cvV-3.1 : cyiælevPK I ¯xevPK kã · †Q‡j, VvKzi, KvKv, bvwcZ, gvgv BZ¨vw`| Avi †h me kã...

SSC-2651 e¨vKiYÑ37

BDwbU-3

kã cÖKiY

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvVwU cov †k‡l AvcwbÑ

cyiælevPK I ¯¿xevPK kã m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjvq cyiælevPK I ¯¿xevPK k‡ãi cÖKvi‡f` wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvq cyiælevPK I ¿xevPK k‡ãi eënv‡ii wbqg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvq wj½ GKwU wewkó ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| evsjv fvlvq cyiælevPK I ¯¿xevPK kã‡K GK

K_vq wj½ ejv n‡q _v‡K| GB wj½ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv e¨vKiwYK wPý ev wewa, hv Øviv GKwU ˆjw½K

êwkó‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq GB wj½wewa G‡KK iKg| A_©vr wewfbœ fvlvq kã cÖKi‡Y

wj½ ev cyiæl I ¯¿xevPKZv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ k‡ãi eënvi i‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvI Gi e¨wZµg bq| evsjv

fvlvq wj½‡f‡ì GB cv_©K¨ mn‡RB kã Øviv wbY©q Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i, G fvlvq A‡bK we‡kl¨ c` i‡q‡Q

Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bvwU cyiæl eySvq, Avevi †Kv‡bvwU Øviv cÖKvwkZ nq ¯¿xevPKZv| cvVwU‡Z G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. cyiælevPK I ¿xevPK k‡ãi msÁv

msÁv : ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, †h me kã Øviv cyiæl †evSvq Zv‡K ejv nq cyiælevPK kã| Gme k‡ãi D`vniY n‡jv

†Q‡j, VvKzi, KvKv, bvwcZ, gvgv BZ¨vw`| Avi †h me kã Øviv ¯¿x †evSvq Zv‡K ejv nq ¯¿xevPK kã| ¯¿xevPK

k‡ãi D`vniY n‡jv †evb, PvKivbx, gv, gvgx BZ¨vw`|

W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qig‡Z, ÔRM‡Z ev cÖK…wZ‡Z e¯‘mg~n cyiæl, ¯¿x I bcysmK ev K¬xeÑ GB wZb RvwZ ev

†kÖwY‡Z c‡o| eû ¯’‡j fvlv‡ZI cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’vAbymv‡i bvg-evPK kã¸wj‡KI GB †kÖwY‡Z †djv nq| cyiæl-

RvZxq e¯‘i bvg‡K cyswj½, ¯¿x-RvZxq e¯‘i bvg‡K ¯¿xwj½ Ges K¬xe ev bcysmK RvZxq e¯‘i bvg‡K K¬xewj½ ejv

nq|Õ

gybxi †PŠayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayixig‡Z, Ôme fvlvq wj½‡f‡` kã Av‡Q, evsjv fvlvqI Av‡Q| evsjv fvlvq

eû we‡kl¨ c` i‡q‡Q hv‡ì †Kv‡bvwU‡Z cyiæl I †Kv‡bvwU‡Z ¯¿x †evSvq| †h k‡ã cyiæl †evSvq Zv‡K cyiælevPK

kã, Avi †h k‡ã ¯¿x †evSvq Zv‡K ¿xevPK kã e‡j| †hgbÑ evc-gv, fvB-†evb, †Q‡j-†g‡q †KDB g„Zyï mgq

Kv‡Q wQj bv| G ev‡K¨ evc, fvB I †Q‡j cyiælevPK kã Avi gv, †evb I †g‡q ¯¿xevPK kã|Õ

evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi wj½ Av‡jvPbvq Zrmg k‡ãi cÖfve we`¨gvb _vK‡jI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg evsjv

fvlvi wj½ cÖKi‡Y cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv| †hgbÑ Zrmg cyiælevPK k‡ãi cyiælevPK we‡klY Ges ¯¿xevPK we‡kl¨ k‡ãi

¯¿xevPK we‡klY eën„Z n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ weØvb cyiæl Ges we`ylx bvix| GLv‡b ÔcyiælÕ cyiælevPK we‡kl¨ Ges

ÔbvixÕ ¯¿xevPK we‡kl¨| cvkvcvwk ÔweØvbÕ cyiælevPK we‡klY Ges Ôwe`ylxÕ ¯¿xevPK we‡klY| wKš‘ evsjv fvlvi

†ÿ‡Î ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg A‡bK mgq cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv| †hgbÑ ms¯‹…‡Z my›ì evjK I my›ìx evwjKv eëüZ

cvV-3.1 : cyiælevPK I ¿xevPK kã

e¨vKiYÑ38 SSC-2651

n‡jI evsjvq we‡kl‡Yi cwieZ©b nq bv| evsjvq eëüZ nq h_vµ‡g my›ì evjK I my›ì evwjKv| evsjv fvlvi

kã‡f` ev wj½‡f‡ì Kvi‡Y GgbwU n‡q _v‡K|

Ôwj½Õ k‡ãi A_© wPý| GwU ms¯‹…Z kã Ges Gi ey¨rcwË n‡jv wj½+A = wj½| wj½ k‡ãi wfbœ A_© _vK‡jI

e¨vKi‡Y GwU k‡ãi †kÖwYwe‡kl †evSv‡Z eëüZ nq| wj‡½i msÁvq ejv n‡q‡QÑ †h mKj kã Øviv we‡kl¨ I

me©bvg c‡ì g‡a¨ cyiæl, ¯¿x ev wfbœ RvwZ †evSvq Zv‡K wj½ e‡j|

2. evsjvq cyiælevPK I ¯¿xevPK kã I wj‡½i cÖKvi‡f`

evsjv fvlvi cyiælevPK I ¯¿xevPK kã‡K cÖavbZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q; G¸wj n‡jvÑ K) cwZ I cwZœevPK

A‡_© eëüZ kã Ges L) cyiæl I †g‡q ev ¯¿x RvZxq A‡_© eëüZ kã| ¯vgx I cZœxevPK A‡_© eëüZ k‡ãi

D`vniY n‡jv PvP-PvPx, gvgv-gvgx, `v`v-`v`x, bvbv-bvbx, fvB-fvex BZ¨vw`| cyiæl I †g‡q ev ¯¿x RvZxq A‡_©

eëüZ nqÑ cvMj-cvMjx, †LvKv-LyKx, †gviM-gyiMx, evjK-evwjKv †èi-bb` BZ¨vw` kã| Z‡e evsjv e¨vKi‡Y

wj½‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Pvi cÖKvi wj½ n‡jvÑ K) cyswj½ L) ¯¿xwj½ M) K¬xewj½ I N) Dfqwj½

K) cyswj½ : †h me bvgevPK k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ cyiælRvwZ‡K †evSvq, Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq cyswj½| Gme bvgevPK k‡ãi

D`vniY n‡jvÑ KvKv, PvPv, †Q‡j, evjK, bvbv, evev, †Mvqvjv, wK‡kvi, cÖexY BZ¨vw`|

L) ¯¿xwj½ : †h me bvgevPK k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ ¯¿xRvwZ‡K †evSvq, †mme kã‡K ¯¿xwj½ e‡j| Gme ¯¿xevPK k‡ãi

D`vniY n‡jvÑ KvKx, gvgx, PvPx, gv, Av¤§v, wK‡kvix, cÖexYv BZ¨vw`|

M) K¬xewj½ : †h me k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ cyiæl I ¯¿xRvwZ †Kv‡bvwUB †evSvq bv, †mme kã‡K ejv nq K¬xewj½| Gme

k‡ãi D`vniY n‡jvÑ MvQ, cvnvo, ce©Z, eB, †Uwej, dyj, dj, †Pqvi BZ¨vw`|

N) Dfq wj½ : †h me k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ ¯¿x I cyiælRvwZ DfqB †evSvq, Zv‡K ejv nq Dfqwj½| Dfqwj‡½i

D`vniY n‡jvÑ wkíx, Wv³vi, wkï, gvbyl, Kwe BZ¨vw`|

3. wj½ cwieZ©b ev wj½všÍ‡ii wbqg

evsjv fvlvi wj½všÍi wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e n‡q _v‡KÑ

1) cyswj½evPK k‡ãi †k‡l cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i|

2) ¯¿xevPK kã Av‡M ev c‡i ewm‡q Ges

3) wfbœ kã eënv‡ii gva¨‡g|

wb‡P wbqg¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

1) cyswj½evPK k‡ãi †k‡l cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i :

K. A-KvivšÍ cyswj‡½i †k‡l ÔAvÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i wj½ cwieZ©b nqÑ

cyswj½ ¯¿xwj½ cyswj½ ¯¿xwj½

e„× e„×v Abv_ Abv_v

gnvkq gnvkqv KzwUj KzwUjv

wkl¨ wkl¨v g‡bvni g‡bvniv

DËg DËgv m‡nvì m‡nvìv

K…cY K…cYv RxweZ RxweZv

†KvwKj †KvwKjv AvZ¥xq AvZ¥xqv

KzwUj KzwUjv wcÖq wcÖqv

g~L© g~L©v mybqb mybqbv

RwUj RwUjv `xb `xbv


cÖ_g cÖ_gv PZzi PZziv

cÖexY cÖexYv gvbbxq gvbbxqv

gwjb gwjbv †meK †mweKv

AMÖR AMÖRv mybxj mybxjv

L. cyiælevPK k‡ãi †k‡l -C cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i :

A-KvivšÍ Ges Av-KvivšÍ we‡kl¨ c‡ì †k‡l -C cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¿xwj½ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-


gvbe gvbex mvay mvaex

K‡cvZ K‡cvZx m¤ªvU m¤ªvÁx

Î‡qv`k Î‡qv`kx †bZv †bÎx

Zvcm Zvcmx gq~i gq~ix

my›ì my›ìx `vbe `vbex

†¯œngq †¯œngqx k~Ki k~Kix

Ck¦i Ck¦ix b` b`x

gvgv gvgx GKv`k GKv`kx

NUK NUKx wkqvj wkqvjx

†eUv †eUx PZy`©k PZz`©kx

†lvok †lvokx ZiæY ZiæYx

†è †èx bZ©K bZ©Kx

nwiY nwiYx k¼i k¼ix

g„Y¥q g„Y¥qx wmsn wmsnx

`vZv `vÎx mLv mLx

wK‡kvi wK‡kvix PZz_© PZz_©x

`yjvj `yjvjx Kzgvi Kzgvix

iRK iRKx bU bUx

cvMj cvMjx bi bvix

M. cyswj½ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔAKÕ _vK‡j Zv BKv K‡i Zvi m‡½ Av cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Ki‡Z nqÑ


bvqK bvwqKv MvqK MvwqKv

evnK evwnKv m¤úv`K m¤úvw`Kv

mvaK mvwaKv cÖPviK cÖPvwiKv

wkÿK wkwÿKv PvjK PvwjKv

bvUK bvwUKv evjK evwjKv

†cÖiK †cÖwiKv AwffveK AwffvweKv


†jLK †jwLKv MÖvnK MÖvwnKv

k¨vjK k¨vwjKv NvZK NvwZKv

cvPK cvwPKv fÿK fwÿKv

N. cyswj½ k‡ãi †k‡l -Avbx cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nq-

cyyswj½ ¯¿xwj½ cyswj½ ¯¿xwj½

PvKi PvKivYx AiY¨ AiY¨vbx

†g_i †g_ivYx †PŠayix †PŠayivYx

†gvNj †gvNjvbx bvwcZ bvwcZvbx

k~`ª k~`ªvYx eb ebvbx

cwÐZ cwÐZvbx gvZzj gvZzjvbx

O. KZ¸‡jv cyswj½ k‡ãi †k‡l -Bbx cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ


†Mvqvjv †Mvqvwjbx evN evwNbx

KvOvj KvOvwjbx fvMv AfvwMbx

wen½ wenw½bx PvZK PvZwKbx

gvjx gvwjbx cvMj cvMwjbx

mbœ vm mbœ vwmbx †k¦Zv½ †k¦Zvw½bx

mvc mvwcbx †Mvc †Mvwcbx

iRK iRwKbx gvZ½ gvZw½bx

P. wb‡Pi cyiælevPK kã¸‡jvi †k‡l -bx cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ

cyswj½ ¿xwj½ cyswj½ ¯¿xwj½

Kvgvi Kvgvibx †R‡j †R‡jbx

†avcv †avcvbx gRyi gRyibx

wfLvix wfLvwibx gvqvex gvqvwebx

Wv³vi Wv³vibx bb`vB bbw`bx

K…lvY K…lvYx †e‡` †e‡`bx

bvwZ bvZbx we‡`kx we‡`wkbx

Kzgvi Kzgvibx †cÖZ †cÖZbx

Q. evb, gvb, Avb, AZx, qmx cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ

cyswj½ ¯¿xwj½ cyswj½ ¿xwj½

we`¨vevb we`¨vewZ gwnqvb gwnqmx

gwZgvb gwZqmx f~qvb f~qmx

kÖxgvb kÖxgwZ Mwiqvb Mwiqmx


Ávbevb ÁvbeZx †kÖqvb †kÖqmx

R. cyyiælevPK k‡ãi †k‡l -b cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ


bvwZ bvwZb VvKzi VvKziY

S. cyiælevPK k‡ãi m‡½ -AvBb cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ


†eqvB †eqvBb ûRyi ûRyivBb

`yjnvb `yjnvBb

T. cyiælevPK k‡ãi m‡½ -webx cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ


†ZR¯x †ZRw¯bx hk¯x hkw¯bx

cq¯x cqw¯bx

U. cyiælevPK k‡ãi †k‡l cÖhy³ Am, evb, web, Pi, BK, bq, „k, Ck kãvs‡ki †k‡l -C cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i

¯¿xwj½Kiv nqÑ


Mwiqvb Mwiqmx RjPi RjPix

axgvb axgwZ wnZKi wnZKix

gvwbb gvwbbx †LPi †LPix

gayKi gayKix kyf¼i ïf¼ix

†cÖqm †cÖqmx `qvgq `qvgqx

gvqvweb gvqvwebx Zv`„k Zv`„kx

2) ¿xevPK kã Av‡M ev c‡i ewm‡q ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nq:

K. cyiælevPK k‡ãi Av‡M ev c‡i ¯¿xevPK kã †hvM K‡i ¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ


fvB fvB †eŠ fvM‡b fvM‡b eD

ˆmb¨ gwnjv ˆmb¨ bvwZ bvwZ †eŠ/bvZ †eŠ

cÖwZwbwa gwnjv cÖwZwbwa

L. k‡ãi Av‡M ev c‡i cyiælevPK I ¯¿xevPK kã ewm‡q cyswj½ I ¿xwj½ Kiv nqÑ


Gu‡o evQzi eKbv evQzi g`©v DU gv`x DU

luvo Miæ MvB Miæ ûj weovj gv`x/ †g`x weovj

†eUv †Q‡j †g‡q †Q‡j cyiæl gvbyl †g‡q gvbyl


3) wfbœ kã eënvi K‡i wj½ cwieZ©b Kiv nqÑ


Kzwj Kvwgb fvB fvex/ †evb

†èi bb`/ Rv wecZœxK weaev

cyÎ Kb¨v Lvbmvgv Avqv

AveŸv Av¤§v †Mvjvg euv`x

cyiæl/bi bvix PvKi wS

m¤ªvU m¤ªvÁx mvay mvaex

f~Z †cZœx dzdv dydy

Lvb Lvbg k~K kvwi

ev`kv †eMg ei K‡b

¯vgx ¯¿x Lvjy Lvjv

weØvb we`ylx Gu‡o eKbv

4. ¿xevPK I cyiƒlevPK k‡ãi Rb¨ wKQz we‡kl wbqg

K. †hme cyiælevPK k‡ãi †k‡l Zv i‡q‡Q, ¯¿xevPK †evSv‡Z †mme k‡ã Îx nq| †hgb : †bZvÑ †bÎx, KZ©vÑ

KÎx, †kÖvZvÑ †kÖvÎx, avZvÑ avÎx BZ¨vw`|

L. cyiælevPK k‡ãi †k‡l AZ, evb, gvb, Cqvb _vK‡j ¯¿xevPK kã Kivi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g AZx, eZx, gwZ,

Cqmx nq| †hgb : kÖxgvbÑ kÖxgwZ, ¸YevbÑ ¸YeZx, iƒcevbÑ iƒceZx, eyw×gvbÑ eyw×gwZ BZ¨vw`|

M. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cyiælevPK kã †_‡K we‡kl wbq‡g ¯¿xevPK kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : eÜz-evÜex, bi-bvix,

cwZ-cZœx, m¤ªvU-m¤ªvÁx, wkÿK-wkÿwqÎx, ¯vgx-¯¿x BZ¨vw`|

N. wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK kã : Gme k‡ãi cyiælevPK iƒc †bB| †hgbÑ maev, weaev, mZxb, jjbv, †cvqvZx, j²x,

myRjv, mydjv, Aaxiv, Mwf©bx, WvBbx, †cZœx, kvKPzbœx, KzjUv, wegvZv BZ¨vw`|

O. Dfqwj½ kã : mšÍvb, gš¿x, Fwl, ˆmb¨, cywjk, wkï, nvwZ, gvbyl, Miæ, Avwg, Zzwg, ZzB, Avvcwb, †m,

wZwb,Bwb, Dwb, Rj, cvwL BZ¨vw`|

P. wKQz cyiælevPK k‡ãi `y‡Uv K‡i ¿xevPK kã i‡q‡Q| h_vÑ †èi-bb` (†è‡ii †evb)/ Rv (†è‡ii ¿x),

fvBÑ †evb Ges fvex (fvB‡qi ¯¿x), wkÿK-wkÿwqÎx (†ckv A‡_©), Ges wkÿK cZœx (wkÿ‡Ki ¯¿x), eÜz-

evÜex (†g‡q eÜz) Ges eÜzcZœx (eÜzi ¯¿x), `v`v-w`w` (eo †evb) Ges †eŠw` (`v`vi ¿x) BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K. mwVK DËiwU evQvB KiæbÑ

1. wj½ e¨vKi‡Yi †Kvb As‡ki Av‡jvP¨ welq?

