(DAHIS 31)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – III : HISTORY & MODERN EUROPE 1789 TO 1960 A.D.

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) What is Renaissance? Discuss the causes for the raise of Renaissance movement.

ÕŠ†ßÔS ’‡PÞ… ß«'§"‹¾Þ›(lmÈ"‹§"‹È"‹(§"‹YA§‘‹É(B ß«'§"‹¾Þ›(lmÈ"‹§„�Þ‹½È"‹(È"‹#§"‹PÞ…( PA¾Þ›×êç"‹( ”˜‹Ã−†|š‹2

2) Describe the achievements of French National Assembly.

~——†b gêš¼!‰( ßÔ·!‰ Éi¼!‰.ç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

3) Discuss the results of Industrial revolution.

¬Š¿®ÌAÉ(PÞ… Éß«ÇÈ"‹ ß—Å”ŒÃ§"‹( a;‹¿d†a;‹(È"‹#2

4) Write about the Eastern Question up to the Crimien War.

®Pš…É(¼!‰. ¼!‰#�Þ‹¦† È"‹¾Þ›PÞ…( ~¬Še;‹½ ßÔÈ"‹(ßÔ½§"‹( YÞ….¿d ~ÈŒ¼!‰(†|š‹2

5) Discuss the causes for out break of World War-I.

Ș‹#�Þ‹vš‰ ~ß«ß«†a;‹ ¼!‰#�Œ¦¨Pš… YÞ…Ã PA¾Þ›×êç"‹( ”˜‹Ã(ß«'È"‹#2

6) a) Metternich.

Ș‹(u¿ªP‹…2

b) Stalin.

ÕŠwŧœ‹2

c) Mussolini.

È"‹#Õ†ÖŨ2

——————

(DAHIS 31)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – III : HISTORY & MODERN EUROPE 1789 TO 1960 A.D.

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Describe the Internal reforms of Napoleon-I.

Ș‹#�Þ‹vš‰ §˜‹¬†Å¼!‰(§œ‹ D†”�‹¾Þ›†ZPÞ… ßÔ†ßÔS¾Þ›Ï‰Ã§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Write an essay on unification of Germany.

i¾Þ›»© KPƒ…PÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰R—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔ† ~ÈŒ¼!‰(†|š‹2

3) Discuss the main terms of Vienna settlement of 1815.

5<59 ɼ!‰(®èª PA†®Y˜…ŒÔ §"‹†�Þ‹Å È"‹#R꽆ÌAç"‹( a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

4) Discuss the Foreign policy of Napoleon-III.

È"‹$|Þ‹È"‹ §˜‹¬†Å¼!‰(§œ‹ É�‘‹ÌA†YÞ… ɤ�Œ§Œ¨ª a�‹¿d†a�‹†|š‹2

5) Describe the organizational structure of U.N.O.

LPÞ…½¾Ai½ ßÔÉ(‡ È"‹½È"‹ßÔŸ ßÔ˾ޛ.ß«È"‹#§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

6) a) Revolution of 1830.

5<74 Éß«ÇÈ"‹†2

b) Treaty of Versailles.

È"‹¾˜›‘ÖÄœ‰Ö ßÔ†¤¡2

c) Churchill.

a�‹¿dÄœ‰2

——————

(DAHIS 32)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – IV : HISTORY OF MODERN ANDHRA

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Describe the administration of Golkonda Sultans.

Y„Ä◊S†|Þ‹ ßÔ(Ìꛧ"‹(à ߫¿¬ŠÃ§"‹ ɤ�Œ§"‹È"‹#§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) What was the conditions of Telangana under Asaf Jahis of Golkonda.

Y„Ä◊S†|Þ‹ DßÔŒ— gêˆ×‰Ã ¬ŠÃ§"‹Ä] ”˜‹Ã†YA×ê ß«¿ŸÔŸ”*‹(Ã( KÉ(vš‰B

3) Narrate the services rendered by Sir Thomas Monroe to the people of Andhra.

ßÔ¾‹› œŒÈ"‹(ŒÔ È"‹(~§„0 E†~¤�Þ‹(ÃPÞ…( a‘‹ŸÔ§"‹ ‚ÔÈ"‹Ã§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a*‹†|š‹2

4) Describe the Rampa Rebalion under the leadership of – Alluri Sita Rama Raju.

DÃ.Ç¿ ˆÔ”Œ¾AÈ"‹(¾An E¤�ދ˾ޛ½†Ä] i¿Z§"‹ ‘ ¾Þ›†¬Š’ Éß«ÇÈ"‹† ß«¿Îņa*‹(È"‹#2

5) Describe the socio, cultural awakening in Andhra in the 19th, 20th Centuries.

5=È"‹ È"‹(¿¼!‰# 64È"‹ Ì!‰”Œ²£È"‹#ÃÄ] E†~¤�Þ‹Ä]¨ ÕŠ†ßÔS ’‡PÞ… Ra˜‹”*‹§Œ½¨ª ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

6) a) Astadiggajas.

DßÑw¡YÞ…\gêÃ(2

b) Hanumakonda.

ß׉§"‹»P“†|Þ‹2

c) Palegars.

¬ŠÄ–‰YA¾Þ›(Ç2

——————

(DAHIS 32)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – IV : HISTORY OF MODERN ANDHRA

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Discuss the important events in Andhra Movement from 1947 to 1953.

