DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA
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Transcript of DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA
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DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK
TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA
DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK
TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA
Hartutik Fapet UB Malang, 2009
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Komposisi Tubuh Ternak
Variasi Tergantung Pada :1. Umur Ternak
2. Kondisi Ternak
3. Spesies
4. Pakan yang diberikan
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Persentase Komposisi Tubuh Hewan*)
SpesiesAir Protein Lemak Abu BK bebas lemak
Protein Abu
Anak sapi, baru lahir 74 19 3 4,1 82,2 17,8
Anaksapi. gemuk 68 18 10 4,0 81,6 18,4
Sapi jantan. kurus 64 19 12 5,1 79,1 20,9
Sapi jantan. gemuk 43 13 41 3,3 79,5 20,5
Domba. kurus 74 16 5 4,4 78,2 21,8
Domba. gemuk 40 11 46 2,8 79,3 20,7
Babi. 8 kg 73 17 6 3,4 83,3 16,7
Babi. 30 kg 60 13 24 2,5 84,3 15,7
Babi. 100 kg 49 12 36 2,6 82,4 17,6
Ayam 56 21 19 3,2 86,8 13,2
Kelinci 69 18 8 4,8 79,1 20,9
Kuda 61 17 17 4,5 79,2 20,8
Manusia 59 18 18 4,3 80,7 19,3*) Dikurangi isi alat pencernaan.
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Komposisi Tubuh Ternak
1. Air
2. Protein
3. Lemak
4. Karbohidrat
Plasma darah 90-92%Urat Daging 72-78%Tulang 45%Email Gigi 5%
5. Mineral
OtotBuluJaringan Lain
Jaringan AdiposaOrgan Dalam Lain
GlukosaGlikogenLaktosa
Ca 1,33% K 0,19%P 0,74% Cl 0,11%Na 0,16 % S 0,15% Mg 0,04%
Ko
mp
osi
siT
ub
uh
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Komposisi Pakan Ternak
1. Rouhgage
2. Konsentrat
Kering
Basah
3. Additive
Bah
an
Pak
an Asal hewan
Asal nabati
Nutrien
Non nutrien
Legume
Non legume
Biji2anMinyakBv product
VitaminMineral
AntibiotikHormonEnzim, dll
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Faktor yg MempengaruhiKebutuhan Zat Makanan
1. Spesies
2. Umur
3. Jenis Kelamin
4. Tujuan Pemeliharaan
5. Berat Badan
6. Keadaan Fisiologi, dll
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Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak
1. Air
2. BK
Zat
Mak
anan
BO
Abu
Protein
Karbohidrat
Lemak
Protein Murni
NPN
BeTn
SK
Sederhana
Majemuk
Vit LarutLemak
Esensial
Non Esensial
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Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan TernakProtein Murni
NPN
BeTn
SK
Sederhana
Majemuk
Vit LarutLemak
AA esensialAA semi esensialAA non esensial
•Amin•AA bebas•UreaMonosakarida
DisakaridaPolisakaridaVit Larut Air •Polisakarida
tak larut•Lignin
•Selulosa•Hemise- lulosa
Asam lemakSterol •Lemak netral
•Posfolipid (Lecithin))•Lilin
Vit Larut Lemak
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ZAT MAKANAN
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Zat Makanan
Nutrients- any food product that functions in the support of life
Six classes:– Water– Carbohydrates– Fats– Proteins– Minerals– Vitamins
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Water• Hydrogen + Oxygen• H2O – Water = Moisture
↓ ↓Drink Water in feed
Functions:1. Metabolic reactions2. Transporting nutrients and wastes3. Maintains temperature4. Major component of cell walls5. Body made up of 60 – 70 %
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Carbohydrates
• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Primary function:– Source of energy
• Located in plant and animal tissues– Simple carbohydrate- starches (grains)– Complex carbohydrate- cellulose (component
of cell walls)
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Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates1. Monosaccharides
– Glucose– Fructose– Galactose
2. Disaccharides– Sucrose (Glucose + fructose)– Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)– Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)
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Carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates
1. Cellulose • Ruminants require microbial
fermentation to break down complex carbohydrates
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Fats
• Also considered lipids
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Functions:– Energy
• 2.5 times more energy / unit
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Fats
• Sources:– Fats- solid at room temperature– Oils- liquid at room temperature
– Saturated fats– Unsaturated fats
• Monounsaturated• Polyunsaturated
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Fats
• Saturated fats C-C-C– Solid animal fats– Body can make
• Unsaturated fats C=C=C– Monounsaturated C-C=C-C
• One double bond
– Polyunsaturated fats C=C=C • Two or more double bonds• Corn oil, Soybean oil
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Fats
• Dietary essential fatty acids– Linoleic
• Digestion of Fat Soluble vitamins ~ A,D,E,K– More of an issue in confinement fed
animals• Added to the diet for
1) Reduce dust
2) Improve texture
3) Improve palatability
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Proteins
• Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
• Chains of Amino Acids – Essential amino acids
• Must be provide through the diet• Ruminants add in microbial growth
– Non-essential amino acids• Required but the body can synthesize
them
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Essential & Nonessential Amino Acids
• Essential AA’s– Histidine – Arginine– Lysine– Isoleucine– Methionine – Leucine– Threonine– Valine– Phenylalanine– Tryptophan
• Nonessential AA’s– Alanine– Asparganine– Aspertic acid– Cysteine– Cystine– Glutamic acid– Glutamine– Glycine– Hydroxyproline– Proline– Serine– Tyrosine
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• H istidin• A rginin• L isin• L eusin• I soleusin• M etionin
• V alin• P henilalanin• T riptoohan
Esensial
• S istin• H idroksilisin • T irosin
Semi Esensial
• A lanin• A sam Glutamat• A sam Aspartat• A sparagin• G lisin• G lutamin• S erin• P rolin• H idroksi Prolin
Non Esensial