K) iƒcZ‡Ë¡ L) aŸwbZ‡Ë¡

M) evK¨Z‡Ë¡ N) A_©Z‡Ë¡

2. wj½ KZ cÖKvi ?

K) wZb L) Pvi

M) cuvP N) Qq


3. †KvbwUi wj½všÍi nq bv?

K) †eqvB L) mv‡ne

M) m½x N) KweivR

4. Mwiqvb k‡ãi ¯¿xwj½ †KvbwU?

K) Mwiqmx L) Mwiqvbx

M) Mwiqbx N) Mwiqvmx

5. evsjv e¨vKiY †Kvb c‡` ms¯‹…‡Zi wj‡½i wbqg gvbv nq bv?

K) we‡kl¨ L) we‡klY

M) me©bvg N) wµqv

6. gvbyl †Kvb wj½?

K) cyswj½ L) ¯¿xwj½

M) K¬xewj½ N) Dfqwj½

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. cyiælevPK I ¿xevPK kã ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? D`vniYmn eywS‡q w`b|

2. wbZ¨ ¿xevPK k‡ãi 5wU D`vniY w`b|

DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. K 2. L 3. N 4. K 5. L 6. N


D‡Ïk¨


wØiæ³ kã ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

wØiæ³ k‡ãi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvq wØiæ³ k‡ãi eënvi wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

GKB k‡ãi ci ci `yB evi eënvi‡K wØiæw³ kã ejv nq| †Kbbv AvÿwiK A‡_© wØiæw³ ev `yB evi

D³ nIqv| wØiæ³ k‡ãi gva¨‡g bZzb kã MwVZ nq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv k‡ãi GKvwaK eënv‡ii gva¨‡g

k‡ãi bZzb A_© cÖKvk cvq I k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY N‡U| G Kvi‡Y wØiæ³ kã‡K bZzb kã MV‡bi

Dcvq wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØiæ³ k‡ãi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e evsjv fvlvq bZzb kã ˆZwi nq, Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j G

kã m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb jvf cÖ‡qvRb| GB cv‡V evsjv fvlvq eëüZ wØiæ³ kãmg~‡ni mvsMVwbK I eënviMZ

wel‡qi eY©bv cÖ vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

msÁv

wØiæ³ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv hv `yBevi D³| †Kv‡bv kã ev c`‡K cvkvcvwk hw` `yBevi eënvi K‡i, wKsev kã ev

c`wUi cvkvcvwk Zvi AbyPi kã ev c` eënvi Kiv nq, GB eënv‡ii d‡j ev‡K¨ aŸwb-gvayh© Avbv ev A‡_©i

cwieZ©b m¤¢e nq, Zvn‡j Giƒ‡c eëüZ kã¸‡jv‡K ejv nq wØiæ³ kã| †hgbÑ

cvwLUv‡K giv †`Ljvg|

cvwLUv‡K giv giv Ae¯’vq †`Ljvg|

wØZxq ev‡Kï Ôgiv givÕ Øviv g„Z cvwLwU‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr, cvwLUvi Ae¯’v †h g„Zzï KvQvKvwQ ZvB

†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| k‡ãi Giƒc eënviB n‡jv wØiæ³ kã ev kã‰ØZ|

wØiæ³ kã evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi iƒcZË¡ As‡k Av‡jvwPZ n‡q _v‡K| evsjv fvlvi kãMV‡b Gme k‡ãi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

i‡q‡Q|

wØiæ³ k‡ãi cÖKvi‡f`

evsjv fvlvq eëüZ wØiæ³ kã‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡QÑ

K. k‡ãi wØiæw³

L. c‡ì wØiæw³ I

M. AbyKvi/aŸbvZ¥K wØiæw³

K) k‡ãi wØiæw³

GKB kã hLb AweK…Zfv‡e `yBevi D”PvwiZ nq ZLb Zv‡K k‡ãi wØiæw³ e‡j| k‡ãi wØiæw³‡Z †Kv‡bv k‡ãi

cwieZ©b nq bv, †Kej A‡_©i cwieZ©b nq| †hgbÑ w`b w`b, †ivR †ivR, w`b w`b, Kv‡jv Kv‡jv, nvjKv nvjKv,

cvKv cvKv BZ¨vw`| k‡ãi wØiæw³ wb‡¤œv³fv‡e n‡Z cv‡iÑ

1) GKB kã `yBevi eënv‡ii gva¨‡g : eQi eQi, evwo evwo, w`b w`b, Mvwo Mvwo BZ¨vw`|

2) GKB k‡ãi m‡½ mgv_©K Ab¨ GKwU kã †hvM K‡i : †Ljvayjv, jvjbcvjb, ab-†`ŠjZ BZ¨vw`|

3) mgv_©K ev wecixZv_©K kã‡hv‡M : abx-Mwie, UvKv-cqmv, †jb-†`b, †`bv-cvIbv BZ¨vw`|

cvV-3.2 : wØiæ³ kã


4) wØiæ³ k‡ãi wØZxq k‡ãi AvswkK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g : iKg-mKg, eKv-SKv, wgUgvU, †Zvo-†Rvo

BZ¨vw`

L) c‡ì wØiæw³

ev‡K¨ GKB c` evi evi eënvi Kiv‡K ejv nq c‡ì wØiæw³| evsjv fvlvq c‡ì wØiæw³i gva¨‡g wb¤œwjwLZ

Dcv‡q kã MVb Kiv nqÑ

1) we‡kl¨ c‡ì wØiæw³ : evsjv fvlvq we‡kl¨ c‡ì wØiæw³ wb¤œwjwLZ A‡_© n‡q _v‡KÑ

K) AvwaK¨ †evSv‡Z : ivwk ivwk avb, †_vKv †_vKv Rvg|

L) mvgvb¨ †evSv‡Z: Avwg AvR R¡i R¡i Abyfe KiwQ|

M) ci¤úiZv ev avivevwnKZv †evSv‡Z : Zzwg w`b w`b †ivMv n‡q hv”Q| †m evwo evwo †_‡K Puv`v Zzj‡Q|

N) wµqv we‡klY †evSv‡Z: †m ax‡i ax‡i hvq, wd‡i wd‡i ZvKvq|

O) Abyiƒc †evSv‡Z : Zvi m½x-mv_x †KD †bB|

P) AvMÖn †evSv‡Z : †m gv gv e‡j Kuv`‡Q|

2) we‡klY c‡ì wØiæw³ : evsjv fvlvq we‡klY c‡ì wØiæw³ wb‡¤œvwjwLZ Dcv‡q eëüZ nqÑ

K) AvwaK¨ †evSv‡Z : fv‡jv fv‡jv wjPz wb‡q G‡mv| cyKyi †_‡K eo eo gvQ ai|

L) ZxeªZv ev mwVKZv †evSv‡Z : Mig Mig wRjvwc †L‡Z gRv| big big nvZ w`‡q †m †ivMxi †mev Ki‡Q|

M) mvgvb¨Zv †evSv‡Z : Kv‡jv Kv‡jv †Pnviv| cPv cPv Avg|

3) me©bvg c‡ì wØiæw³ : AvwaK¨ ev eûePb †evSv‡Z :

†m †m †jvK †Mj †Kv_vq?

†KD †KD G e¨vcv‡i wfbœ gZ w`‡q‡Qb|

4) wµqvevPK c‡ì wØiæw³ : evsjv fvlvq wµqvevPK c` wb‡¤œv³ A_© cÖKv‡k eëüZ nqÑ

K) we‡klYiƒ‡c : GZ LvB LvB Kiv fv‡jv bq| †Zvgvi †bB †bB fve Avi †Mj bv|

L) ¯íKvj ’vqx †evSv‡Z : †`L‡Z †`L‡Z AvKv‡k †gN Rgv n‡q †Mj|

M) wµqv-we‡klY †evSv‡Z : †m Nywg‡q Nywg‡q †`L‡Q| †`‡L †`‡L hvI|

N) †cŠYcywbKZv †evSv‡Z : †Zvgv‡K †W‡K †W‡K Avwg nqivb n‡q †Mjvg|

5) Ae¨q c‡ì wØiæw³ : evsjv fvlvq Ae¨q c‡ì wØiæw³ wb¤œwjwLZ A‡_© eëüZ nqÑ K) fv‡ei MfxiZv †evSv‡Z : nvq nvq K‡i jvf Kx? wQ, wQ! Zzwg Kx KiQ?

L) Abyf~wZ ev fve †evSv‡Z : f‡q Mv Qg Qg Ki‡Q|

M) aŸwb e¨Äbv †evSv‡Z : wSi wSi K‡i evZvm eB‡Q| e„wó c‡o Uvcyi Uzcyi|

N) we‡klY †evSv‡Z : evwZ R¡‡j wgwUi wgwUi|

M) AbyKvi/abvZ¥K wØiæw³ : †Kv‡bv wKQzi ¯vfvweK AvIqvR ev aŸwbi AbyKi‡Y MwVZ kã‡K abvZ¥K wØiæw³ ev

AbyKvi wØiæw³ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †hme aŸwbm~PK wØiæ³ kã †Kv‡bv aŸwb ev AvIqv‡Ri Abymv‡i wØiæ³

cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K AbyKvi ev abvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi wØiæw³ e‡j| †hgbÑ wUc wUc, wUK wUK, kb kb, fb fb

BZ¨vw`| abvZ¥K wØiæ³ kã‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡KÑ


1) gvbyl ev Ab¨ cÖvwY, e¯‘ ev wµqv-K‡g©i kÖæwZMÖvn¨ ¯vfvweK aŸwbi AbyKiYRvZ wØiæ³ kã¸‡jv‡K mvaviY

abvZ¥K wØiæ³ kã ev mvaviY abvZ¥K kã‰ØZ ejv nq| †hgbÑ Lj Lj, Kv Kv, †ND †ND, gP gP, Xs Xs BZ¨vw`|

2) kÖæwZMvn¨ aŸwbi fve Qvov : †PvL, Z¡K, ü`q cÖf…wZ Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Abyf~wZ fve cÖKvkK AbyKviRvZ wØiæ³kã‡K

Abyf~wZgyjK abvZ¥K kã‰ØZ e‡j| †hgbÑ KbK‡b, Kzmyg Kzmyg, UbUb, QU dU, yiæ yiæ BZ¨vw`|

3) KZ¸‡jv abvZ¥K wØiæ³ kã w`‡q ¯’vqx ¸Y †evSv‡bv nq| G¸‡jv ¸Y cÖKvkK wØiæ³ kã e‡j| †hgbÑ Luv Luv,

Suv Suv, ˆ_ ˆ_ BZ¨vw`|

kÖæwZMvn¨ ¯vfvweK ev abvZ¥K wØiæ³ kã wb¤œwjwLZ A_© cÖKv‡k eëüZ nqÑ

nvwmi kã : wn wn, †nv †nv, wLj wLj, wdK wdK BZ¨vw`|

Kvbœvi kã : nvD gvD, N¨vb N¨vb, c¨vb c¨vb, †gD †gD

Kvwki kã : LyK LyK, LK LK, Mo Mo

m¤§wZ ev Am¤§wZm~K kã : n¨v-n¨v, bv-bv, û-û BZ¨vw`|

Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYi AbyKvi : †KvwK‡ji WvKÑ KzûKzû, Kv‡Ki WvKÑ Kv Kv, evb‡ii WvKÑ wKwPi wgwPi, KzKz‡ii WvKÑ

†ND †ND, Mvfxi WvKÑ nv¤^v-nv¤v, weov‡ji WvKÑ wgD wgD, gvwQi WvKÑ fb fb BZ¨vw`|

e¯‘i aŸwbi AbyKvi : `v, Qzwi, KvwP cÖf…wZ w`‡q KvUvi kãÑ KP-KP, KPvKP, KU KU, KUvKU, K¨vP K¨vP, NüvP

NüvP BZ¨vw`|

cov, Pjv BZ¨vw` wµqv aŸwbi AbyKvi : ac-ac, acvac, acvm-acvm, Uc-Uc, UcvUc, cUvm-cUvm, Uzc-Uzc, gU-

gU, go-go BZ¨vw`|

Abyf~wZm~PK abvZ¥K ev wØiæ³ kã :

K) Abyf~wZm~PK : Qg Qg, g¨vR g¨vR, wi wi, wPb wPb, ao co, Dm Lym|

L) `„wói Abyf~wZm~PK : PK PK, Sj gj, Uj Uj, UzK Uz‡K, WM W‡M, KzP Kz‡P, `M `‡M|

M) Z¡‡Ki Abyf~wZm~PK : KzU KzU, Lm Lm, PU PU, wno wno|

N) ¸Y cÖKvkK abvZ¥K kã : wdb wd‡b, Si S‡i, ˆ_ ˆ_, jK j‡K, dzi dz‡i|

abvZ¥K wØiæ³ MVb :

1) GKB k‡ãi AweK…Z cÖ‡qvM :Uc Uc, Sb Sb, cU cU| 2) cÖ_g k‡ãi †k‡l Av †hvM K‡i : McvMc, UcvUc, cUvcU| 3) wØZxq k‡ãi †k‡l B cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i : aivawi, SgSwg, SbSwb| 4) hyM¥ixwZ‡Z MwVZ abvZ¥K kã : wKwPi wgwPi, Uvcyi Uvcyi, nvcym ûcym| wewkóv_©K evMavivq wØiæ³ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM :

1. †Q‡jwU‡K †Pv‡L †Pv‡L †i‡Lv| (mZK©Zv)

2. fzj¸‡jv ZzB Avb‡i evQv evQv | (fv‡ei cÖMvpZv)

3. †_‡K †_‡K wkïwU Kuv`‡Q| (Kv‡ji we¯Ívi)

4. †jvKUv nv‡o nv‡o kqZvb| (AvwaK¨)

5. LuvPvi duv‡K duv‡K, ci‡k gy‡L gy‡L, bxi‡e †Pv‡L †Pv‡L Pvq|


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K. mwVK DËiwU evQvB Kiæb

1. wØiæ³ kã Kv‡K e‡j?

K) GKevi D³ n‡q‡Q Ggb kã ev c` L) wZbevi D³ n‡q‡Q Ggb kã ev c`

M) `yevi D³ n‡q‡Q Ggb kã ev c` N) Pvievi D³ n‡q‡Q Ggb kã ev c`

2. R¡i-Gi mv‡_ †Kvb k‡ãi wØiæw³‡Z mvgvb¨ A_© cÖKvk cvq?

K) Rvwi L) weKvi

M) R¡i N) e¨vwa

3. wØiæ³ kã‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q?

K) yB fv‡M L) wZb fv‡M

M) Pvi fv‡M N) cuvP fv‡M

4. ivwk k‡ãi wØiæw³‡Z †Kvb A_© cÖKvk cvq?