5=8; §"‹(†b 5=97 È"‹¾Þ›PÞ…( ÕŠZ§"‹ E†~¤�„�Þ‹½È"‹(†Ä]¨ È"‹#T½ ß—(sêtç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a(‹†|š‹2

2) Describe the Socio-Economic conditions in Andhra during – British Company rule.

~´vƒ‰ŒÑ PÞ…†—«©ÈŒ¿ ¬ŠÃ§"‹Ä] E†~¤�Þ‹ �‘‹Ì!‰È"‹#Ä] ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ…0 E¿ŸPÞ… ß«¿ŸÔŸ”(‹(ç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

3) Write about the Rajakars Movement in Telangana.

”˜‹Ã†YA×êÄ] i¿Z§"‹ ¾Þ›gêPA¾Þ›Ç H�Þ‹½È"‹(† YÞ….¿d ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

4) How did the Britishers acquire ceded Districts?

ˆÔ|˜‹|‹‹ kÌêÇà ,�Þ‹”(‹› È"‹(†|Þ‹ÌêÃ(-§"‹( ~´vƒ‰ŒÑÈŒ¾Þ›( Ju(Ç RP˜…È"‹ßÔ† a‘‹ßÔ(PÞ…(§Œª¾Þ›(B

5) Describe the Communist Movement in Telangana.

”˜‹Ã†YA×ê PÞ…È"‹$½¨ßÔ(w H�Þ‹½È"‹.¨ª ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

6) a) Six point formula.

E¾Þ›( ßÔ.~”ŒÃ ß«œÞ‹PÞ…È"‹#2

b) Justice party.

iŸÔwŒÔ ¬ŠÀw2

c) Ramananda Theertha.

¾AÈ"‹.§"‹†�Þ‹ š¾Þ›Ÿ2

——————

(DAHIS 33)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – IV : HISTORY OF U.S.A. (1776 – 1945 A.D.)

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Examine the impact of Geographical features on U.S.A.

DȘ‹(¿PA ßÔ†¼!‰#PÞ…› ¾AÒŠŠÃ a�‹¿~”�‹R—« ·!‰.Y„Ú!‰ ~ß«¿êÈŒ¨ª ß«¿Îņa�‹(È"‹#2

2) Define the causes of American war of Independence.

DȘ‹(¿PA ÕŠË”�‹†~”�‹½ ßÔÈ"‹(¾A¨Pš… YÞ…Ã PA¾Þ›×êç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

3) Write an essay on civil war.

ŸÔÉÄœ‰ ÈŒ¾‹› YÞ…(¿†b MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹# ~ÈŒ¼!‰(†|š‹2

4) Define George Washington Administration.

gê¿m ÈŒŸÑ†Y‹…u§œ‹ ß«¿¬ŠÃ§"‹§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a�‹†|š‹2

5) Write about the Agrarian Revolution in U.S.A.

DȘ‹(¿PA ßÔ†¼!‰#PÞ…› ¾AÒŠŠÃÄ] È"‹½È"‹ÕŠ¾›#PÞ… Éß«ÇÈŒ¨ª YÞ….¿d ~ÈŒ¼!‰(†|š‹2

6) a) NATO.

§Œv]2

b) Mexican war.

Ș‹(Pš…ÖP„ ¼!‰#�Þ‹¦È"‹#2

c) Abraham Lincoln.

D~²Ø† ņPÞ…§œ‹2

——————

(DAHIS 33)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – IV : HISTORY OF U.S.A. (1776 – 1945 A.D.)

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Describe the salient features of the American constitution.

DȘ‹(¿PA ¾Ag꽆YÞ… È"‹#T½ Ã…Þ…×êç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Explain the role of America in the second world war.

¾˜›†|„ ~ß«ß«†a ‹ ¼!‰#�Þ‹¦†Ä] DȘ‹(¿PA ¬Š~” ‹§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a ‹†|š‹2

3) Examine Theodors Roosevelt Internal and External policies.

ƒ¼–‰.|„¾‹› ¾Þ›.jœ‰È˜‹Äœ‰w D†” ‹¾Þ›†ZPÞ… È"‹(¿¼!‰# »êß׉½ ɤ�Œ§ŒÃ§"‹( ß«¿Îņa ‹(È"‹#2

4) Write about the reforms implemented by F.D. Roosevelt.

F.D. ¾Þ›.jœ‰ Ș‹Äœ‰w ßÔ†ßÔS¾Þ›Ï‰Ã§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰(†|š‹2

5) Describe the treaty of Versailles.

È"‹¾‘›Ö ßÔ†¤¡¨ ÉÈ"‹¿†a ‹(È"‹#2

6) a) Expansion to Caribbean Sea.

PÞ…¾‘›´¼!‰(§œ‹ ~¬Š†”Œ¨Pš… ÉßÔ›¾Þ›Ï‰2

b) Turner theory.

u¾Þ›ª¾‹› ŸÔ�Œ¦†” ‹È"‹#2

c) Marshall plan.

È"‹.¾Þ›ÓÄœ‰ ß«œÞ‹PÞ…È"‹#2

——————

(DAHIS 34)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – IV : INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY WITH REFERENCE TO AN DHRA

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Explain the nature and scope of Archaeology.

