Dakabadonebuli Saertashoriso Biznesi...5 Tavi VIII. saerTaSoriso strategiuli aliansebi.....243 8.1....
Transcript of Dakabadonebuli Saertashoriso Biznesi...5 Tavi VIII. saerTaSoriso strategiuli aliansebi.....243 8.1....
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saerTaSoriso
biznesi
leqciebis kursi
gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2011
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naSromi warmoadgens iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis saerTaSoriso biznesis kaTedris mier mom-
zadebul leqciebis kurss.
masSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi, formebi, saer-
TaSoriso bazrebi, garemo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria da praqti-
ka, ucxouri investiciebi, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromloba,
saerTaSoriso biznesis strategiuli marTva, strategiuli aliansebi,
saerTaSoriso organizaciuli struqturebi, saerTaSoriso marketin-
gi, operaciuli menejmenti, saerTaSoriso finansuri menejmenti da
finansuri aRricxva, saerTaSoriso adamianuri resursebis marTva da
sxva saerTaSoriso biznesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi.
avtorTa koleqtivi: profesori o. gigiaSvili (I, VII Tavebi); aso-
cirebuli profesori r. futkaraZe (II Tavi); asocirebuli profesori
J. Tolordava (III Tavi ); asocirebuli profesori e. lekaSvili (IV,VI
Tavebi); asocirebuli profesori d. sixaruliZe (V, XI Tavebi); asoci-
rebuli profesori S. SaburiSvili (VIII Tavi); asistent-profesori l.
qadagiSvili (IX, X Tavebi); asocirebuli profesori v. kikutaZe (XII Ta-
vi); sruli profesori i. mesxia (XIII, XIV, XV Tavebi); sruli profesori
T. Sengelia (XVI Tavi).
redaqtori ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis
sax. Tsu-s sruli profesori, saerTaSoriso biznesis
kaTedris xelmZRvaneli Teimuraz Sengelia
recenzentebi: ekonomikis doqtori, Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori daviT narmania
ekonomikis doqtori, Tsu-s
asocirebuli profesori gulnaz erqomaiSvili
ekonomikis doqtori, Tsu-s
asocirebuli profesori gela grigalaSvili
© saerTaSoriso biznesis kaTedra, 2011
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-17-264-9
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Sinaarsi
Tavi I. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da zogadi daxasiaTeba .............................................................. 7 1.1. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da Seswavlis
aqtualoba ................................................................................ 7
1.2. saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis mniSveloba ............. 9
1.3. saerTaSoriso biznesis formebi ....................................... 14
1.4. saerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi....... 18
Tavi II. saerTaSoriso bazrebi da biznessaqmianobis ZiriTadi centrebi .................... 25 2.1. CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi............................. 27
2.2. dasavleT evropis qveynebis bazrebi................................ 30
2.3. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebis
bazrebi....................................................................................... 32
2.4. aziis qveynebis bazrebi......................................................... 34
2.5. afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis bazrebi ...... 46
2.6. samxreT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi .................................. 49
Tavi III. saerTaSoriso biznesis garemo .................... 55 3.1. saerTaSoriso biznesis garemos arsi da saxeebi .......... 55
3.2. gare faqtorebis struqtura ............................................. 60
3.3. saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi garemo............ 63
3.4. saerTaSoriso biznesis politikuri garemo................. 67
3.5. saerTaSoriso biznesis ekonomikuri garemo ................ 70
3.6. saerTaSoriso biznesis teqnologiuri garemo............ 73
3.7. saerTaSoriso biznesis kulturuli eTikuri da
socialuri garemo ................................................................. 76
3.8. saerTaSoriso biznesi da bunebrivi garemo .................. 81
Tavi IV. saerTaSoriso vaWroba: Teoria da praqtika........................................................................................ 88 4.1. merkantilizmis Teoria da politika .............................. 88
4.2. absoluturi upiratesobis (a.smiTis) Teoria .............. 92
4.3. fardobiTi upiratesobis (d. rikardos) Teoria.......... 95
4.4. warmoebis faqtorebis Tanafardobis hekSer-olinis
Teoria da misi testireba (leontievis paradoqsi)..... 98
4.5. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis alternatiuli Teoriebi...... 101
4.6. linderis moTxovnasTan Tanafardobis hopoteza ...... 103
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4.7. produqtis saerTaSoriso sasicocxlo cikli............. 105
4.8. maikl porteris saerTaSoriso konkurenciis
Teoria ....................................................................................... 107
4.9. saerTaSoriso savaWro politikis miznebi da
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ..................................................... 110
4.10. saerTaSoriso savWro politikis instrumentebi...... 118
Tavi V. ucxouri investiciebi......................................... 129 5.1. kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraobis formebi............... 129
5.2. transerovnuli kompaniebis roli globalizaciis
pirobebSi da misi ganviTarebis etapebi .......................... 132
5.3. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Teoriebi................ 139
5.4. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba.............................................................................. 145
5.5. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis urTierTkavSiri................................................... 154
Tavi VI. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromloba da saerTaSoriso biznesi ............. 160 6.1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis tipologia.................... 160
6.2. garTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero ..................... 164
6.3. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
organizacia ............................................................................. 169
6.4. vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (WTO)/ tarifebisa da vaWrobis generaluri SeTanxmeba (GATT) ........................ 171
6.5. didi rviani .............................................................................. 179
6.6. navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia (OPEC) .....180 6.7. integraciuli dajgufebebi evropaSi ............................. 182
6.8. ekonomikuri integraciuli gaerTianebuli
amerikaSi.................................................................................... 191
6.9. ekonomikuri integraciuli gaerTianebebi aziaSi ...... 200
6.10. ekonomikuri integraciuli dajgufebebis
Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebi afrikaSi............................ 205
Tavi VII. saerTaSoriso biznesis strategiuli marTva ............................................................................................ 213 7.1. saerTaSoriso strategiis amocanebi da
elementebi................................................................................ 213
7.2. saerTaSoriso strategiis SemuSaveba ............................. 221
7.3. saerTaSoriso strategiebis doneebi .............................. 225
7.4. sagareo bazrebze SeRwevis strategiebi ........................ 234
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Tavi VIII. saerTaSoriso strategiuli aliansebi...................................................................................... 243 8.1. kompaniebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba ................... 243
8.2. erToblivi sawarmoebi.......................................................... 246
8.3. strategiul aliansSi gaerTianebis motivebi .............. 249
8.4. startegiuli aliansis formebi........................................ 253
8.5. starategiuli aliansebis sasicocxlo cikli ............. 256
Tavi IX. saerTaSoriso organizaciuli struqturebi da kontroli............................................... 263 9.1. organizaciuli struqturebis arsi ................................ 263 9.2. globaluri organizaciuli struqturebi.................... 266 9.3. centralizacia da decentralizacia.............................. 281 9.4. kontrolis funqcia saerTaSoriso biznesSi ................ 284
Tavi X. lideroba da muSakTa qceva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi............................................... 296 10.1. individis qceva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ................. 296 10.2. motivacia saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi............................ 304 10.3. lideroba saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ............................ 309 10.4. gadawyvetilebebis miReba saerTaSoriso biznesSi ... 314 10.5. jgufebi da gundebi saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ......... 317
Tavi XI. saerTaSoriso marketingi ............................... 322 11.1. saerTaSoriso marketingi da biznes-strategiebi..... 322 11.2. standartizacia an adaptacia .......................................... 325 11.3. produqtis strategia......................................................... 330 11.4. faswarmoqmnis politika saerTaSoriso biznesSi...... 335 11.5. stimulireba .......................................................................... 341 11.6. saerTaSoriso distribucia ............................................. 349
Tavi XII. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmenti................................................................................... 358 12.1. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmentis buneba .......... 358 12.2. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmentis
strategiuli aspeqtebi ..................................................... 360
12.3. saerTaSoriso operaciaTa menejmentis sirTuleebi............................................................................ 363
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12.4. miwodebis jaWvis marTva da warmoebis vertikaluri integracia ............................................................................. 365
12.5. sawarmoo simZlavrebis ganTavsebis adgili ................ 376 12.6. saerTaSoriso logistika da maragebis marTva........... 384 12.7. efeqtianobis marTva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi ....... 390 12.8. xarisxis marTva saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi................. 393
Tavi XIII. saerTaSoriso biznesis finansuri garemo............................................................................................. 400 13.1. saerTaSoriso savaluto sistema da misi evolucia ....400 13.2. saerTaSoriso savaluto bazari...................................... 417 13.3. kapitalis saerTaSoriso bazari ..................................... 432
Tavi XIV. saerTaSoriso finansuri menejmenti .... 441 14.1. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis finansuri aspeqtebi............. 441
14.2. savaluto riskebis marTva ................................................ 452
14.3. sabrunavi kapitalis marTva.............................................. 457
14.4. ucxouri kapitaldabandebebis Sefaseba ...................... 460
14.5. kapitalis dafinansebis saerTaSoriso wyaroebi....... 462
Tavi XV. saerTaSoriso finansuri aRricxva da dabegvra........................................................................................ 465 15.1. saerTaSoriso finansuri aRricxvisa da dabegvris
arsi........................................................................................... 465
15.2. saerTaSoriso dabegvra ..................................................... 480
Tavi XVI. adamianuri resursebisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis saerTaSoriso marTva..................... 493 16.1. adamianuri resursebis marTvis Taviseburebani........ 493
16.2. adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis specifika ........... 496
16.3. eqspstriantebis gamoyenebis mizezebi.......................... 497
16.4. saerTaSoriso menejerebis SerCeva................................ 498
16.5. `eqspstriantebis marcxis~ mizezebi .............................. 501
16.6. treningebisa da menejmentis ganviTarebis
programebi ............................................................................. 505
16.7. samuSaos Sefaseba................................................................. 510
16.8. Sromis anazRaureba............................................................. 512
16.9. saerTaSoriso SromiTi urTierTobani......................... 517
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Tavi I
saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da zogadi daxasiaTeba
Sesaswavli sakiTxebi:
1. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da Seswavlis aqtualoba; 2. saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis mniSvneloba; 3. saerTaSoriso biznesis formebi; 4. saerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi.
1.1. saerTaSoriso biznesis arsi da Seswavlis aqtualoba
saerTaSoriso biznesis arsis srulyofilad gagebi-
saTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia srulad gves-
modes termin ,,biznesis~ mniSvneloba, romelic warmoad-
gens riskis pirobebSi mogebis an sxva raime Semosavlis
misaRebad ganxorcielebul saqmianobas. Tu es saqmianoba
xorcieldeba ori an meti qveynis partnioris mier, an saq-
miani operaciebi sruldeba erTi an ramdenime qveynis sa-
xelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTiT, warmoiSoba saerTaSori-
so biznesi. saerTaSoriso biznesis klasikur magaliTs
warmoadgens: sxva qveyanaSi an qveynebSi saqonlis gatana
gasayidad; erT qveyanaSi nedleulis da masalebis Sesyid-
va da meore qveyanaSi (erovnul qveyanaSi) Semotana mosax-
marad an Semdgomi gadamuSavebis mizniT; erTi qveynidan
meoreSi aramaterialuri Rirebulebis (nou-hau , patenti
da a.S.) gatana misi realizaciis mizniT da piriqiT; erTi
qveynidan kapitalis gatana meore qveyanaSi produqciisa
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad da maSasadame, Semosavle-
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bis (mogebis) misaRebad; erTi qveynisgan meoresTvis kre-
ditis gadacema da a.S.
