、合板生産時に発生する工場残材は、多くの用途に用いられる。単板積層材、バージン

チップ、削片板・繊維板としての利用量についてはデータがあるため、工場残材発生量からこれらの

利用量を差し引き、残りを文献(山口ら、1984;日本住宅・木材技術センター、1994;日本木材総合

情報センター、1998、1999;伊神と村田、2003)に記載された割合を用いて、燃料、堆肥・家畜敷料

としての利用量、廃棄量に配分した。また、パルプ生産時に発生する工場残材は燃料として利用、そ

の他の製品生産時に発生する工場残材は処分されるものとし、焼却率については、産業廃棄物の木く

ず焼却率(環境省、2003)を用いた。使用済み木製品の一部からは再資源化チップが生産され、工業

原料もしくは燃料として用いられる。工業原料用の再資源化チップの生産量は上述したその消費量(パ

ルプ、削片板、繊維板)に同じとし、燃料用の再資源化チップの生産量は、1991 年の文献値(日本住

宅・木材技術センター、1994)を用いて使用済み木製品の発生量に占める燃料用の再資源化チップの

生産比率を求め、これを 1960 年から 2000 年にわたって用い算出した。また、その他の使用済み木製

品は処分されるものとし、焼却率については、産業廃棄物の焼却率(環境省、2003)を用いた。

黒液は燃料として用いられるものとし、汚泥は焼却されるものとした。

紙製品の生産時に発生する加工紙くずは、産業廃棄物における紙くずのリサイクル率(環境省、2003)

に基づき再生利用されるものとした。国内パルプ工場での古紙の入荷量、古紙の輸出入量から国内で

の古紙の回収量を求め、これから上記の再生利用される加工紙くず量を差し引いたものを使用済み紙

製品からの古紙の回収量とした。また、その他の加工紙くず、使用済み紙製品は処分されるものとし、

加工紙くずについては産業廃棄物の紙くず焼却率、使用済み紙製品については一般廃棄物の焼却率(環

境省、2003)を用いた。

(2)埋立廃棄物、堆肥・家畜敷料の生物分解

埋め立てられた廃棄物( LW ta ( ))は、地中ではほとんど分解されず、多くが半永久的に地中に存

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在することが報告されている(Micales and Skog, 1997)。したがって、埋立地における t 年期首の廃

棄物の蓄積量( LS t( ))は、埋立廃棄物のうち、実際に分解される部分( LWd ta ( ))とその蓄積量

( LSd ta ( ))、実際には分解されない部分( LWnd ta ( ))とその蓄積量( LSnd ta ( ))、埋立廃棄物

の分解率( ld ta ( ))を用いて、以下のように表される。

LS t LSd t LSnd t

LSd t LWd t ld t LSd t

LSnd t LWnd t

a a a

a a a a

a a

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

= +

= − + − − − × −

+ − + −

1 1 1 1

1 1

(6)

Pingoud et al.(1996)は、実際に分解される部分、されない部分の比率が埋立地の炭素蓄積量に大

きな影響を与えると指摘している。また、Karjalainen et al.(1994, 1995)は、埋立廃棄物の分解率

が、製品・廃棄物全体の炭素蓄積量に大きな影響を与えると報告している。このデータブックでは、

Micales and Skog(1997)が報告している実際に分解される部分の最大比率(木くず 3%、紙くず 26%)

を用いるとともに、分解率については 0.01 を用いた。日本では、1970 年に法律で覆土の規定が設け

られた。このデータブックではオープンダンピングについては考慮せず、1960 年以降全て埋め立てら

れるものとした。

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第3章 フロー図

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図 3.1 1960 年のマテリアルフロー

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図 3.2 1970 年のマテリアルフロー

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図 3.3 1980 年のマテリアルフロー

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図 3.4 1990 年のマテリアルフロー

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図 3.5 2000 年のマテリアルフロー

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図 3.6 1960 年の炭素フロー

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図 3.7 1970 年の炭素フロー

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図 3.8 1980 年の炭素フロー

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図 3.9 1990 年の炭素フロー

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図 3.10 2000 年の炭素フロー

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Karjalainen, T., Pussinen, A., Kellomaki, S., Makipaa, R. (1999) Scenarios for the carbon balance of

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40

著者

橋本征二(はしもとせいじ)

(独)国立環境研究所 循環型社会形成推進・廃棄物研究センター

〒305-8506 茨城県つくば市小野川 16-2

TEL: 029-850-2842 FAX: 029-850-2917 E-mail: [email protected]

森口祐一(もりぐちゆういち)

(独)国立環境研究所 社会環境システム研究領域

データ作成支援

齊藤聡(さいとうあきら)

小野隆史(おのたかふみ)

田原靖彦(たばるやすひこ)

(株)富士総合研究所

表紙写真提供

嶋田俊平(しまだしゅんぺい)

堀本尚宏(ほりもとなおひろ)

薪く炭くKYOTO

本データブックの内容に関するお問い合わせは著者まで。

Page 96: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

Appendix Matrix Data

付録 マトリックスデータ

A.1 Material flows in 1960 1960 年のマテリアルフロー

A.2 Material flows in 1970 1970 年のマテリアルフロー

A.3 Material flows in 1980 1980 年のマテリアルフロー

A.4 Material flows in 1990 1990 年のマテリアルフロー

A.5 Material flows in 2000 2000 年のマテリアルフロー

A.6 Carbon flows in 1960 1960 年の炭素フロー

A.7 Carbon flows in 1970 1970 年の炭素フロー

A.8 Carbon flows in 1980 1980 年の炭素フロー

A.9 Carbon flows in 1990 1990 年の炭素フロー

A.10 Carbon flows in 2000 2000 年の炭素フロー

Page 97: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.1 Material Flows in 1960 年のマテリアルフロー1960

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

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Bed

ding

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ed L

amin

ated

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d 集

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Ven

eer

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d合

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ed V

enee

rLu

mbe

r単

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king

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Pul

pパ

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板紙

Cor

ruga

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Car

dboa

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Cor

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Car

dboa

rd B

ox段

ボー

ル箱

Oth

er P

acka

ging

Pap

er 

その

他の

容器

包装

 製品Commodity 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,217

 Input 投入

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入

 産出Output -7,230

 Input 投入 15,678 1,625 552 89 2,386 4,409

 産出Output -21,762

 Input 投入 0 1,247 766 846

 産出Output -11,492

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 869 0

 産出Output -869

 Input 投入 12 51 259

 産出Output -804

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 51 1,362

 産出Output -1,424

 Input 投入 3 34 31

 産出Output -129

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,136

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,913

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,023

 Input 投入 2,237 445

 産出Output -3,179

 Input 投入 393

 産出Output -2,012

 Input 投入 648 366

 産出Output -1,333

 Input 投入 629

 産出Output -629

 Input 投入

 産出Output -566

 Input 投入

 産出Output -683

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 22 24

 産出Output

 Input 投入 0 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入 17 916

 産出Output

 Input 投入 241

 産出Output -241

 Input 投入 1,217 0 660 22

 産出Output -4,186 0 -757 -65 0 -29 -32 -126 -324 -114 -164

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,428

 Input 投入

 産出Output -265 -52

 Input 投入

 産出Output -19 -63 -76

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 0 7,230 22,002

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

水Water

板紙Paperboard

紙Paper

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

古紙Recovered Paper

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

単板Veneer

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

薪炭材Fuelwood

チップChip

パルプPulp

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

合板Plywood

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

加工紙くずPaper Residue

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

汚泥Sludge

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

A1

Page 98: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

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aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