K) mvgvb¨ L) AvwaK¨

M) k~b¨ N) AvwZkh¨

5. GLv‡b jvj jvj dzj Av‡QÑ ev‡K¨ jvj Kx A‡_© wØiæ³ n‡q‡QÑ

K) Blr L) k~b¨

M) GKePb N) eûePb

6. †Kvb wØiæw³wU abvZ¥K kã?

K) kb kb L) kxZ kxZ

M) c‡ov c‡ov N) nv‡Z bv‡Z

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. wØiæ³ kã ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? wØiæ³ k‡ãi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. evsjv fvlvq c‡`i wØiæw³i gva¨‡g 5wU kã MVb Kiæb|

3. abvZ¥K wØiæw³ Kv‡K e‡j? Gi wewfbœ cÖ‡qvM Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|


1. M 2. M 3. L 4. L 5. N 6. K


D‡Ïk¨


msL¨vevPK k‡ãi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

msL¨vevPK kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvq msL¨vevPK kã Kxfv‡e eëüZ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msL¨v ev cwigv‡Yi GKK wb‡`©k K‡i, Ggb kã‡K ejv nq msL¨vevPK kã| c„w_exi me fvlv‡ZB GB

msL¨vevPK k‡ãi eënvi we`¨gvb| evsjv fvlvqI Giƒc k‡ãi eënvi †`Lv hvq| evsjv fvlvi

msL¨vevPK kã¸wj kã Av‡jvPbvq we‡kl ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i i‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ cv‡V msL¨vevPK k‡ãi

eënvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

msÁv

GK K_vq ejv hvq, †h kã w`‡q msL¨v †evSvq Zv‡K msL¨vevPK kã e‡j| A‡¼, c~i‡Y, MYbvq I ZvwiL wb‡`©‡k

Gme msL¨vevPK kã eëüZ nq| msL¨v gv‡b MYbv ev MYbv Øviv cvIqv aviYv| msL¨v MYbvi g~j GKK n‡jv

GK| Kv‡RB msL¨vevPK k‡ã GK, GKvwaK, cÖ_g, cÖv_wgK BZ¨vw` aviYv cvIqv hvq| †hgbÑ GK UvKv, `k

UvKv| GK UvKv‡K GK GK K‡i `kevi wb‡j `k UvKv nq| c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, msL¨v cÖKvk K‡i Ggb

kã‡K ejv nq msL¨vevPK kã| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †h me kã Øviv msL¨v MYbv Kiv nq, ev †h kã¸‡jv Øviv

msL¨v †evSv‡bv nq, Zv‡K msL¨vevPK kã e‡j| †hgbÑ 1,2,3,4 A_ev GK,`yB, wZb, Pvi, A_ev c‡njv, †`vmiv,

†Zmiv BZ¨vw`|

c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvi b¨vq evsjv‡ZI msL¨vevPK kã i‡q‡Q| evsjv msL¨vevPK kã¸‡jvi cÖvqB Z™¢e| Gi g‡a¨

†hme kã Z™¢e bq, Zv G‡m‡Q we‡`wk fvlv †_‡K A_ev †`wk kã †_‡K| †hgbÑ Kzwo (20) †Kvj fvlv †_‡K

evsjv fvlvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q, nvRvi (1000) dviwm fvlv †_‡K AvMZ kã|

msL¨vevPK k‡ãi cÖKvi‡f`

evsjv fvlvq eëüZ msL¨vevPK kã¸‡jv‡K Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡QÑ

K) A¼evPK kãÑ 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 BZ¨vw`|

L) cwigvY ev MYbvevPK kãÑ GK, yB, wZb, Pvi, cuvP, Qq, mvZ, AvU BZ¨vw`|

M) µg ev c~iYevPK kãÑ cÖ_g, wØZxq, Z…Zxq, PZz_©, cÂg, mßg, Aóg BZ¨vw`|

N) ZvwiLevPK kãÑ c‡njv, †`vmiv, †Zmiv, †PŠVv, cuvPB, QqB, mvZB, AvUB BZ¨vw`|

K) A¼evPK kã

†h kã Øviv A¼evPK kã wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq A¼evPK kã| Avgv‡ì fvlvq msL¨vi GKK n‡jv ÔGKÕ|

myZivs †Kv‡bv kã‡K fvO‡Z n‡j GK msL¨v‡K GKK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †hgbÑ wZb UvKv ej‡Z GK UvKvi

wZbwU GKK ev GK‡Ki mgwó †evSvq| AZGe ÔwZbÕ msL¨v‡K Avgiv fvO‡Z cvwi Gfv‡e GK+GK+GK| Gfv‡e

GK †_‡K GKk ch©šÍ MYbv Kiv hvq|

GK †_‡K GKk ch©šÍ MYbv Kivi c×wZ‡K ejv nq `k ¸‡YvËi c×wZ| GK †_‡K `k ch©šÍ Avgiv Gfv‡e wj‡L

_vwK : GK (1), yB (2), wZb (3), Pvi (4), cuvP (5), Qq (6), mvZ (7), AvU (8), bq (9), `k (10)| GLv‡b

†hme mvs‡KwZK wPý eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv‡K e‡j A¼| GK †_‡K bq ch©šÍ A‡¼ wjwLZ| `k wjL‡Z GK

cvV-3.3 : msL¨vevPK kã


wj‡L Zvi Wv‡b GKwU k~b¨ (10) eënvi Ki‡Z nq| GB k~‡bï A_© evg w`‡K wjwLZ c~Y© msL¨vi `k¸Y| GwUB

`k ¸‡YvËi c×wZi wbqg|

G ai‡bi cÖwZwU `k‡K GKK a‡i Avgiv wek Kzwo (20), wÎk (30), Pwjøk (40), cÂvk (50), lvU (60), mËi

(70), Avwk (80), beŸB (90) ch©šÍ MYbv Kiv nq| Gic‡ii `k‡Ki GKK‡K ejv nq GKk (100)| Gfv‡e

`‡ki ¸Yb I GK‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ msL¨v †jLv hvq| †hgbÑ GK `k GK= GMvi (10+1=11), GK `k Pvi

†PŠ× (10+4=14) BZ¨vw`|

Gfv‡e `k‡Ki N‡i yB(2) n‡j Avgiv ewj `yB `k= wek (10+10=20) Ges `yB `k GK GKzk

(10+10+1=21)| Giƒc wZb `k GK GKwÎk, Pvi `k GK GKPwjøk, cuvP `k GK GKvbœ, Qq `k GK GKlwÆ

BZ¨vw`|

L) cwigvY ev MYbv evPK msL¨v

†h msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ cwigvY wbY©q ev MYbv Kiv nq †mme kã‡K ejv nq cwigvY ev MYbv evPK msL¨v| Ab¨fv‡e

ejv hvq, GKvwaK evi GKB GKK MYbv Ki‡j †h mgwó cvIqv hvq, Zv-B cwigvY ev MYbvevPK msL¨v| †hgbÑ

mßvn ej‡Z Avgiv mvZw`‡bi mgwó‡K eywS‡q _vwK| †hgbÑ

mß (mvZ), An (w`bÿY) = mßvn| GLv‡b Ôw`bÕ GKwU GKK| Giƒc mvZwU w`b ev GKK wg‡j n‡q‡Q mßvn|

¸YevPK msL¨v‡K Avevi c~Y©msL¨v, AwaK I b~¨bÑ G wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

Ôc~Y©msL¨vÕ ej‡Z GKwU c~Y© msL¨v‡K Aci GKwU c~Y© msL¨v Øviv ¸Y Kiv eySvq| h_vÑ

1 = 1 x 1 6 = 3 x 2 2 = 2 x 2 9= 3 x 3 12= 4 x 3 15= 5 x 3

Ôb~¨bÕ ej‡Z †Kv‡bv fv‡Mi Ask eySvq| †hgbÑ

1/4 = Pvi fv‡Mi GK fvM = †PŠ_vB, wmwK ev †cvqv

1/3 = wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM = †ZnvB

1/2 = yB fv‡Mi GK fvM = Aa© ev Avav

1/8 = AvU fv‡Mi GK fvM = Aógvsk BZ¨vw`|

ÔAwaKÕ ej‡Z †Kv‡bv msL¨v Aci msL¨v †_‡K †QvU ev eo †evSvq| h_vÑ

mIqv = 1 1/4 (mIqv ev †mvqv GK) ev mcv` A_©vr cv` (+ †cvqv+1/4 mn (GK) = mIqv >mIqv| Giƒc

AvovB, †ò BZ¨vw`|

M) µgevPK msL¨v

GKB `j, mvwi ev †kÖwY‡Z Aew¯’Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i msL¨vi µg ev c~iYevPK msL¨v eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ

wØZxqRb‡K LeiwU `vI|

GLv‡b MYbvi GKR‡bi c‡ii †jvKwU‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqR‡bi Av‡Mi †jvKwU‡K ejv nq cÖ_g Avi c‡ii

†jvKwU‡K ejv nq Z…Zxq| Giƒc cieZx© µg n‡jv PZz_©, cÂg, lô, mßg, Aóg, beg, `kg, GKv`k, Øv`k

BZ¨vw`|

N) ZvwiLevPK kã

ZvwiL †evSv‡Z †hme kã eën„Z nq GK K_vq †mme kã‡K ejv nq ZvwiLevPK kã|

evsjv fvlvq ZvwiLevPK kã i‡q‡Q| G¸wj evsjvq cÖwZw`‡bi ZvwiL wb‡`©‡k eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ

cqjv (c‡njv) êkvL, evB‡k kÖveY, †ZB‡k kÖveY, PweŸ‡k êkvL, GKz‡k fv ª, c‡njv gvN BZ¨vw`|

D‡jøL¨, evsjv fvlvq eëüZ ZvwiLevPK kã¸wji g‡a¨ 1 †_‡K 4 ch©šÍ wnw›` wbq‡g mvwaZ nq| wb‡P msL¨vevPK

k‡ãi iƒc‡f` D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvÑ


A¼evPK MYbvevPK c~iYevPK ZvwiLevPK A¼evPK MYbvevPK c~iYevPK ZvwiLevPK

1 GK cÖ_g cqjv 2 `yB wØZxq †`vmiv

3 wZb Z…Zxq †Zvmiv 4 Pvi PZz_© †PŠVv

5 cuvP cÂg cuvPB 6 Qq lô QqB

7 mvZ mßg mvZB 8 AvU Aóg AvUB

9 bq beg bqB 10 `k `kg `kB

11 GMv‡iv GKv`k GMviB 12 ev‡iv Øv`k eviB

13 †Z‡iv Î‡qv`k †ZiB 14 †PŠÏ PZz`©k †PŠÏB

15 c‡b‡iv cÂ`k c‡biB 16 †lv‡jv †lvok †lvjB

17 m‡Z‡iv mß`k m‡ZiB 18 AvVv‡iv Aóv`k AvVviB

19 Dwbk Dbwesk Dwb‡k 20 wek wesk we‡k

21 GKzk GKwesk GKz‡k 22 evBk Øvwesk evB‡k

24 PweŸk PZzwe©sk PweŸ‡k 25 cuwPk cÂwesk cuwP‡k

26 QvweŸk lowesk QvweŸ‡k 27 mvZvk mßwesk mvZv‡k

28 AvUvk Aówesk AvUv‡k 29 DbwÎk DbwÎsk DbwÎ‡k

30 wÎk wÎsk wÎ‡k 31 GKwÎk GKwÎsk GKwÎ‡k

32 ewÎk ewÎsk †bB 33 †ZwÎk ÎswÎk †bB

34 †PŠwÎk PZz©wÎsk †bB 35 cuqwÎk cÂwÎsk †bB

36 QwÎk lôwÎsk †bB 37 mvBwÎk mßwÎsk †bB

38 AvUwÎk AówÎsk †bB 39 DbPwjøk EbPZ¡vwisk †bB

40 Pwjøk PZ¡vwisk †bB 41 GKPwjøk GKPZ¡vwisk †bB

42 weqvwjøk wØPZ¡vwisk †bB 43 †ZZvwjøk wÎPZ¡vwisk †bB

44 Pzqvwjøk PZzPZ¡vwisk †bB 45 cuqZvwjøk cÂPZ¡vwisk †bB

46 †QPwjøk lôPZ¡vwisk †bB 47 mvZPwjøk mßmZ¡vwisk †bB

48 AvUPwjøk AóPZ¡vwisk †bB 49 EbcÂvk EbcÂvkZg †bB

50 cÂvk cÂvkZg †bB 60 lvU lwôZg †bB

70 mËi mßwZZg †bB 80 Avwk AówZZg †bB

90 beŸB beŸwZZg †bB 100 GKk kZZg †bB

fMœvskevPK kã

KZ¸‡jv kã Øviv †Kv‡bv c~Y© msL¨v bv eywS‡q G‡`i Ask eySvq| Gmekã‡K ejv nq fMœvskevPK kã| †hgbÑ

1/2 Aa©vsk, 1/3 GK Z…Zxqvsk, 1/6 lôvsk BZ¨vw`|


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb


1. msL¨v gv‡b Kx ?

K) mgwó L) †kÖwY

L) MYbv N) me¸‡jv

2. msL¨vevPK kã¸‡jv‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?

K) y&B fv‡M L) wZbfv‡M

M) Pvifv‡M N) cuvPfv‡M

3. †KvbwU cwigvYevPK kã?

K) GKzk L) GKweskwZ

M) GKwesk N) GKz‡k

4. A¼evPK msL¨v †KvbwU?

K) bq L) lô

M) mßg N) AvUB

5. msL¨v MYbvi g~j GKK †KvbwU?

K) GK L) `yB

M) wZb N) Pvi

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. A¼evPK I µgevPK k‡ãi cv_©K¨ wjLyb|

2. 1 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ msL¨vi A¼evPK, MYbvevPK I ZvwiLevPK iƒc wjLyb|

3. wb‡Pi msL¨v¸‡jv‡K c~iYevPK k‡ã †`Lvb|

3, 6, 4, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20|


1. L 2. N 3. L 4. K 5. K


D‡Ïk¨


ePb kãwUi A_© I msÁv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

eP‡bi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

eP‡bi wbqgvewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ePb e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| cvwifvwlK kã gv‡b n‡”Q evsjv e¨vKi‡Y ÔePbÕ kãwU ïay GKwU A‡_©B

eëüZ nq| †mwU n‡”Q ÔePbÕ cwifvlv w`‡q evsjv e¨vKi‡Y wbw`©ó msL¨vi aviYvi cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB

Ôwbw`©óÕ kãwU we‡kl A_© enb K‡i| D`vniY¯iƒc, evsjvq ePb w`‡q bvg k‡ãi GKwU ev A‡bK

msL¨v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| A_v©r †Kej we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c‡ì ePb‡f` nq| Gme c‡` ePb eënv‡ii

wKQz mywbw`©ó wbqg ev c×wZ i‡q‡Q| GB cv‡V evsjv e¨vKi‡Y eëüZ eP‡bi msÁv, cÖKvi‡f` I eënvi wb‡`©k

Kiv n‡q‡Q|

A_© I msÁv

ÔePbÕ kãwU ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q| ms¯‹…‡Z kãwUi ey¨rcwË n‡”Q eP+Ab| Gi mvaviY A_© n‡jv K_v,

evK¨,Dw³, cÖev`-cÖePb BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ e¨vKiY kv‡¯¿ GwU ÔGKÕ ev ÔeûÕ cwigvY A‡_© eëüZ nq|

eP‡bi msÁvq ejv nqÑ hv Øviv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i msL¨v wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq ePb| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, hv

GK‡Z¡i ev eû‡Z¡i aviYv †`q, Zv‡K ejv nq ePb|

gybxi †PŠayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix eP‡bi msÁvq e‡jb, ÔePb e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| Gi A_©

msL¨vi aviYv| e¨vKi‡Y we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi msL¨vMZ aviYv cÖKv‡ki Dcvq‡K ePb e‡j|Õ

†R¨vwZf~lY PvKx e‡jb, ÔePb gv‡b, hv msL¨v e‡j †`q, k‡ãi †h iƒ‡ci Øviv Zvi msL¨v †eva nq Zv‡K ePb e‡j|Õ

mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq e‡j‡Qb, Ôhvnvi Øviv c`v‡_©i msL¨vi wel‡q Avgv‡ì †eva R‡b¥, Zvnv‡K ePb e‡j| ePbÑ