ß«'¾AÈ"‹ßÔ(› ÌAßÔ‰È"‹# ßÔË¿êÈ"‹È"‹#0 ß«¿¤¡Ã§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a�‹(È"‹#2

2) Describe the significance of excavations at Indus Valley.

Ÿ×‰†�Þ‹. Ä]¼!‰(Ä]¨ ~”�‹È"‹ËPÞ…È"‹#à ~¬ŠÈ"‹#T½”�‹§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a�‹(È"‹#2

3) State the greatness of Srikrishna Devaraya on basis of Simhachalam inscription.

ŸÔ†Ø^èþà ÌAßÔ§"‹È"‹# E¤�Œ¾Þ›È"‹#YA 4PÞ…’ßÑŒ �‘‹È"‹¾A¼!‰(à ߗ(§"‹™èþ§"‹( ”˜‹Ã(ß«'È"‹#2

4) Give an account of symbols used in Numismatics.

È"‹#~�Þ‹ ÌAßÔ‰È"‹#Ä]¨ ɨ¼–‰.Z†a‘‹ bß׉ªÈ"‹#ç"‹( ”˜‹Ã(ß«'È"‹#2

5) Bring out the classifications structural temples.

¨¾A»Ïœ™èþ»PÞ… �‘‹Ðéü!‰.à È"‹À\PÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰§"‹( ”˜‹Ã(ß«'È"‹#2

6) a) Siva.

ÍÈ"‹'|Þ‹(2

b) Satavahana coins.

ÌA™èþÐéß׉§"‹(à ®èÏ–‰È"‹#Ã(2

c) Sanchi Stupa.

ÕŠ†b ßÔ.Ÿß«È"‹#2

——————

(DAHIS 34)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — History

Paper – IV : INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY WITH REFERENCE TO AN DHRA

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Discuss the history of Bronze age.

PÞ…†a�‹(¼!‰#YÞ…È"‹# a�‹¿~”�‹§"‹( a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

2) Bring out the architecture of Buddhist Stupas located in Andhra.

E†~¤�Þ‹Ä] Ș‹ÃŸÔ§"‹ ³r�Þ‹¦È"‹(”�‹ ßßÔ.Ÿß«È"‹#ÃÄ]¨ ÈŒßÔ(›ÌAßÔ‰È"‹#§"‹( ”˜‹Ã(ß«'È"‹#2

3) Describe the iconographic forms of Vishnu.

ÉßÑ(ŒÈ"‹' ¼–‰#PÞ…S Éɤ�Þ‹ ~ß«‡È"‹.¾Þ›.¬ŠÃ§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†^èþ$È"‹#2

4) Explain the style and colour of Ajanta paintings.

Di†™é b~™èþÄ’‰T§"‹È"‹#ÃÄ]¨ R̘‰Å0 ¾Þ›†YÞ…(ç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†^èþ$È"‹#2

5) Discuss the significance of Rock Edict XIII of Asoka.

DÌ]PÞ…(¨ 57È"‹ ÍÌêÌAßÔ§"‹ ~¬ŠÈ"‹#T½™èþ§"‹( ^èþ¿d†^èþ$È"‹#2

6) a) Udayagiri.

H�Þ‹¼!‰(Z¿2

b) Monuments.

PÞ…âêT†yéÃ(2

c) Amaravathi.

DÈ"‹(¾AÈ"‹‡2

——————

(DAPOL 31)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper - III : POLITICAL THOUGHT

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Discuss the features of Greek Political Thought.

®[PÞ…( ¾Ai©‡ ”�‹”�‹Ë ÅޅωÈ"‹#ç"‹( a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

2) Describe Aristotles views on revolution.

Éß«ÇÈ"‹È"‹#ÃR—« D¿ÕŠwvš‰Äœ‰ D¸~¬Š¼!‰(È"‹#ç"‹( a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

3) Explain Plato’s Republic.

‚«Çv] ¿ß«´ÇP‹…§"‹( YÞ….¿d ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

4) Write an essay on M.N.Roy.

M.N.¾A¼œ‰(R—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

5) Explain Nehru’s views on Democratic Socialism.

~ß«jœÕŠËÈ"‹(½ ÕŠÈ"‹(½ÈŒ�Þ‹†R—« §˜‹~ß׉. ·œÈŒÃ§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

6) Discuss Gandhi’s Satyagraha.

YA†¤¢k ßÔ”Œ½®YÞ…ß׉È"‹#R—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

7) Sarvodaya.

ßÔ¾„Ë�Þ‹¼!‰(

8) Social Democracy

ÕŠÈ"‹(½ÈŒ�Þ‹ ~ß«jœÕŠËÈ"‹(½†

9) General will

i§‘‹a�‹h

10) Aristotle on citizenship.

¬•¾Þ›ßÔ”‹Ë†R—« D¿ÕŠwvš‰ÌŒý

11) Marscious Socialism.

È"‹.¿S Ö¼!‰(ŒÔ ÕŠÈ"‹(½ÈŒ�Þ‹†

——————

(DAPOL 31)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper - III : POLITICAL THOUGHT

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Explain features of Kautilya’s Arthasastra.

P‡vš‰Ã(½¨ D¾Þ›ŸÌAßÔ‰ È"‹#T½ ÅޅωÈ"‹#ç"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

2) Explain Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s political Philosophy.