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sprin

t新

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ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

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ldin

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Infr

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rodu

cts

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製品

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over

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hip

再資

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チッ

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古紙

Inci

nera

tion

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Dem

and

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(sou

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(ソ

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Env

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sink

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シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t  製品Commodity

1,217 1,217

-1,217

0 0

0

7,305 6 -80 7,230

-7,230

410 12 -3,400 21,762

-21,762

8,648 540 -679 191 -67 11,492

-11,492

0 0 0

0

0 0 869

-869

229 39 40 173 0 804

-804

0 0 0

0

11 0 1,424

-1,424

58 3 0 0 129

-129

1,136 1,136

-1,136

2,913 2,913

-2,913

1,023 0 0 1,023

-1,023

462 140 19 -125 3,179

-3,179

0 180 585 713 24 118 0 2,012

-2,012

280 22 17 -1 1,333

-1,333

629

-629

566 566

-566

683 683

-683

0 0

0 0

414 414

-414 -414

810 810

-810 -810

243 336 113 692

-692 -692

260 260

-260 -260

8,042 8,042

-8,042 -8,042

514 514

-514 -514

46

0

0 0

0 0

292 0 0 1,225

-1,225 -1,225

241

-241

1,931 444 2,481 0 6,754

-894 -65 -6,754

2,428 2,428

-2,428

317 317

-317

257 31 31 319

0 -46 -18 -21 -76 -319

0 2,451 564 3,015

-3,015 -3,015

968 596 712 2,277

-2,277 -2,277

3,015 3,015

-13,628 -13,628

2,277 2,277

-2,846 -2,846

0 0

-1,217 -1,217

0 0

-1,752 -1,752

-29,233 0  木材Wood7,314 0 0 16,774 -24,088 0  酸素Oxygen

-9,764 0 0 -22,392 32,156 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

0 0 0  メタンMethan0 0 0

-2,876 0 -6,595 9,471 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 462 0 0 0 0 0 0 264 536 -3,673 -53,321 41,627  合計Total

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

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Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

A1

Page 99: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.2 Material Flows in 1970 年のマテリアルフロー1970

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎

茸原

Fue

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d薪

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Rou

ndw

ood

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d製

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ed L

amin

ated

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d 集

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Ven

eer

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Lam

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ed V

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duct

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nitu

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seho

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pパ

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 製品Commodity 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,389

 Input 投入

 産出Output -771

 Input 投入

 産出Output -963

 Input 投入 25,113 6,636 4,767 80 1,132 3,772

 産出Output -21,399

 Input 投入 67 1,675 998 1,415

 産出Output -18,583

 Input 投入 2

 産出Output -54

 Input 投入 4,157 0

 産出Output -4,147

 Input 投入 83 280 1,308

 産出Output -3,847

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 401 10,084

 産出Output -8,188

 Input 投入 6 167 158

 産出Output -581

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,588

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,319

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,595

 Input 投入 5,777 2,212

 産出Output -7,921

 Input 投入 959

 産出Output -5,780

 Input 投入 2,838 918

 産出Output -4,729

 Input 投入 2,753

 産出Output -2,753

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,478

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,689

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 22 24

 産出Output

 Input 投入 31 423

 産出Output

 Input 投入 729 3,075

 産出Output

 Input 投入 436

 産出Output -436

 Input 投入 1,389 0 3,133 148

 産出Output -6,530 -13 -2,488 -310 0 -148 -80 -176 -258 -288 -402

 Input 投入

 産出Output -5,956

 Input 投入

 産出Output -749 -582

 Input 投入

 産出Output -85 -275 -188

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 771 963 21,835

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

水Water

板紙Paperboard

紙Paper

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

古紙Recovered Paper

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

単板Veneer

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

薪炭材Fuelwood

チップChip

パルプPulp

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

合板Plywood

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

加工紙くずPaper Residue

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

汚泥Sludge

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

A2

Page 100: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

g建

築物

Infr

astr

uctu

re土

木構

造物

Oth

er P

rodu

cts

その

他の

製品

Rec

over

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hip

再資

源化

チッ

Rec

over

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古紙

Inci

nera

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Land

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and

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Env

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ent

(sou

rce)

環境

(ソ

ース

Env

ironm

ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t  製品Commodity

1,389 1,389

-1,389

771 771

-771

1,150 0 -188 963

-963

404 8 -20,513 21,399

-21,399

14,764 901 -15 80 -1,302 18,583

-18,583

52 0 54

-54

2 -11 4,147

-4,147

1,416 242 473 216 -170 3,847

-3,847

0 0 0

0

-108 -2,189 8,188

-8,188

246 16 1 -13 581

-581

1,588 1,588

-1,588

2,319 2,319

-2,319

2,595 0 0 2,595

-2,595

668 76 11 -823 7,921

-7,921

401 717 1,572 1,887 107 217 -79 5,780

-5,780

640 140 194 -1 4,729

-4,729

2,753

-2,753

2,478 2,478

-2,478

1,689 1,689

-1,689

361 361

-361 -361

1,221 1,221

-1,221 -1,221

2,178 2,178

-2,178 -2,178

653 642 535 1,831

-1,831 -1,831

549 549

-549 -549

14,819 14,819

-14,819 -14,819

986 986

-986 -986

46

0

1,234 1,689

-1,689 -1,689

114 4 -89 3,833

-3,833 -3,833

436

-436

3,007 692 4,137 4 12,509

-1,659 -158 -12,509

5,956 5,956

-5,956

1,331 1,331

-1,331

741 89 91 921

-40 -136 -47 -57 -93 -921

1,689 6,574 1,512 9,775

-9,775 -9,775

3,092 3,470 2,229 8,792

-8,792 -8,792

9,775 9,775

-23,077 -23,077

8,792 8,792

-9,010 -9,010

1,261 1,261

-1,389 -1,389

45 45

-4,524 -4,524

-23,569 0  木材Wood19,874 2 1,732 17,135 -38,742 0  酸素Oxygen

-26,531 -41 -2,312 -22,874 51,758 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-15 15 0  メタンMethan9 -9 0