†`¨vZK cÖZ¨q ev k‡ãi Øviv †Kv‡bv e ‘i GKZ¡ †evSv hvq|Õ

eP‡bi †kÖwYwefvM

evsjv e¨vKi‡Y ePb `yB cÖKviÑ K. GKePb I L. eûePb|

K. GKePb

†h ePb ev cwifvwlK k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ GKK †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq GKePb|

GKeP‡bi D`vniY n‡jv GKwU eB, GKRb †L‡jvqvo, GKwU †Mvjvc dyj, GKLvbv Rvgv BZ¨vw`|

1. ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM

Avwè GKRb †L‡jvqvo, AvwKe GKRb QvÎ, †m GKwU eB wK‡b‡Q, Avgvi GKLvbv QvZv ìKvi BZ¨vw`|

2. GKeP‡bi êwkó¨

GKeP‡bi D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU êwkó¨ n‡jvÑ

K) GKePb Øviv GKK e¨w³ ev e ‘ cÖKvwkZ nq| †hgbÑ GK Avmgvb, GKwU †gvevBj, GKRb gvbyl BZ¨vw`|

L) GKePb cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ c„_K †Kv‡bv wefw³ †bB| k‡ãi g~j iƒcwU‡ZB GKKZ¡ cÖKvk †c‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ

nuvm, dzj, dj, LvZv, †Pqvi BZ¨vw`

cvV-3.4 : ePb


M) k‡ãi Av‡M GKwU, GKUv, GKLvbv cÖf…wZ kã †hvM K‡i Ges we‡kl¨ c‡ì †k‡l wU, Uv, Lvbv, Lvwb, MvQv,

MvwQ, BZ¨vwM †hvM K‡i GKePb eySv‡bv nq| †hgb : KjgwU, KzKziUv, gyLLvwb, gvjvMvw©Q, †g‡qUv, †Q‡jwU

BZ¨vw`|

L. eûePb

†h ePb ev cvwifvwlK k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯Íy‡K †evSvq, Zv‡K ejv nq eûePb| eûeP‡bi

D`nviYÑ

†g‡qiv ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q| Avgv‡K `ywU Kjg w`b| wZbRb †jvK GKm‡½ Mvb MvB‡Q| BZ¨vw`|

evsjvq eûePb cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ iv, Giv, ¸wj, ¸jv, ¸‡jv, w`M, †ì, cÖf…wZ hy³ nq Ges me, mKj, mgy`q, K~j,

e„›`, eM©, wbPq, ivwR, ivwk, cvj, `vg, wbKi, gvjv, Avewj cÖf…wZ mgwóevPK kã eëüZ nq| mgwó‡evaK

kã¸‡jvi AwaKvskB Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K AvMZ|

GKePb †_‡K eûePb cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ wbqg †g‡b Pjv nqÑ

1. iv, Giv, ¸wj, ¸jv, ¸‡jv BZ¨vw` eûePb cÖKvkK cÖZ¨q GKeP‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡q eûePb cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ

evj‡Kiv, †g‡qiv, †Q‡jiv, Kzgov¸‡jv, KvK¸wj, Avg¸‡jv BZ¨vw`|

DbœZ cÖvwYevPK k‡ãi k‡ãi m‡½ iv wefw³ eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ

kÖwg‡Kiv KvR Ki‡Q| Zviv mevB GKm‡½ G‡K Aci‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkÿ‡Kiv Ávb `vb K‡ib|

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, ÔivÕ Ges ÔGivÕ GKB A_© eySv‡Z eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| ÔivÕ Ges ÔGivÕ eënv‡ii wbqg i‡q‡Q|

¯ivšÍ k‡ãi †k‡l iv eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ †Q‡jiv, †g‡qiv BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`‡K, e¨ÄbvšÍ k‡ãi †k‡l iv hy³ nq|

†hgbÑ evj‡Kiv, gvby‡liv, cyiæ‡liv BZ¨vw`|

Z‡e KweZv ev Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b AcÖvwY I BZi cÖvwYevPK k‡ãI iv, Giv hy³ nq| †hgbÑ cvwLiv AvKv‡k D‡o

†`wLqv wnsmvq wccxwjKviv weavZvi Kv‡Q cvLv Pvq| Kv‡Kiv GK weivU mfv Kij BZ¨vw`|

¸jv, ¸wj, ¸‡jvÑ GB wZbwU e×iƒcg~‡ji g‡a¨ Ô¸jvÕ AvÂwjK evsjvq eëüZ nq Ges Ô¸wjÕ, Ô¸‡jvÕ gvb

evsjvq eëüZ nq| ¸wj, ¸‡jv e×iƒcg~j `ywU cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãi eûeP‡b hy³ nq| †hgbÑ

AZ¸‡jv Avg †Kv_vq †c‡j? UvKv¸‡jv Avgv‡K `vI| KzKzi¸wj †ND †ND Ki‡Q BZ¨vw`|

2. DbœZ cÖvwYevPK gvbyl cÖKvkK eûeP‡b wb¤œwjwLZ e×iƒcg~j eëüZ nqÑ

MY : RbMY, wkÿKMY, †èMY, biMY BZ¨vw`|

e„›` : wkÿKe„›`, myaxe„›`, f³e„›` BZ¨vw`|

gÐwj : m¤úv`KgÐwj, wkÿKgÐwj BZ¨vw`|

eM© : cwÐZeM©, gwš¿eM© BZ¨vw`|

3. k‡ãi Av‡M A‡bK, me BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i eûePb cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgbÑ me K_v ïb‡Z †bB| A‡bK

†jvK GLv‡b mg‡eZ n‡q‡Q|

4. BZi cÖvwYevPK k‡ãi †k‡l Giv, mg~n, mKj, mg, cvj, Kzj, eënvi K‡i GKePb †_‡K eûePb Kiv nq|

†hgbÑ Miæ¸wj, cvwLiv, cvwLme, ev”Pv¸‡jv, Miæicvj BZ¨vw`|

5. e¯‘evPK k‡ãi †k‡l mg~n, mKj, ivwR, ¸”Q, gvjv, ivwk, cyÄ BZ¨vw` †hvM K‡i eûePb cÖKvk Kiv nq|

†hgbÑ eBmg~n, e„ÿivwR, cy®ú¸”Q, †Kkivwk, †gNcyÄ BZ¨vw`|

6. msL¨v ev cwigvY eySvq Ggb k‡ãi †k‡l AR¯ª, cÖPyi, e¨vcK, †eïgvi, †ewk BZ¨vw` we‡klY eënvi K‡i

eûePb cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgbÑ cÖPzi abm¤úwË, cÖPzi cvwb, cÖPzi Av‡qvRb, e¨vcK Av‡qvRb, †eïgvi †jvK

BZ¨vw`|

7. msL¨vevPK kã Av‡M ev c‡i ewm‡q eûePb cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgbÑ mvZ mgy`ª, †Zi b`x, gY Pv‡iK, NÈv

wZ‡bK BZ¨vw`|

8. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv me©bvg‡K ci ci `y&Bevi ewm‡q eûePb cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb : †KD †KD nqZ G KvRwU K‡i

_vK‡e| †Kvb †Kvb mgq †m †ewk K_v e‡j|


9. we‡kl¨c`‡K ci ci `yBevi ewm‡q eûePb cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgbÑ Abœvfv‡e N‡i N‡i nvnvKvi, Wv‡j Wv‡j

Avg Szj‡Q, e‡b e‡b cvwL Mvb MvB‡Q, `‡j `‡j †jvK gv‡V Rgv‡qZ n‡”Q|

10. RvwZevPK k‡ãi GKeP‡bB eûeP‡bi A_© cÖKvk cvq| †hgb: gvQ (me gvQ) cvwb‡Z _v‡K, e‡b nwiY (me

nwiY) wePiY K‡i|

11. we‡klY c` ci ci `yBevi eënvi K‡i eûePb Kiv nq| †hgbÑ eo eo †jv‡Ki K_v ï‡b Avwg AbycÖvwYZ

n‡qwQ, wkï‡ì big big Lvevi w`‡Z nq, †ewk †ewk KvR Ki‡j †jv‡Ki Kì †g‡j|

12. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨ c‡Ì eûeP‡bi A_© cÖKvk cvq| †hgbÑ †mbv`j, mfv, wjPzi †_vKv BZ¨vw`|

13. wb¤œwjwLZ mgwóevPK ke ev kãvsk GKeP‡bi m‡½ hy³ K‡i eûePb cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb :

Avewj : AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãÑ c`vewj, iPbvewj, eªRvewj BZ¨vw`|

D”Pq : cÖvwY I AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãÑ wk‡jv”Pq, cy‡®úv”Pq BZ¨vw`|

Kzj : cÖvwYevPK k‡ãÑ RxeKzj, cÖvwYKzj, gbyl¨Kzj BZ¨vw`|

MY : cÖvwYevPK k‡ãÑ gvbylMY, eÜyMY BZ¨vw`|

¸”Q : AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãÑ †Kk¸”Q, cy®ú¸”Q BZ¨vw`|

MÖvg : AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãÑ ¸YMÖvg

Pq : c ÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ eÜzPq, cy®úPq|

Rvj : AcÖvwYevPK k‡ã : wec¾vj, kiRvj|

`j : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ ˆmb¨`j, KvivZ`j, kÖwgK`j|

`vg : AcÖvwYevPK eySv‡Z eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ ˆkevj`vg, cy®ú`vg|

wbKi : AcÖvwYevPK k‡ã eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ KgjwbKi|

wbPq : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ eyaPq, cy®úPq|

cvj : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ g„Mcvj, †glcvj, QvMcvj BZ¨vw`|

cyÄ : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ KwecyÄ, †jLKcyÄ, †gNcyÄ BZ¨vw`|

e„›` : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ cÖRve„›`, †jLKe„›`, Kwee„›` BZ¨vw`|

eªR : AcÖvwYevPK k‡ã eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ f~aieªR|

ÎvZ : cÖvw©YevPK k‡ã eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ gayKiÎvZ|

gÐj : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ mvi¯ZgÐj, eyagÐj|

gÐwj : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ wkÿKgÐwj, bÿÎgÐwj|

gnj : cÖvwYevPK k‡ã eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ gwnjvgnj, ¸wYgnj|

gvjv : AcÖvwYevPK k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ †gNgvjv, ce©Zgvjv|

hy_ : cÖvwYevPK k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ MRhy_, g„Mhy_|

ivwR : AcÖvwYevPK †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ e„ÿivwR, †gNivwR, cy®úivwR|

ivwk : AcÖvwYevPK †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ cÎivwk, cy®úivwk|

†kÖwY : cÖvwYevPK Ges AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ wØR‡kÖwY, cv`c‡kÖwY|

msN : cÖvwYevPK k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ eªwZm•N, weØrmsN|

mg~n : cÖvwYevPK I AcÖvwYevPK Dfq †ÿ‡Î eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ cy¯ÍKmg~n, RvwZmg~n|

14. A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB cÖvwY I AcÖvwY‡f‡` e¨wZµg †`Lv hv, we‡kl K‡i KweZvi †ÿ‡Î G cÖeYZv jÿYxq|

gaym~a`‡bi KweZvq G ai‡bi D`vniY cvIqv hvqÑ

†K bv Rv‡b dyjKzj weim‡e`bv,

Pwj‡Q m‡½ evgveªR Kuvw` BZ¨vw`|

Pzw¯§Zvg, gRywiZ h‡e

`¤úwZ gÄix e„‡›`|

15. mgwóevPK k‡ãi wew”QbœZv cÖ‡qvM, m¤^ÜevPK c‡ì m‡½Ñ


ivLvj Miæi cvj j‡q hvq gv‡V| Ñg`b †gvnb

wQwoqv cwoj Lwm

AkÖæ gyKzZvi iwm| Ñiex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

Avgiv †eu‡awQ Kv‡ki ¸”Q| Ñiex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

16. kã‰ØZ A‡bK mgq eûePb eySvq| †hgbÑ evwo evwo Avb›`, N‡i N‡i Drme|

17. eûeP‡bi cÖ‡qvM êwkó¨Ñ

K) we‡kl¨ k‡ãi GKeP‡bi eënv‡iI A‡bK mgq eûePb †evSv‡bv nq| †hgb: wmsn e‡b _v‡K (GKePb

I eûePb DfqB †evSvq)| †cvKv Avµg‡Y dmj bó nq (eûePb)| nv‡U †jvK Rgv n‡q‡Q (GKePb

I eûePb DfqB †evSvq)|

L) we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ eûePb : eûePb we‡kl¨ I me©bvgÑ †Q‡jiv KvbvKvwb Ki‡Q| GUvB Avwèv‡ì

evwo| bRiæjiv cÖwZw`b Rb¥vq bv| mevB me Lei iv‡L bv|

M) KwZcq we‡`wk k‡ã, †m fvlvq Abymi‡Y eûePb nq| †hgb : Avb †hv‡MÑ eyRyM©-eyRM©vb, mv‡ne-

mv‡nevb BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb


1. ePb e¨vKi‡Yi wKiƒc kã?

K) Ae¨qm~PK kã L) cÖvwZcw`K kã

M) cvwifvwlK kã N) KviKm~PK kã

2. ePb Kq cÖKvi?

K) yB L) wZb

M) Pvi N) cuvP

3. evsjv e¨vKi‡Y †Kvb ePb †bB?

K) GKePb L) wØePb

M) eûePb N) †KvbwUB bq|

4. †Kvb ywU c‡ì ePb‡f` nq?

K) we‡kl¨ I me©bvg L) we‡kl¨ I we‡klY

M) me©bvg I Ae¨q N) wµqv I Ae¨q

5. ePb A_© Kx?

K) MYbvi aviYv L) cwigv‡Yi aviYv

M) µ‡gi aviYv N) msL¨vi aviYv

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. ePb Kv‡K e‡j? KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. eûePb Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn wjLyb|

3. cÖvwYevPK k‡ã †h mgwóevPK kãmg~n hy³ n‡q eû ePb nq Ggb †h †Kv‡bv 5wU kã †hv‡M evK¨ iPbv Kiæb|

4. we‡kl wbq‡g eûePb MV‡bi K‡qKwU wbq‡gi D‡jøL Kiæb|


1. M 2. K 3. L 4. K 5. N


D‡Ïk¨


c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©k‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvi c`vwkÖZ wb‡ ©kK¸‡jv Kx Kx Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvi c`vwkÖZ wb‡ ©kK¸‡jv Kx A‡_© eëüZ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

fvlvq wKQz c` Av‡Q †h¸‡jv Ab¨ c‡ì wbw`©óZv eywS‡q _v‡K| wbw`©óZv ÁvcbKvix GB c`¸‡jv

mvaviYZ bvgc‡ì c‡i e‡m ev AvkÖ‡q _v‡K| ZvB evsjv e¨vKi‡Y G‡ì‡K c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK ejv n‡q

_v‡K| Z‡e GB wb‡`©kK c‡ì eënv‡ii KwZcq wbqgI i‡q‡Q| Avevi evsjv fvlvi kãMV‡bi

c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©k‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK¸‡jv e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wbw`©ó K‡i cÖKv‡k eëüZ nq|

GB cv‡V evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Gme c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©k‡Ki e¨vKiwYK êwkó¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

msÁv

†h me Ae¨q ev cÖZ¨q we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c`‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi m‡½ hy³ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K

c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK ejv nq|

mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq G cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb,

†Kv‡bv we‡kl¨ `¦viv †`¨vwZZ c`v‡_©i iƒc, cÖK…wZ A_ev Zrm¤^‡Ü e³vi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi GKUv we‡kl

Dcvq ev½vjv fvlvq Av‡Q| Uv, wU, UzKz, UzK, Lvbv, Lvbx (Lvwb) Rj cÖf…wZ KZ¸‡jv kã ev kãvsk Av‡Q †h¸wj

we‡k‡lï mwnZ (A_ev we‡k‡lï c~‡e© eëüZ msL¨vevPK we‡kl‡Yi mwnZ) mshy³ nBqv hvq| c`v_© ev e¯‘i

¸Y ev cÖK…wZ wb‡`©k K‡i| GB iƒc kã ev kãvsk‡K c`vwkÖZ ejv hvB‡Z cv‡i| (fvlv cÖKvk-ev½vjv e¨vKiY)

evsjv fvlvq eëüZ c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK : evsjv fvlvi eëüZ c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©k‡Ki g‡a¨ wU, Uv, †Uv, UzKz, UzKzb, Uz,