saerTaSoriso biznesis ganmxorcielebeli mxareebi
SeiZleba iyvnen fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, saxel-
mwifo da kerZo kompaniebi, calkeuli kompaniebi, kompa-
niaTa jgufebi da sxv. rogorc cnobilia, saerTaSoriso
biznesi gansxvavdeba qveynis SigniT ganxorcielebuli
biznesisgan. zogadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
Siga biznesi daiyvaneba iseTi saqmiani operaciebis Sesru-
lebaze, romlebic ar scildeba erTi qveynis sazRvrebs,
maSin roca, saerTaSoriso saqmiani operaciebi kveTs saz-
Rvrebs. konkretuli TvalsazrisiT ki saerTaSoriso biz-
nesi Siga biznesisgan gansxvavdeba zogierTi sxva niSni-
Tac, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
— sxvadasxva qveynebs, romlebic Cabmulni arian sa-erTaSoriso biznesSi, gaaCniaT da iyeneben sxvadasxva va-
lutebs, rac sul mcire erTi mxaris mier mainc aucile-
bels xdis am valutebis konvertirebas;
— TiTqmis yovelTvis arsebobs saerTaSoriso biz-nesSi monawile sxvadasxva qveynebis samarTlebriv siste-
mebs Soris gansxvavebis didi albaToba, rac aiZulebs
erT an ramdenime mxares Seitanos koreqtivebi Tavis moq-
medebebSi, raTa isini moiyvanos qveynis (adgilobriv) ka-
nondeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi. ufro metic, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva qveynebis sakanonmdeblo normebi
SeiZleba SeuTavsebeli aRmoCndnen, rac metad arTulebs
gadasaWreli problemas;
— sxvadasxva qveynebis erebs Soris yovelTvis arse-bobs kulturuli gansxvavebani, rac saerTaSoriso biz-
nesSi Cabmul calkeul mxares aiZulebs Tavisi qcevis
strategiebis formireba moaxdinos meore mxaris molo-
dinis Sesabisad;
— saerTaSoriso biznesSi monawile (an msurvel) mxa-res gaaCnia warmoebis faqtorebis garkveuli Semadgen-
loba da moculoba. magaliTad, erT mxares Tavis gankar-
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gulebaSi SeiZleba gaaCndes bunebrivi resursebis didi
maragebi, magram ar yavdes kvalificiuri samuSao Zala,
maSin roca meore mxares gaaCnia maRalkvalificuri samu-
Sao Zala da amavdroulad ganicdis bunebrivi resursebis
naklebobas. amrigad, qveynebi gansxvavdebian warmoebis
faqtorebis uzrunvelyofis doniT, rac zrdis urTier-
Tdamokidebulebis dones.
zemoT aRniSnulis miuxedavad, umetes SemTxvevaSi
is sabazo Cvevebi da codna, romlebic aucilebelia ro-
gorc saerTaSoriso biznesis, ise Sida saqminobis opera-
ciebis warmatebulad marTvisaTvis, ar gansxvavdebian
Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT. kerZod, es Seexeba menejrebs,
romlebic muSaoben marketingis, dagegmvis, kadrebsa da
sxva sferoebSi. magram, amasTan eWvs ar iwvevs is faqtic,
rom saerTaSoriso biznesSi dakavebuli menejerebis mu-
Saobis sirTulis done (saerTaSoriso biznesis menejmen-
tis marTvis sirTulis done) mniSvnelovnad maRalia im
analogiur samuSaosTan SedarebiT, romelic sruldeba
erTi qveynis SigniT. saerTaSoriso biznesSi dakavebuli
specialistebi kargad unda iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni
sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris arsebuli kulturis, kanon-
mdeblobis, politikur da socialur gansxvavebaTa sa-
kiTxebSi. aseTi specialistebis valdebulebebSi Sedis im
qveynebis sworad SerCeva, sadac unda gaiyidos kompaniis
produqcia da SeZenil iqnes aucilebeli resursebi. gar-
da amisa, maTve unda moaxdinon kompaniis ucxouri Svilo-
bili firmebis saqmianobis koordinacia.
1.2. saerTaSoriso biznesis
Seswavlis mniSvneloba
saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis mniSvneloba Tana-
medrove etapze SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes sxvadasxva
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kuTxiT. kerZod, misi mniSvneloba sayuradReboa produq-
ciisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebisaTvis, kompaniis
marTvaSi dakavebuli muSakebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT mar-
Tvis umaRlesi da saSualo donis rgolebSi dakavebuli
muSakebisaTvis), kompaniis saqmianobis gaSuqebiT dakave-
buli pirebisaTvis, sxvadsaxva profilis specialistebi-
saTvis da a.S. magram am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli iqneba im mniSvnelobaze, romelic saerTa-
Soriso biznesis Seswavlas gaaCnia studentebisaTvis.
amJamad arsebobs mravali mizezi imisa, raTa stu-
dentebma ufro Rrmad Seiswavlon saerTaSoriso biznesi.
erT-erTi mTavari mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tana-
medrove etapze msxvili kompaniebi, sadac momavalSi yo-
fili studentebis ZiriTadma nawilma unda imuSaon, an
pirdapiri gziT axorcieleben saqmian operaciebs sxva
qveynebSi, an sxva gzebiT arian CarTulni ekonomikis glo-
balizaciis procesSi. amitom studentma, rogorc moma-
valma specialistma, imisaTvis, rom miaRwios warmatebas
da gaikeTos kargi kariera, agreTve sasargeblo kontaq-
tebi daamyaros sazRvargareTis menejerebTan, kargad
unda erkveodes saerTaSoriso biznesis sakiTxebSi. es sa-
kiTxebi sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens msoflios
masStabiT da maTi kargi codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia
msxvilma kompaniam miaRwios seriozul warmatebas biz-
nesSi. magaliTad, yofili studentis da SemdgomSi ukve
menejeris, romelic msxvil kompaniaSi iwyebs moRvaweo-
bas, pirveli davaleba SeiZleba iyos monawileobis miReba
romelime proeqtis realizaciaSi, romlis ganxorciele-
baSic aseve monawileobas iReben sxvadasxva qveynis war-
momadgenlebi (menejerebi). saerTaSoriso biznesis sa-
fuZvlebis codna aucileblad daexmareba am menejers
ufro Rrmad gaerkves am proeqtis formirebis mizezebSi,
biznesSi da mis winaSe dasmul amocanebSi, agreTve gamo-
naxos kolegebTan urTierTqmedebis efeqtiani gzebi.
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garda aRniSnulisa ,,saerTaSoriso biznesis~ Seswav-
lis aucilebloba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiT, rom
momavalma specialistma, romelic muSaobas iwyebs rome-
lime ucxouri korporaciis kuTvnilebaSi arsebul kom-
paniaSi, saWiroa icodes am qveyanaSi biznesis Tavisebure-
bebi. aseTi magaliTebi bevria msoflioSi. kerZod, ro-
gorc irkveva, 6,4 mln amerikeli muSaobs sazRvargareTis
kompaniebSi, romelTa Svilobili kompaniebi ganlagebu-
lia aSS teritoriaze. meore mxriv, amerikuli korpora-
ciebis sazRvargareT arsebul Svilobil kompaniebSi da-
kavebulia evropis, aziis, afrikis, avstraliis, laTinuri
amerikis 8,1 mln mcxovrebi1. bolo periodSi gamoikveTa situacia, romlis Tanax-
mad mcire kompaniebi sul ufro metad ebmebian saerTaSo-
riso biznesSi. aseT kompanias SeiZleba dasWirdes saz-
RvargareT masalebis SeZena an mowyobilobaTa gamoyeneba,
aseve, Caebas konkurenciaSi sazRvargareTis konkuren-
tebTan Tavisi produqciis qveynis sazRvrebs gareT gata-
nis SemTxvevaSi. saqme isaa, rom warsulSi sagareo bazar-
ze gasvlisaTvis aucilebeli iyo produqciis gamanawi-
lebeli centrebis Seqmna, aseve, savaWro markis aRiarebis
uzrunvelyofa calkeul qveyanaSi da mTeli rigi sxva sa-
muSaoebis ganxorcieleba, rac mniSvnelovan danaxarjeb-
Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. yovelive amis gakeTeba ki SeeZ-
lod ZiriTadad mxolod msxvil kompaniebs. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi ki, rodesac swrafad viTardeba saerTaSoriso
vaWroba komunikaciis eleqtronuli saSualebebis gamo-
yenebiT, metad kargi axali SesaZleblobebi Seeqmna mcire
kompaniebsac sazRvargareTis bazrebze gasasvlelad. am-
Jamad, kargad damuSavebuli Web-gverdi SesaZleblobas aZlevs nebismier kompanias, misi sididids miuxedavad, Se-
1 Гриффин Р., Пастей М., Международный бизнес, и.е. изд. англ., под ред, А. Г. Медведева, СПБ.: Питер, 2006. стр.47
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aRwios sazRvargareTis bazrebze da gaafarToos kidec
calkeul qveyanaSi misi fizikuri yofnis gareSe. aseTi
SesaZlebloba arsebiTad amartivebs mcire kompanias
msoflio bazarze gasvlis process. garda amisa, axali in-
formaciuli teqnologiebis, kerZod, internetis gamoye-
neba mcire firmebs saSualebas aZlevs Seamciron dana-
xarjebi da warmatebiT gauwion konkurencia msxvil kom-
paniebs. es dasturdeba sxvadasxva praqtikuli magaliTe-
biT. mcire firmebSi zemoT aRniSnulis warmatebiT gan-
xorcieleba ki aucileblad moiTxovs menejerebis mier
saerTaSoriso biznesis safuZvlebis dauflebas.
saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis aucileblobis ki-
dev erTi mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ucxour bazreb-
ze gasuli kompaniis menejerebma ar unda dauSvan momaval
konkurentebTan CamorCena. Tanamedrove pirobebSi stu-
dentebi, romlebic swavloben bizness umaRles saswav-
leblebSi (gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba evropis qveynebs),
aucileblad euflebian ucxo enebs, bevrs mogzauroben
sazRvargareT da sxvadasxva qveynebSi muSaobisas iZenen
praqtikul gamocdilebas. bevr universitetSi menejmen-
tis programebiT gaTvaliswinebulia erTi semestriT
ucxo qveyanaSi studentis gasvla. aseve studentebi,
romlebic ganaTlebas Rebuloben aziis qveynebSi, cdi-
loben Rrmad Seiswavlon sxva qveynebis bazrebi da kul-
tura. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba CrdiloeT amerikis qvey-
nebs da evropas.
aseve, saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavla aucilebelia
imisaTvis, rom viyoT marTvis teqnologiebis sferoSi
miRweuli warmatebebis saqmis kursSi. magaliTad, iaponi-
aSi damuSavda da praqtikaSi dainerga materialuri mara-
gebis marTvis axali meTodi, romelmac miiRo saxelwode-
ba ,,zustad droulad~ (,,zustad droSi~) (IT, juast-in-time). am sistemis muSaobisas momwodeblebi valdebulni arian
uzrunvelyon kompania ZiriTadi resursebiT miTiTebul
misamarTze maTze moTxovnis warmoSobis mixedviT. iseTi
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13
kompaniebi, rogoricaa Volvo, romelic mdebareobs evro-paSi da Honda, mdebare iaponiaSi, iyvnen im kompaniaTa ricxvSi, romlebmac pirvelebma gamoscades Sromis orga-
nizaciis iseTi axali meTodebi, rogoricaa uflebamosi-
lebaTa delegireba, xarisxis wreebi, avtonomiuri da
mravalfunqciuri muSa jgufebi. am meTodebis danergvis
mizani iyo muSakTa Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da Tavisi
samuSaoTi kmayofilebis donis amaRleba.
zogadi TvalsazrisiT (rac misaRebia msoflios yve-
la qveynisaTvis) saerTaSoriso biznesis Seswavlis auci-
lebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom amaRldes momavali mene-
jerebis kompetenturoba sxvadasxva qveynis kulturis
codnis sferoSi, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia kompaniam, ro-
melSic mocemuli menejeri muSaobs, miaRwios raime seri-
ozul warmatebas saerTaSoriso biznesSi. kompaniis saer-
TaSoriso biznesSi Cabma da misi Semdgomi ganviTareba mo-
iTxovs kompaniis menejerebis mier kontaqtebis damyare-
bas da mis gafarToebas kolegebTan, momxmareblebTan,
mimwodeblebTan, konkurentebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi imyofebian da gansxvavebuli kulturuli mem-
kvidreoba gaaCniaT. yvela maTganTan ki normaluri biz-
nes-urTierTobebis damyareba SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu me-
nejers ar ecodineba maTi kulturuli Taviseburebani.
amrigad, zemoT CamoTvlili saerTaSoriso biznesis
Seswavlis ZiriTadi mizezebi gaTvaliswinebul unda iq-
nes msoflios nebismieri qveynis kompaniis xelmZRvane-
lobis mier. magram, amasTan erTad, saWiroa am mizezebis
gansazRvrisas angariSi gaewios mocemuli qveynis im spe-
cifikur socialur-ekonomikur, politikur, kulturul
Taviseburebebsac, romlebic mas gaaCnia mocemul situa-
ciaSi. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso biznesis
Seswavlis aucileblobis mizezebs SeiZleba daematos
zogierTi sxva mizezi, romelic ganpirobebulia im gan-
sxvavebuli faqtorebiT, rac aq moqmedebs. kerZod, gaT-
valiswinebuli unda iqnes is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos
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14
damoukideblad saerTaSoriso bazarze gasvlis saSuale-
ba sul axlaxan, socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg
mieca da pirvelad uxdeba saerTaSoriso biznesTan dakav-
Sirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavla, rac kidev ufro aZlie-
rebs saqarTveloSi studentebis mier am disciplinis Ses-
wavlis aucileblobas.