-7,814 -681 -6,737 15,233 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 668 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,211 733 -25,378 -62,321 67,006  合計Total

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

A2

Page 101: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.3 Material Flows in 1980 年のマテリアルフロー1980

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎

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Fue

lwoo

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ndw

ood

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ed L

amin

ated

Woo

d 集

成材

Ven

eer

単板

Ply

woo

d合

Lam

inat

ed V

enee

rLu

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層材

Chi

pチ

ップ

Par

ticle

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Fib

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ard

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& P

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Oth

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duct

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他の

木製

Fur

nitu

re &

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Pul

pパ

ルプ

Pap

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Pap

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ard

板紙

Cor

ruga

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Car

dboa

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Cor

ruga

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Car

dboa

rd B

ox段

ボー

ル箱

Oth

er P

acka

ging

Pap

er 

その

他の

容器

包装

 製品Commodity 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,210

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,003

 Input 投入

 産出Output -175

 Input 投入 22,375 6,722 5,250 24 624 1,010

 産出Output -15,805

 Input 投入 154 1,584 843 1,263

 産出Output -16,065

 Input 投入 3

 産出Output -123

 Input 投入 4,809 0

 産出Output -4,794

 Input 投入 93 145 1,562

 産出Output -4,450

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 839 13,963

 産出Output -8,397

 Input 投入 13 358 380

 産出Output -985

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,521

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,773

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,887

 Input 投入 7,855 2,169

 産出Output -8,810

 Input 投入 920

 産出Output -8,534

 Input 投入 4,043 1,104

 産出Output -6,117

 Input 投入 3,922

 産出Output -3,922

 Input 投入

 産出Output -3,529

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,821

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 22 24

 産出Output

 Input 投入 119 682

 産出Output

 Input 投入 1,786 4,652

 産出Output

 Input 投入 248

 産出Output -248

 Input 投入 1,210 0 3,325 242

 産出Output -6,310 -31 -1,928 -358 0 -426 -239 -169 -197 -321 -433

 Input 投入

 産出Output -6,412

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,129 -728

 Input 投入

 産出Output -121 -392 -202

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 1,003 175 16,053

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

汚泥Sludge

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

加工紙くずPaper Residue

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

合板Plywood

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

薪炭材Fuelwood

チップChip

パルプPulp

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

単板Veneer

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

水Water

板紙Paperboard

紙Paper

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

古紙Recovered Paper

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

A3

Page 102: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

g建

築物

Infr

astr

uctu

re土

木構

造物

Oth

er P

rodu

cts

その

他の

製品

Rec

over

ed C

hip

再資

源化

チッ

Rec

over

ed P

aper

古紙

Inci

nera

tion

焼却

Land

fillin

g埋

Pro

duct

Dem

and

製品

需要

Ene

rgy

Dem

and

エネ

ルギ

ー需

Sto

ck在

Exp

ort

輸出

Impo

rt輸

Env

ironm

ent

(sou

rce)

環境

(ソ

ース

Env

ironm

ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t  製品Commodity

1,210 1,210

-1,210

1,003 1,003

-1,003

588 0 -413 175

-175

336 10 -20,545 15,805

-15,805

13,958 619 28 31 -2,416 16,065

-16,065

120 0 123

-123

5 -20 4,794

-4,794

1,909 326 424 39 -48 4,450

-4,450

0 0 0

0

744 -7,150 8,397

-8,397

293 -12 9 -57 985

-985

1,521 1,521

-1,521

1,773 1,773

-1,773

2,898 15 -26 2,887

-2,887

507 183 90 -1,995 8,810

-8,810

698 1,014 2,133 3,391 280 325 -226 8,534

-8,534

814 70 293 -207 6,117

-6,117

3,922

-3,922

3,529 3,529

-3,529

1,821 1,821

-1,821

628 628

-628 -628

1,645 1,645

-1,645 -1,645

2,955 2,955

-2,955 -2,955

887 1,086 1,317 3,289

-3,289 -3,289

880 880

-880 -880

14,236 14,236

-14,236 -14,236

793 793

-793 -793

46

0

1,695 2,496

-2,496 -2,496

257 16 -181 6,531

-6,531 -6,531

248

-248

3,558 818 3,453 2 12,609

-2,044 -153 -12,609

6,412 6,412

-6,412

1,858 1,858

-1,858

1,078 130 132 1,340

-70 -183 -64 -102 -206 -1,340

2,496 8,888 2,045 13,429

-13,429 -13,429

5,452 4,433 2,901 12,787

-12,787 -12,787

13,429 13,429

-22,223 -22,223

12,787 12,787

-12,776 -12,776

1,316 1,316

-1,210 -1,210

119 119

-5,896 -5,896

-17,231 0  木材Wood25,910 5 1,807 16,683 -44,405 0  酸素Oxygen

-34,588 -109 -2,412 -22,271 59,381 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-40 40 0  メタンMethan25 -25 0

-10,188 -711 -6,560 17,458 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 507 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,312 834 -33,281 -61,660 76,878  合計Total

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

A3

Page 103: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.4 Material Flows in 1990 年のマテリアルフロー1990