UzK, Lvb, Lvbv, Lvwb, Lv‡bK, LvwbK, MvQ, MvwQ, MvQv, †MvUv, ¸wj, ¸‡jv, ¸jvb BZ¨vw` eûj cÖPwjZ|

evsjv c`vwkªZwb‡`©k‡Ki aib

evsjv fvlvq ePb‡f‡` c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ

K. GKePb cÖKv‡k : wU, Uv, Lvbv, Lvwb, MvQv, MvwQ BZ¨vw`| D`vniYÑ KjgwU, eBUv, êVKLvbv, BZ¨vw`|

L. eûePb cÖKv‡k : ¸wj, ¸jv, ¸‡jv BZ¨vw`| D`vniYÑ Avg¸wj, dj¸‡jv, Miæ¸‡jv, KyKzi¸‡jv, weovj¸jv

cÖf…wZ|

M. †Kv‡bv msL¨v ev cwigv‡ci ¯íZv cÖKv‡k: †U, UzKz, UzKzb BZ¨vw`| D`vniYÑ wZb‡U Pvj, fvZUyKz, cv‡qm UzKzb,

GZUzKzb †g‡q cÖf…wZ|

N. Awb‡`©kK cÖZ¨q: wU, Uv, GK, Rb, Lvb BZ¨vw` Øviv wbw`ó KvD‡K †evSvq bv| ZvB Gme cÖZ¨q Awb‡`©kK

cÖZ¨q wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniYÑ GKUv Mí ewj, PviwU fvZ `vI, Rb Pv‡iK †jvK n‡jB Pj‡e, GK

†h wQj ivYx, †MvUv K‡qK mgm¨v BZ¨vw`|

3. c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©k‡Ki eënvi

K) wU, Uv-i eënvi

1) GK k‡ãi m‡½ Uv, wU hy³ n‡j Awbw`©óZv †evSvq| †hgbÑ GKwU †`vKvb, †jvKUv Kx KvÐB bv Ki‡jv|

cvV-3.5 : c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK


1. †KZv : G wZb †KZv Rwgi `vg gvÎ GK jÿ UvKv| wek UvKvi `k KvZv †bvU|

2. Zv : Qq Zv KvMR `vI|

3. cvwU : Zvi Dc‡ii cvwU uvZ †bB|

S) Bs‡iwR‡Z This, my cÖf…wZ me©bvg we‡klY c` _vK‡j we‡k‡l¨i c~‡e© article e‡m bv| wKš‘ evsjvq G‡ÿ‡Î

wU e‡m| †hgbÑ Avgvi eBwU †Kv_vq? †Zvgvi KjgwU †Kv_vq ivL‡j?

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K. mwVK DËiwU evQvB Kiæb

1. †h cÖZ¨q wbw`©óZv †evSvq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?

K) msL¨v L) wj½

M) c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK N) AbymM©

2. †KvbwU †f‡` c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK wewfbœZi nq?

K) Kvj‡f‡` L) ePb‡f‡`

M) cyiæl‡f‡` N) c`‡f‡`

3. we‡kl A‡_© wbw`©óZv †evSvq †KvbwU?

K) wU L) UzKz

M) cvwU N) Lvbv

4. wb‡`©kK me©bv‡gi mv‡_ Uv, wU hy³ n‡j Zv Kx nq?

K) DrK…ó L) wbK…ó

M) mywbw`©ó N) A¯úó

5. wbw`©óZv †evSv‡Z msL¨vevPK k‡ãi m‡½ †KvbwU hy³ nq?

K) GK L) UzKz

M) †MvUv N) wU

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. c`vwkªZ wb‡`©kK ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? D`vniYmn wjLyb|

2. Uv, wU, Lvbv, Lvwb, MvQv, GB c`vwkªZ wb‡`©kK¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM †`wL‡q evK¨ iPbv Kiæb|


1. M 2. L 3. M 4. M 5. N


D‡Ïk¨


mgv‡mi msÁv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgv‡mi K‡qKwU cwifvlv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgv‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c`‡K GKc‡` cwiYZ Kivi Ab¨Zg Dcvq n‡”Q mgvm| mgv‡mi gva¨‡g

evsjvq bZzb kã m„wó nq| KviY `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡ì GK mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q †h wfbœ Av‡iKwU c`

ˆZwi nq, †mwU bZzb kã wn‡m‡eI fvlv‡K mg„× K‡i| GQvov mgvm GKwU †KŠkj hvi gva¨‡g eû

kã‡K ms‡ÿwcZ iƒ‡c ev‡K¨ eënvi Kiv hvq| GB mgvmxKi‡Yi ixwZ ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K evsjvq G‡m‡Q| Z‡e

wKQz LvuwU evsjv mgv‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡I evsjv e¨vKi‡Y jÿYxq| GB BDwb‡U mgv‡mi mvw©e©K e¨vKiYMZ I eënvwiK iƒc

Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

msÁv

ci¯úi A_© m½wZwewkó `yB ev eûc‡ì GKc‡` cwiYZ nIqv‡K ejv nq mgvm|

gybxi †PŠayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix Ôevsjv fvlvi e¨vKiYÔ (2015) MÖ‡š’ mgv‡mi msÁvq e‡j‡QbÑ Ômgvm

gv‡b ms‡ÿc, wgjb, GKvwaK c‡ì GKc`xKiY| A_©m¤^Ü Av‡Q Ggb GKvwaK c‡ì GK m‡½ hy³ n‡q GKwU

bZzb kã MV‡bi cÖwµqv‡K mgvm e‡jÕ|

mgv‡mi K‡qKwU cwifvlv

K. mgm¨gvb c`: †h †h c‡` mgvm nq Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K mgm¨gvb c` e‡j| †hgbÑ wmsn wPwýZ Avmb =

wmsnvmb| G ev‡K¨ wmsn, wPwýZ, AvmbÑ G wZbwU n‡”Q mgm¨gvb c`|

L. mg¯Í c` : mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q †h GKc‡` cwiYZ nq, Zv‡K mg¯Í c` e‡j| G‡K Avevi mgvme×

cÌ ejv nq| †hgbÑ wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb| GLv‡b wmsnvmb n‡”Q mg¯Í c`|

M. e¨vmevK¨ : mgvme× c`wU‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ †h evK¨ ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨vmevK¨ e‡j| Ôe¨vmÕ k‡ãi A_©

e¨vL¨v ev we‡kølY| G‡K e¨vmevK¨ ev weMÖnevKÏ ejv nq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ Ôwmsn wPwýZ AvmbÕ n‡jv wmsnvmb

k‡ãi e¨vmevK¨|

N. c~e©c` I cic` : mgvm hy³ c‡ì cÖ_g Ask‡K ejv nq c~e©c` Ges †kl Ask‡K ejv nq cic` ev DËic`|

wmsnvmb k‡ãi wmsn n‡jv c~e©c`, Avi Avmb n‡jv cic` ev DËic`|

mgv‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

evsjv e¨vKi‡Y iƒcZË¡ As‡k mgvm Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| kãMV‡bi wZbwU cÖwµqv ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb I

A_©cwieZ©bÑ G wZbwUi g‡a¨ mgvm n‡jv ms‡hvRb cÖwµqvi AšÍM©Z| mgvm k‡ãi A_© ms‡ÿcY, wgjb I GKvwaK

c‡ì GKc`xKiY| mgvm k‡ãi cÖK…Z A_© I D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv GK‡Î Ae¯’vb ev ms‡ÿcY| myZivs fvlvq mgv‡mi

cÖavb KvR n‡jv kã I evK¨ mswÿßKiY| mgvm fvlv‡K kÖæwZgayi K‡i| fvlvi Aj¼iY, ¸Y ms‡hvRb I cwifvlv

iPbvi †ÿ‡Î mgv‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we`¨gvb| ZvB ejv hvq, evsjvfvlv‡K mswÿß, kÖæwZgayi I mvejxj Kivi Rb¨

mgv‡mi f~wgKv Acwimxg|

cvV-3.6 : mgvm


mgv‡mi gva¨‡gB evK¨ I fvlv mnR, mij, my›ì I kÖæwZgayi nq| †hgbÑ wejvZ †_‡K †diZ= wejvZ‡diZ| G

ev‡Kï kã¸‡jv mswÿß n‡q mgvme× c` wn‡m‡e ÔwejvZ‡diZÕ-G nIqvq †hgb mswÿß n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb n‡q‡Q

mvejxj I kÖæwZgayi| AZGe mgvm evK¨‡K mswÿß, my›ì I kÖæwZgayi K‡i| GQvov Aj¼iY I kãMV‡bi

†ÿ‡ÎI mgv‡mi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| bZzb kã MV‡b mgvm Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

mwVK DËiwU evQvB KiæbÑ

1. A_©m½wZwewkó GKvwaK c‡ì GKc‡` cwiYZ nIqv‡K Kx e‡j?

K) mgvm L) KviK

M) ePb N) evP¨

2. mgvm k‡ãi A_© Kx?

K) we‡kølY L) ms‡ÿcY

M) ms‡hvRb N) ms‡kølY

3. mgv‡mi ixwZ †Kvb fvlv †_‡K evsjvq G‡m‡Q?

K) Aviwe L) dviwm

M) ms¯‹…Z N) Bs‡iwR

4. †h †h c‡` mgvm nq Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwUi bvg Kx?

K) mgm¨gvb c` L) e¨vmevK¨

M) mgvmevK¨ N) mg¯Íc`

5. mgvm wb®úbœ c`wUi bvg Kx?

K) e¨vmevK¨ L) weMÖnevK¨

M) mgm¨gvb c` N) mg¯Í c`


1. K 2. L 3. M 4. K 5. N

D‡Ïk¨


mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f` ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ø›Ø, Kg©aviq I Zrcyiæl mgvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`

evsjv e¨vKi‡Y mgvm Qq cÖKvi; h_vÑ

Ø›Ø mgvm, Kg©aviq mgvm, Zrcyiæl mgvm, wØ¸ mgvm, Ae¨qxfve mgvm Ges eûeªxwn mgvm|

Ø›Ø mgvm

msÁv : †h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb cÖ‡Z¨K c‡ì A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq Ø›Ø mgvm| †hgbÑ

†Q‡j I †g‡q = †Q‡j‡g‡q, ¯M© I biK = ¯M©-biK BZ¨vw`

cvV-3.6.2 : mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`Ñ Ø›Ø, Kg©aviq IZrcyiæl


Ø›Ø gv‡b †Rvov| G mgv‡m c~e©c` I cic‡ì m¤Ü †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨vmev‡K¨ I, Ges, AviÑ G wZbwU Ae¨qc`

ms‡hvRK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|

K. cÖKvi‡f`

Ø›Ø mgvm‡K wb‡¤œv³ K‡qK cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡iÑ

1. wgjbv_©K Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m `ywU c‡ì ci¯úi wgjb N‡U Ges G‡ì A‡_©i w`K †_‡KI wgj _v‡K †m

Ø›Ø mgvm‡K ejv nq wgjbv_©K Ø›Ø| †hgbÑ fvB-†evb, gv-evc, gvwm-wcwm, Pv-we¯‹zU, jZv-cvZv, gvQ-

fvZ, wcZv-cyÎ BZ¨vw`|

2. we‡ivav_©K Ø›Ø : A‡_©i w`K †_‡K †h Ø›Ø ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ we‡iva ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq we‡ivav_©K Ø›Ø|

†hgbÑ fv‡jvg›`, mv`vKv‡jv, `v-Kzgov, Awn-bKzj, ¯M©-biK, †è`vbe, abxMwie BZ¨vw`|

3. wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m cic`wU c~e©c‡ì we‡ivax fve ev A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø

mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ fv‡jvg›`, w`bivZ, UKwgwó, †`‡kwe‡`‡k, †Q‡jey‡ov, Avq-e¨q, Rgv-LiP, jvfÑ

†jvKmvb BZ¨vw`|

4. A½evPK Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ kix‡ii wewfbœ A½‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq A½evPK

Ø›Ømgvm| †hgbÑ bvK-gyL, gv_v-gyÐz, eyK-wcV, bvK-Kvb, nvZ-cv BZ¨vw`|

5. eûc`wewkó Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c` wg‡j Ø›Ø mgvm nq Zv‡K ejv nq eûc`wewkó Ø›Ø

mgvm| †hgbÑ Kvq, g‡bv Ges ev‡K¨= Kvqg‡bvev‡K¨, mv‡ne, †Mvjvg Ges wewe = mv‡ne-†Mvjvg-wewe,

Avwg, Zzwg Ges †m = Avgiv, ¯M©, gZ© Ges cvZvj = ¯M©-gZ©-cvZvj BZ¨vw`|

6. msL¨vevPK Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m c~e©c` I cic` Dfq Øviv msL¨v †evySvq Zv‡K ejv nq msL¨vevPK Ø›Ø|

†hgbÑ mvZ-cuvP, Qq-bq, bq-Qq, Ewbk-wek. mvZ-m‡Zi, jÿÑ †KvwU, `k-ev‡iv BZ¨vw`|

7. mgv_©K Ø›Ø : GKB RvZxq e¯‘i mvnv‡h¨ †h Ø›Ø ev wgjbevPK mgvm nq A_©vr †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m c~e©c` I

cici GKB A_© enb K‡i, Zv‡K mgv_©K Ø›Ø e‡j| †hgbÑ Ni`yqvi, Nievwo, KjKviLvbv, eBcy¯ÍK,

MvQMvQvwj, kvKmewR, KvMRcÎ, wPwVcÎ, nvUevRvi BZ¨vw`|

8. GK‡kl Ø›Ø : †h mgv‡m Ab¨vb¨ c‡ì wejywß NwU‡q cÖavb c`wUi m‡½ †klc`wUi mvgÄm¨ iwPZ n‡j

Zv‡K ejv nq GK‡kl Ø›Ø| †hgbÑ Rvqv I cwZ = `¤úwZ, Zzwg I †m = †Zvgiv BZ¨vw`|

9. AjyK Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m †Kv‡bv mgm¨gvb c‡ì wefw³i †jvc nq bv Zv‡K ejv nq AjyK Ø›Ø| †hgbÑ

`y‡a-fv‡Z, R‡j- ’‡j, gv‡q-wS‡q, N‡i-evB‡i, Av‡M-c‡i, a‡bR‡b, e‡b-R½‡j, ey‡Kwc‡V, nv‡ZKj‡g

BZ¨vw`|

wØ¸ mgvm

msL¨vevPKk‡ãi m‡½ we‡kl¨ c‡ì †h mgvmnq, Zv‡Kejvnq w`¸ mgvm| D`vniYÑ

Pvic‡ìmgvnvi= PzZz®ú`, Pvi A‡¼i mgvnvi= PZzi½, wÎ (wZb) d‡jimgvnvi= wÎdjv, wÎ (wZb)

cÖvšÍ‡iimgvnvi= †ZcvšÍi, wÎ (wZb) i‡Zœimgvnvi = wÎiZœ, wÎ (wZb) fz‡Rimgvnvi = wÎfzR,wÎ (wZb)

RM‡Zimgvnvi= wÎRMr, wÎ (wZb) gv_vimgvnvi = †Zgv_v, wÎ (wZb) cv‡qimgvnvi = †Zcvqv, be (bq)

i‡Zœimgvnvi = beiZœ, cuvP †m‡iimgvnvi= cïix, cÂb‡ìmgvnvi= cÂb`| †m (wZb) Zv‡iimgvnvi= †mZvi,

mßA‡nimgvnvi= mßvncÖf…wZ|

Kg©aviq mgvm

msÁv : Kg©aviq kãwUi ey¨rcwË n‡jvÑ Kg© + a„+ wYP + Av = Kg©aviq| G‡Z mgvb wefw³hy³ we‡klY I we‡kl¨

c‡ì wgjb nq Ges cic‡` we‡k‡lï A_© cÖavb _v‡K| A_©vr †h mgv‡m we‡klY ev we‡klY fvevcbœ c‡ì mv‡_

we‡kl¨ ev we‡klYfvevcbœ c‡ì mgvm nq Ges cic‡ì A_©B cÖavbiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq Zv‡K ejv nq Kg©aviq

mgvm| †hgbÑ bxj †h cÙ = bxjcÙ, †h kvšÍ †mB wkó = kvšÍwkó, hv KuvPv ZvB cvKv= KuvPvcvKv BZ¨vw`|


cÖKvi‡f`

Kg©aviq mgv‡m wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡QÑ

1. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm : †h Kg©aviq mgv‡m e¨vmev‡Kï ga¨c‡ì †jvc cvq Zv‡K ejv nq ga¨c`‡jvcx