1.3. saerTaSoriso biznesis formebi
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mewarmeTa (saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis mwarmoebelTa) Soris ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebis Casaxva da ganviTareba, istoriuli Tval-
sazrisiT, eqsport-importis formiT daiwyo. SemdgomSi
ki msoflioSi farTod gavrcelda saerTaSoriso bizne-
sis sxva formebic.
eqsport-importi gulisxmobs qveynebs Soris sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlaTa erTobliobas, rome-
lic ZiriTadad urTierTsargeblianobisa da Sromis sa-
erTaSoriso danawilebis princips efuZneba. msoflioSi
mimdinare mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresi da qveyne-
bis ekonomikaSi momxdari struqturuli cvlilebebi,
rac aRrmavebs warmoebis specializacias, iwvevs saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis (eqsport-importis) gaaqtiurebas. eq-
sport-importi, romlic ganisazRvreba qveynebs Soris
sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis nakadebis moZraobiT, ufro
maRali tempiT izrdeba, vidre maTi warmoeba. es ki, Tavis
mxriv, xels uwyobs warmoebis ganviTarebas.
sagareo vaWrobaSi saqarTvelo iyenebs ar Ric-
xvis ,,zogad meTods~, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis eqsport-
importis aRricxvis kriteriums misi qveynis sabaJo saz-
Rvris gadakveTa warmoadgens. eqsporti aRricxulia FOB, anu esportiori qveynis frankosazRvris fasebSi. impor-
ti aRricxulia CIF, anu importiori qveynis franko-saz-
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15
Rvris fasebSi, rac niSnavs, rom saqonlis fasSi CarTulia
importiori qveynis sazRvramde misi transportirebisa
da dazRvevis xarjebi.
yvela saeqsporto-saimporto operacia iyofa or
jgufad. pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba saqonliT (materia-
luri produqtebiT) vaWroba, rogoricaa nedleuli, ma-
salebi, avtomobilebi, tansacmeli, kompiuterebi da sxv.
zogierTi qveynis mTavrobis oficialur dokumentSi vaW-
robis aseTi tipi aRiniSneba terminiT ,,saqonlis eq-
sport-importi~ (magaliTad aSS-Si aRiniSneba ase
_ ,,Merchandise exports and imports~). zogierT qveyanaSi ki (didi britaneTi) am mizniT iyeneben termins ,,xiluli
vaWroba~ (,,visible trade~) saeqsporto-saimporto operacia-Ta meore jgufs miekuTvneba momsaxurebiT vaWroba (ara-
materialuri produqtebiT vaWroba), anu momsaxurebis
yvela saxe, romelic miekuTvneba momsaxurebis sferos,
rogoricaa safinanso-sakredito (sabanko) momsaxureba,
satransporto momsaxureba, saauditoro momsaxureba da
mravali sxv. vaWrobis am tips zogierT qveyanaSi ewode-
ba ,,momsaxurebis eqsport-importi~, xolo zogierTSi — ,,araxiluli (uxilavi) vaWroba~.
saerTaSoriso biznesis am formas, kerZod eqsports,
Zalian bevr SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
msxvili kompaniebis finansur warmatebaSi, radgan mTeli
rigi kompaniebis produqciisa da momsaxurebis gayidve-
bis ZiriTadi nawili sazRvargareTis damkveTebze (myid-
velebze) modis. magaliTad, kompania boingSi TviTmfri-
navebis komerciuli gayidvebis 53% ucxoel damkveTebze
modis, rac saSualebas iZleva Seiqmnas aTi aTasobiT sa-
muSao adgili TviT kompaniaSi da ufro meti — saTadari-go nawilebisa da detalebis mimwodebel firmebSi. aseve,
sakmaod xSirad sazRvargareTuli gayidvebi umniSvnelo-
vanes rols TamaSobs mcire kompaniebSic. eqsports aseve
didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia mTeli rigi qveynebis ekonomi-
kur cxovrebaSi — magaliTad, mTlian Sida produqtSi
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16
(mSp-Si) eqsportis xvedriTi wili 2008 wels Seadgenda: ni-
derlandebSi 65,1%, kanadaSi 43,3%, indoneziaSi 38,5, ger-
maniaSi 35,0%, safrangeTSi 28,2%, meqsikaSi 27,6%, did
britaneTSi 13,4%, braziliaSi 13,4%, indoeTSi 11,2%, ia-
poniaSi 10,4%, aSS-Si 10,3%. saqarTvelos aRniSnuli maC-
venebeli 2007 wels udrida 12,8%-s2.
ucxouri investiciebi warmoadgens saerTaSoriso
biznesis meore formas, romelsac gaaCnia iseTive didi
mniSvneloba, rogorc eqsport-imports. ucxouri inves-
ticiis ganxorcieleba niSnavs erTi qveynis rezidentis
mier meore qveynis rezidentisTvis kapitalis gadacemas
gamosayeneblad. erT-erTi midgomiT aseTi investiciebi
or jgufad iyofa: pirdapiri ucxouri da portfeluri
investiciebi. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciia aris da-
bandebuli kapitali, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva qveynebSi
sakuTrebis obieqtebis, aqtivebis da mTlianad kompanie-
bis Sesasyidad da realuri kontrolis gansaxorcieleb-
lad. portfeluri investiciia gamoiyeneba ucxouri fi-
nansuri aqtivebis (aqciebi, obligaciebi, depozituri
sertifikatebi) SesaZenad, romlis mizans ar warmoadgens
kontrolis ganxorcieleba.
saerTaSoriso saqmiani operaciebis (saerTaSoriso
biznesis) sxva formebidan aRsaniSnavia licenzireba,
frenSaizingi da mmarTvelobiTi kontraqtebi. licenzi-
reba saerTaSoriso biznesSi gvTavazobs xelSekrulebis
(kontraqtis) dadebas, romlis Tanaxmadac erT qveyanaSi
arsebuli kompania gascems licenzias sxva qveynaSi arse-
bul kompaniaze Tavisi aramaterialuri aqtivis (paten-
tis, savaWro markis, safirmo saxelwodebis, saavtoro
uflebis, warmoebis saidumloebis) gamoyenebaze, garkve-
uli Tanxis gadaxdis sanacvlod
2 Гриффин Р., Пастей М., Международный бизнес, изд. сангл., под ред, А. Г. Медведева, СПБ.: Питер, 2006. стр.51
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17
frenSaizingi aris licenzirebis gansakuTrebuli
forma, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erT qveyana-
Si arsebuli kompania (frenSaizeri) sxva qveyanaSi arse-
bul kompanias (frenSaizi) gadascems nebarTvas Tavisi
warmoebis teqnologiis, agreTve brendis, savaWro markis
da logotipis gamoyenebaze, risTvisac axdevinebs Sesaba-
mis Tanxas.
marTvelobiTi kontraqti — esaa SeTanxmeba, rom-lis Tanaxmad erTi qveynis kompania aZlevs sxva qveyanaSi
arsebul firmas Tanxmobas Tavisi kompaniis sawarmoo sim-
ZlavreTa marTvaze an sxva saxis mmarTvelobiT momsaxu-
rebaze gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis sanacvlod, rom-
lis sididec mieTiTeba kontraqtSi. mmarTvelobiTma
kontraqtma farTo gavrceleba hpova im SedarebiT ufro
msxvil kompaniebSi, romlebic funqcionireben sastum-
roebis biznesSi.
kompanias, romelic axorcielebs zemoT CamoTvlil
saqmian operaciebs, SeiZleba ewodos saerTaSoriso kom-
pania.
saerTaSoriso kompania — esaa nebismieri is organi-zacia, romelic Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs sazRvar-
gareTis qveynebis rezidentebTan, kerZod firmebTan an
saxelmwifo organizaciebTan dadebuli komerciuli ga-
rigebebis safuZvelze. esaa aseTi tipis kompaniis ufro
formaluri gansazRvreba.
termini ,,mravalerovnuli korporacia~, SemoklebiT
mek (Multinational Corporation, MNS) gamoiyeneba im kompaniis aRsaniSnavad, romelic aqtiuradaa Cabmuli saerTaSoriso
biznesSi. misi ufro zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba moxdes
Semdegnairad: mravalerovnulia korporaciaa, romelic
axorcielebs pirdapir ucxour investiciebs, agreTve
flobs sazRvargareTis qveynebSi ganlagebul kompaniebs
da akontrolebs maTSi Rirebulebis Seqmnis process. saz-
RvargareTuli aqtivebis flobasa da maTze kontrolis
ganxorcielebasTan erTad, mravalerovnuli korporacie-
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18
bi, rogorc wesi, yiduloben resursebs da awarmoeben pro-
duqcias da momsaxurebas mraval qveyanaSi, xolo Semdeg am
saqonelsa da momsaxurebas yidian msoflios sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi. mravalerovnuli korporaciebi saqmianobas ko-
ordinacias uweven saTao ofisebis meSveobiT. msoflios
umsxviles mravalerovnul korporaciebs miekuTvnebian
Wal-Mart (aSS), General Motors (aSS), Exxon Mobil (aSS), Royal Dutch/Shell Group (niderlandebi, didi britaneTi), BP (didi britaneTi), Ford-Motors (aSS), Daimler Chrsler (germania), Toyota Motors (iaponia) da sxv.
1.4. saerTaSoriso biznesi globalizaciis pirobebSi
me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi da ocdameerTe
saukuneSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrdam iseTi masStabi
miiRo, rom mravali mecnier-ekonomistis (espertis) az-
riT eWvs aRar iwvevs globalizaciis eris dadgoma. erT-
erTi midgomiT globalizacia — esaa ganuwyvetliv mim-dinare, bazrebis, suverenuli saxelmwifoebisa da teqno-
logiebis investiciebis myari procesi, romelic saSua-
lebas aZlevs calkeul pirebs, korporaciul da suvere-
nul saxelmwifoebs ufro swrafad, vidre odesme yofila,
minimaluri danaxarjebiT daamyaron Rrma kontaqtebi
mTeli msoflios masStabiT ganTavsebul partniorebTan.
ekonomikur literaturaSi gamoyofen mTel rig
faqtorebs, romlebmac gavlena iqonia msoflio ekonomi-
kisa da msoflios qveynebis integraciis gaZlierebaze. am
faqtorebidan umTavresia socialisturi sistemis daSla
80—iani wlebis bolos, ris Sedegad aRmoifxvra msofli-os komunistur da kapitalistur banakad dayofis praq-
tika. amis Semdgom periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurda
saerTaSoriso biznesi (samewarmeo saqmianoba) Ria baz-
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19
rebze, Semcirda saxelmwifoebis Careva ekonomikaSi da
daCqarda privatizaciis procesi. Semdeg faqtors warmo-
adgens teqnologiis srulyofis sferoSi miRweuli
progresi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo integraciis gaRmavebas.