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎

茸原

Fue

lwoo

d薪

炭材

Rou

ndw

ood

素材

Saw

nwoo

d製

Glu

ed L

amin

ated

Woo

d 集

成材

Ven

eer

単板

Ply

woo

d合

Lam

inat

ed V

enee

rLu

mbe

r単

板積

層材

Chi

pチ

ップ

Par

ticle

boar

d &

Fib

erbo

ard

削片

板・

繊維

Pac

king

& P

alle

t梱

包材

・パ

レッ

Oth

er W

ood

Pro

duct

その

他の

木製

Fur

nitu

re &

Hou

seho

ld G

oods

家具

・建

Pul

pパ

ルプ

Pap

er紙

Pap

erbo

ard

板紙

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

rd段

ボー

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

rd B

ox段

ボー

ル箱

Oth

er P

acka

ging

Pap

er 

その

他の

容器

包装

 製品Commodity 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,366

 Input 投入

 産出Output -766

 Input 投入

 産出Output -179

 Input 投入 18,089 5,243 5,223 0 314 738

 産出Output -13,377

 Input 投入 240 1,643 591 801

 産出Output -12,592

 Input 投入 6

 産出Output -192

 Input 投入 4,046 10

 産出Output -3,958

 Input 投入 128 330 1,877

 産出Output -3,745

 Input 投入 74

 産出Output -78

 Input 投入 987 16,662

 産出Output -8,380

 Input 投入 25 302 521

 産出Output -1,144

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,617

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,383

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,951

 Input 投入 10,803 1,553

 産出Output -10,195

 Input 投入 952

 産出Output -13,307

 Input 投入 6,843 1,702

 産出Output -9,442

 Input 投入 6,638

 産出Output -6,638

 Input 投入

 産出Output -5,974

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,388

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 32 26

 産出Output

 Input 投入 206 622

 産出Output

 Input 投入 3,310 8,552

 産出Output

 Input 投入 33

 産出Output -33

 Input 投入 1,366 101 3,130 230

 産出Output -5,496 -48 -1,284 -301 -33 -129 -278 -180 -154 -328 -477

 Input 投入

 産出Output -7,349

 Input 投入

 産出Output -838 -688

 Input 投入

 産出Output -205 -664 -265

 Input 投入 122

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 766 179 13,410

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

汚泥Sludge

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

加工紙くずPaper Residue

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

合板Plywood

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

薪炭材Fuelwood

チップChip

パルプPulp

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

単板Veneer

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

水Water

板紙Paperboard

紙Paper

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

古紙Recovered Paper

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

A4

Page 104: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

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築物

Infr

astr

uctu

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Oth

er P

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cts

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over

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hip

再資

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チッ

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over

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古紙

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nera

tion

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Env

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ent

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rce)

環境

(ソ

ース

Env

ironm

ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t  製品Commodity

1,366 1,366

-1,366

766 766

-766

253 0 -74 179

-179

290 5 -16,524 13,377

-13,377

12,794 607 -97 16 -4,003 12,592

-12,592

197 -12 192

-192

8 -105 3,958

-3,958

2,394 409 94 9 -1,496 3,745

-3,745

5 0 78

-78

-81 -9,187 8,380

-8,380

437 6 17 -165 1,144

-1,144

1,617 1,617

-1,617

1,383 1,383

-1,383

3,052 5 -106 2,951

-2,951

365 62 17 -2,605 10,195

-10,195

1,105 2,128 3,037 6,053 30 648 -647 13,307

-13,307

1,021 -38 241 -328 9,442

-9,442

6,638

-6,638

5,974 5,974

-5,974

2,388 2,388

-2,388

995 995

-995 -995

2,835 2,835

-2,835 -2,835

4,208 4,208

-4,208 -4,208

1,262 1,650 2,959 5,872

-5,872 -5,872

1,363 1,363

-1,363 -1,363

13,401 13,401

-13,401 -13,401

841 841

-841 -841

58

0

1,831 2,659

-2,659 -2,659

-8 18 -514 11,357

-11,357 -11,357

33

-33

2,975 1,148 2,360 1 11,310

-2,427 -175 -11,310

7,349 7,349

-7,349

1,526 1,526

-1,526

1,091 745 284 2,120

-111 -315 -91 -182 -288 -2,120

2,659 8,459 3,264 14,504

-14,504 -14,504

10,266 7,608 2,613 20,486

-20,486 -20,486

14,504 14,504

-21,060 -21,060

20,486 20,486

-20,722 -20,722

1,271 1,271

-1,366 -1,366

177 177

-7,308 -7,308

-14,355 0  木材Wood29,269 7 1,746 16,196 -47,219 0  酸素Oxygen

-39,073 -163 -2,331 -21,621 63,188 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-59 59 0  メタンMethan37 -37 0

-11,509 -687 -6,368 18,564 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 365 0 0 0 0 0 0 259 984 -35,766 -61,611 81,811  合計Total

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

A4

Page 105: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.5 Material Flows in 2000 年のマテリアルフロー2000

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

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hroo

m B

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duct

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Fur

nitu

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Hou

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Pul

pパ

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Pap

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Pap

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ard

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Cor

ruga

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Car

dboa

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Cor

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Car

dboa

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ox段

ボー

ル箱

Oth

er P

acka

ging

Pap

er 

その

他の

容器

包装

 製品Commodity 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,229

 Input 投入

 産出Output -393

 Input 投入

 産出Output -114

 Input 投入 10,787 2,586 2,260 0 172 379

 産出Output -7,708

 Input 投入 468 1,256 328 249

 産出Output -7,041

 Input 投入 4

 産出Output -375

 Input 投入 1,975 20

 産出Output -1,943

 Input 投入 94 180 1,445

 産出Output -1,788

 Input 投入 72

 産出Output -39

 Input 投入 703 17,354

 産出Output -5,067

 Input 投入 28 184 721

 産出Output -1,291

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,241

 Input 投入

 産出Output -778

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,241

 Input 投入 10,912 1,275

 産出Output -10,259

 Input 投入 789

 産出Output -15,420

 Input 投入 7,638 1,612

 産出Output -10,361

 Input 投入 7,409

 産出Output -7,409

 Input 投入

 産出Output -6,668

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,161

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 27 26

 産出Output

 Input 投入 559 73

 産出Output

 Input 投入 4,677 9,975

 産出Output

 Input 投入 16

 産出Output -16

 Input 投入 1,229 82 2,166 346

 産出Output -3,747 -94 -643 -187 -63 -28 -318 -138 -86 -249 -349

 Input 投入

 産出Output -7,199

 Input 投入

 産出Output -196 -915

 Input 投入

 産出Output -229 -741 -240

 Input 投入 653

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 393 114 7,724

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

汚泥Sludge

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

加工紙くずPaper Residue

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

合板Plywood

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

薪炭材Fuelwood

チップChip

パルプPulp

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

単板Veneer

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

水Water

板紙Paperboard

紙Paper

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

古紙Recovered Paper

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

A5

Page 106: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

g建

築物

Infr

astr

uctu

re土

木構

造物

Oth

er P

rodu

cts

その

他の

製品

Rec

over

ed C

hip

再資

源化

チッ

Rec

over

ed P

aper

古紙

Inci

nera

tion

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Land

fillin

g埋

Pro

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Dem

and

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需要

Ene

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Dem

and

エネ

ルギ

ー需

Sto

ck在

Exp

ort

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Impo

rt輸

Env

ironm

ent

(sou

rce)