Kg©aviq mgvm| †hgbÑ cj (gvsm) wgwkÖZ Abœ = cjvbœ, wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb, cÖxwZm~PK Dcnvi =

cÖxwZDcnvi, †gŠ AvwkÖZ gvwQ = †gŠgvwQ, mvwnZ¨ welqK mfv = mvwnZ¨mfv, N‡i AvwkÖZ RvgvB =NiRvgvB,

mvg¨ welqK ev` = mvgëv`, ¯§„wZ iÿv‡_© †mŠa = ¯§„wZ‡mŠa BZ¨vw`|

2. Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm : hvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm| Dcgvb A_© Zzjbxq

e¯‘| cÖZ¨ÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘wU‡K ejv nq Dc‡gq, Avi hvi

m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq Dcgvb| Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi GKwU mvaviY ag© _vK‡e| †hgbÑ åg‡ii

b¨vq K…ò †Kk = ågiK…ò‡Kk| GLv‡b ågi Dcgvb Ges †Kk Dc‡gq| K„òZ¡ n‡jv mvaviY ag©| mvaviY

ag©evPK c‡ì mv‡_ DcgvbevPK c‡ì †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ Zzlv‡ii b¨vq

ïå = ZzlvikÖå, Aiæ‡Yi b¨vq ivOv= AiæYivOv cÖf…wZ| Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgv‡mi AviI K‡qKwU D`vniYÑ

wbgwZZv, wgkKv‡jv, weovjZc¯x, eRªK‡Vvi, B¯úvZKwVb, kke¨¯Í, ZzlvikxZj, Kzmyg‡Kvgj BZ¨vw`|

3. DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm : cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘i mv‡_ c‡ivÿ e¯‘i Zzjbv Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ e ‘wU‡K ejv nq Dc‡gq ev

DcwgZ| †hgbÑ gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª, cyiæl wms‡ni b¨vq = cyiælwmsn, PiY †Kvg‡ji b¨vq =

PiY‡Kvgj, Aai †Kvg‡ji b¨vq = Aai‡Kvgj, dzj eveyi b¨vq = dzjevey, dzj Kzgvixi b¨vq = dzjKzgvix, Ki

Kgj m`„k =KiKgj, c` cjø‡ei b¨vq = c`cjøe BZ¨vw`|

4. iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm : Dcgvb I Dc‡g‡qi g‡a¨ AwfbœZv Kíbv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq iƒcK Kg©aviq

mgvm| G mgv‡m Dc‡gq c` c~‡e© Ges Dcgvb c` c‡i e‡m Ges mgm¨gvb c‡` ÔiƒcÕ A_ev ÔBÕ †hvM K‡i

e¨vmevK¨ MVb Kiv nq| †hgbÑ gb iƒc gvwS= gbgvwS, welv` iƒc wmÜz = welv`wmÜz, †µva iƒc Abj =

†µvavbj, gb iƒc evDj = gbevDj, w`j iƒc `wiqv= w`j`wiqv, bxj iƒc `wiqv = bxj`wiqv, †¯œn iƒc myav =

†¯œnmyav, cÖvY iƒc cvwL= cÖvYcvwL, Rxeb iƒc †¯ªvZ = Rxeb‡¯ªvZ, †µva iƒc Abj = †µvavbj, Rxeb iƒc

Zix = RxebZix, msmvi iƒc mvMi = msmvimvMi, †kvK iƒc Abj = †kvKvbj, fe iƒc b`x = feb`x, ÿzav

iƒc Abj = ÿzavbj, †kvK iƒc wmÜz= †kvKwmÜz, mgi iƒc Abj = mgivbj BZ¨vw`|

Zrcyiæl mgvm

msÁv : Zrcyiæl kãwUi ey¨rcwË n‡jv Zb+ A`= Zr, A_©vr †m ev wZwb| Avi c„+ Dl = cyiæl| G‡ÿ‡Î Gi

kvwãK A_© ÔZvi m¤úK©©xq cyiælÕ| G‡Z ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ m¤úwK©Z `ywU c` _v‡K| `ywU c`B we‡kl¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Gi

g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU wØZxqwUi A_©‡K mxgve× K‡i †`q| cÖ_gwUi Ae¨q cieZ©xwUi mv‡_ Kg©iƒ‡c, KiYiƒ‡c, m¤úª vbiƒ‡c,

Acv`vbiƒ‡c, m¤Üiƒ‡c A_ev AwaKiYiƒ‡c N‡U| wØZxq c`wUi A_© cÖavb A_© n‡q _v‡K| Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi

msÁvq ejv nq Ôc~e©c‡ì wefw³ †jvc †c‡q Ges cic‡ì A_© cÖavbiƒ‡c †h mgvm MwVZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq

Zrcyiæl mgvm|

W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ô†h mgv‡m c~e©c‡ì wefw³ †jvc cvq Ges DËic‡ì A_© cÖavbiƒ‡c eySvq, Zv‡K

Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|Õ

Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi c~e©c‡` wØZxqv †_‡K mßgx ch©šÍ †h †Kv‡bv wefw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i Avi c~e©c‡ì wefw³ wn‡m‡e

G‡ì bvgKiY nq| †hgbÑ wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ, GLv‡b wØZxqv wefw³ †K †jvc †c‡q‡Q e‡j Gi bvg

n‡q‡Q wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm|

cÖKvi‡f`

Zrcyiæl mgvm MV‡b wefw³i f~wgKv Ab¯xKvh©| wefw³i wfwË‡Z Zrcyiæl mgvm‡K wb‡¤œv³ bq fv‡M fvM Kiv

n‡q‡Q


wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm, Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm, PZz_©x Zrcyiæl mgvm, cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm, lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm,

mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm, bT Zrcyiæl mgvm, Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm Ges AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm| wb‡P D`vniYmn

Gme Zrcyiæl mgvm Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

1. wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡ì wØZxqv wefw³ (†K, †i) †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K ejv nq wØZxqv

Zrcyiæl mgvm| h_vÑ

`ytL‡K cÖvcÍ = `ytLcÖvß, wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ, ci‡jv‡K MZ = ci‡jvKMZ, †jvK‡K AZxZ =

†jvKvZxZ, ¯M©‡K cÖvß = ¯M©cÖvß, ag©‡K msµvšÍ = ag©msµvšÍ, Ak¦‡K Aviæp = Ak¦viæp, msL¨v‡K AZxZ =

msL¨vZxZ, we¯§q‡K Avcbœ= we¯§qvcbœ, ¯§iY‡K AZxZ = ¯§iYvZxZ, M„n‡K cÖweó = M„ncÖweó, ÿgZv‡K cÖvß

= ÿgZvcÖvß, kiY‡K MZ = kiYvMZ, †`k‡K AvwkÖZ = †`kvwkÖZ, fvi‡K cÖvß = fvicÖvß BZ¨vw`| GQvov

h_v, Z_v, iƒ‡c, fv‡e BZ¨vw` k‡ãi eënv‡ii gva¨‡gI wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ Ava iƒ‡c

cvKv= AvacvKv, wbgfv‡e ivwR= wbgivwR, axi h_v Z_v Mvgx = axiMvgx, Aa©iƒ‡c g„Z = Aa©g„Z, Aek¨ h_v

Z_v KZ©e¨ =Aek¨KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw`|

Avevi e¨vwß A‡_© KvjevPK c‡ì mv‡_ wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgbÑ

Aa©iƒ‡c ùzU = Aa©ùzU, wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myLx = wPimyLx, wPiKvj e¨vcx ¯§iYxq = wPi¯§iYxq, wPiKvj e¨vwcqv

Kzgvix = wPiKzgvix, wPiKvj e¨vcx ’vqx = wPi¯’vqx, ÿYKvj e¨vcxqv ’vqx = ÿY¯’vqx cÖf„wZ|

2. Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h mgv‡m c~e©c‡` Z„Zxqv wefw³i (Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K, †Z BZ¨vw`) †jvc cvq, Zv‡K

ejv nq Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm| †hgbÑ gay w`‡q gvLv = gaygvLv, kÖg Øviv jä = kÖgjä, e¯¿ Øviv Av”Qvw`Z

= e¯¿v”Qvw`Z, jvwV Øviv †Ljv = jvwV‡Ljv, i³ Øviv wm³ = i³wm³, †¯œn Øviv AÜ = †¯œnvÜ, avgv Øviv Pvcv

= avgvPvcv, A¯¿ Øviv DcPvi = A‡¯¿vcvPvi, Riv Øviv RxY© = RivRxY©, ¯bvg Øviv ab¨ = ¯bvgab¨, Bw›`ªq Øviv

MÖvn¨ = Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨, `„wó Øviv nxb = `„wónxb, webq Øviv AebZ = webqvebZ, evM Øviv `Ëv = evM`Ëv, gb Øviv

Mov = gbMov, †kvK Øviv AvZ© = †kvKvZ©, ¸Y Øviv gy» = ¸Ygy», ˆZj Øviv Av³ = ˆZjv³, †kvK Øviv

AvKzj = †kvKvKzj, gay‡Z gvLv = gaygvLv, wec` Øviv m¼zj = wec`m¼zj cÖf…wZ|

3. PZz_©x Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` PZz_©x wefw³ (†K, †i, Rb¨, Z‡i, wbwgË) †jv‡ci gva¨‡g †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K

ejv nq PZz_©x Zrcyiæl mgvm| †hgbÑ ¸iæ‡K fw³ = ¸iæfw³, Aviv‡gi Rb¨ †K`viv = Avivg‡K`viv, em‡Zi

Rb¨ evwo = emZevwo, we‡qi Rb¨ cvMjv = we‡qcvMjv, n‡R¡i Rb¨ hvÎv = nR¡hvÎv, cvM‡ji wbwg‡Ë Mvi` =

cvMjvMvi`, gi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë KvwV = giYKvwV, wkïi Rb¨ mvwnZ¨ = wkïmvwnZ¨, kq‡bi wbwg‡Ë Kÿ =

kqbKÿ, ivbœvi Rb¨ Ni = ivbœvNi, Qv‡Îi Rb¨ Avevm = QvÎvevm, QvÎxi Rb¨ wbevm = QvÎxwbevm, Rxe‡bi

wbwg‡Ë KvwV = RxebKvwV, Wv‡Ki Rb¨ gvïj = WvKgvïj cÖf…wZ|

4. cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h mgv‡m c~e©c‡` cÂgx wefw³i (nB‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q) †jvc cvq Zv‡K ejv nq cÂgx

Zrcyiæl mgvm| mvaviYZ cyZ, RvZ, AvMZ, fxZ, M„nxZ, wbqZ, gy³, DËxY©, Pvjv‡bv, åó BZ¨vw` ci¯ú‡ii

d‡j cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgbÑ wejvZ †_‡K †diZ = wejvZ‡diZ, cÖv‡Yi †P‡q AwaK = cÖvYvwaK,

mZ¨ †_‡K åó = mZ¨åó, cÖv‡Yi †P‡q wcÖq = cÖvYwcÖq, †Rj †_‡K gy³= †Rjgy³, †Rj †_‡K Lvjvm =

†RjLvjvm, cY n‡Z gyw³ = cYgyw³, AvMv †_‡K †Mvov = AvMv‡Mvov, c` †_‡K Py¨Z = c`Py¨Z cÖf…wZ|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq cÂgx Zrcyiæ‡li e¨vmevK¨ Gi, †P‡q BZ¨vw` Abym‡M©i eënvi nq| †hgbÑ cÖv‡Yi †P‡q

wcÖq = cÖvYwcÖq, civ‡Yi †P‡q wcÖq = civYwcÖq BZ¨vw`|

5. lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡` lôx wefw³i (i, Gi) †jvc cvq Zv‡K ejv nq lôx Zrcyiæl

mgvm ejv nq| †hgbÑ Pv‡qi evMvb = PvevMvb, ivRvi cyÎ = ivRcyÎ, †Lqvi NvU= †LqvNvU, Qv‡Îi mgvR =

QvÎmgvR, †`‡ki †mev = †`k‡mev, w`jøxi Ck¦i = w`jøxk¦i, cv‡Ui †ÿZ = cvU‡ÿZ, Qwei Ni = QweNi,

weov‡ji Qvbv = weovjQvbv cÖf…wZ| lôx Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi KwZcq wbqg-


K) lôx Zrcyiæl mgv‡m ivRv ¯’‡j ivR, wcZv, gvZv, åvZv ¯’‡j h_vµ‡g wcZ…, gvZ…, fªvZ… nq| †hgbÑ w`jøxi

ivRv = w`jøxivR, MRbxi ivRv= MRbxivR, ivRvi cyÎ= ivRcyÎ, wcZvi ab = wcZ…ab, gvZvi †mev =

gvZ…‡mev, fªvZvi cyÎ = fªvZz®úyÎ BZ¨vw`|

L) cic‡` mn,Zzj¨, Lvq, cÖwZg, G mg¯Í kã _vK‡j lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgbÑ cZœxi mn= cZœxmn ev

mcZœxK, Kb¨vi mn = Kb¨vmn, m‡nv`‡ii cÖwZg= m‡nvìcÖwZg BZ¨vw`|

M) Kv‡ji †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Ask‡evaK kã c‡i _vK‡j Zv c~‡e© e‡m| †hgbÑ A‡ýi (w`‡bi) c~e©fvM = c~e©vý|

cic‡` ivwR, MÖvg, e„›`, MY, m~h© BZ¨vw` mgwóevPK kã _vK‡j lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgbÑ Qv‡Îi

e„›` = QvÎe„›`, ¸‡Yi MÖvg = ¸YMÖvg, nw¯Íi h~_ = nw Íh~_ BZ¨vw`|

N) Aa© kã cic` n‡j mg¯Í c‡` Zv c~e©c` nq| †hgbÑ c‡_i Aa© = Aa©c_ BZ¨vw`|

O) wkï, `y» BZ¨vw` kã c‡i _vK‡j ¯¿xevPK c~e©c` cyiælevPK nq| †hgbÑ g„Mxi wkï = g„Mwkï, QvMxi `y»

= QvM`y» BZ¨vw`|

lôx Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi AviI K‡qKwU D`vniYÑ

dz‡ji MvQ = dzjMvQ, †Lqvi NvU = †LqvNvU, Pv‡qi evMvb = PvevMvb, Pv‡qi †`vKvb = Pv‡`vKvb, m~‡h©i

Av‡jvK = m~h©v‡jvK, wcZvi Zzj¨ = wcZ…Zzj¨, RvwZ‡ì msN = RvwZmsN, h‡gi Avjq = hgvjq, bvU‡Ki

Awfbq = bvUKvwfbq, g‡bi i_ = g‡bvi_, `x‡bi eÜz = `xbeÜz, ev`‡ii bvP = evìbvP, weov‡ji Qvbv =

weovjQvbv, b`xi Rj = b`xRj, wkÿvi gw›ì = wkÿvgw›ì, ~‡Zi Avevm = `~Zvevm, fvB‡qi †cv = fvB‡cv,

VvKz‡ii evwo = VvKzievwo, Kwe‡ì ¸iæ = Kwe¸iæ cÖf…wZ|

6. mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡` mßgx wefw³ (G, q , †Z) †jvc cvq, Zv‡K ejv nq mßgx

Zrcyiæl mgvm| †hgbÑ Mv‡Q cvKv = MvQcvKv, AKv‡j g„Zz¨ = AKvjg„Zz¨, wèvq wb`ªv = wèvwb`ªv, †fvR‡b

cUz = †fvRbcUz, c~‡e© A`„ó = A`„óc~e©, `v‡b exi = `vbexi, e Ív‡Z cPv = e¯ÍvcPv, e‡b evm = ebevm, cv‡c

Avm³ = cvcvm³, ev·‡Z e›`x = ev·e›`x, Zv‡j Kvbv = ZvjKvbv, bvgv‡h iZ = bvgvhiZ, †Mvjvq fiv =

†Mvjvfiv, c~‡e© f~Z = f~Zc~e©, ev‡K cUz = evKcUz, g‡b giv = gbgiv, AKv‡j cK¡= AKvjcK¡, c~‡e© kÖæZ =

AvkÖæZc~e© BZ¨vw`|

7. bT Zrcyiæl mgvm : bvevPK bT Ae¨q (bv, †bB, bvB, bq) c~‡e© e‡m †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq, Zv‡K bT

Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ bq myL = AmyL, bq DwPZ = AbywPZ, †bB wek¦vm = Awek¦vm, †bB wgj = Awgj,

b KvZi = AKvZi, bq AwZ `xN© = bvwZ`xN©, bq mwZ¨ = AmwZ¨, bq mZ¨ = AmZ¨, †bB fzj = wbf©yj, bvB

nvqv = †envqv, bq = APj, bvB e„wó = Abve„wó, b AvPvi = AbvPvi, bq AwZ Le© = bvwZLe©, bq nvwRi =

MinvwRi cÖf…wZ|

GQvov ms¯‹…Z bT Ae¨‡qi evsjv cÖwZiƒc iƒ‡c A, Ab, Avbv, Mi, †e, we, b, bv, wb BZ¨vw` G‡m‡Q| †hgbÑ

bvB Avnvi = Abvnvi, bq †Rvo = we‡Rvo, bq AwZ `~i = bvwZ`~i, bq nvwRi = MinvwRi, bvB mxgv = Amxg,

bvB LuyZ = wbLuyZ, bq evjK = bvevjK, bq m„wó = Abvm„wó BZ¨vw`|

8. Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm : K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ c`‡K ejv nq K…`šÍ c`| K…`šÍ c‡ì c~‡e©i c`‡K ejv nq Dcc`|

Dcc‡ì mv‡_ K…`šÍ c‡ì †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm ejv nq| †hgbÑ c‡¼ R‡b¥ †h = c¼R, hv`y

K‡i †h = hv`yKi, B›`ª‡K Rq K‡i‡Q †h = B›`ªwRr, †Q‡j a‡i †h = †Q‡jaiv, c‡KU gv‡i †h = c‡KUgvi, ¯’‡j

P‡j †h = ¯’jPi, wPÎ Auv‡K †h = wPÎKi, gvbyl Lvq †h = gvbyl‡L‡Kv, Rj †`q †h = Rj`, mZ¨ K_v e‡j †h =

mZëv`x, R‡j P‡i †h =RjPi, gay cvb K‡i = gayyc, g` cvb K‡i †h = g`¨c BZ¨vw`| GQvov i‡q‡Q eY©‡Pviv,

MjvKvUv, cv-PvUv, cvov‡eovbx, Qv-†cvlv, nvofvOv, Ni‡cvov, gvwQgviv BZ¨vw`|

9. AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡` wefw³ †jvc cvq bv, Zv‡K AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm ejv nq|

†hgbÑ Nvwb †Zj = Nvwbi‡Zj, wN w`‡q fvRv = wN‡qfvRv, †Mvovq Mj` = †MvovqMj`, †Z‡j fvRv =

†Z‡jfvRv, nv‡Z KvUv = nv‡ZKvUv, Kj Øviv QuvUv = K‡jQuvUv BZ¨vw`|


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb


1. ÔAvgivÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY?

K) wgjbv_©K Ø›Ø L) eûc`x Ø›Ø

M) wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø N) mgv_©K Ø›Ø

2. †h mgv‡m Ab¨vb¨ c‡`i wejywß NwU‡q cÖavb c`wUi m‡½ †kl c`wUi mvgÄm¨ eySvq Zv‡K †Kvb mgvm e‡j?

K) we‡ivav_©K Ø›Ø L) AjyK Ø›Ø

M) GK‡kl Ø›Ø N) wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø

3. Ô†gŠgvwQÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY?

K) ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq L) Dcgvb Kg©aviq

M) DcwgZ Kg©aviq N) iƒcK Kg©aviq

4. ÔwkïmvwnZ¨ÕGi e¨vmevK¨ Kx?

K) wkï I mvwnZ¨ L) wkï w`‡q mvwnZ¨

M) wkïi Rb¨ mvwnZ¨ N) wkï Kv‡ji mvwnZ¨

5. ÔPv evMvbÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY?

K) PZz_x© Zrcyiæl mgvm L) cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm

M) lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm N) mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm


1. L 2. K 3. K 4. M 5. M

D‡Ïk¨


Ae¨qxfve, eûeªxwn I wØ¸ mgv‡mi msÁv ej‡Z cv‡ib|

D³ mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ae¨qxfve mgvm

msÁv : †h mgv‡mi c~e©c‡` Ae¨q _v‡K Ges Ae¨‡qi A_© cÖavbiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq

Ae¨qxfve mgvm| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _vK‡j, Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve

mgvm e‡j| Ae¨qxfve mgv‡mi e¨vmev‡K¨ Ae¨q D‡jøL nq bv, †Kej Ae¨‡qi A_©‡hv‡M e¨vmevK¨wU MwVZ nq|

†hgbÑ Rvby ch©šÍ jw¤Z = AvRvbyjw¤Z (Kv‡Q), giY ch©šÍ = AvgiY BZ¨vw`|

wewfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ Ae¨qxfve mgv‡mi D`vniY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv-

mvgxc¨ (Dc) : K~‡ji mgx‡c = DcK~j, bMixi mgx‡c = DcbMix, kn‡ii mgx‡c = Dckni, K‡Éi mgx‡c

= DcKÉ, Awÿi mgx‡c =mgÿ, ÿz`ª gnv‡`k =Dcgnv‡`k BZ¨vw`|

exáv (Aby, cÖwZ): †ivR †ivR = ni‡ivR, ÿY ÿY = AbyÿY, eQi eQi = wdeQi, w`b w`b = cÖwZw`b, ÿY ÿY

= cÖwZÿY, nßv nßv = wdnßv BZ¨vw`|

cvV-3.6.2 : mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`Ñ Ae¨qxfve, eûeªxwn I wØ¸


Afve (wbt, wbi): wfÿvi Afve = `ywf©ÿ, wg‡ji Afve = Miwgj, fvebvi Afve = wbf©vebv, R‡qi Afve

civRq, R‡ji Afve = wbR©j, Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl, Drmv‡ni Afve = wbiærmvn,

Rxeb ch©šÍ = AvRxeb BZ¨vw`|

ch©šÍ (Av) : KÉ ch©šÍ = AvKÉ, cv †_‡K gv_v ch©šÍ = Avcv`g¯ÍK, Rxeb ch©šÍ = AvRxeb BZ¨vw`|

mv`„k¨ (Dc) : e‡bi m`„k =Dceb, kn‡ii m`„k = Dckni, MÖv‡gi m`„k = DcMÖvg, MÖ‡ni m`„k = DcMÖn,

Øx‡ci m`„k = DcØxc, b`xi m`„k = Dcb`x, fvlvi m`„k = Dcfvlv BZ¨vw`|

AbwZµgZv (h_v): mva¨‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vmva¨, kw³‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vkw³, kv¯¿‡K AwZµg bv

K‡i = h_vkv¯¿, ixwZ‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vixwZ, B”Qv‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vB”Qv

BZ¨vw`|

AwZµvšÍ (Dr) : †ejv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D‡Øj, k„•Ljv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D”Q…•Lj BZ¨vw`|

we‡iva (cÖwZ) : weiæ× K~j = cÖwZK~j, weiæ× ev` = cÖwZev` BZ¨vw`|

cðvr (Aby) : Mg‡bi cðvr = AbyMgb, µ‡gi cðvr = Abyµg, Zv‡ci cðvr =AbyZvc, ave‡bi cðvr =

Abyaveb cÖf…wZ|

Clr (Av) : Clr bZ = AvbZ, Clr iw³g = Aviw³g cÖf…wZ|

ÿz`ª A‡_© (Dc) : ÿz`ª kvLv = cÖkvLv, ÿz`ª wefvM = DcwefvM, ÿz`ª A½ = cÖZ¨½, ÿz`ª b`x = Dcb`x BZ¨vw`|

†hvM¨Zv A‡_© : ¸‡Yi †hvM¨ = Aby¸Y, †cÖiYvi †hvM¨ = Aby‡cÖiYv, †fv‡Mi †hvM¨ = Dc‡fvM, iƒ‡ci †hvM¨ =

Abyiƒc, fv‡ei †hvM¨ = Abyfe, Áv‡bi †hvM¨ = AwfÁ BZ¨vw`|

eûeªxwn mgvm

msÁv : eûeªxwn kãwUi ey¨rcwË n‡jv esn (eyw×) +D = eû; e„n +B = eªxwn| Gi A_© eû avb Av‡Q hvi Ggb

†jvK‡K †evSv‡bv nq| evsjv e¨vKi‡Y GwU mgvmiƒ‡c cwiwPZ| eûeªxwn mgv‡mi msÁvq ejv nq, †h mgv‡m

mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwUi A_© bv eywS‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A_© cÖKvk K‡i, ZvB eûeªxwn mgvm| †hgbÑ †cvov Kcvj

hvi = †cvovKcvj| GLv‡b Kcvj AvÿwiK A‡_© Av¸‡b cy‡o †M‡Q Ggb KvD‡K bv eywS‡q g›`fvM¨ A‡_© eëüZ

n‡q‡Q|

cÖKvi‡f` :

eûeªxwn mgvm wb‡¤œv³ K‡qK fv‡M wef³Ñ

1. mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm : c~e©c` we‡klY I cic` we‡kl¨ n‡j mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm nq| †hgbÑ nZ

n‡q‡Q hvi kÖx = nZkÖx, †Lvk †gRvR hvi = †Lvk‡gRvR, my›ì kÖx hvi = mykÖx, cyY¨ AvZ¥v hvi = cyY¨vZ¥v,

cxZ A¤i hvi = cxZv¤i, bxj emb hvi = bxjembv (¯¿x), nZ fvM¨ hvi = nZfvM¨, †MŠi A½ hvi =

†MŠiv½, bZ n‡q‡Q Rvby hvi = bZRvby, `k Avbb hvi = `kvbb BZ¨vw`|

2. e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm : eûeªxwn mgv‡mi c~e©c` Ges cic` †Kv‡bvwUB hw` we‡klY bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K ejv

nq e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm| †hgbÑ Avkx‡Z (ùv‡Z) wel hvi = Avkxwel, K_v me© hvi = K_vme© , cv‡c

gwZ hvi = cvcgwZ, cÙ bvwf‡Z hvi = cÙbvf, a‡g© gwZ hvi = ag©gwZ, bxj KÉ hvi = bxjKÉ, `yóz gwZ

hvi = `yógwZ, b`x gvZ hvi = b`xgvZ…K, a‡g© cÖvY Av‡Q hvi = ag©cÖvY, EY© bvwf‡Z hvi = EY©bvf, exYv

cvwY‡Z hvi = exYvcvwY BZ¨vw`|

cic` K…`šÍ we‡kl¨ n‡jI e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm nq| †hgbÑ `yB Kvb KvUv hvi = `yKvbKvUv, avgv a‡i †h

= avgvaiv, †euvUv L‡m‡Q hvi = †euvUvLmv, cv Pv‡U †h = cv-PvUv BZ¨vw`|

3. e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgvm : wµqvi cvi¯úwiKZv eySv‡Z †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K ejv nq e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgvm| G

mgv‡m c~e©c‡` Av Ges cic‡` B hy³ nq| †hgbÑ nv‡Z nv‡Z †h hy× = nvZvnvwZ, Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v =


KvbvKvwb, Pz‡j Pz‡j †h jovB = PzjvPzwj, Mv‡j Mv‡j †h jovB = MvjvMvwj, jvwV‡Z jvwV‡Z †h hy× = jvVvjvwV,

Nywl‡Z Nywl‡Z †h jovB = NylvNywl, †Kv‡j †Kv‡j †h wgjb = †KvjvKzwj, `‡šÍ `‡šÍ †h hy× = `šÍv`wšÍ BZ¨vw`|

4. ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgvm : eûeªxwn mgv‡mi e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ eëüZ evK¨vs‡ki †Kv‡bv Ask hw` mg¯Í c‡` †jvc

cvq, Z‡e Zv‡K ejv nq ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgvm| †hgbÑ weov‡ji b¨vq †PvL †h bvixi = weovj‡PvLx, nv‡Z

Lwo †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b = nv‡ZLwo, Mv‡q njy` †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b = Mv‡qnjy` BZ¨vw`|

5. bT eûeªxwn mgvm : we‡kl¨ c~e©c‡ì Av‡M bT (bv A_©‡evaK) Ae¨q‡hv‡M eûeªxwn mgvm Kiv n‡j Zv‡K bT

eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| bT eûeªxwn mgv‡m mvwaZ c`wU we‡klY nq| †hgbÑ b (bvB) Ávb hvi = AÁvb, bv

(bvB) Pviv (Dcvq) = bvPvi, wb (bvB) fzj hvi = wbfy©j, bv (bq) Rvbv hv = bvRvbv, A (bvB) Avw` hvi =

Abvw`, †e (bvB) Cgvb hvi = †eCgvb, A (bvB) mxgv hvi = Amxg, A (&AšÍ) bvB hvi = AbšÍ, wbi (bvB) g~j

hvi = wbg~©j, †e (bvB) nyu hvi = †eûuk, wb (bvB) fq hvi = wbf©xK BZ¨vw`|

6. cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn mgvm : †h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi mg¯Íc‡` Av, G, I BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq cÖZ¨qvšÍ

eûeªxwn mgvm| h_vÑ GK w`‡K †PvL ev `„wó hvi = GK‡PvLv, N‡ii w`‡K gyL hvi = Nigy‡Lv, wbt ( †bB) LiP

hvi = wb-LiP, †`v Uvbv hvi = †`vUvbv, yB Zjv hvi = †`vZjv, yB w`‡K Uvb hvi = †`vUvbv, yB w`‡K gb

hvi = †`vgbv BZ¨vw`|

7. AjyK eûeªxwn mgvm : †h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e© ev cic‡ì †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq AjyK eûeªxwn

mgvm| G mgv‡m mg¯Í c`wU we‡klY nq| †hgbÑ gv_vq cvMwo hvi = gv_vqcvMwo, Mjvq MvgQv hvi =

MjvqMvgQv, nv‡Z Qwo hvi = nv‡Z-Qwo, Kv‡b Kjg hvi = Kv‡b-Kjg, Mv‡q c‡o †h = Mv‡q-cov, nv‡Z †ewo

hvi = nv‡Z-†ewo, gy‡L fvZ hvi = gy‡L-fvZ, Kv‡b Lv‡Uv †h = Kv‡b-Lv‡Uv BZ¨vw`|

8. msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn mgvm : c~e©c‡` msL¨vevPK Ges cic` we‡kl¨ n‡j Ges mg¯Í c`wU we‡klY †evSv‡j

Zv‡K msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| G mgv‡m mg¯Í c‡` Av, B ev C hy³ nq| †hgbÑ `k MR cwigvY hvi =

`kMwR, †PŠ (Pvi) Pvj †h N‡ii = †PŠPvjv, †PŠ KvV hvi = †PŠKvV, wZb cvqv hvi = †Zcvqv, †PŠ iv¯Ív hvi =

†PŠiv¯Ív, yB bj hvi = ybjv, `k Avbb hvi = `kvbb, †m (wZb) Zv‡ii hš¿ = †mZvi, cÂ Avbb hvi =

cÂvbb BZ¨vw`|

9. wbcvZ‡b wm× eûeªxwn mgvm : †h eûeªxwn mgvm †Kv‡bv wbq‡gi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq

wbcvZ‡b wm× eûeªxwn mgvm| †hgbÑ`yB w`‡K Ac hvi = Øxc, AšÍM©Z Ac(Rj) hvi = AšÍixc, bivKv‡ii cï

†h = bicï, RxweZ †_‡KI †h g„Z = Rxeb¥„Z, cwÐZ n‡qI †h g~L© = cwÐZg~L© BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb


1. ÔDckniÕ †Kvb mgvm?

K) Zrcyiæl L) Ae¨qxfve

M) eûeªxwn N) wØ¸

2. c~e©c` we‡klY I cic` we‡kl¨ n‡j †Kvb mgvm nq?

K) mgvbvwaKiY eûe&ªxwn L) e¨vwaKiY eûe&ªxwn

M) e¨wZnvi eûe&ªxwn N) ga¨c`‡jvcx eûe&ªxwn

3. †h eûe&ªxwn mgvm †Kv‡bv wbq‡gi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Kx e‡j?

K) wbcvZ‡b wm× eûe&ªxwn L) AjyK eûe&ªxwn

M) bT eûe&ªxwn N) e¨wZnvi eûe&ªxwn


4. ÔAbvw`Õ †Kvb mgvm?

K) Ae¨qxfve L) Zrcyiæl

M) eûe&ªxwn N) Kg©aviq

5. ÔcÖwZK~jÕ †Kvb mgv‡mi D`vniY?