B.R. D†³’‰�Þ‹S¾‹› ¼–‰#PÞ…S ¾Ai©‡ ”.‹”.‹ËÈ"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

3) Describe Hegel’s Idealisms.

—׉Y˜…Äœ‰Ö E�Þ‹¾Þ›ÐÈŒ�Œ¨ª ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

4) Explain J.P.Narayan views on Sarvodaya.

ßÔ¾„Ë�Þ‹¼!‰(È"‹#§"‹( YÞ….¿d i¼!‰( ~ß«PAŒÑ §Œ¾A¼!‰(ω ·œÈŒÃ§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

5) Explain Locke’s ideas on limited government.

ÄœP‹… ß«¿É(‡ ~ß«·!‰(”.‹Ë ·œÈ"‹È"‹#§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a.‹(È"‹#2

6) Explain Political ideas of Hobbes.

ß׉»ŒýÖ ¾Ai©‡ ·œÈ"‹È"‹#ç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

7) Answer the following in 1 or 2 sentences.

i) Ends and Means- Ã…A½Ã( È"‹(¿¼!‰# È"‹.¾A\Ã(

ii) J.S. Mill on Liberty

J.S. É(ÌŒý ¼–‰#PÞ…S ‚ÔËa.‹h

iii) Utilitarianism Hß«¼–‰.Z”ŒÈŒ�Þ‹ ŸÔ�Œ¦†”.‹È"‹#

iv) Non-cooperations ßÔؼ!‰( ¨¾APÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰

v) Politcal views ¾AiPƒ…¼!‰( ·œÈŒÃ(

vi) City State §"‹YÞ…¾Þ› ¾Ai½È"‹#

vii) Sapthanga theory of state ßÔ¬Š›†YÞ… ¾Ai½ ŸÔ�ŒŸ†”&‹È"‹#

viii) Jawaharlal Nehru iÈ"‹ß׉¾‹› Äœ Äœ‰ §˜‹~ß׉.

ix) Extrimists D‡ÈŒ�Þ‹(Ã(

x) Indian National movement ·œ ¾Þ›”&‹ ÕŠË”&‹†~”&‹½ ¬†¾AuÈ"‹#

8) Answer the following in 1 or 2 words.

i) Hegel —׉YÞ…ÌŒý

ii) T.H. Green

T.H. ®[®Œý

iii) Karl Marx PA¾‹›Ç È"‹.¾‹›S Ö

iv) Philosophor King ”Œ‡ËPÞ… ~ß«·!‰(È"‹'

v) Communism

PÞ…È"‹$½¨i†

——————

(DAPOL 32)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper – IV : GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF ANDHRA PRADE SH

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Discuss the circumstances leading to the formation of AP.

E†~¤�Þ‹ ¾AßÑŠ ÕŠŸß«§"‹PÞ…( �Œ¿ šŸÔ§"‹ ß«¿ŸÔŸ”�‹(ç"‹( a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

2) What is the role of governor in AP.

E†~¤�Þ‹ ~ß«�‘‹ÔŒýÄ] YÞ…È"‹¾Þ›ª¾Þ›( ¬Š~”�‹ KÉ(vš‰2

3) What is the relationship between Chief Minister and Minister?

È"‹(†~‡ È"‹¾Þ›\È"‹#0 È"‹#T½È"‹(†~‡ ¼–‰#PÞ…S ßÔ†²†¤�ŒÃ( KÉ(vš‰B

4) Discuss the powers and functions of Chief Minister

È"‹#T½ È"‹(†~‡ D¤¡PA¾AÃ( ɤ�Þ‹(ç"‹( a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

5) Discuss the powers and functions of Public Accounts Committee.

~ß«·!‰(”�‹Ë Uœ”ŒÃ ßԆߗ(È"‹# D¤¡PA¾AÃ(0 ɤ�Þ‹(ç"‹( ”˜‹Ã(−È"‹#2

6) Explain the role of Pressure groups in A.P.

E†~¤�Þ‹ ¾AßÑŠ†Ä] M‡›|š‹ È"‹¾A\à ¬Š~”�‹§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

7) a) A.P. Politics

E†~¤�Þ‹ ¾AiPƒ…¼!‰.Ã(

b) Speaker

ˆÔ−PÞ…¾Þ›(

c) Council of Minister

È"‹(†~‡ È"‹¾Þ›\È"‹#

d) Changing role of Legislature

È"‹.¾Þ›(”�‹(§"‹ª ÌAßÔ§"‹ ßÔ·!‰ ¬Š~”�‹

e) National Political Parties

jœš¼!‰( ¾AiPƒ…¼!‰( ¬ŠÀwÃ(

f) Congress

PA†®Y˜…ŒÔ

g) BJP

·œ¾Þ›š¼!‰( i§"‹”Œ ¬ŠÀw ——————

(DAPOL 32)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper – IV : GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF ANDHRA PRADE SH

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Explain committee system in Legislature.

ÌAßÔ§"‹ ßÔ·!‰Ä] PÞ…É(vƒ‰ ɤ�Œ§Œ¨ª YÞ….¿d ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Write an essay on state Judiciary.

¾AßÑŠ §Œ½¼!‰( ÕŠŸ§ŒÃ R—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

3) What are the causes for samaikyandhra agitation?