環境

(ソ

ース

Env

ironm

ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t 1000t  製品Commodity

1,229 1,229

-1,229

393 393

-393

460 1 -346 114

-114

102 1 -8,580 7,708

-7,708

8,785 470 -57 4 -4,462 7,041

-7,041

604 -233 375

-375

4 -56 1,943

-1,943

2,194 375 59 2 -2,561 1,788

-1,788

30 -63 39

-39

-9 -12,982 5,067

-5,067

923 -10 9 -565 1,291

-1,291

1,241 1,241

-1,241

778 778

-778

2,696 3 -458 2,241

-2,241

213 557 119 -2,817 10,259

-10,259

1,403 2,288 3,135 7,967 37 823 -1,023 15,420

-15,420

901 50 470 -309 10,361

-10,361

7,409

-7,409

6,668 6,668

-6,668

2,161 2,161

-2,161

1,263 1,263

-1,263 -1,263

2,870 2,870

-2,870 -2,870

4,344 4,344

-4,344 -4,344

1,303 1,796 4,629 7,728

-7,728 -7,728

1,346 1,346

-1,346 -1,346

10,741 10,741

-10,741 -10,741

693 693

-693 -693

53

0

1,871 2,503

-2,503 -2,503

121 301 -225 14,849

-14,849 -14,849

16

-16

2,573 486 969 -3 7,848

-1,795 -152 -7,848

7,199 7,199

-7,199

1,111 1,111

-1,111

1,226 1,030 196 2,453

-140 -319 -94 -239 -450 -2,453

2,503 9,810 1,851 14,817

-14,817 -14,817

13,623 7,331 2,140 23,093

-23,093 -23,093

14,817 14,817

-16,543 -16,543

23,093 23,093

-23,280 -23,280

1,370 1,370

-1,229 -1,229

239 239

-4,672 -4,672

-8,232 0  木材Wood30,015 10 1,882 14,418 -46,324 0  酸素Oxygen

-40,068 -219 -2,512 -19,247 62,046 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-80 80 0  メタンMethan50 -50 0

-11,802 -740 -5,669 18,211 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 213 0 0 0 0 0 0 846 1,737 -34,680 -54,606 80,337  合計Total

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

A5

Page 107: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.6 Carbon Flows in 1960 年の炭素フロー1960

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎

茸原

Fue

lwoo

d薪

炭材

Rou

ndw

ood

素材

Saw

nwoo

d製

Glu

ed L

amin

ated

Woo

d 集

成材

Ven

eer

単板

Ply

woo

d合

Lam

inat

ed V

enee

rLu

mbe

r単

板積

層材

Chi

pチ

ップ

Par

ticle

boar

d &

Fib

erbo

ard

削片

板・

繊維

Pac

king

& P

alle

t梱

包材

・パ

レッ

Oth

er W

ood

Pro

duct

その

他の

木製

Fur

nitu

re &

Hou

seho

ld G

oods

家具

・建

Pul

pパ

ルプ

Pap

er紙

Pap

erbo

ard

板紙

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

rd段

ボー

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

rd B

ox段

ボー

ル箱

Oth

er P

acka

ging

Pap

er 

その

他の

容器

包装

 製品Commodity 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C

 Input 投入

 産出Output -608

 Input 投入

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入

 産出Output -3,615

 Input 投入 7,839 813 276 44 1,193 2,204

 産出Output -10,881

 Input 投入 0 623 383 423

 産出Output -5,746

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 434 0

 産出Output -434

 Input 投入 6 25 130

 産出Output -402

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 26 681

 産出Output -712

 Input 投入 1 17 16

 産出Output -65

 Input 投入

 産出Output -568

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,457

 Input 投入

 産出Output -511

 Input 投入 1,118 223

 産出Output -1,589

 Input 投入 196

 産出Output -1,006

 Input 投入 324 183

 産出Output -666

 Input 投入 314

 産出Output -314

 Input 投入

 産出Output -283

 Input 投入

 産出Output -341

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 11 12

 産出Output

 Input 投入 0 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入 9 458

 産出Output

 Input 投入 120

 産出Output -120

 Input 投入 608 0 330 11

 産出Output -2,093 0 -378 -32 0 -14 -16 -63 -162 -57 -82

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,214

 Input 投入

 産出Output -132 -26

 Input 投入

 産出Output -10 -31 -38

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 0 3,615 11,001

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

A6

Page 108: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

g建

築物

Infr

astr

uctu

re土

木構

造物

Oth

er P

rodu

cts

その

他の

製品

Rec

over

ed C

hip

再資

源化

チッ

Rec

over

ed P

aper

古紙

Inci

nera

tion

焼却

Land

fillin

g埋

Pro

duct

Dem

and

製品

需要

Ene

rgy

Dem

and

エネ

ルギ

ー需

Sto

ck在

Exp

ort

輸出

Impo

rt輸

Env

ironm

ent

(sou

rce)

環境

(ソ

ース

Env

ironm

ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C  製品Commodity

608 608

-608

0 0

0

3,652 3 -40 3,615

-3,615

205 6 -1,700 10,881

-10,881

4,324 270 -339 95 -33 5,746

-5,746

0 0 0

0

0 0 434

-434

114 20 20 87 0 402

-402

0 0 0

0

5 0 712

-712

29 2 0 0 65

-65

568 568

-568

1,457 1,457

-1,457

511 0 0 511

-511

231 70 9 -62 1,589

-1,589

0 90 292 357 12 59 0 1,006

-1,006

140 11 8 0 666

-666

314

-314

283 283

-283

341 341

-341

0 0

0 0

207 207

-207 -207

405 405

-405 -405

122 168 57 346

-346 -346

130 130

-130 -130

4,021 4,021

-4,021 -4,021

257 257

-257 -257

23

0

0 0

0 0

146 0 0 612

-612 -612

120

-120

966 222 1,240 0 3,377

-447 -32 -3,377

1,214 1,214

-1,214

158 158

-158

128 15 16 159

0 -23 -9 -11 -38 -159

0 1,226 282 1,508

-1,508 -1,508

484 298 356 1,138

-1,138 -1,138

1,508 1,508

-6,814 -6,814

1,138 1,138

-1,423 -1,423

0 0

-608 -608

0 0

-876 -876

-14,616 0  木材Wood0  酸素Oxygen

-2,663 0 0 -6,107 8,770 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

0 0 0  メタンMethan0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 231 0 0 0 0 0 0 132 268 -1,836 -14,616 8,770  合計Total

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

A6

Page 109: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.7 Carbon Flows in 1970 年の炭素フロー1970

