DANH TLfOON V! TRONG TIENG VIET VA TRONG TIENG HAN: Tl/ONG DONG VA KHAC BIET

Vd Thi Thanh Titng - Ngd Hdi Vyin

Khoa Viet Nam hoc Tricdng DH KHXH&N\\ DHQG Tp. HCM

Hien nay mdi quan he giiia Viet Nam va Han Qudc ngay cang phat trie'n. vi the nhu cau hpc tieng Viet cua ngudi Han da chiem m6t so lupng kha Ion. Trong tieng Viet cung nhu trong tieng Han cd mdt loai danh tir dupe gpi la danh tir don vi nhu "cdi, con, quyin, chiec. cay, bice, tdm. viin...'\ Bai viet nay se trinh bay mot so net tuong ddng va khac biet eo ban ve each sir dung, ve trat xuiix cua danh tir don vi trong tieng Viet va trong tieng Han nhim gulp cho ngudi Han Qudc A dang liep thu khi hpc tieng Viet.

1. V^ KHA NANG K^T HOP

Dau tien xet ve mat ket hop cua danh tir don vi tieng Viet va tieng Han. danh tir don vi trong tieng Viet va trong tieng Han deu kfl hpp vdi sd tir va lupng tir.

l . l .Vdisdt i r

Tieng Viet Tieng Han

Iconchd :?H 1 D^dl (chd - 1 -con)

2 quyen sach ^ 2 2! (sacb - 2 - quy^n)

3 ngdi nha S 3 XH (nha - 3 - ngdi)

4ca i l iv i ^ a i b l 2 401 ( t i v i - 4 - c i i )

432

l i . Vdi luong ttr 'nhScng, may, moi, iicng"

Tieng Viet •

"^Gng ngdi nha mdi xay.

Mil quyIn 50 ngan ddng.

Time chie'c thuy^n tir tif cap b n.

Qii mua mJv con ga?

Tieng Han (vdi lupng tir " g -miof)

2 f e eXI S _ S ^^SiOIQ?

(0 nul - pion chi - miot - chang - ba tat xo yd?)

Hdm nay - thu - may - Id - nhdn?

^Hdm nay anh nhdn may Id thu?

\i kha nang ket hpp, trong tieng Viet thl danh tir don vi edn ket hpp vdi cac tir: tat cd, cd, nda. Trong tie'ng Han thi danh tir don vi khdng ket hpp vdi cac X\X nay.

2. \ t VI TRf TRONG NGlT DO AN

Danh tir don vi trong tieng Viet va trong tieng Han hoan toan khac biet vi vi tri trong ngii doan danh tir.

>Tieng Viet

® Diing trude danh tir chung: Nhd ba dy nudi 2 con heo.

® Trong tie'ng Viet danh tir don vi diing trude tir chi dinh nay, ng, do, kia (ddi tupng da dupe de cap Xnidc dd boac la khdng biet ddi tuong dd la gi).

Quyen ndy bao nhieu tien?

Con ndy Id con gi?

® Trong mdt sd trudng hpp giiia danh tir don vi va tir chi dinh cd

M xen vao mdt danh tir khdng dem dupe.

Anh dpc quy^n sach nay chua?

® Va Uong trudng hpp chi su t6ng thl thl khdng diing danh X\S

dan vi trude tir cbi dinh.

Ca nay bao nhieu mot con?

Sach nay bao nhieu mdt quye'n?

433

>Tieng Han

(!) Danh tir chung + sd tir + danh tir don vi:

AUlf 1 :'H (Sakoahan ke)

tao - 1 - qua C4^ 3 n 2 0^^.| (Tarktumari)

ga- 2 - con

® ^ (Miot) + danh tir don vi:

: ? f ^ g ^ S 2i(>1fi?(Ka chdk un miot miong it xo yd?)

Gia dinh - mdy - ngicdi - cd?

^Gia dinh ban cd mdy ngudi?

mD\ % :'H aiOiQ?(Bekamiotkeitsoyd?)