ßÔRȘ‹(PA½†~¤�Þ‹ H�Þ‹½È"‹.¨Pš… YÞ…Ã PA¾Þ›Ï‰È"‹#Ä’‰É(B

4) Write an essay on 73rd constitutional Amendment Act.

;7È"‹ ¾Ajœ½†YÞ… ßÔÈ"‹¾Þ›Ï‰ a=‹uw†R—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#

5) Explain voting Behaviour in AP elections.

E†~¤�Þ‹ ¾AßÑŠ J¨ªPÞ…ÃÄ] ~ß«ià Nvš‰†YÞ…( ßÔ¾Þ›Û¨ ÉÈ"‹¿†a=‹(È"‹#2

6) What are the powers and functions of Panchayats.

ß«†aŒ¾›#šÃ D¤¡PA¾AÃ(0 ɤ�Þ‹(Ã( KÉB

7) Answer the following in 1 or 2 sentences.

i) Regionalism ~¬Š†š¼!‰(”=‹”=‹Ë†

ii) Andhra Agitation E†~¤�Þ‹ H�Þ‹½È"‹(È"‹#

iii) Telangana Agitation ”˜‹Ã†YAÏœ H�Þ‹½È"‹(È"‹#

iv) Panchayati Raj ß«†aŒ¾›#š ßÔ†ßÔŸÃ(

v) Present Movement R¾˜›”�‹( H�Þ‹½È"‹.Ã(

vi) Tribal Movements Z¿i§"‹ H�Þ‹½È"‹.Ã(

vii) Voting behaviour Nvš‰†YÞ…( ~ß«È"‹¾Þ›Ð§ŒÈ"‹Û

viii) A.P. Politcs E†~¤�Þ‹ ¾AßÑŠ ¾AiPƒ…¼!‰.Ã(

ix) Elections J¨ªPÞ…Ã(

x) TRS. ”˜‹Ã†YAÏœ ¾AßÑŠ ßÔÉ(‡

8) Answer the following in 1 or 2 words.

vi) Who is Chief of AP Congress PA†®Y˜…ŒÔ D¤�Þ‹½…Þ…(|Þ‹(

vii) AP formation E†~¤�Þ‹ ¾AßÑŠ DÈ"‹”�‹¾Þ›Ï‰

viii) Who is KCR K.a�‹†~�Þ‹ Ì‘‰T¾‹› JÈ"‹¾Þ›(

ix) Who is Chandra Babu Naidu a�‹†~�Þ‹³œ²( §Œ¼!‰#|Þ‹( JÈ"‹¾Þ›(

x) Who is Kiran Kumar Reddy

Pš…¾Þ›Ï‹‰ PÞ…(È"‹.¾‹› ¾›|š‹} JÈ"‹¾Þ›(2

——————

(DAPOL 33)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper – IV : INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Examine nature and scope of International Relations.

D†”�‹¾Amš¼!‰( ßÔ†²†¤�ŒÃ ßÔË·œÈŒ¨ª0 ß«¿¤¡¨ ß«À…š…†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Write an essay on League of Nations.

§Œ§Œjœ‡ ßÔÉ(‡R—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

3) Discuss the causes and consequences for I World War.

Ș‹#�Þ‹vš‰ ~ß«ß«†a�‹ ¼!‰#�Œ¦¨Pš… �Œ¿ šŸÔ§"‹ ß«¿ŸÔŸ”�‹(ç"‹( a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

4) Discuss Indo-China Relations.

F†|š‹¼!‰.0 Ra‹§ŒÃ ßÔ†²†¤�ŒÃ§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

5) What is the role of UNO in International Relations.

D†”�‹¾Amš¼!‰( ßÔ†²†¤�ŒÃÄ] LPÞ…½¾Ai½ ßÔÉ(‡ ¬Š~”�‹ KÉ(vš‰B

6) Explain about IMO.

D†”�‹¾Amš¼!‰( ~�Þ‹È"‹½¨¤¡¨ YÞ….¿d ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

7) III World Countries.

È"‹$|Þ‹È"‹ ~ß«ß«†a�‹ �‘‹ÌAÃ(

8) Disarmament

¨¾A¼!‰#¤¢PÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰

9) Nuclear age

Dω( ¼!‰#YÞ…È"‹#

10) Cold War

~ß«a�‹h§"‹ª ¼!‰#�Þ‹¦È"‹#

11) NAM

DÆÈ"‹ ɤ�Œ§"‹È"‹#

12) Security Council

·!‰~�Þ‹”Œ ßԆߗ(È"‹#

13) USSR.

¼!‰#2JŒÔ2JŒÔ2E¾‹› ——————

(DAPOL 33)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper – IV : INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Discuss about II World War.

¾˜›†|Þ‹È"‹ ~ß«ß«†a�‹ ¼!‰#�Þ‹¦È"‹# YÞ….¿d a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

2) Explain Treaty of Verssails

È"‹¾˜›‘ÖÌŒýÖ ßÔ†¤¡¨ YÞ….¿d ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

3) Analyse the growth and achievements of SAARC.