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

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lwoo

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炭材

Rou

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Woo

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Ven

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Lam

inat

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Chi

pチ

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Par

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Fib

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削片

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Pac

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Pro

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その

他の

木製

Fur

nitu

re &

Hou

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ld G

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家具

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Pul

pパ

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Pap

er紙

Pap

erbo

ard

板紙

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

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ボー

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

rd B

ox段

ボー

ル箱

Oth

er P

acka

ging

Pap

er 

その

他の

容器

包装

 製品Commodity 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C

 Input 投入

 産出Output -694

 Input 投入

 産出Output -386

 Input 投入

 産出Output -481

 Input 投入 12,556 3,318 2,383 40 566 1,886

 産出Output -10,699

 Input 投入 34 838 499 708

 産出Output -9,292

 Input 投入 1

 産出Output -27

 Input 投入 2,078 0

 産出Output -2,074

 Input 投入 42 140 654

 産出Output -1,923

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 201 5,042

 産出Output -4,094

 Input 投入 3 83 79

 産出Output -290

 Input 投入

 産出Output -794

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,159

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,297

 Input 投入 2,888 1,106

 産出Output -3,961

 Input 投入 479

 産出Output -2,890

 Input 投入 1,419 459

 産出Output -2,364

 Input 投入 1,376

 産出Output -1,376

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,239

 Input 投入

 産出Output -844

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 11 12

 産出Output

 Input 投入 16 212

 産出Output

 Input 投入 365 1,537

 産出Output

 Input 投入 218

 産出Output -218

 Input 投入 694 0 1,566 74

 産出Output -3,265 -7 -1,244 -155 0 -74 -40 -88 -129 -144 -201

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,978

 Input 投入

 産出Output -374 -291

 Input 投入

 産出Output -43 -138 -94

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 386 481 10,917

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

A7

Page 110: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

g建

築物

Infr

astr

uctu

re土

木構

造物

Oth

er P

rodu

cts

その

他の

製品

Rec

over

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hip

再資

源化

チッ

Rec

over

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aper

古紙

Inci

nera

tion

焼却

Land

fillin

g埋

Pro

duct

Dem

and

製品

需要

Ene

rgy

Dem

and

エネ

ルギ

ー需

Sto

ck在

Exp

ort

輸出

Impo

rt輸

Env

ironm

ent

(sou

rce)

環境

(ソ

ース

Env

ironm

ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C  製品Commodity

694 694

-694

386 386

-386

575 0 -94 481

-481

202 4 -10,257 10,699

-10,699

7,382 451 -8 40 -651 9,292

-9,292

26 0 27

-27

1 -5 2,074

-2,074

708 121 236 108 -85 1,923

-1,923

0 0 0

0

-54 -1,094 4,094

-4,094

123 8 1 -6 290

-290

794 794

-794

1,159 1,159

-1,159

1,297 0 0 1,297

-1,297

334 38 5 -411 3,961

-3,961

200 358 786 944 53 109 -40 2,890

-2,890

320 70 97 -1 2,364

-2,364

1,376

-1,376

1,239 1,239

-1,239

844 844

-844

180 180

-180 -180

611 611

-611 -611

1,089 1,089

-1,089 -1,089

327 321 268 915

-915 -915

274 274

-274 -274

7,409 7,409

-7,409 -7,409

493 493

-493 -493

23

0

617 844

-844 -844

57 2 -44 1,917

-1,917 -1,917

218

-218

1,504 346 2,068 2 6,255

-829 -79 -6,255

2,978 2,978

-2,978

665 665

-665

371 45 45 460

-20 -68 -24 -28 -47 -460

844 3,287 756 4,888

-4,888 -4,888

1,546 1,735 1,115 4,396

-4,396 -4,396

4,888 4,888

-11,538 -11,538

4,396 4,396

-4,505 -4,505

631 631

-694 -694

22 22

-2,262 -2,262

-11,785 0  木材Wood0  酸素Oxygen

-7,236 -11 -631 -6,238 14,116 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-11 11 0  メタンMethan0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 334 0 0 0 0 0 0 605 367 -12,689 -11,785 14,127  合計Total

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

A7

Page 111: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.8 Carbon Flows in 1980 年の炭素フロー1980

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎

茸原

Fue

lwoo

d薪

炭材

Rou

ndw

ood

素材

Saw

nwoo

d製

Glu

ed L

amin

ated

Woo

d 集

成材

Ven

eer

単板

Ply

woo

d合

Lam

inat

ed V

enee

rLu

mbe

r単

板積

層材

Chi

pチ

ップ

Par

ticle

boar

d &

Fib

erbo

ard

削片

板・

繊維

Pac

king

& P

alle

t梱

包材

・パ

レッ

Oth

er W

ood

Pro

duct

その

他の

木製

Fur

nitu

re &

Hou

seho

ld G

oods

家具

・建

Pul

pパ

ルプ

Pap

er紙

Pap

erbo

ard

板紙

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

rd段

ボー

Cor

ruga

ted

Car

dboa

rd B

ox段

ボー

ル箱

Oth

er P

acka

ging

Pap

er 

その

他の

容器

包装

 製品Commodity 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C

 Input 投入

 産出Output -605

 Input 投入

 産出Output -502

 Input 投入

 産出Output -87

 Input 投入 11,187 3,361 2,625 12 312 505

 産出Output -7,902

 Input 投入 77 792 422 631

 産出Output -8,032

 Input 投入 2

 産出Output -62

 Input 投入 2,404 0

 産出Output -2,397

 Input 投入 46 73 781

 産出Output -2,225

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output 0

 Input 投入 420 6,982

 産出Output -4,198

 Input 投入 7 179 190

 産出Output -493

 Input 投入

 産出Output -761

 Input 投入

 産出Output -886

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,444

 Input 投入 3,928 1,084

 産出Output -4,405

 Input 投入 460

 産出Output -4,267

 Input 投入 2,021 552

 産出Output -3,058

 Input 投入 1,961

 産出Output -1,961

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,765

 Input 投入

 産出Output -911

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 11 12

 産出Output

 Input 投入 60 341

 産出Output

 Input 投入 893 2,326

 産出Output

 Input 投入 124

 産出Output -124

 Input 投入 605 0 1,663 121

 産出Output -3,155 -15 -964 -179 0 -213 -120 -85 -98 -160 -217

 Input 投入

 産出Output -3,206

 Input 投入

 産出Output -565 -364

 Input 投入

 産出Output -61 -196 -101

 Input 投入 0

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 502 87 8,026

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

A8

Page 112: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

g建

築物

Infr

astr

uctu

re土

木構

造物

Oth

er P

rodu

cts

その

他の

製品

Rec

over

ed C

hip

再資

源化

チッ

Rec

over

ed P

aper

古紙

Inci

nera

tion

焼却

Land

fillin

g埋

Pro

duct

Dem

and

製品

需要

Ene

rgy

Dem

and

エネ

ルギ

ー需

Sto

ck在

Exp

ort

輸出

Impo

rt輸

Env

ironm

ent

(sou

rce)