msoflio ekonomikaze mowinave teqnologiis gavlenis
karg magaliTs internetis msoflio qselis Seqmna warmo-
adgens. garda amisa, ekonomikis globalizaciaSi didi ro-
li iTamaSa iseTma teqnologiurma siaxleebma, rogori-
caa fiWuri telefoni, personaluri kompiuterebi, Ta-
namgzavruli kavSirebi da a.S. yvelaferma aman daaCqara
kapitalis msoflio bazris formirebis procesi, eleq-
tronuli komerciis ganviTareba, momaragebis jaWvis Seq-
mna, agreTve saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso
investiciebis moculobis uprecedento zrda.
eqspertTa erTi jgufis azriT, globalizacia mig-
viyvans sazRvrebis gareSe msoflios Seqmnamde, romel-
Sic suverenuli saxelmwifoebi sul ufro da ufro da-
kargaven TavianT gavlenas. specialistTa meore jgufi
gamoTqvams eWvs am Sexedulebis mimarT. maTi azriT, ise-
Ti movlena, rogoricaa globalizaciis procesi da suve-
renuli saxelmwifoebis arseboba, darCeba Tanamedrove
cxovrebis ZiriTad, amasTan bevr SemTxvevaSi antagonis-
tur faqtorebad.
momaval aTwleulebSi erT-erTi urTulesi amocana,
romelic idgeba politikuri liderebisa da msxvili biz-
nesmenebis winaSe, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gagebuli da Se-
saZleblobis farglebSi SeTanxmebul iqnes globaluri
ekonomikis urTierTsawinaaRmdego, bevr SemTxvevaSi Se-
uTavsebeli moTxovnebi da msoflio qveynebis is intere-
sebi, romlebic am ekonomikis safuZvels Seadgens.
msoflio masStabiT, mravali eqspertis azriT,
globalizacias gaaCnia dadebiTi mxareebi, magram amave
dros igi araa dazRveuli naklovanebebisagan. saxeldobr,
sayovelTaodaa cnobili is faqti, rom ganviTarebuli
qveynebis kompaniebs TavianTi warmoeba pirvel rigSi ga-
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20
daaqvT ganviTarebadi qveynebis teritoriaze. sadac Sro-
miTi kanonmdebloba da garemos dacvis Sesaxeb arsebuli
normebi, danaxarjebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT, imdenad
msubuqia (aramkacria), rom TiTqmis ar arsebobs dacvis
(Sesrulebis) aucilebloba. amitom es kompaniebi Tavis
valdebulebad ar miiCneven maT Sesrulebas.
ukanasknel periodSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrda
yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino da STambeWdavi gaxda. magram au-
cileblad ismis kiTxva, Tu ram ganapiroba aseTi ganviTa-
rebis SesaZlebloba da ratom aris momavalSi saerTaSo-
riso biznesis kidev ufro metad ganviTarebis maRali al-
baToba? eqspertTa azriT, arsebobs am movlenis ori Zi-
riTadi mizezi: 1) kompaniis strategiuli miznebi (moT-
xovnebi), romlebic warmoadgenen globalizaciis proce-
sis gaRrmavebis motivatorebs da 2) saerTaSoriso bizne-
sis garemoSi momxdari cvlilebebi, romlebic xels uwyo-
bs globalizaciis procesis gaZlierebas.
aRniSnuli ZiriTadi mizezebidan gamomdinare, ar-
sebobs mTeli rigi sabazro mizezebi, romlebic aiZule-
ben kompaniebs gaxdnen ufro globalurebi rogorc gan-
viTarebis saerTo kursis, ise yoveldRiuri praqtikuli
sqmianobis kuTxiT. aseT strategiul mizezebs (upirate-
sobebs, imperativebs) miekuTvneba: kompniis sakvanZo upi-
ratesobebis (kompetenciebis) gamoyeneba, resursebis Se-
Zena ufro dabali fasiT, kompaniis axal bazrebze SeRwe-
va, Tavis dargSi ufro efeqtiani konkurenciis gaweva.
kompaniis sakvanZo upiratesobebis (kompentenci-
ebis) gamoyeneba. globalizaciis erTderT umniSvnelo-
vanes safuZvels sakvanZo kompetenciebis (upiratesoba-
Ta) ufro farTod gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba warmoad-
gens, romelTa ganviTarebac SeZlo kompaniam Sida bazar-
ze. sakvanZo kompetencia gansazRvravs im gansxvavebu-
lad gamorCeul Zlier mxares an upiratesobas, romelsac
pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba gaaCnia kompaniis warma-
tebuli saqmianobisTvis. axal bazarze sakvanZo kompen-
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21
tenciebis gamoyenebiT kompanias SeuZlia gazardos Tavi-
si Semosavali da mogeba. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviy-
vanoT sazRvargareTuli kompaniebi, radgan saqarTvelo-
Si aseTi kompaniebis moZebna metad gaZnelebulia. saxel-
dobr, kompaniaSi ,,nokia~ SeimuSaves fiWuri telefonebis
warmoebis uaxlesi teqnologia, romelic xalisiT iqna
miRebuli momxmareblis mier fineTis Siga bazarze. kom-
paniis xelmZRvaneloba male mixvda, rom Semosavlebis da
mogebis kidev ufro gadidebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda Tu
telefonebis warmoebasa da gayidvas gaafarToebda sxva
qveynebSic, rac warmatebiT iqna ganxorcielebuli. aseTi
magaliTebi SeiZleba mravlad iqnes dasaxelebuli.
resursebis SeZena ufro dabali fasiT. saerTaSo-
riso masStabiT biznesis ganxorcielebis kidev erTi um-
niSvnelovanesi safuZvelia dabal fasebad sawarmoo re-
sursebis (masalebis, samuSao Zlis, kapitalis, teqnolo-
giis) SeZenis aucilebloba. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi kompa-
niebi ganicdian sazRvargareTis qveynebSi resursebis Se-
Zenis mwvave moTxovnas, radganac adgilobriv bazarze
Sesabamisi resursebi an saerTod ar aris, an arasakmari-
sia moTxovnis srulyofilad dasakmayofileblad an ki-
dev Zviria sxva qveynis bazrebTan SedarebiT. amis magali-
Tebi Zalian bevria. magaliTad, iaponiis kompaniebi xis ma-
salebsa da xis nawarms yiduloben kanadaSi; msoflios
yvela qveynis kompaniebi navTobs yiduloben axalo aRmo-
savleTisa da afrikis qveynebSi da a.S.
gasaRebis axali bazrebis Zieba. biznesis gafarTo-
ebis mizniT gasaRebis axali bazrebis Ziebis aucileblo-
ba warmoadgens erTderT mniSvnelovan mizezs kompaniis
saerTaSoriso bazarze gasasvlelad. rodesac Siga baza-
ri, sadac kompania yidis Tavis produqcias, mTlianad ga-
jerebulia, am bazarze sul ufro Zneli xdeba maRali Se-
mosavlis miReba da mogebis zrda. amitom saWiroa Sesaba-
misi gzebis Zieba mocemuli produqciis gayidvebis gasa-
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22
farToveblad sazRvargareTis axal, formirebad bazar-
ze gasvlisaTvis.
dargSi konkurenciis ufro efeqturad warmar-
Tva. kompaniis sazRvargareTis gasaRebis bazarze gas-
vlis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgens survili imisa, rom aa-
maRlos konkurentunarianoba da konkurentuli brZo-
lis efeqtianoba im dargSi, romelSic igi moRvaweobs.
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, Tanamedrove kompaniebma
TavianTi biznesis warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis aucile-
belia gaiTvaliswinon biznesgaremoSi momxdari is cvli-
lebebi, romlebic aRmocenda meore msoflio omis, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki socialisturi sistemis daSlis, Semdgom pe-
riodSi. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is mudmivad mimdinare
cvllebebi, romlebic xdeba biznesis gare garemos Ziri-
Tadi faqtorebis mixedviT. saerTaSoriso biznesSi am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi faqtorebi,
rogoricaa politikuri garemos cvlileba, teqnologiu-
ri garemos cvlileba da a.S. anu am SemTxvevaSi igulis-
xmeba iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben qveynebis
sazRvrebs miRma arsebul makrogaremoSi da saerTaSori-
so mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. faqtobrivad, isini saerTaSo-
riso biznesgaremos faqtorebs warmoadgenen.
politikuri garemos cvlileba. meoce saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi vaWrobis gafarToebis mizniT kompanie-
bis sazRvrvargareTis axal bazrebze gasvlas xels uSli-
da sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebis mier SemoRebuli ba-
rierebi. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg bevrma qveyanam
(aSS, safrangeTi, did britaneTi, germania da a.S.) SemoiRo
tarifebi da kvotebi importul saqonelze. imavdrou-
lad xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmnes erovnul kompaniebs
saqonlis warmoebaze samTavrobo kontraqtebis SeTava-
zebiT. amis Sedegad 30-ian wlebSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobi-
sa da saerTaSoriso investiciebis moculoba arsebiTad
Semcirda. magram meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi
es praqtika mTlianad gadaisinja da vaWrobiT dakavebul
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23
ZiriTad qveynebs Soris moxda molaparakeba sabaJo tari-
febisa da kvotebis Semcirebis, agreTve am qveynebis te-
ritoriaze pirdapir ucxour investiciebze dawesebuli
SezRudvebis gauqmebis Taobaze. mravali am SeTanxmebi-
dan miRweul iqna tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb genera-
luri SeTanxmebis dadebis procesSi, agreTve vaWrobis
msoflio organizaciis Zalisxmevis Sedegad.
teqnologiuri garemos cvlileba. msoflios
qveynebis mTavrobebis mier teqnikuri da teqnologiuri
politikis sferoSi ganxorcielebulma pozitiurma
cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo saerTaSoriso biznesis ganvi-
Tarebas. ganakuTrebiT kavSirgabmulobis (komunikaciis)
sistemebis, satransporto saSualebebis da informaciis
damuSavebis saSualebebis sferoSi danergilma siaxleeb-
ma saerTaSoriso biznesi ufro advilad gansaxorciele-
beli da momgebiani gaxada.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
1. ra aris saerTaSoriso biznesi? 2. riT gansxvavdeba saerTaSoriso biznesi qveynis Sig-
niT ganxorcielebuli biznesisgan?
3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs studentebis mier `saerTaSoriso biznesis~ Seswavlas?
4. saerTaSoriso biznesis ganxorcielebis ra ZiriTadi formebi arsebobs amJamad msoflioSi?
5. riT gansxvavdeba saqonlis eqsport-importi momsaxu-rebis eqsportisa da importisgan?
6. rogoria portfeluri investiciebi? 7. daasaxeleT saerTaSoriso biznesis gafarToebis Zi-
riTadi mizezebi.
8. ra gavlenas axdens interneti saerTaSoriso biznes-ze?
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24
9. ra ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba arsebobdes erov-nul da saerTaSoriso kompaniebs Soris?
literatura:
1. Sengelia T., globaluri biznesi, Tb., 2010; 2. gigiaSvili o., strategiuli menejmenti, Tb., 1998; 3. jolia g., sagareo-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, Tb.,
2005; 4. Гриффин Р., Пастей М., Международный бизнес, 4-е изд., Пер.
сангл., под ред. А.Г. Медведева, СПБ.: Питер, 2006.
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25
Tavi II
saerTaSoriso bazrebi da biznessaqmianobis ZiriTadi centrebi
Sesaswavli sakiTxebi:
1. CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi; 2. dasavleT evropis qveynebis bazrebi; 3. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebis bazrebi; 4. aziis qveynebis bazrebi; 5. afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis bazrebi; 6. samxreT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi.
mokle mimoxilva
Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso biznessa da eko-
nomikaSi lideri poziciebi ukavia aSS-s, evrokavSirs, Ci-
neTsa da iaponias. evrokavSiri warmoadgens msoflioSi
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan eq-
sportiorsa da importiors. eqsportis moculobiT ev-
rokavSirs ukavia I adgili msoflioSi (mxolod calke
aRebuli germania msoflios #1 eqsportiori iyo 2003-
2008 wlebSi, xolo 2009 wels #2 eqsportioria. 2009 wels
CineTze modioda saqonlis msoflio eqsportis 9,6%,
germaniaze — 9%, aSS-ze — 8,5%, iaponiaze 4,7% da safran-
geTze 3,8%. aseve, aSS-ze modioda saqonlis msoflio im-
portis 12,7%, CineTze — 8%, germaniaze — 7,4%, safran-
geTze — 4,4% da iaponiaze — 4,4%3.