ÕŠ¾‹›S ¼–‰#PÞ…S ß«¿ÏœÈ"‹(®PÞ…È"‹.¨ª0 ÕŠ¤¡†b§"‹ ß—Å”ŒÃ§"‹( ÉÌ‘‰ÇŸÑ†a�‹(È"‹#2

4) What are the functions of WTO?

D†”�‹¾Amš¼!‰( ȌϚ‰i½ ßÔ†ßÔŸ ¼–‰#PÞ…S ɤ�Þ‹(Ä’‰É(vš‰B

5) Explain the factors for the rise of colonialism

È"‹ÃßÔ É¤�Œ§"‹È"‹# È"‹’¡¦Pš… ”„|Þ‹−|š‹§"‹ D†ÌAç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

6) Describe the prospects of arms control.

E¼!‰#¤�ŒÃ ¨¼!‰(†~”�‹Ï‰Ä] YÞ…Ã ·!‰É”�‹È"‹½È"‹# a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

7) i) UN Charter

LPÞ…½ ¾Ai½ ßÔÉ(‡ aŒ¾Þ›w¾Þ›(

ii) World Bank

~ß«ß«†a�‹ ³œ½†PÞ…(

iii) Nuclear Test

DωËßÔ‰ ß«À…Þ…Ã(

iv) Secretariat to UN

LPÞ…½ ¾Ai½ ßÔÉ(‡ PA¾A½Ã¼!‰(È"‹#

v) WTO

~ß«ß«†a�‹ ȌϚ‰i½ ßÔ†ßÔŸ

vi) UN general Assembly

LPÞ…½ ¾Ai½ ßÔÉ(‡ ßÔ¾„Ë ~ß«‡¨¤¡ ßÔ·!‰

vii) Bipolority

¡¦Ë¤�Þ‹’È"‹

viii) Veto system

Év] ß«�Þ‹¦‡

ix) Diplomacy

�‡”�‹½©‡

x) WHO

~ß«ß«†a�‹ E¾„YÞ…½ ßÔ†ßÔŸ

8) Answer the following in 1 or 2 words.

i) Indo-Cylone relations

F†|š‹¼!‰.*ŸÔÄ]®Œý ßÔ†²†¤�ŒÃ(

ii) Glassnost

YAÇŒÔ §„ŒÔ›

iii) Treaty of Verssails

Ș‹¾˜›‘ÖÌŒýÖ ßÔ†¤¡

iv) Double veto

|Þ‹²ÌŒý Év]

v) Uniycolor world

KPÞ…¤�Þ‹’È"‹ ~ß«ß«†a�‹È"‹#

——————

(DAPOL 34)

ASSIGNMENT - 1, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper – IV : PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : CONCEPTS AND TH EORIES

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Explain meaning and scope of Public Administration.

~ß«·!‰(”‹Ë ¬ŠÃ§"‹ D¾Þ›¦È"‹#0 ß«¿¤¡¨ ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Describe the relationship between Public Administration and Economics.

~ß«·!‰(”‹Ë ¬ŠÃ§Œ ÌAÕ‰Š¨Pš…0 E¿ŸPÞ… ÌAÕ‰Š¨Pš… YÞ…Ã ßÔ†²†¤�Þ‹È"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

3) What is the importance of Public Administration in developing society.

D¸È"‹’¡¦ a˜‹†�Þ‹(a‹(§"‹ª ßÔÈ"‹.iÈ"‹#R—« ~ß«·!‰(”‹Ë ¬ŠÃ§"‹ ¼–‰#PÞ…S ~¬ŠÈ"‹#T½”‹§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

4) Explain the theories of Leadership.

§Œ¼!‰(PÞ…”‹Ë ŸÔ�ŒŸ†”‹È"‹#ç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a‹(È"‹#2

5) Describe about Decentralisation.

ÉP‘…†~¢PÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰§"‹( YÞ….¿d ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

6) What is the role of Public Relations in an Organisation.

È"‹½È"‹ßÔŸÄ] ~ß«jœßÔ†²†¤�ŒÃ ¬Š~”‹ KÉ(vš‰B

7) a) Division of work

ß«¨ É·!‰i§"‹

b) Types of supervision

ß«¾Þ›½È‘‹…ޅω ¾Þ›PAÃ(

c) Qualities of Leader

§Œ¼!‰(PÞ…(¨ ÅޅωÈ"‹#Ã(

d) Delegated authority

D¤¡PA¾Þ› �Þ‹” ‹›” ‹

e) Methods of communication

Éɤ�Þ‹ ¾Þ›PAÃ( ~ß«ÕŠ¾AÃ(

f) Developing society

D¸È"‹’¡¦ a˜‹†�Þ‹(” ‹(§"‹ª ßÔÈ"‹.iÈ"‹#

g) Riggs

¿Y‹…Ö ——————

(DAPOL 34)

ASSIGNMENT - 2, MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part II — Political Science

Paper – IV : PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : CONCEPTS AND TH EORIES

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Examine legal rational bureaucratic theory of Weber.

Ș‹²¾‹› ¼–‰#PÞ…S §Œ½¼!‰( ‚׉”�‹(²�Þ‹¦ H�„½ZÕŠËÈ"‹(½ ŸÔ�ŒŸ†”�‹È"‹#§"‹( ß«À…š…†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Write an essay on Theory X and Theory Y.

X ,Y ŸÔ�ŒŸ†”�‹È"‹#ÃR—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

3) What is comparative administration? Explain.