環境

(ソ

ース

Env

ironm

ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C  製品Commodity

605 605

-605

502 502

-502

294 0 -207 87

-87

168 5 -10,272 7,902

-7,902

6,979 310 14 16 -1,208 8,032

-8,032

60 0 62

-62

3 -10 2,397

-2,397

955 163 212 19 -24 2,225

-2,225

0 0 0

0

372 -3,575 4,198

-4,198

146 -6 5 -28 493

-493

761 761

-761

886 886

-886

1,449 8 -13 1,444

-1,444

254 92 45 -997 4,405

-4,405

349 507 1,066 1,696 140 162 -113 4,267

-4,267

407 35 147 -103 3,058

-3,058

1,961

-1,961

1,765 1,765

-1,765

911 911

-911

314 314

-314 -314

822 822

-822 -822

1,478 1,478

-1,478 -1,478

443 543 658 1,645

-1,645 -1,645

440 440

-440 -440

7,118 7,118

-7,118 -7,118

396 396

-396 -396

23

0

848 1,248

-1,248 -1,248

129 8 -91 3,265

-3,265 -3,265

124

-124

1,779 409 1,727 1 6,304

-1,022 -77 -6,304

3,206 3,206

-3,206

929 929

-929

539 65 66 670

-35 -91 -32 -51 -103 -670

1,248 4,444 1,022 6,715

-6,715 -6,715

2,726 2,216 1,451 6,393

-6,393 -6,393

6,715 6,715

-11,112 -11,112

6,393 6,393

-6,388 -6,388

658 658

-605 -605

59 59

-2,948 -2,948

-8,615 0  木材Wood0  酸素Oxygen

-9,433 -30 -658 -6,074 16,195 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-30 30 0  メタンMethan0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,156 417 -16,640 -8,615 16,224  合計Total

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

A8

Page 113: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.9 Carbon Flows in 1990 年の炭素フロー1990

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

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肥・

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 製品Commodity 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C

 Input 投入

 産出Output -683

 Input 投入

 産出Output -383

 Input 投入

 産出Output -89

 Input 投入 9,044 2,621 2,612 0 157 369

 産出Output -6,689

 Input 投入 120 822 296 400

 産出Output -6,296

 Input 投入 3

 産出Output -96

 Input 投入 2,023 5

 産出Output -1,979

 Input 投入 64 165 938

 産出Output -1,872

 Input 投入 37

 産出Output -39

 Input 投入 493 8,331

 産出Output -4,190

 Input 投入 13 151 261

 産出Output -572

 Input 投入

 産出Output -809

 Input 投入

 産出Output -692

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,475

 Input 投入 5,402 776

 産出Output -5,098

 Input 投入 476

 産出Output -6,654

 Input 投入 3,422 851

 産出Output -4,721

 Input 投入 3,319

 産出Output -3,319

 Input 投入

 産出Output -2,987

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,194

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 16 13

 産出Output

 Input 投入 103 311

 産出Output

 Input 投入 1,655 4,276

 産出Output

 Input 投入 16

 産出Output -16

 Input 投入 683 50 1,565 115

 産出Output -2,748 -24 -642 -150 -16 -64 -139 -90 -77 -164 -239

 Input 投入

 産出Output -3,675

 Input 投入

 産出Output -419 -344

 Input 投入

 産出Output -103 -332 -133

 Input 投入 61

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 383 89 6,705

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

A9

Page 114: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

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Env

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Tot

al合

1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C  製品Commodity

683 683

-683

383 383

-383

127 0 -37 89

-89

145 3 -8,262 6,689

-6,689

6,397 304 -49 8 -2,001 6,296

-6,296

99 -6 96

-96

4 -53 1,979

-1,979

1,197 205 47 4 -748 1,872

-1,872

2 0 39

-39

-41 -4,594 4,190

-4,190

219 3 9 -82 572

-572

809 809

-809

692 692

-692

1,526 2 -53 1,475

-1,475

182 31 9 -1,303 5,098

-5,098

553 1,064 1,518 3,027 15 324 -323 6,654

-6,654

511 -19 121 -164 4,721

-4,721

3,319

-3,319

2,987 2,987

-2,987

1,194 1,194

-1,194

497 497

-497 -497

1,417 1,417

-1,417 -1,417

2,104 2,104

-2,104 -2,104

631 825 1,480 2,936

-2,936 -2,936

681 681

-681 -681

6,700 6,700

-6,700 -6,700

421 421

-421 -421

29

0

916 1,329

-1,329 -1,329

-4 9 -257 5,679

-5,679 -5,679

16

-16

1,488 574 1,180 1 5,655

-1,213 -88 -5,655

3,675 3,675

-3,675

763 763

-763

546 372 142 1,060

-55 -157 -46 -91 -144 -1,060

1,329 4,229 1,632 7,252

-7,252 -7,252

5,133 3,804 1,306 10,243

-10,243 -10,243

7,252 7,252

-10,530 -10,530

10,243 10,243

-10,361 -10,361

636 636

-683 -683

89 89

-3,654 -3,654

-7,177 0  木材Wood0  酸素Oxygen

-10,656 -44 -636 -5,897 17,233 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-44 44 0  メタンMethan0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182 0 0 0 0 0 0 129 492 -17,883 -7,177 17,277  合計Total

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

A9

Page 115: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

A.10 Carbon Flows in 2000 年の炭素フロー2000

Pro

duct

ion

Act

ivity

生産

活動

Com

post

& L

ives

tock

Bed

ding

 堆

肥・

家畜

敷料

Mus

hroo

m B

ed L

og椎

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Fue

lwoo

d薪

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Woo

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Ven

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 製品Commodity 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C

 Input 投入

 産出Output -614

 Input 投入

 産出Output -197

 Input 投入

 産出Output -57

 Input 投入 5,394 1,293 1,130 0 86 190

 産出Output -3,854

 Input 投入 234 628 164 124

 産出Output -3,520

 Input 投入 2

 産出Output -187

 Input 投入 987 10

 産出Output -971

 Input 投入 47 90 723

 産出Output -894

 Input 投入 36

 産出Output -19

 Input 投入 352 8,677

 産出Output -2,533

 Input 投入 14 92 360

 産出Output -646

 Input 投入

 産出Output -620

 Input 投入

 産出Output -389

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,121

 Input 投入 5,456 637

 産出Output -5,129

 Input 投入 395

 産出Output -7,710

 Input 投入 3,819 806

 産出Output -5,180

 Input 投入 3,704

 産出Output -3,704

 Input 投入

 産出Output -3,334

 Input 投入

 産出Output -1,081

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入 14 13

 産出Output

 Input 投入 280 36

 産出Output

 Input 投入 2,338 4,988

 産出Output

 Input 投入 8

 産出Output -8

 Input 投入 614 41 1,083 173

 産出Output -1,873 -47 -322 -93 -32 -14 -159 -69 -43 -125 -174

 Input 投入

 産出Output -3,600

 Input 投入

 産出Output -98 -457

 Input 投入

 産出Output -115 -370 -120

 Input 投入 327

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 木材Wood  Inout 投入 197 57 3,862

 酸素Oxygen  Input 投入  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide  産出Output

 メタンMethan  産出Output

 Input 投入

 産出Output

 合計Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

A10

Page 116: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

San

itary

Pap

er衛

生用

Oth

er P

aper

Pro

duct

その

他の

紙製

New

sprin

t新

聞紙

Prin

ting

印刷

Pub

licat

ion

出版

Bui

ldin

g建

築物

Infr

astr

uctu

re土

木構

造物

Oth

er P

rodu

cts

その

他の

製品

Rec

over

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hip

再資

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チッ

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古紙

Inci

nera

tion

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Pro

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Dem

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需要

Ene

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and

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Sto

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Env

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環境

(ソ

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Env

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ent (

sink

)環

境(

シン

ク)