3 Eurostat. Statistische Bücher. Europa in Zahlen. Eurostat Jahrbuch 2008. Europäische Gemeinschaften, 2008.
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26
Tanamedrove etapze msoflioSi ekonomikuri da
biznessaqmianoba ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia qveynebis
jgufSi, romelsac ewodeba ,,sameuli~ (am qveynebSi Sedian
evrokavSiris qveynebi, aSS da iaponia) an ,,oTxeuli~ (,,sa-
meulis~ qveynebi plus CineTi. ,,oTxeulis~ qveynebi awar-
moeben msoflios mSp-is mniSvnelovan nawils. araerTi
cnobili eqsperti darwmunebulia imaSi, rom Tu msxvili
tnk-ebi da tnb-ebi miznad isaxaven gauswron ZiriTad kon-
kurentebs TavianT dargSi, maSin isini unda iyvnen konku-
rentunarianebi ,,oTxeulis~ qveynebis bazarze. mravalma
tnk-m aRiara globaluri masStabiT konkurentunariani
brZolis warmoebis mniSvneloba sakuTari produqciis
momxmarebelTa segmentis gafarToebis mizniT. globalu-
ri strategiuli azrovneba tipuria iseT dargebSi, ro-
goricaa aviagadazidvebi, sabaJo saqme, fasian qaRalde-
biT vaWroba, saavtomobilo mrewveloba, gamoTvliTi
teqnikis warmoeba- realizacia da sxv.
cxrili 2.1. evrokavSiris, aSS-isa da iaponiis mSp (1999-2007 mlrd evro,
2009 w mlrd aSS dolari)
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009
evrokav-
Siri 27 8,558 9,173 9,549 9,911 10,077 10,577 11,035 11,641 12,304 16,447
aSS 8,696 10,629 11,309 11,072 9,690 9,395 9,985 10,496 10,075 14,256
iaponia 4,102 5,057 4,580 4,162 3,744 3,707 3,666 3,485 3,197 5,068
es ar niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso biznesis sferos me-
nejerebs SeeZloT ,,oTxeulis~ qveynebis farglebs gareT
arsebuli bazrebis ignorireba. gavlili ori aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi am bazrebidan mravali izrdeba gacilebiT
ufro swrafi tempiT, vidre ,,oTxeulis” qveynebis bazre-
bi. saerTaSoriso kompaniebis menejerebi unda flobdnen
biznesis sawarmoeblad SesaZleblobaTa yovelmxriv da
Rrma gagebas eqvsive kontinentze. swored amitom moce-
mul TavSi: ,,saerTaSoriso bazrebi da biznessaqmianobis
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27
ZiriTadi centrebi~ warmodgenilia msoflios calkeuli
bazris mokle mimoxilva.
ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis sagareo
savaWro-ekonomikur kavSirebSi erT-erT gadamwyvet
rols asruleben tnk-ebi. 2009 wels msoflios 500 umsxvi-
les kompaniaTa Soris aSS-ze modis 140 kompania, iaponia-
ze — 68, safrangeTze — 40, germaniaze — 39, CineTze — 37,
didi britaneTze — 26, Sveicariaze — 15, niderlandebze —
12, espaneTze — 11, italiaze — 10, SvedeTze — 6, belgiaze —
5 da a.S4.
2.1. CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis bazrebi
CrdiloeT amerikas miekuTvneba iseTi qveynebi, ro-
goricaa: aSS, kanada, meqsika, agreTve, centraluri ameri-
ka da karibis auzis qveynebi. es qveynebi awarmoeben msof-
lio mSp-is mniSvnelovan nawils.
aSS
aSS-s mesame adgili ukavia msoflioSi mosaxleobis
raodenobis (CineTisa da indoeTis Semdeg) da meoTxe ad-
gili — teritoriis (ruseTis, kanadis da CineTis Semdeg)
mixedviT; aSS-s aqvs msoflioSi yvelaze didi ekonomika.
2009 wels aSS-is mSp-ma 14,2 trln aSS dolari Seadgina.
aSS-s gaaCnia erT sul mosaxleze CrdiloeT amerikis
qveynebs Soris Semosavlis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli.
teritoriisa da ekonomikur-politikuri stabilurobis
wyalobiT, aSS-s, romlis wilad modis msoflio saqonli-
sa da momsaxurebis vaWrobis mniSvnelovani nawili. aSS
mniSvnelovani bazaria ganviTarebadi ekonomikis mqone
qveynebisTvisac. aseve, aSS dolari warmoadgens msofli-
os #1 sarezervo da saangariSsworebo saSualebas.
4 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/countries/US.html
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28
2008 wels aSS-is saqonlis eqsportis moculobam
1300 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 2165 mlrd aSS
dolari Seadgina.
cnobilia, rom tnk-ebi did zegavlenas axdenen saer-
TaSoriso savaWro da sainvesticio saqmianobaze. 2008
wels msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias Soris yvela-
ze meti 153 swored aSS-is iyo. aseve, araerTi umsxvilesi
korporaciiis Stab-bina aSS-is teritoriazea. amJamad
msoflioSi yvelaze umxvilesi korporaciaa Wal–Mart Stores, romlis gayidvebma 379 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo mo-gebam 12,7 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina.
kanada
kanadas ukavia meore adgili msoflioSi teritori-
is farTobis mixedviT, xolo qveynis mosaxleoba Seadgens
mxolod 34 mln adamians.
kanada msoflios erT-erTi umsxvilesi eqsportio-
ri da importiori qveyanaa. 2008 wels kanadis saqonlis
eqsportis moculobam 455 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo im-
portma — 408 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina. kanadis mSp-ma
2008 wels 1,5 trln aSS dolari Seadgina.
eqsportis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sasaqonlo jgu-
febia: xe-tyis resursebi, navTobi, sasrgeblo wiaRiseu-
li, xorbali da sxv. aSS kanadis saqonlis gasaRebis Ziri-
Tadi bazaria; aSS-is wilad modis kanadis eqsportis wli-
uri moculobis sam meoTxedze meti. kanadis eqsportis
79% da importis 55% aSS-ze modis.
bolo wlebSi kanada izidavs saerTaSoriso investo-
rebs aSS-is udides bazarTan Tavisi siaxlovis gamo, ag-
reTve, politikuri da sakanonmdeblo sistemis stabilu-
robis wyalobiT. kanadis maRalganviTarebul infrastuq-
turas, agreTve, misi ganaTlebis sistemas Seaqvs TavianTi
wvlili qveynis ekonomikis rentabelobis uzrunvelyo-
faSi. msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias Soris 14 mo-
dis kanadaze.
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29
meqsika
meqsika, romelic amJamad aris erT-erTi yvelaze
msxvili espanurenovani qveyanaa, gamoacxada Tavisi damo-
ukidebloba XX saukunis dasawyisSi. meqsika sapreziden-
to saxelmwifoa, magram meqsikaSi mTavrobis meTauris
prezidentis arCeva xdeba eqvs weliwadSi erTxel. XX sau-
kunis naxevris ganmavlobaSi meqsikis mTavrobam danerga
ekonomikuri nacionalizmis programa, romelic Sesabami-
sad meqsikaSi ar iqna waxalisebuli ucxouri investicie-
bi da SemoRebul iqna sagareo vaWrobaze maRali satari-
fo SezRudvebi, romlebsac miznad hqondaT adgilobrivi
kompaniebis dacva. magram ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi meqsikis mTavrobam uari Tqva aseT ekonomi-
kur politikaze da gaixsna qveynis bazrebi ucxouri sa-
qonlisa da investiciisaTvis.
aTasobiT ucxour kompanias meqsikaSi gaxsnili aqvs
filialebi da Sesabamisad xels uwyoben qveynis socia-
lur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
2008 wels meqsikis saqonlis eqsportis moculobam
291 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 309 mlrd aSS do-
lari Seadgina (msoflio eqsportis 2,8 da importis 3%)5.
meqsikis mSp-ma 2008 wels 1,1 trln aSS dolari Seadgina.
msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias Soris meqsikaze
modis mxolod.
centraluri amerikisa da karibis auzis qveynebi
aSS-is, kanadisa da meqsikis garda, CrdiloeT ameri-
kis kontinentze ganTavsebulia kidev ori aTeuli qveyana,
romlebic iyofian or kategoriad geografiuli mdebare-
obis mixedviT: centraluri amerika da karibis auzis kun-
Zulovani saxelmwifoebi. am qveynebis mosaxleobis saer-
5 Eurostat. Statistische Bücher. Europa in Zahlen. Eurostat Jahrbuch 2008. Europäische Gemeinschaften, 2008.
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30
To raodenoba 75 mln-s Seadgens, rac TiTqmis orjer aRe-
mateba kanadis mosaxlebis raodenobas. am qveynebis saga-
reo ekonomikur urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovani pozicie-
bi ukavia aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas.
2.2. dasavleT evropis qveynebis bazrebi
dasavleT evropis qveynebi miekuTvnebian msoflio-
Si erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli, bendieri da gabrwyi-
nebuli qveynebis ricxvs. es qveynebi ipyroben biznesmen-
Ta yuradRebas, romlebic cdiloben sakuTari produq-
ciis gayidvas am bazrebis msyidvelunarian mosaxleobaze.
dasavleT evropis qveynebi SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad:
qveynebi, romlebic arian evrokavSiris wevrebi da regio-
nis sxva qveynebi.
cnobilia, rom evrokavSirma daarsebidan dRemde eq-
vsi warmatebuli gafarToeba ganicada da misi wevri sa-
xelmwifoebis raodenoba 6-dan (belgia, safrangeTi, ger-
maniis federaciuli respublika, italia, luqsemburgi
da niderlandebi), 27 mde gaizarda6:
pirveli gafarToeba (1973 w.). eqvs damfuZnebel qve-
yanas Soris integraciuli procesebis warmatebam motiva-
cia misca danias, irlandiasa da gaerTianebul samefos,
rom SeetanaT ganacxadi evropul TanamegobrobaSi gawev-
rianebis Sesaxeb. 1973 wlis 1 ianvars ganxorcielda pirve-
li gafarToeba da Tanamegobrobis wevri qveynebis ricxvi
eqvsidan cxramde gazarda. meore gafarToeba (1981 w.).
1981 wlis 1 ianvars evropul Tanamegobrobas SeuerTda
saberZneTi da wevrTa raodenoba aTamde gaizarda. mesame
6 Weidenfeld, Werner (Hrsg.): Europa Handbuch. 2. Aufl. Gütersloh, Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2002. Die EU in der Welt. Die Außenpolitik der Europäischen Union. Europäische Kommission, Luxemburg, 2007.
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31
gafarToeba (1986 w.). 1986 wlis 1 ianvars Tanamegobroba-
Si gaerTianda kidev ori qveyana — espaneTi da portuga-
lia. Sesabamisad wevrTa raodenoba 12-mde gaizarda. me-
oTxe gafarToeba (1995 w.). 1995 wlis 1 ianvars evrokav-
Sirs SeuerTda kidev sami qveyana — avstria, fineTi da
SvedeTi. wevrTa raodenoba 15 gaxda.
mexuTe gafarToeba (2004 w.). mexuTe gafarToeba
yvelaze masStaburi iyo. evrokavSirs SeuerTda 10 axali
wevri qveyana: estoneTi, latvia, litva, poloneTi, Cexe-
Ti, slovakeTi, ungreTi, slovenia, kviprosi da malta.
2004 wlis 1 maisidan evrokavSiri ukve 25 wevr qveyanas iT-
vlis. meeqvse gafarToeba (2007 w.). 2007 wlis 1 ianvridan
evrokavSirs bulgareTi da rumineTi SeuerTdnen da ga-
erTianebis wevri qveynebis raodenoba 27-mde gaizarda.