”�‹(猔�‹»PÞ… ¬ŠÃ§Œ ÌAßÔ‰È"‹(§"‹YA§‘‹É(B ”˜‹Ã−†|š‹2

4) What are line and staff? Discuss.

RÄ–‰®Œý È"‹(¿¼!‰# ÕŠwŒ— Kj–‰©Öç"‹( YÞ….¿d a�‹¿d†a�‹(È"‹#2

5) Write an essay on Planning.

~ß«ÏœÛPÞ… R—« MPÞ… ÈŒ½ßÔÈ"‹# ~ÈŒ¼!‰#È"‹#2

6) Examine the importance of supervision in an organisation.

È"‹½È"‹ßÔŸÄ] ß«¾Þ›½È‘‹…ޅω ~¬ŠÈ"‹#T½”�‹§"‹( ”˜‹Ã(−È"‹#2

7) Answer the following in 1 or 2 sentences.

i) Y Theory

Y ŸÔ�ŒŸ†”�‹È"‹#

ii) Classical approach

ßÔ†~ß«�Œ¼!‰( �Þ‹’PÞ…−œÞ‹†

iii) Bureaucracy

H�„½YÞ… ÕŠËÈ"‹(½†

iv) Decentralisation

ÉP‘…†~¢PÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰

v) Importance of planning

~ß«ÏœÛPÞ… ~¬Š¤�Œ§"‹½È"‹#

vi) Techniques of supervision

ß«¾Þ›½È‘‹…ޅω ɤ�Œ§ŒÃ(

vii) Authority

D¤¡PA¾Þ›È"‹#

viii) Organisation

È"‹½È"‹ßÔŸ

ix) Administrative Development

¬ŠÃ§Œ¸È"‹’¡¦

x) Karl Marx

PA¾‹›Ç È"‹.¾‹›S… Ö

8) Answer the following in 1 or 2 words.

i) Delegated Legislation

�Þ‹”.‹›”.‹ ÌAßÔ§"‹ ¨¾A»Ï‰È"‹#

ii) Planning Commission

~ß«ÏœÛPA ßԆߗ(È"‹#

iii) GULLICK

YÞ…ÅÇP‹…

iv) Unity of command

Ejœt KPÞ…”.‹ËÈ"‹#

v) Coordination

ßÔÈ"‹(§"‹Ë¼!‰(È"‹# ——————

(DASOC 31)

ASSIGNMENT - 1 , MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part – II : Sociology Paper - III : SOCIAL CHANGE AND PLANNING

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Discuss about Social Evolution.

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… ß«¿ÏœÈ"‹( ~ß«®Pš…¼!‰(§"‹( ”˜‹Ã(−È"‹#2

2) What are the biological factors that influence social change?

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… È"‹.¾Þ›(−§"‹( ~ß«·œÉ”%‹† a‘‹¼!‰# ÌAÀ¾Þ›PÞ… ßÔ†²†¤�Þ‹ PA¾Þ›ÏœÃ§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a%‹(È"‹#2

3) Explain the principles of Social Planning.

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… ~ß«ÏœÛPƒ…PÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰ ßÔ.~”%‹È"‹#ç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

4) Discuss about Social Legislation.

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… ÌAßÔ§ŒÃ ÅޅωÈ"‹#ç"‹( a%‹¿d†a%‹(È"‹#2

5) Discuss the planned social change in India.

·œ¾Þ›”%‹�‘‹Ì!‰†Ä] ~ß«ÏœÛPA²�Þ‹¦ ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… È"‹.¾Þ›(−§"‹( a%‹¿d†a%‹(È"‹#2

——————

(DASOC 31)

ASSIGNMENT - 2 , MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part – II : Sociology Paper - III : SOCIAL CHANGE AND PLANNING

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Examine the meaning of Social Development.

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… D¸È"‹’¡¦ ¼–‰#PÞ…S D¾Þ›ŸÈ"‹#§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) How Panchayat is involved in Social Planning.

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… ~ß«Ïœ ÛPÞ…Ä] ß«†aŒ¾›#‡¾Ajœ‰ ¬Š~”0‹ KÉ(vš‰B

3) What are the Gandhiji’s programmes in social planning?

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… ~ß«×êÛPÞ… P“¾Þ›PÞ…( YA†¤¢l ¼–‰#PÞ…S ~¬†®YAÈ"‹#Ã( KÉ(vš‰B

4) Describe social change and modernisation.

E¤�Þ‹(©PÞ…¾Þ›Ï‰Ä] ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… È"‹.¾Þ›(−§"‹( YÞ….¿d ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

5) Explain the relation between social progress and social change.

ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… È"‹.¾Þ›(− È"‹(¿¼!‰# ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… D¸È"‹’¡¦Pš… YÞ…Ã ßÔ†²†¤�Þ‹È"‹#§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

——————

(DASOC 32)

ASSIGNMENT - 1 , MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part – II : Sociology Paper - IV : RURAL AND URBAN SOCIOLOGY

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Explain Rural Development Programmes in India.

¿ê¾Þ›”�‹�‘‹Ì!‰†Ä] ®YAÊ(×ê¸È"‹’¡¦ PA¾Þ›½®PÞ…È"‹.ç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a�‹(È"‹#2

2) Discuss the features of Rural Community.