Li - mdy - trdi - cd?

•=> Cd may trdi li? Trong tie'ng Han, danh tir don vi \uix hien sau tir chi dinh. So

sdnb: Tieng Han Tieng Viet

01 ^ ( i check) sdchndy

nay - sach

01 Af^(isachin) hinhndy m

nay - blnh H S (ku chip) nhd dd

dd - nha

3. Sir KHAC NHAU V^ CACH SlT DUNG CUA DANH Tlf DON VI TRONG TIENG VI$T VA TRONG TI^NG HAN

Tuy trong tieng Viet va tieng Han deu tdn tai mdt be tbdng danh tir don vi, nhung khdng cd su tuong ling mot ddi mdt cua cac danh tir don vi cu the' trong hai ngon ngii nay. Mdt danh tir don vi tie'ng Viet c6 the' dich ra nhieu danh tir don vi tieng Han va ngupe lai. Ngudi Han hpc tieng Viet cin phai nim cho dupe su tuong ling dd. Vi du tir ke 434

trong ti6ig Han khi dich ra ti^ng Viet la cdi, trdi, qua... Ching ban nhu mdt trdi tdo thl ngudi Han lai ndi la tdo - mot - cdi (A^ jlf g ;[] -sakoahanke).

Chinh vl the ma biu bet ngudi Han d^u sii dung sai danh tir don vj Uong tie'ng Viet, dac biet la danh tir don vi "cai".

Tir "cdi... khi dich ra tieng Han thl cd 2 tir dd la 5!(kos) va Jll(ke). 2!(kos) la danh X\x, cdn :JH(ke) la danh tir don vi.

Trong tie'ng Viet, danh tii don vi "cdr cd the' ket hpp vdi sd tir, lupng tir va tir chi dinh. Nhung trong tieng Han 5!(kos) cd the' ket hpp vdi tir chi dinh va hau to §(tul) '. Cdn ')\i (ke) chi ket hpp vdi sd tir va % (miot) "miy",

Ndy - cdi - bdn - Id

^ Cdi ndy Id bdn,

Bdn - 2 - cdi - cd

^ Tdi cd hai cdi bdn,

Le - mdy - trdi - cd?

^Cd may trdi le?

Dae biet, trong tie'ng Han, tir ^ (kos) ludn dupe sii dung ket hpp vdi tir cbi dinh va ludn diing d vi tri cbii ngu". Dong thdi ngoai su vat ra thl ngudi Han cung gan tir ^ (kos) vao ddng vat, tbiic an...

Vidu:

i kos un mu sim tdng mul im ni kka?

Ndy - cdi - gi - ddng vat - Id?

>=> Cdi ndy Id con gi?

' Trong tie ng Hin, tir 1 (tul) I hau l6, gin sau danh xis, dai ti/ 66 the hien cai do la s6

ohi u.

435

i kos un ebuy im ni da.

Ndy - cdi - chudt - Id

•=> Cdi ndy Id con chugt

o] ^ ^ ^ ^ # < ^ S ] ^ 4 ?

i kos un mu sun um sik im ni kka?

Ndy - cdi - gi - mdn dn - Id?

•=> Cdi ndy Id mdn dn gi?

i kos un be thu nam um sik im ni da.

Ndy - cdi - Viet Nam - mdn dn - Id

"=> Cdi ndy Id mdn dn Viet Nam

Do thdi quen diing tir kos trong tieng me de cua mlnh ma ngudi Han khi ndi tie'ng Viet thudng sir dung tir "cai" trong mpi trudng hpp.

4. GI6I THifeU M O T S 6 DANH T(/ DON VI T H U O N G GAP

TRONG TI^NG HAN

Sau day la mdt vai danh tir don vj Uong tie'ng Han thudng sir dung dupe phan loai nhu sau:

- Ke 0^): dimg d^ chi dd vat, su vat: *!&^ g[ :)H (1 cai ban), 2] Xf §} n (1 cai ghe'), Eil SII dl S ^ JW (1 cai tivi)... Ke cdn diing d cbi trai cay (loai trai nhd): AUlf g. ;H (1 trai tao), bH ^ J^ {\ xrii le)...