Tanamedrove etapze regionul integraciul daj-
gufebaTa Soris yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli evropuli
integraciaa. misi mamoZravebeli Zala upirveles yovlisa
savaWro-ekonomikuri integraciaa, romelic iTvaliswi-
nebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas, mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas da saerTaSoriso Taname-
gobrobaSi kavSiris poziciis gaZlierebas.
evrokavSiris ganviTarebis erT-erTi pozitiuri mo-
menti isaa, rom misi wevrebis ekonomikam integrirebis ma-
Ral xarisxs miaRwia. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qveyanaT-
Sorisi vaWrobis wili am qveynebis sagareo vaWrobaSi. es
maCvenebeli aseve swrafad izrdeba axal wevr qveynebSi.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sa-
erTo bazari, kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis Tavisufali
gadaadgileba, wevri qveynebis SeTanxmebuli ekonomikuri
politika, erToblivi valuta, savaluto politika da sxv.
dasavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebic evrokavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi ar arian: islandia, Sveicaria, andora,
monako da lixSenSteini.
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32
2.3. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis
qveynebis bazrebi
msoflios arcerT regions ar ganucdia iseTi mniS-
vnelovani da kardinaluri cvlilebebi ekonomikaSi, ro-
gorc aRmosavleT da centralur evropis qveynebs, rom-
lebic amJamad gadian komunizmidan sabazro urTierTo-
bebze gadasvlis mtkivneul gzas. 1991 wels sabWoTa kav-
Siris daSlis Sedegad aRmosavleT evropaSi gaCnda 15 da-
moukidebeli saxelmwifo. centraluri evropis Semadgen-
lobaSi Sedian iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa albaneTi, av-
stria, agreTve, bulgareTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, ungreTi,
poloneTi da rumineTi. garda amisa, centralur evropaSi
Sedian Semdegi saxelmwifoebic: bosnia da hercogovina,
xorvatia, makedonia, slovenia, agreTve, serbia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli jgufis qveynebis erTma
nawilma moaxerxa evrokavSirTan daaxloeba da gawevria-
neba.
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri
(ssrk) gaCnda ruseTis imperiis daSlis Sedegad, romelic
mohyva mis marcxs pirvel msoflio omSi. istoriuli wya-
roebidan cnobilia, rom 1917 wels komunisturma partiam
moipova kontroli ruseTis mTavrobaze da muSebisa da
glexebis saxeliT daafuZna sabWoTa kavSiri. komunisteb-
ma akrZales sabazro sistema, gaauqmes kerZo sakuTreba,
agreTve, ganaxorcieles qveynis vrceli, mdidari miwebis
koleqtivizacia. yvela am moqmedebam saSualeba misca maT
SeemcirebinaT mefis mmarTvelobis dros arsebuli Semo-
savlebis udidesi uTanasworoba. am mimarTulebiT komu-
nistebis warmatebebis miuxedavad, qveynis mosaxleobis
cxovrebis done mniSvnelovnad ufro dabali iyo dasav-
leTis demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi cxovrebis dones-
Tan SedarebiT.
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33
1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas mohyva 15 res-
publikis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. 1992 wels
12 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo (baltiispireTis qveynebis
— estoneTis, latviisa da litvis garda) daaarsa damou-
kidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT). aRniSnul
qveynebSi ruseTs ukavia pirveli adgili msoflioSi te-
ritoriis mixedviT (msoflio farTobis 11,5%), mecxre
adgili mosaxelobis raodenobiT (142 mln kaci), mSp-is
moculobiT merve adgili (1,7 trln aSS dolari). qveyana
mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, maT Soris, oqroTi, nav-
TobiT, bunebrivi airiT, sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT, alma-
sebiT da sxv
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas mohyva integraciuli pro-
cesebi yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi, rasac Tan axlda
garkveuli sirTuleebi. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Ta-
namegobroba daarsda 1991 wlis 8 dekembers q. minskSi ru-
seTs, belaruss da ukrainas Soris gaformebuli xelSek-
rulebis safuZvelze. maT miiRes gadawyvetileba sabWoTa
kavSiris funqcionirebis Sewyvetisa da damoukidebel sa-
xelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 1991 wlis
bolos ki yazaxeTSi dafiqsirda dsT-Si monawile saxel-
mwifoebi: ruseTi, belarusi, ukraina, yazaxeTi, yirgize-
Ti, moldova, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, TurqmeneTi, azerbai-
jani da somxeTi. saqarTvelo dsT-s SeuerTda 1993 wlis 3
dekembers dsT-is Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis safuZvel-
ze. dsT-is Stab-bina mdebareobs q. minskSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom 2008 wlis 14 agvistos qarTulma mxarem miiRo gadaw-
yvetileba dsT-dan gamosvlis Sesaxeb.
centraluri evropa
centraluri evropis qveynebi, romlebmac gaiziares
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri kursi, waawydnen
seriozul problemebs centraluri evropis qveynebSi
komunisturi mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg. sabWoTa kavSi-
ris mier Seqmnili sagareo vaWrobis regionuli sistema
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34
daiSala da yofili ssrk-is saxelmwifo — satelitebs mo-
uxdaT garantirebul saeqsperto bazrebis dakargvasTan
Segueba. centraluri evropis qveynebi, iZulebulni iy-
vnen moexdinaT TavianTi ekonomikis restruqturizacia
da gadasuliyvnen centraluri dagegmvis sabazro siste-
maze.
CexeTis respublikam, ungreTma da poloneTma arse-
biTad gansazRvres centraluri evropis sxva qveynebi
ekonomikis restruqturizaciis sakiTxebSi, Tumca yvela
isini ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gziT wavidnen. am qveynebma
ufro meti pirdapiri ucxouri investicia moizides, vid-
re es maTma mezoblebma moaxerxes. garda amisa, CexeTis
respublika, ungreTi da poloneTi gaxdnen eTgo-sa, na-
to-s wevrebi. 2004 wels ki es qveynebi warmatebiT Seuer-
Tdnen evrokavSirs.
albaneTSi, bulgareTsa da rumineTSi ekonomikuri
reformebi mimdinareobda SedarebiT neli tempiT. qvey-
nebSi, romlebic Sediodnen yofili iugoslaviis Semad-
genlobaSi, Seiqmna SedarebiT ufro mZime situacia. mxo-
lod sloveniam SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina qaosi, rome-
lic Tan axlda iugoslaviis daSlas. 2007 wels bulgare-
Ti da rumineTi SeuerTdnen evrokavSirs.
2.4. aziis qveynebis bazari
azia, romlis teritoriaze cxovrobs mTeli msof-
lios mosaxleobis naxevarze meti, awarmoebs msoflio
mSp-is 25%-s, magram metad mzardia aziis roli saerTaSo-
riso biznesSi. am regionSi iwarmoeba rogorc maRalxa-
risxiani, ise dabalxarisxiani produqcia. garda amisa, es
regioni aris kvalificiuri da arakvalificiuri samuSao
Zalis wyaro. erTi mxriv, azia warmoadgens tnk-ebidan uc-
xouri investiciebis ZiriTad mimRebs. meore mxriv, regi-
oni aris aziis farglebs gareT arsebul qveynebSi kapita-
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35
lis mTavari mimwodebeli. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania is
faqti, rom aziis qveynebis mewarmeebi sul ufro mkacr
konkurencias uwevdnen CrdiloeT amerikisa da evropis
qveynebis kompaniebs, rac aiZulebs am qveynebis mewarme-
ebs gazardon sakuTari sawarmoebis mwarmoebluroba da
gaaumjobeson produqciis xarisxi.
iaponia
meore msoflio omis Semdeg iaponia, kunZulovani
saxelmwifo, romlis mosaxleobaa 127 mln, aRdga nangre-
vebidan da gaxda qveyana, romelsac ekonomikuri maCveneb-
lebiT meore adgili ukavia msoflioSi (2008 wels iaponi-
is mSp-ma Seadgina 4,9 trln aSS dolari), agreTve, iapo-
nia ,,oTxeulis~ erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani wevria.
ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis swrafi ganvi-
Tareba nawilobriv aisaxeba mWidro urTierTobiT ekono-
mikis samrewvelo seqtors, sagareo vaWrobisa da mrewve-
lobis saministros Soris (ekonomikis, vaWrobisa da mrew-
velobis saministro). saministro iyenebda mTel Tavis
oficialur Zalauflebas, agreTve, araoficialur ber-
ketebs, raTa moexdina qveynis saukeTeso kompaniebis sa-
warmoo da sainvesticio strategiis swori mimarTule-
biT orientireba. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis Semdeg
saministrom rekomendacia misca iaponiis kompaniebs, dae-
bandebinaT saxsrebi mrewvelobis iseT sabazo dargebSi,
rogorebicaa: avtomSenebloba, foladis mrewveloba da
gemTmSenebloba. mas Semdeg, rac sxva qveynis kompaniebma,
agreTve, daiwyes aqtiurad moqmedeba am dargebSi, iaponi-
is tnk-ebma aqcenti gadaitanes avtomobilebis, sayofac-
xovrebo eleqtronikisa da sawarmoo mowyobilobebis
warmoebaze.
XXI saukunis dasawyisidan iaponiis ekonomikuri
zrdis tempi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 1990 wlidan dawye-
buli mSp-is zrdis saSualo — wliurma tempma Seadgina
1,3% (aSS-Si es maCvenebeli udris 3,5%-s, kanadaSi - 3%-s).
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36
mravali eqsperti SeSfoTebulia imiT, rom iaponiis ro-
gorc ekonomikur, ise politikur sistemas ar SeuZlia
sakmaod swrafad eleqtronuli komerciis swraf ganvi-
TarebasTan dakavSirebiT msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdina-
re cvlilebebiTan Segueba. garda amisa, eqspertTa nawi-
li akritikebs iaponiis moqmed savaWro politikas arasa-
marTliani meTodebis gamoyenebisTvis, sagareo bazris
saeqsporto saqonlebis gayidvis mizniT, iyenebs ra amave
dros mravalricxovan arasatarifo barierebs imisaTvis,
rom SezRudos Siga bazarze saqonelTa importi.
avstralia da axali zelandia
avstralia da axali zelandia — es ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT tradiciulad ori Zlieri saxelmwifoa.
kulturuli memkvidreobis erTobis miuxedavad, am or
qveyanas Soris, aris mravali arsebiTi gansxvaveba. av-
straliis mosaxleoba Seadgens 21 mln kacs, romlis Ziri-
Tadi nawili cxovrobs 2,97 mln kvadratuli milis far-
Tobis teritoriaze. radgan kontinentis umetesi nawi-
lis klimati mSralia, avstraliis TiTqmis mTeli mosax-
leoba koncentrirebulia ufro notio sanapiro raio-
nebSi. avstralia mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, magram
amave dros ganicdis samuSao Zalis naklebobas. Sedegad,
praqtikulad saqonlis eqsportis mTeli moculoba, ro-
melic 2007 wels 100 mlrd evro, xolo importma 124
mlrd evro. eqsportSi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia: buneb-
rivi resursebi (oqro, rkinis madani, qvanaxSiri), agreTve,
sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia (Sali, xorci da xorba-
li) da sxv. aqve SevniSnavT, rom avstralia teritoriis
sididiT msoflioSi meeqvse adgilzea, masze modis msof-
lio farTobis 5,2%.
axali zelandiis oTxmilioniani mosaxleoba cxov-
robs or kunZulze — ufro mWidrod dasaxlebul Crdi-
loeT kunZulze da ufro Tvalwarmtac samxreT kunZul-
ze, romlis klimati arc iseTi zomieria, rogorc Crdi-
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37
loeT kunZulis klimati. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Care-
vis Sewyvetis, agreTve, 1980-ian wlebSi saxalxo meurneo-
bis privatizaciis procesis ganxorcielebis Sedegad
axalma zelandiam moipova msoflioSi sabazro ekonomika-
ze orientirebuli politikis maqsimalurad gamoyenebi-
saken globaluri Semobrunebis erT-erTi lideris repu-
tacia. saqonliT vaWrobas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs qveynisTvis. eqsportis moculobam Seadgina
mSp-is 28%. axali zelandiis eqsportis naxevarze meti
modis saZovrebis gamoyenebis bazaze warmoebul produq-
ciaze. qveynis eqsportSi ZiriTad warmodgenilia: rZis
produqti, xorci da matyli. qveynebze, rogorebicaa av-
stralia, iaponia da aSS, axali zelandiis sagareo-savaW-
ro operaciaTa daaxloebiT naxevari modis.