®YAÊ(ω ßÔÈ"‹#�Œ¼!‰( Ã…Þ…×êç"‹( È"‹¿Œ†a�‹(È"‹#2

3) Explain the scope of rural sociology in India.

¿ê¾Þ›”�‹�‘‹Ì!‰†Ä] ®YAÊ(ω ßÔÈ"‹.i ÌAßÔ‰È"‹# ¼–‰#PÞ…S ß«¿¤¡¨ ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

4) Explain the aggrarian relations in India.

¿ê¾Þ›”�‹�‘‹Ì!‰†Ä] PÞ…¾Þ›ÓPÞ… ßÔ†²†¤§éç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†a�‹(È"‹#2

5) Write an essay on Rural Health.

®YAÊ(ω E¾„YÞ…½È"‹#R—« MPÞ… Ðé½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~Ðé¼!‰#È"‹#2

——————

(DASOC 32)

ASSIGNMENT - 2 , MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part – II : Sociology Paper - IV : RURAL AND URBAN SOCIOLOGY

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Explain the features of Urban Community.

§"‹YÞ…¾Þ› ßÔÈ"‹#§é¼!‰.à Åޅ×êç"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Discuss the scope of Urban Sociology.

§"‹YÞ…¾Þ› ßÔÈ"‹.iÌAßÔ‰ ß«¿¤¡¨ a#‹¿d†a#‹(È"‹#2

3) Discuss Urban Community and its characteristics.

§"‹YÞ…¾Þ› ßÔÈ"‹#§é¼!‰(È"‹#0 §é¨ YÞ…(ωYÞ…×êç"‹( a#‹¿d†a#‹(È"‹#2

4) What is the cause for poverty in Indian Cities?

¿ê¾Þ›”#‹ ß«uw×êÃÄ] ‚«�Þ‹¿PA¨Pš… YÞ…Ã PA¾Þ›Ï‰È"‹#Ä’‰ÉB

5) Write an essay on Urban Slums.

§"‹YÞ…¾Þ› È"‹#¿Pš…Ðé|Þ‹ÃR—« MPÞ… Ðé½ßÔÈ"‹#§"‹( ~Ðé¼!‰#È"‹#2

——————

(DASOC 33)

ASSIGNMENT - 1 , MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part – II : Sociology Paper - IV : SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Define social demography and examine its scope.

ÕŠÈ"‹.kPÞ… i®è¤�Þ‹½¼!‰(§"‹ ÌAÕ‰Š¨ª ¨¾Þ›Ëb†b §é¨ ß«¿¤¡¨ ß«À…š…†ß«'È"‹#2

2) Examine the relationship between Social Demography and Economics.

E¿ŸPÞ… ÌAÕ‰Š¨Pš… ÕŠÈ"‹.kPÞ… i®è¤�Þ‹½¼!‰(§"‹PÞ…( YÞ…Ã ßÔ†²†¤�Þ‹È"‹#§"‹( ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

3) Discuss the sample survey method.

~ß«‡a3‹¼!‰(§"‹È"‹# ¨¾Þ›ËŸ×‰†a3‹(u YÞ….¿d a3‹¿d†a3‹(È"‹#2

4) What is contribution of Malthus to the study of population?

i®è¿ê D¤�Þ‹½¼!‰(®è¨Pš… È"‹.ßŒÔ ¼–‰#PÞ…S ”„yé−u( KÉ(vš‰B

5) What are the causes for migration?

È"‹ÃßÔ ¬†È"‹'uPÞ…( YÞ…Ã PA¾Þ›Ï‰È"‹#Ä’‰É(vš‰B

——————

(DASOC 33)

ASSIGNMENT - 2 , MAY - 2015.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION.

(Examination at the end of Third Year)

Part – II : Sociology Paper - IV : SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY

Maximum : 20 MARKS

Answer ALL questions.

1) Explain the population policy of India.

¿ê¾Þ›”�‹�‘‹Ì!‰ß«' i®è¿ê É«§é®è¨ª ÉÈ"‹¿†ß«'È"‹#2

2) What are the barriers in implementation of family planning programmes?

PÞ…(u(†² ¨¼!‰(†~”�‹Ï‰ ~ß«×êÛPÞ…Ã DÈ"‹(Ã(Ä] J�Þ‹(¾Þ›¼’‰(½ D|Þ‹}†PÞ…(à YÞ….¿d ~Ðé¼!‰#È"‹#2

3) Explain the relationship between Social Demography and History.

a�‹¿~”�‹PÞ…(0 ÕŠÈ"‹.kPÞ… i®èœÞ‹½¼!‰(§"‹ ÌAÕ‰Š¨Pš… YÞ…Ã ßÔ†²†¤�Þ‹È"‹#ç"‹( ÉÌ!‰¢PÞ…¿†ß«'È"‹#2

4) What are the social factors for migration?

È"‹ÃßÔ ¬†È"‹'uPÞ…( ÕŠ†Ÿ—(PÞ… PA¾Þ›Ï‰È"‹#Ä’‰É(vš‰B

5) What is the need for population execution programmes?

i®è¿ê ɤ¡ É«§é§"‹È"‹# ¼–‰#PÞ…S EÈ"‹Ì!‰½PÞ…”�‹ KÉ(vš‰B

——————