-Te{CAy. diing 6i chi dd dien tu va nhimg dd vit Idn: Oil 015 51 m (1 cai may lanh), 2 £ d f 0 | ^ Dl (1 chife xe may), X\ ^ 01 (1 chie'c xe hoi)...

- Ma-ri {Q\^\): diing 6i chi ddng vat: i=f 5. 0^^I(1 eon gi), H ^ Ofildconcbd), 2 a i m Of £1(1 eon vit)...

- Kuan (3!): dimg d^ ehi sach, truyen: ^ §[5! (1 quy^n sich), -Av^Sij gh 2! (1 quy^n truyen ti^uthuy^t)...

436

- Cbak my. dung chi mdt sd do vat von dung thanh ddi ma tach lera: ? ^ ^ ^ (1 chicfc giay),5!:'F^ & ^ (1 chi^e dua)...

- Changi^y. dung chi vat blnh XSm, Xrtn h6 mat cd Uanh anh, chO vift: H g 5[ § (1 biic tranh). e XI & & (1 bure thu), nhung ddi vdi nhihig tac phim nghe thuat thi diing danh tir don vi g (chom)]

Ngoai ra cdn di chi mdt sd vat cd mat phing mdng (gidy, hinh, temy.^O\

§ &(1 td gitfy), A^2 & "S (1 biic hinh), ^ H g gf (l eon tern).

- Cha-ru (X|-¥): dimg ehi vat cd blnh nhu than cay: SSI ^ X\^ (1 cay biit), X\ m X\^ (1 cay thudc)...

- I l¥(kuru): diing chi cay cd: U ¥ g[ Z l ¥ (1 cai cay)

5, Bai vie't nay mdi chi la mdt vai vi du so lupc lien quan den su khac biet va tuong ddng trong tir loai tie'ng Han va tie'ng Viet. Danh tir don vi Uong tie'ng Han dupe diing minh hpa trong bai nay qua kha nang ket hpp cua nd vdi sd tir va lupng tir (™). Qua bai viet, ta ciing ta cung cd thi thiy ring su phan loai cac nhdm danh tir don vi ciia tieng Han khdng dupe tbdng nhit nhu danh tir don vi cua tieng Viet. Thuc ra xung quanh nhdm danh tir don vi cd nhieu va'n de lien quan khdng chi d n dac trung ciia tieng Han ma cdn phan anh ca mot sd net van boa cua dan tdc Han Qudc. Dd la nhung dieu phai dupe nghien ciiu edng phu hon va trlnb bay trong cac bai nghien cihi eo ban ban khi cd nhieU thdi gian va thuc tien giang day.

TAI LIEU THAM K H A O

T i lieu tham khao tieng Viet

1. Diep Quang Ban (2005), Ngdphdp Tii'ng Viet, NXB Giao due.

2. Cao Xuan Hao (2003), Tii'ng Viet vdn Viet ngudi Viet, NXB Tre,

437

3. Nguyen Phu Phong (2002), Nhi^g vdn de ngQ phdp tieng Viit -Logi td vd chi thi td, NXB DHQG Ha Ndi.

4. Trung lam KHXH va NV qudc gia - Vien Ngdn ngii hpc (2000), Logi tic trong ede ngdn ngd d Viet Nam - tap 1, NXB KHXH Hi Ndi.

T i lieu tham khao tieng nude ngoai

5. n^A{\999),t^^oj^^^f^, ^4^^^ #^^ , 6. <^>Hlt:fl* JiI t > ^ ^ ^ ^ ( 1 9 9 2 ) , £ ^ ^ ^ / , ^^fli^fl^Iil t ^ - ? -

7. Ihm Ho Bin - Hong Kyung Pyo - Chang Suk In (1998), Korean Grammar for International Learners, Yonsei University.

438