,,oTxi vefxvi~. wynari okeanis azia _ msoflios
erT-erTi regionia, sadac mrewveloba viTardeba swrafi
tempiT. 1945 wlis Semdeg samxreT koream, taivanma, singa-
purma da hong kongma iseT did warmatebebs miaRwies, rom
isini msoflioSi erTad gaxdnen cnobili krebsiTi saxel-
wodebiT ,,oTxi vefxvi~. am qveynebs, axal industriul
qveynebsac uwodeben.
samxreT korea. koreis respublika, rogorc ufro
metad cnobilia saxelwodebiT ,,samxreT korea~, gaC-
nda ,,civi omis~ Sedegad, romelmac koreis naxevarkunZu-
li gayo or nawilad — komunistur CrdiloeT koread da
kapitalistur samxreT koread. 1953 wels koreis omis
dasrulebis Semdeg, samxreT korea gaxda msoflios erT-
erTi yvelaze swrafad ganviTarebuli qveyana.
2007 wels samxreT koreis saqonlis eqsportma 262
mlrd evro, xolo importma 253 mlrd evro Seadgina
(msoflio eqsportis 3,7 da importis 3,4%). qveynis mSp-ma
2008 wels 950 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina. msoflios 500
umsxviles korporacias Soris 15 modis samxreT koreaze.
samxreT koreis ekonomikur ganviTarebas xeli Seuw-
yo mWidro TanamSromlobam qveynis mTavrobasa da koreis
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38
ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareobis mqone daaxloe-
biT ocdaaT kerZo saojaxo segments Soris.
mravali mimarTulebiT koreis mTavrobas hqonda
mcdeloba miyoloda iaponuri kompaniebis mier gakva-
lul gzas, kerZod, gamoeyenebina iseTi meTodebi, rogo-
rebicaa eqsportis xelSewyoba, ekonomikis saxelmwifo
marTva da qveynis industrializacia msxvili ekonomiku-
ri gaerTianebebis bazaze. samwuxarod, koreis ekonomiku-
ri zrda SeaCera savaluto krizma, romeslac adgili
hqonda aziis qveynebSi 1997-1998 wlebSi. am krizisis Sede-
gad qveyana waawyda seriozul finansur sirTuleebs.
zogierTma koreulma kompaniam gaakeTa Sesabamisi
dakveTebi da krizisidan gamovida kidev ufro mtkice da
moqnili ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. ase magaliTad, ko-
mapania Samsung-ma, SezRuda korporaciuli interesebis sfero. kompaniis umaRlesma xelmZRvanelobam miiRo ga-
dawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom kompaniis mTeli resursis
mimarTva moexdinaT eleqtromowyobilobebis warmoebaze.
amJamad kompania Samsung liderobs mexsierebis mikros-qemebis, monitorebis, DVD-pleerebis, mobiluri tele-fonebis da sxvadasxva bazarze. miuxedavad amisa, krizi-
sidan gamosvlis procesi iyo sakmaod mtkivneuli, radgan
kompania Samsung-is xelmZRvanelobas mouxda Tavisi mu-Sakebis TiTqmis naxevris ganTavisufleba, agreTve, gaeyi-
da is qvedanayofebi, romlebic dakavebulebi iyvnen kom-
paniisTvis meorexarisxovani mniSvnelobis mqone saqmia-
nobis mimarTulebebiT. sxva kompaniebic, iseTebi, rogo-
rebic arian Hyundai da Daewoo, axlac awarmoeben brZo-las TavianTi yofili didebis aRsadgenad. maT imperiebis
zogierTi qvedanayofi miyides ucxoel mflobelebs,
sxvebi TavianT beds elodebian sasamarTloebSi gakotre-
bis Sesaxeb saqmeebis ganxilvisas.
taivani. taivani, romelic xSirad moxseniebulia,
rogorc CineTis respublika, patara saxelmwifoa, rom-
lis mosaxleoba Seadgens 22 mln kacs. ekonomikis ZiriTa-
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39
di komponentis saxiT kerZo saojaxo kompaniebis gamoye-
nebam agreTve, saeqsporto vaWrobaze orientaciam saSua-
leba misca taivans gamxdariyo erT-erTi qveyana, rome-
lic ukanaskneli sami aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi ukavia
lideris pozicia msoflioSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempe-
bis mixedviT: drois am monakveTis ganmavlobaSi qveynis
ekonomikuri zrdis saSualo wliurma maCvenebelma Sead-
gina 8%-ze meti. msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacias
Soris 5 modis taivanze
taivanis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempi imdenad
didi iyo, rom am qveyanas ukve ar SeeZlo ewarmoebina kon-
kurentuli brZola, rogorc dabalanazRaurebadi samu-
ao Zalis gamoyenebisas bazaze moqmedi samrewvelo cenrs.
swored amitom taivanuri kompaniebi bolo dros TavianT
Zalisxmevas mimarTavdnen ekonomikis ufro momgebian
dargebze, romlebic iZlevian saSualebas arsebiTad iq-
nes gazrdili dabandebuli resursebis Rirebuleba (ma-
galiTad, avtomobilebis gamoSvebasa da eleqtromowyo-
bilobebis warmoebaze). miuxedavad amisa, es kompaniebi
uwindeliviT saWiroebdnen dabalanseburad muSaobas. Ci-
neTsa da taivans Soris urTierTobebis problemebis miu-
xedavad, taivanis kompaniebi sul ufro met saxsrebs aban-
debdnen CineTis teritoriaze arsebul qarxnebSi, raTa
hqondeT ase aucilebeli dabalansebulad samuSao Zal-
Tan wvdoma.
singapuri. britaneTis yofili kolonia singapuris
respublika patara kunZulovani saxelmwifoa. imisaTvis,
rom daeZlia qronikuli umuSevroba, romelmac moicva
qveyana 1965 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Sedegad,
singapuris mTavroba Tavidanve gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas aniWebda mrewvelobis Sromatevadi dargebis gan-
viTarebas. msgavsi ekonomikuri politika aRmoCnda im-
dnad warmatebuli, rom male singapuri gadavida ekonomi-
kis ufro momgebian dargebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa nav-
Tobis gadamuSaveba da madnis qimiuri gamdidreba, agreT-
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40
ve, maralteqnologiur dargebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa
bioteqnologiuri da kompiuterebis warmoeba. 4,5 mln-ia-
ni singapuri amJamad ganicdis samuSao Zalis naklebobas.
singapuri mniSvnelovan warmatebebs aRwevs reeq-
sportis mimarTulebiT. singapuris kompaniebi moxerxe-
bulad sargeblobdnen SesaniSnavi saporto nagebobebisa
da mowyobilobebis upiratesobebiT da iyenebdnen maT
ucxouri saqonlis Semosatanad SemdgomSi am saqonlis
sxva qveynebSi (kerZod, mezobel malaiziaSi) gataniT.
garda imisa, rom singapuri aris navTobis gadamuSavebis
centri da mniSvnelovani porti, is kvalificur finansur
momsaxurebasa da kavSirgabmulobis sistemaTa sferos
sTavazobs wynari okeanis auzis qveynebs. singapuri male
gaxdeba maRali teqnologiebis regionuli centri.
singapuri msoflios erT-erTi umsxvilesi eqspor-
tioria. 2007 wels singapuris saqonlis eqsportis mocu-
lobam 212 mlrd evro, xolo importma — 181 mlrd evro
Seadgina (msoflio eqsportis 3% da importis 2,4%). sin-
gapuris mSp-ma 2008 wels 182 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina.
msoflios 500 umsxviles korporaciaTa Soris masze mo-
dis mxolod 1.
hong kongi. 1860 wels didma britaneTma Tavis daq-
vemdebarebaSi miiRo qalaqi kouluni CineTis kontinen-
tur nawilze, xolo 1898 w. mas 99 wliT usasyidlo ijariT
gadaeca materikis nawili, romelic cnobilia~ axali te-
ritoriebis~ saxelwodebiT. ijaras vada gauvida 1997
wlis 1 ivliss. am dRes CineTma kvlav miiRo politikuri
kontroli hong kongze. CineTis mTavrobam hong kongs mi-
aniWa gansakuTrebuli administraciuli regionis sta-
tusi. aseTi statusi hong kongisTvis uzrunvelyofs av-
tonomiurobis sakmaris xarisxs. hong kongs gaaCnia saku-
Tari kanonmdebloba, sargeblobs ekonomikuri damouki-
deblobiT, gaaCnia Tavisufali portis statusi da iye-
nebs calkeul sagadasaxado sistemas. qveyana yvela am
privilegiiT isargeblebs 2047 wlamde..
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41
Rrma, daculi navsadguris irgvliv mdebare hon-
kongi TamaSobs ,,fanjris~ rols, romelic xsnis gzas Ci-
neTis nawilze; swored amitom is Zalze mimzidvelia sa-
erTaSoriso biznesisaTvis. hong kongis mier dakavebul
mcire teritoriaze cxovrobs TiTqmis 7 mln adamiani,
rac uzrunvelyofs maRalganviTarebuli, maRalproduq-
tiuli samuSao Zalis miwodebas mrewvelobis iseTi dar-
gebisTvis, rogoricaa safeiqro dargebisa da eleqtro-
mowyobilobebis warmoeba. garda amisa, hong kongi saban-
ko da safinanso momsaxurebas sTavazobs aRmosavleT
aziis qveynebis umravlesobas. hong kongis mosaxleobis
saerTo kulturis maRali donis, agreTve, qveynis xel-
sayreli geografiuli mdebareobis Sedegad iqca is faq-
ti, rom hong kongis mewarmeebi mraval SemTxvevaSi saSua-
mavlo momsaxurebebs sTavazoben CineTTan biznesis war-
moebis msurvel mTeli msoflios kompaniebs.
hong kongSi warmatebiT moqmedebs tvirTgadasac-
leli werti CineTidan momavali tranzituli tvirTebi-
saTvis. hong kongis porti saqonls iRebs CineTidan, rom-
lis Semdeg amzadebs maT gadasatvirTad msoflios sxva
qveynebSi da piriqiT.
2007 wels hong-kongis saqonlis eqsportis mocu-
lobam 247 mlrd evro, xolo importma — 250 mlrd evro
Seadgina (msoflio eqsportis 3,5% da importis 3,3%).
hong kongis mSp-ma 2008 wels 215 mlrd aSS dolari Sead-
gina.
CineTi
CineTi 1,346 mlrd mosaxleobiT (msoflio mosaxle-
obis 19,5%) aris yvelaze udidesi qveyana msoflioSi.
garda amisa, CineTi — erT-erTi uZvelesi saxelmwifoa,
romelmac gamoiara rigi imperatorebis mmarTveloba. sa-
moqalaqo omma SesaZlebeli gaxada iaponiis SeWra CineTSi
1931 wels. meore msoflio msoflio omis dasasruls ia-
ponlebis gandevnis Semdeg samoqalaqo omi ganaxlda, sa-
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42
boloo angariSiT 1949 wels mao Zedunis komunisturma
Zalebma daamarcxes nacionalisturi armia.
maos gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1976 wels CineTis mTav-
robis mier miRebul iqna qveynis ganviTarebis programa
SezRuduli Tavisufali bazris proncipiT. soflis me-
urneobaSi nawilobriv iqna aRdgenili kerZo sakuTreba,
xolo mewarmeebs miecaT ufleba, gaexsnaT mcire kompani-
ebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa restornebi an msubuqi mrewve-
lobis sawarmoebi. ucxour kompaniebs neba daerTo gaex-
snaT erToblivi sawarmoebi Cinur firmebTan. yvela am
reformis Sedegad mkveTrad gaizarda CineTis ekonomika-
Si pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba, ramac
miiyvana qveyna swraf ekonomikur ganviTarebamde, agreT-
ve, politikuri Tavisuflebis miRebaze Cineli xalxis
imedebis aRorZinebamde.
CineTi midis Tavisi ganviTarebis unikaluri gziT.