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Protein
• Functions:– Building blocks
– Muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk production and cellular repair
– Blood
– Enzymes
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Minerals
• Macro minerals– Required in large amounts
• Micro minerals– Required in trace amounts– Trace minerals
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Micro and Macro Minerals
• Macrominerals– Calcium– Chorine– Magnesium– Phosphorus– Potassium– Sodium– Sulfur
• Microminerals– Chromium– Cobalt– Copper– Fluorine– Iodine– Iron– Manganese– Molybdenum– Selenium– Zinc
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Vitamins
• Organic (contain carbon)
• Needed in small amounts
• Functions:– 16 vitamins– Interact and need with minerals
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Vitamins
• Sources– Fat soluble
• Synthesized by ruminants• A, D, E, and K
– Water soluble• Not synthesized by monogastrics, except horses,
which takes place in cecum• B vitamins and C
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KLASIFIKASI PAKAN
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KLASIFIKASI BMTDidasarkan atas : 1. A S A L Tanaman : - Hijauan segar - Hijauan kering - Hijauan awetan (silase, hay) - Jerami - Umbi-umbian - Butir-butiran/biji-bijian (padi, legum) - Kulit butir-butiran/biji-bijian - Limbah pertanian, industri minyak tanah dan industri lain Hewan : - ikan - ternak / hewan lain Makanan tambahan Stimulator (growth + production)
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Classification of Feeds
1. Hijauan Kering dan Jerami
2. Hijauan Segar
3. Silase
4. Sumber Energy
5. Sumber Protein
6. Sumber Mineral
7. Sumber Vitamin
8. Non-nutritive additives
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Dry forages and roughages
• 18% crude fiber, low TDN• High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin• Protein variable• Harvest date critical• Examples
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Dry forages and roughages
• Examples:– Legumes
• Alfalfa• 17% CP
– Grass• Native grass• 12-13% CP
– Other• Stalks
– Corn cob husks– Soybean hulls 11% CP– Cottonseed hulls
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Pasture, range plants, and green forages
• Types:– Native
• 5,000 species
– Cool / warm season• Cool – Brome• Warm – Native
– Small grains• Wheat• Rye
– Legumes• Alfalfa, Clovers• Problem due to Bloat
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Pasture, range plants, and green forages
• Bloat:– Legumes cause excessive production of
foams in the rumen– Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch)– Gases form causing bloat– Animals cant breath
– Anti-frothing agents– Bloat guard in blocks/mineral
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Silages
• Variety of feed stuffs– Grasses– Legumes~ alfalfa, clovers– Grains~ corn, sorghum– Small Grains– ~ oats, rye
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Silages
• Storage results in fermentation– Anaerobic bacteria– Bacteria produce lactic acid
• Lowers pH to 4.0 or lower• High levels of heat 80-100oF
– Optimum moisture content• 25-35% Dry Matter 75 – 65% Moisture• To dry will burn up
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• Storage facilities– Bags, silos, bunkers
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Energy feeds
• <18 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP
• High in starch – grains
• Examples:– Corn, 9%CP– Barley, high starch feed, <11% CP– Oats 12%– Wheat, 14% CP
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Energy feeds
• Storage ~ very important
• Future– Grains that are high in needed trait– High levels of Lysine– Low Levels of Phosphorus
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Protein supplements
• Most critical, most expensive
• Function:– Building blocks
• Examples:– Animal– Plant
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Protein supplementsExamples:
– Animal origin: highest-readily available offer A.A.• Meat -• Blood -• Fish -• Feather -
– Plant origin• Soybean meal- 44%• By-products
– Distillers grain - 25– Corn gluten - 25-30%– Soybean Hulls -
– Non-protein nitrogen: not readily available a.a.• Urea 281% CP
80-90%
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Mineral supplement
Concentrated or blended – carriers1. Mixed with diet
– Cost effective
2. Fed free choice– May over consume – Different vitamins and minerals in containers– Animals choose???
– Salt
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Urinary Calculi
• Water Belly– Improper Balance of Ca and Phosphorus– Normal ratio 2:1 Ca : Phosphorus– Urinary Calculi when ratio 1:1 or less
– Over abundance of Phosphorus
• Treatment– Sodium Chloride NaCl
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Remember
• Gains– High in Phosphorus Low in Calcium
• Forages– High in Calcium Low in Phosphorus
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Urinary Calculi
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Vitamin supplementation
1. Fat soluble• Vitamins A, D, E, K
2. Water soluble• Synthesized by ruminants• Vitamin B
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Non-nutritive additives
• Added to fill a specific need
• Definition – a substance will stimulate growth or improve feed efficiency
• Drugs– Antibiotics– Sulfa compounds– Cocidiostates– Wormers
Fed continually see increase in performance
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Non-nutritive additives
• Banned in 1995 in Europe
• US – McDonalds ~ 2003– Only those that are used to promote growth– Antibiotics to treat sickness cleared
• Three types– Concentrate ~ mainly for feed companies– Premix – mixed with carrier ~ corn or SBM– Complete Feed ~ Precondition pellets
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Non-nutritive additives
• What’s What– Antibiotics end in “cin”
• Teramyocin• Aeromyocin
– Produced from bacteria
• Monensin– ie Rumensin ~ Shifts bacterial population in
rumen to more bacteria to breakdown starches– Toxic to horses