Tot

al合

1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C 1000t-C  製品Commodity

614 614

-614

197 197

-197

230 0 -173 57

-57

51 1 -4,290 3,854

-3,854

4,393 235 -28 2 -2,231 3,520

-3,520

302 -117 187

-187

2 -28 971

-971

1,097 188 29 1 -1,281 894

-894

15 -31 19

-19

-5 -6,491 2,533

-2,533

462 -5 4 -282 646

-646

620 620

-620

389 389

-389

1,348 1 -229 1,121

-1,121

107 278 60 -1,408 5,129

-5,129

702 1,144 1,567 3,984 19 411 -511 7,710

-7,710

450 25 235 -154 5,180

-5,180

3,704

-3,704

3,334 3,334

-3,334

1,081 1,081

-1,081

631 631

-631 -631

1,435 1,435

-1,435 -1,435

2,172 2,172

-2,172 -2,172

652 898 2,314 3,864

-3,864 -3,864

673 673

-673 -673

5,371 5,371

-5,371 -5,371

347 347

-347 -347

27

0

935 1,251

-1,251 -1,251

60 151 -113 7,425

-7,425 -7,425

8

-8

1,287 243 485 -1 3,924

-898 -76 -3,924

3,600 3,600

-3,600

555 555

-555

613 515 98 1,226

-70 -159 -47 -120 -225 -1,226

1,251 4,905 925 7,408

-7,408 -7,408

6,811 3,665 1,070 11,547

-11,547 -11,547

7,408 7,408

-8,271 -8,271

11,547 11,547

-11,640 -11,640

685 685

-614 -614

119 119

-2,336 -2,336

-4,116 0  木材Wood0  酸素Oxygen

-10,928 -60 -685 -5,249 16,922 0  二酸化炭素Carbon Dioxide

-60 60 0  メタンMethan0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 107 0 0 0 0 0 0 423 869 -17,340 -4,116 16,981  合計Total

Compost & Livestock 堆肥・家畜敷料Bedding

薪炭材Fuelwood

椎茸原木Mushroom Bed Log

Roundwood & Semi- 素材Product

製材Sawnwood

集成材Glued Laminated Wood

単板Veneer

合板Plywood

Laminated Veneer 単板積層材Lumber

チップChip

削片板・繊維板Particleboard & Fiberboard

梱包材・パレットPacking & Pallet

その他の木製品Other Wood Product

Furniture & Household 家具・建具Goods

パルプPulp

紙Paper

板紙Paperboard

段ボールCorrugated Cardboard

Corrugated Cardboard 段ボール箱Box

その他の容器包装紙Other Packaging Paper

衛生用紙Sanitary Paper

その他の紙製品Other Paper Product

新聞紙Newsprint

印刷物Printing

再資源化チップRecovered Chip

古紙Recovered Paper

出版物Publication

建築物Building

土木構造物Infrastructure

その他の製品Other Products

林地残材Slash

工場残材Wood Residue

黒液Black Liquor

汚泥Sludge

加工紙くずPaper Residue

使用済み木製品Used Wood Product

使用済み紙製品Used Paper Product

Wood Product Stock in 使用中木製品蓄積Use

Paper Product Stock in 使用中紙製品蓄積Use

Agricultural Product Stock in 使用中農業製品蓄積Use

埋立地中廃棄物蓄積Waste Stock in Landfill

水Water

A10

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CD-ROM のののの動動動動作作作作確確確確認認認認

インストールの必要はなく,CD-ROM は自動実

行し,Web 形式で内容が表示される。自動実行

しない場合は,「index.htm」をクリックして起動

させる。CD-ROM 動作確認は以下の2つのコン

ピュータシステムを用いて行ったが,CD-ROM

の動作環境はこれらに限定されるものではな

い。

<Microsoft Windows®のののの場場場場合合合合>

・オペレーティングシステム

Microsoft Windows®2000

・ソフトウェア

Microsoft Excel®2000

Microsoft PowerPoint®2000

Adobe Acrobat Reader®5.0

Microsoft Internet Explore®5.5

・コンピュータシステム

500MHz Intel Celeron®プロセッサ

128MB のメモリ

XGA(1024×768)

24 倍速 CD-ROM ドライブ

<Macintosh®のののの場場場場合合合合>

・オペレーティングシステム

Macintosh MacOS®10.2

・ソフトウェア

Microsoft Excel®2000

Microsoft PowerPoint®2000

Adobe Acrobat Reader®5.0

Microsoft® Internet Explorer 5.2 for Mac®

・コンピュータシステム

PowerMac®G4 800MHz プロセッサ

512MB のメモリ

XGA(1024×768)

24 倍速 CD-ROM ドライブ

Confirmation of CD-ROM Operation

No separate software installation is required. The

CD-ROM plays automatically and displays its

content using a Web browser. If the CD-ROM does

not run automatically, click the “index.htm” file to

open it. The CD-ROM is confirmed to be viewable in

the following two computer systems. However,

computer system requirement for the CD-ROM

operation is not limited to these systems.

<For Microsoft Windows®>

・Operating system

Microsoft Windows®2000

・Software

Microsoft Excel®2000

Microsoft PowerPoint®2000

Adobe Acrobat Reader®5.0

Microsoft Internet Explore®5.5

・Computer System

500MHz Intel Celeron®processor

128MB RAM

XGA(1024x768)

24x CR-ROM drive

<For Macintosh®>

・Operating system

Macintosh MacOS®10.2

・Software

Microsoft Excel®2000

Microsoft PowerPoint®2000

Adobe Acrobat Reader®5.0

Microsoft® Internet Explorer 5.2 for Mac®

・Computer system

PowerMac®G4 800MHz processor

512MB RAM

XGA(1024x768)

24x CD-ROM drive

Page 118: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in

CGER-REPORT

日本における伐採木材のマテリアルフロー・炭素フローデータブック

2004 年 3 月 31 日 第 1 刷発行

著者 橋本征二・森口祐一

発行 独立行政法人国立環境研究所 地球環境研究センター

〒305-8506 茨城県つくば市小野川 16-2

電話:029-850-2349 FAX:029-858-2645

e-Mail: [email protected]

本書の全部または一部を、独立行政法人国立環境研究所に無断で転載、複製することを禁

じます。落丁本・乱丁本はお取り替えいたします。本書は再生紙を使用しています。

ISSN 1341-4356

CGER-D034-2004

Page 119: Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested …Foreword One of the functions of the Center for Global Environment Research is to provide researchers and government officials in