CineTi atarebs Tavisufal bazarze orientirebul poli-
tikas. saxelmwifo sawarmoebi, romelbic cnobilni arian
TavianTi dabali mwarmoeblurobiTa da iaffasiani na-
yalbevebiT, ibrZvian gadarCenisaTvis. 1998 wlidan dawye-
buli, am sawarmoebidan ganTavisuflebul iqna 28,5 mln
muSaki, ramac gamoiwvia mTel qveyanaSi socialuri mRel-
vareba da politikuri arastabiluroba. meore mxriv, Ci-
neTis ekonomikis aqtiurad moqmedma kerZo seqtorma mi-
ipyro mTeli msofliodan mravali kompaniis yuradReba.
qveyanaSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba
mkveTrad gaizarda 1992 wlis Semdeg. gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis tnk-ebis
mier CineTis ekonomikaSi Cadebuli mzardi investiciebi.
es investorebi CineTs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc Sromismoyva-
re, dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao Zalis — saqonlis wya-ros, romelic sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba maT qveynebSi. uka-
naskneli drois ganmavlobaSi CineTis qalaqebma ganica-
des mZafri ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rac ar SeiZleba iT-
qvas qveynis sasoflo raionebze, sadac cxovrobs daax-
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43
loebiT 900 mln kaci. CineTis soflisa da qalaqis mosax-
leobis cxovrebis dones Soris gazrdili wyvetilobis
aRmofxvra, warmoadgens erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas, rom-
lis gadaWra mouwevT CineTis liderebs.
CineTi msoflios pirveli umsxvilesi eqsportiori
qveyanaa 2009 wlidan da warmoadgens metad mzard savaW-
ro-ekonomikur da politikur Zalas. CineTi erTaderTi
mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa ganviTarebuli qveynebis glo-
balur savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. aRniSnuli
qveynebis Ria ekonomika da liberaluri savaWro politi-
ka didad uwyobs xels CineTis eqsportis zrdas da, Sesa-
bamisad, mis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas. vaWro-
bis msoflio organizaciaSi CineTis miReba, marTlac,
mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli nabijia msoflio vaWrobis
ganviTarebisa da srulyofis mimarTulebiT.
2009 wels CineTis saqonlis eqsportis moculobam
1431 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 1133 mlrd aSS
dolari Seadgina. CineTis mSp-ma 2008 wels 4,4 trln aSS
dolari, xolo 2009 wels 4,9 trln aSS dolari Seadgina
anu miuxedavad msoflio finansuri krizisisa, misi mSp wi-
na welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 8,7%-iT. msoflios 500 um-
sxviles korporaciaTa Soris 30 modis CineTze.
indoeTi
indoeTis mosaxleobis raodenobiT (1,189 mlrd ka-
ci) meore adgili ukavia msoflioSi. indoeTi britaneTis
imperiaSi Sedioda 1947 wlamde. 1971 wels indoeTis ax-
ladwarmoqmnilma saxelmwifom gadmoiRo britaneTis sa-
xelmwifo sistemis mravali niSani, maT Soris, marTvis sa-
parlamento sistema, damoukideli sasamarTlo organoe-
bis Zlieri sistema da sxv. meore msoflio omis Semdeg
qveyanaSi batonobda saxelmwifo sakuTreba, ekonomikis
ZiriTadi dargebis sawarmoebze, maT Soris energetikuli
mrewvelobis kompaniebze, satransporto kompaniebsa da
mrewvelobis sawarmoebze. saxelmwifo sakuTreba gaxda
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44
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze mimarTuli indoeTis
mTavrobis moqmedebaTa sakvanZo elementi.
indoeTis biurokratiuli aparati SeiZleba aRmoC-
ndes metad Semaferxebeli am qveyanaSi biznesis warmate-
biT sawarmoeblad. 1991 wlamde, indoeTis mTavroba ar ax-
denda ucxour investiciebis waxalisebas, iZleoda ra
mxolod indoeTis sawarmoebis aqciebiT flobis uflebas.
agreTve, Tavs axvevda ra sxva damamZimebel moTxovnebs,
magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebidan qveynis bazarze produq-
ciis gayidvisTvis pirobis saxiT kompanias koka-kolas
Txovdnen gamagrilebeli sasmelis formulis saidumlos
gacemas. kompaniam uari Tqva am pirobaze da amjobina am
bazris datoveba. SemdgomSi, 1991 wels ekomonikuri re-
formebis Semdeg, romlebic wamoiwyo indoeTis premier
ministrma, gaxsnes adgilobrivi bazari ucxouri kompani-
ebisaTvis, Sesabamisad koka-kolam kvlav SeaRwia indoe-
Tis bazarze. am reformebis gatarebis Sedegad, Semcire-
bul iqna savaWro SezRudvebi, gaixsna indoeTi pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis mzardi nakadisTvis, agreTve gan-
xorcielebuli iqna qveynis finansuri seqtoris reforma.
reformebis Sedegad indoeTSi Sevida didi raode-
nobiT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, ZiriTadad “oT-
xeulis~ qveynebis tnk-dan. qveynis mSp-is zrdis saSualo
wliurma maCvenebelma Seadgina 6% periodisTvis, romel-
mac ganvlo reformebis dawyebidan. saxelmwifo politi-
kis arasakmarisi gamWvirvaloba did gaugebrobebSi aye-
nebs ucxour investorebs.
2008 wels indoeTis saqonlis eqsportis moculobam
182 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo importma — 316 mlrd aSS do-
lari Seadgina. indoeTis mSp-ma 2008 wels 1,2 trln aSS
dolari Seadgina. msoflios 500 umsxviles korporacia-
Ta Soris 7 modis indoeTze.
avRaneTi da centraluri aziis respublikebi
avRaneTsa da centraluri aziis 5 respublikas: ya-
zaxeTs, uzbekeTs, tajikeTs, TuqmeneTsa da yirgizeTs
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45
mravali saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvs. am qveynebSi Warbobs
mTebi da udabnoebi, Sesabamisad isini Zalze ganicdian
saxnavi miwebis naklebobas. Semosavali erT sul mosaxle-
ze Zalian dabalia. sawvavis vrceli maragebi SeiZleba vi-
povoT centraluri aziis mTel teritoriaze, gansakuT-
rebiT yazaxeTsa da TurqmeneTSi. yvela am qveynisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ruseTis mniSvnelovani roli sagareo
urTierTobebSi
samxreT—aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi aziis teritoriaze ganlagebulia didi raodenobiT
sxva qveynebi, romlebic imyofebian ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis sxvadasxva stadiaze. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxureben iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa tailandi, malai-
zia da indonezia _ qveynebi, romlebsac hyavdaT dabala-
nazRaurebadi samuSao Zala da romlebic iqcnen mniSvne-
lovani moculobis pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
mimRebad. iaponiaSi samuSao Zalaze danaxarjebis zrdam
aiZula mravali iaponuri tnk-ebi am sami qveynis terito-
riaze aegoT qarxnebi, romlebSic dabali danaxarjebiT
iwarmoeba detalebi da kvanZebi, romelTa miwodeba xdeba
mSobliur sawarmoebSi iaponiaSi. aSS-sa da evropis qvey-
nebis tnk-ebi, agreTve, iyeneben am qveynebs sawarmoo baz-
ris saxiT. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gamoyenebiT
gamoSvebuli produqciis eqsportis Sedegad swrafad ga-
izarda tailandis, malaiziisa da indoneziis ekonomika.
1980-1995 wlebSi am qveynebis mSp-is zrdis saSualo wli-
urma maCvenebelma Seadgina 7%. amasTan1997-1998 wlebis
savaluto krizisma didi zarali miayena am qveynebs, yve-
laze mZime dartyma miadga indonezias.
2007 wels tailandis saqonlis eqsportma 109 mlrd
evro, malaiziis — 125 mlrd evro, indoneziis ki — 81 mlrd evro Seadgina, xolo tailandis importma 99 mlrd
evro, malaiziis — 101 mlrd evro, indoneziis — 53 mlrd evro Seadgina. tailandis mSp-ma 274 mlrd aSS dolari, ma-
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46
laiziis — 222 mlrd aSS dolari, xolo indoneziis — 511 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina.
2.5. afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis
qveynebis bazrebi
afrikas ukavia dedamiwis saerTo farTobis daaxlo-
ebiT 22%; es kontinenti mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT.
egvipte mdebareobs afrikis kontinentis Crdilo—aRmo-savleT nawilSi, regionis sazRvarze, romelic cnobilia
saxelwodebiT ,,axlo aRmosavleTi~.
afrika
afrikis kontinentze 54 qveyanaa, romelTa mosaxle-
obis erToblivi raodenoba 815 mln-s aRemateba. XIX sau-
kunis bolos afrikis didi nawili kolonizebul iqna ev-
ropis uZlieresi zesaxelmwifoebis mier (iseTebis, ro-
gorebicaa belgia, safrangeTi, germania, italia, portu-
galia, espaneTi da didi britaneTi), romlebsac sWirde-
bodaT strategiuli samxedro miznebis miRweva an Sida-
politikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. kolonializ-
mis talRam sapirispiro moZraoba 1950—iani wlebis Sua periodSi daiwyo, rodesac evropis zesaxelmwifoebma er-
Timeoris miyolebiT dakarges kontroli TavianT kolo-
niebze. kolonializmis kvali afrikaSi dRemde rCeba, rac
uSualod aisaxeba saerTaSoriso biznesis SesaZleblo-
bebze. magaliTad, iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa Cadi, nige-
ria da kot—d’ivuari (spilos Zvlis napiri), inarCuneben mWidro ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirebs safrangeT-
Tan. es qveynebi TavianT erovnul valutas ukavSirebdnen
safrangeTis valutas, dRes ki - evros. agreTve, emxrobi-
an marTvisa da ganaTlebis sistemebis, samarTlebrivi
sistemis organizaciis frangul principebs. am kavSire-
bis wyalobiT, frangul samrewvelo kompaniebs, safinan-
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47
so dawesebulebebsa da servisul kompaniebs lideris po-
ziciebi ukaviaT am qveynebTan saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.
analogiuri situacia Camoyalibda keniaSi, zimbabvesa da
samxreT afrikis respublikebSi: am qveynebis saxelmwifo
dawesebulebaTa muSaoba modelirebulia britanuli ni-
muSis mixedviT, rac britanul kompaniebs aniWebs garkve-
ul upiratesobebs maT bazrebze.
afrikis qveynebis ekonomika metwilad eyrdnoba bu-
nebrivi resursebis gamoyenebas. navTobis mopoveba iZle-
va mSp-is naxevars iseT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa angola, ga-
boni, da nigeria, alJiris mSp-is naxevars. soflis meurne-
obas, agreTve, didi mniSvneloba aqvs afrikis mravali
qveynis ekonomikisaTvis. am qveynebidan zogierTSi sa-
soflo-sameurneo produqcia warmoadgens eqsportis Zi-
riTad nawils. magaliTad, iseTi produqtebis wilze, ro-
gorebicaa yava, kakao da palmis zeTi, modis kot-d’ivua-
ris eqsportis ZiriTadi nawili. afrikis qveynebis umrav-
lesobis macxovreblebi upiratesad dasaqmebulni arian
soflis meurneobaSi. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba
gambia, mozambiki, siera-leone, tanzania da zambia.
mravali eqsperti darwmunebulia imaSi, rom XXI
aTaswleulSi swored samxreT afrika daikavebs kontinen-
tze gabatonebul mdgomareobas ekonomikuri maCveneble-
bis mixedviT, agreTve, imaSi, rom swored es qveyana gaxde-
ba mTeli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mamoZravebe-
li Zala. samxreT afrikas gaaCnia nayofieri miwebi da oq-
ros, almasis, qromisa da platinis mdidari sabadoebi.
araerTi tnk samxreT afrikas iyenebda biznesis sawarmo-
eblad afrikis kontinentze 1970-ian wlebamde, rodesac
gaerom SemoiRo savaWro sanqciebi am qveynis winaaRmdeg.
am sanqciebis SemoRebis aucilebloba gaCnda aparteidis
politikis (Savkanianebad, TeTrkanianebad da azielebad
qveynis xalxis gayofis) gamo, romelsac atarebda qveynis
mTavroba. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mxridan aseTi
sagareo zewolis Sedegad 1