K) Ae¨qxfve L) Zrcyiæl

M) eûe&ªxwn N) Kg©aviq

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb :

1. mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Kxfv‡e bZzb kã MwVZ nq D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. mgv‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3. Dcgvb I DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgv‡mi msÁv I D`vniY w`b|

4. Ae¨qxfve mgvm Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

5. Zrcyiæl mgvm Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

6. e¨vmevK¨mn mgvm wbY©q KiæbÑ

Rxeb¥„Z, gy‡LfvZ, Mv‡qnjy`, Amxg, bxjKÉ, Dcb`x, Abyµg, nv‡ZKvUv, MinvwRi, †Q‡jaiv, Aa©c_,

`~Zvevm, cvU‡ÿZ, †kvKvZ©, gaygvLv, wec`vcbœ, dzjKzgvix, cjvbœ, Rxeb‡ ªvZ, wPwVcÎ, Awn-bKzj|


1. L 2. K 3. K 4. M 5. K


D‡Ïk¨


Dcm‡M©i msÁv I êwkó¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

Dcm‡M©i †kÖwYKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wewfbœ Dcm‡M©i msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

wewfbœ ev‡K¨ Gme Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv e¨vKi‡Y wKQy kãvsk eëüZ nq hv‡ì †Kv‡bv wbR¯ A_© †bB| wKš‘ wbR¯ A_© bv _vK‡jI

G‡ì A_©‡`¨vZKZv Av‡Q| A_©vr GB kãvsk¸wj Ab¨ k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m kã¸wji A‡_©i ms‡KvPb,

cªmviY, cwiea©b, cwieZ©b meB Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e GB kã¸wj evsjv fvlvq cÖwZwbqZ bZzb bZzb

kã ˆZwi‡Z cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv iv‡L| GB A_©wenxb kãvsk¸‡jv‡K DcmM© ejv nq| Z‡e †Kvb DcmM© wj †Kvb k‡ãi

m‡½ hy³ n‡e †m wel‡q evsjv e¨vKi‡Y i‡q‡Q mywbw`©ó wbqg I wewagvjv| GB cv‡V evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ Dcm‡M©i

msÁv, êwkó¨ I cÖ‡qvMwewa Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Dcm‡M©i A_©, msÁv I êwkó¨

msÁv

DcmM© n‡jv KZ¸‡jv eY© ev eY©mgwó| hv ¯vaxb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m

bZzb kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡ì DcmM© ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, evsjv fvlvq †hme Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk avZzi c~‡e©

hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i wewfbœ A‡_©i m„wó K‡i, Zv‡K DcmM© e‡j| †hgbÑ Dc + nvi = Dcnvi, we + nvi =

wenvi, cÖ+ nvi = cÖnvi BZ¨vw`; GLv‡b Dc, we, cÖ n‡jv DcmM©|

DcmM© k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m k‡ãi A_©‡K cwieZ©b I cwiea©b K‡i| d‡j evsjv fvlvi kãMV‡b Dcm‡M©i f~wgKv

i‡q‡Q|

Dcm‡M©i êwkó¨

Dcm‡M©i A_©evPKZv †bB wKš‘ A_©‡`¨vZKZv Av‡Q| A_©vr †Kv‡bv kã ev c‡ì m‡½ hy³ n‡q Giv mshy³ kã ev

c‡ì A‡_©i bvbviKg cwieZ©b NUvq| wb‡P Dcm‡M©i K‡qKwU êwkó¨ †`qv n‡jvÑ

1. Dcm‡M©i wbR¯ †Kv‡bv A_© †bB|

2. Giv bZzb A_©‡evaK kã ˆZwi K‡i|

3. DcmM© ‡jv e×iƒcg~j wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|

4. DcmM©M‡jv A‡_©i ms‡KvPb, A_© cwieZ©b, A‡_©i cÖmvi NUvq|

5. G¸‡jv bvgevPK I K…`šÍ k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m|

Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f`

evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKvi DcmM© eëüZ nq| G wZb cÖKvi DcmM© n‡jvÑ

K. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©

L. evsjv DcmM© I

M. we‡`wk DcmM©

cvV-3.7 : DcmM©


Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©

msÁv :

†hme DcmM© mivmwi ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K G‡m evsjv fvlvq eëüZ n‡”Q †mme DcmM©‡K ejv nq Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z

DcmM©| evsjv fvlvq eëüZ ms¯‹…Z DcmM© wekwU| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ cÖ, civ, Ac, mg, wb, Ae, Aby, wbi, `yi, we,

Awa, my, D`, cwi, cÖwZ, Awf, AwZ, Awc, Dc, Av|

wb‡P A_©mn ms¯‹…Z Dcm‡M©i eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

DcmM© eëüZ A_© D`vniY

cÖ mg¨K cÖfve, cÖPjb

DrKl© A‡_© cÖÁv, cÖfvZ, cÖ k©b

AvwaK¨ A‡_© cÖLi, cÖZvc, cÖej, cÖ‡Kvc

L¨vwZ A‡_© cÖfve, cÖL¨vZ, cÖksmv, cÖKxwZ©

MwZ A‡_© cÖ ’vb, cÖKvk, cÖPjb, cÖ vb

civ wecixZ A‡_© civRq, civfe, civaxb, civnZ

AvwZkh¨ A‡_© civKvôv, civµvšÍ, civqY, civµg

Ac wecixZ A‡_© Acgvb, AcKvi, AcPq

AcKl© A‡_© AcPq, Ac‡Póv, AcKg©, AccÖPvi

weK…Z A‡_© Acg„Zz¨, AccvV, Acfvlv, Acåsk

wbK…ó A‡_© AcKg©, Achk, Acm„wó

¯’vbvšÍi A‡_© AcniY, AcmiY, Ac‡bv`b

mg mg¨K A‡_© mg„×, m¤ú~Y©, mgvì, msev`

AvwaK A‡_© msµg, mËvc, mg„×, mg¨my¨K

wgjb A‡_© mw¤§jb, m‡¤§jb, msKjb, mÂq

wb †bB A‡_© wbLv`, wbLuyZ, wb‡LuvR, wb‡Uvj, wbfuvR

Ae mg¨K A‡_© Ae‡iva, AeMvnb, AeMZ, Ae`gb, Ae¸wÉZ

Aby cðvr A‡_© Aby‡kvPbv, AbyMvgx, AbyR, AbyPi, AbyZvc

†cŠbtcywYKZv A‡_© AbyÿY, Aby`xb, Abykxjb

wbi Afve A‡_© wbiÿi, wbR©xe, wbivkÖq, wba©b, wbibœ

evwni A‡_© wbM©Z, wbtmiY, wbe©vmb

wbðq A‡_© wba©viY, wbY©q, wbf©i, wb‡`©k, wbiæ×

`yi Kómva¨ A‡_© `yM©g, yiƒn, `yR©q, ywb©evi

g›` A‡_© `yf©vM¨, y ©kv, yb©vg, `yN©Ubv, yRb

we we‡kl A‡_© wea„Z, weï×, weÁvb, wewPÎ, weÁ, weM»

Afve A‡_© wewb`ª, weeY©, wedj, weKY©, we‡`n

wecixZ A‡_© weKl©Y, weKj, weµq, we‡`k, weivM

my DËg A‡_© myKÉ, myK…wZ, myPwiÎ, mywcÖq, mybxj, mykxj, myRb

mnR A‡_© myMg, mymva¨, myjf, my‡eva¨

AvwZkh¨ A‡_© myPZzi, myKwVb, myaxi, mywbcyY, my`ÿ

Dr EaŸ©gywLZv A‡_© D`¨g, DbœwZ, D‡Ëvjb, D`MÖxe

cÖvej¨ A‡_© D”Q¡vm, DËß, D‡ËRbv, Db¥y³

AcKl© A‡_© Dr‡KvP, D”Q…•Lj, DrKU, D‡”Q`, D‡ËRbv

Awa AvwacZ¨ A‡_© AwaKvi, AwacwZ, AwaKZ©v, AwabvqK


AvqË A‡_© AwaK…Z, AwaMZ, Awafz³, Awaevmx

e¨vwß A‡_© Awaevm, AwaMwZ

cwi we‡kliƒ‡c cwic~Y©, cwieZ©b, cwiZ¨vM, cwicK¡

my›ì A‡_© cwi”Qbœ, cwicvwU, cwigvwR©Z, cwi¯‹vi

PZzw`©K A‡_© cwiµgY, cwigÐj, cwie„Ë, cwi‡ek

cÖwZ m`„k A‡_© cÖwZg~wZ©, cÖwZaŸwb, cÖwZK„wZ, cÖwZwbwa

we‡iva A‡_© cÖwZev`, cÖwZØw›Ø, cÖwZKvi

†cŠYtcywbKZv A‡_© cÖwZw`b, cÖwZgvm, cÖwZMÖvg, cÖwZNi

Dc mg¨K A‡_© DcKiY, Dcµg, DcPvi, Dc‡`k, Dcnvi

ÿz`ª DcMÖn, DcmvMi, Dc‡bZv, Dcb`x, Dc‡Rjv

mvgxc¨ A‡_© DcKÉ, DcK~j, DcbMi

m`„k A‡_© DcØxc, Dceb

Awf mg¨K A‡_© Awfe¨w³, AwfÁ, Awfmvi, Awfwb‡ek

we‡kl A‡_© Awfavb, Awfbq, Awf‡bZv, AwffveK

Mgb A‡_© Awfhvb, Awf‡K›`ª, Awfevmx, Awfevmb

AwZ AwaK A‡_© AwZKvq, AwZPvjvK, AwZfw³, AwZe„wó

AvwZkh¨ A‡_© AZ¨vPvi, AwZkq

¯vfvweKZvi evB‡i AwZcÖvK…Z, AwZA‡jŠwKK

AwZµg A‡_© AwZgvbe, AwZcÖvK…Z

Awc e¨vKi‡Yi m~Î AwcwbwnwZ

AviI A‡_© AwcP

Av ch©šÍ A‡_© AvKÉ, AvgiY, Avmgy`ª

Clr A‡_© Avi³, Avfvm

wecixZ A‡_© Av`vb, AvMgb

evsjv DcmM©

msÁv : †hme Ae¨q RvZxq kã ev kãvsk evsjv k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K evsjv DcmM© ejv

nq|

êwkó¨

1. evsjv DcmM© ‡jv‡K LvuwU evsjv DcmM© bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

2. evsjv fvlvq wKQz Ae¨q RvZxq kã ¯vaxbfv‡e eëüZ nq bv|

3. G¸‡jv mvaviYZ bvg k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ nq|

4. G‡ì LuvwU evsjv DcmM© ejv nq|

evsjv DcmM© GKzkwU| G¸wj n‡jvÑ

A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave, BwZ, Ebv, K`, Kz, wb, cvwZ, we, fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv|

LuvwU evsjv Dcm‡M©i eënvi


A wbw›`Z A‡_© AKvR, A‡K‡Rv, AKvj, Acqv, AKvU, AcvÎ BZ¨vw`

Afve A‡_© AwPb, ARvbv, A‰_

bv A‡_© ALywk, A‡`Lv, A‡Pbv, Awgj, Agi, Aejv, AhvwPZ

cwigvY A‡_© A‡Xj, A¸bwZ, AdzišÍ


ANv †evKv A‡_© ANviv, ANvPÐx, ANvKvÐ, ANvgviv

AR wbZvšÍ g›` A‡_© ARcvov Muv, ARg~L©, ARcyKzi

Abv Afve A‡_© Abve„wó, AbvPvi, Abv`vq

e¨ZxZ A‡_© Abvm„wó, Abv`„wó

Av bv A‡_© AvKvov, Avjywb, AvPvjv, AuvQvKv, AvXvKv

wbK…ó A‡_© AvKvV, AvMvQv, AvK_v, AvKvj,AvNvUv

Avo cÖvq A‡_© Avo‡gvo, AvocvMjv

wewkó A‡_© Avo‡Kvjv, AvoMov, AvoKvwV

Avb bZzb A‡_© Avb‡Kviv, Avbvwo

wewÿß A‡_© AvbPvb, Avbgbv

Ave A¯úóZv AveQvqv, AveRvj

BwZ Gi A‡_© BwZKZ©e¨, BwZc~‡e©

cyivb A‡_© BwZK_v, BwZnvm

Eb Kg A‡_© Ewbk, Ebel©v, EbcuvRy‡i

K` wbw›`Z A‡_© K`‡ej, K`vKvi

Kz KzrwmZ A‡_© KzAf¨vm, KzK_v, KzbRi, KzKvg, KzKvR

wb bvB A‡_© wbLuyZ, wb‡LuvR, wbjvR, wb‡iU, wb`©q

cvwZ ÿy`ª A‡_© cvwZnuvm, cvwZwkqvj, cvwZ‡bZv, cvwZKvK

we bvB A‡_© wec_, weKj, weKvj, wedj

fi c~Y©Zv A‡_© fi‡cU, ficyi, fi ycyi, fi‡hŠeb

ivg eo A‡_© ivgQvMj, ivgwk½v, ivg`v, ivg‡evKv

m m‡½ mjvR, mie, mwVK, mcvU, m ¿xK

mv DrK…ó A‡_© mvwRiv, mv‡Rvqvb

my DËg A‡_© mybRi, myLei, mybvg, myw`b

nv Afve A‡_© nvfv‡Z, nvN‡i, nvKcvj, nvûZvk

we‡`wk DcmM©

msÁv

evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR, wnw›` k‡ãi m‡½ †hme DcmM© hy³ n‡q bZyb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K

we‡`kx DcmM© ejv nq| Gme we‡`wk Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR, wnw›` BZ¨vw` fvlvi DcmM© eûjfv‡e

evsjv fvlvq eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| `xN©w`b hver Gme DcmM© eënv‡ii d‡j evsjv fvlvi m‡½ †egvjyg wg‡k †M‡Q|

evsjv fvlvq wVK KZ¸‡jv we‡`kx DcmM© eëüZ Zv Rvbv †bB|

wb‡P evsjv fvlvq eëüZ we‡`wk Dcm‡M©i eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

Bs‡iwR DcmM©


mve Aaxb A‡_© mve Awdm, mve GwWUi, mveRR

dzj m¤ú~Y© A‡_© dzjkvU©, dzjevey, dzjnvZv, dzjc¨v›U

†nW cÖavb A‡_© †nW Awdm, †nWgv÷vi, †nW cwÐZ

nvd A‡a©K A‡_© nvd c¨v›U, nvd kvU©, nvd ¯‹zj, nvd wUwKU

dviwm DcmM©

wd cÖ‡Z¨K A‡_© wd-eQi, wd nßv, wdÑ †ivR, wdÑ me


bv bv A‡_© bvgÄyi, bvivR, bvPvi

e mv‡_ A‡_© ebvg, eKjg, egvj

Kg Aí A‡_© KgeLZ, KgAv‡°j, Kg‡Rvi

†e bv A‡_© †eKvi, †eqvè, †eKmyi, †envqv, †ewVK

ei g›` A‡_© eiLv¯Í, ei`v Í, ei‡Ljvc, eiev`

e` Lvivc A‡_© e`gvk, e`nvj, e`‡gRvR, eìvMx, e¾vZ

wbg A‡a©K A‡_© wbgivwR, wbg‡gvjøv

ì Aaxb A‡_© ìcvÆv, ìLv Í, ìcvIbv, `v`vjvb

Kvi KvR A‡_© KviPzwc, Kvievi, KvimvwR, Kvi`vwb, KviLvbv

Aviwe DcmM©

Avg mvaviY A‡_© Avgìevi, Avg‡gv³vi

Lvm we‡kl A‡_© Lvmgnj, Lvm`Lj, LvmKvgiv, Lvmìevi

jv bv A‡_© jvRIqve, jv‡LivR, jvIqvwik, jvcvËv

Mi Afve A‡_© Miwgj, MinvwRi, MiivwR

wnw›` DcmM©

ni cÖ‡Z¨K A‡_© ni‡ivR, niwKwmg, n‡iK, ninv‡gkv

Dcm‡M©i ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM

K) evsjv DcmM©

1. AÑ AKvR : Zvi GiKg AKvR Avwg cQ›` Kwi bv|

2. AvÑ AvMvQv : AvMvQv cwi®‹vi gvbyl †iveU Avwe®‹v‡ii K_v fve‡Q|

3. AbvÑ Abve„wó : Gevi Abve„wói Kvi‡Y dm‡ji e¨vcK ÿwZ n‡q‡Q|

4. AvbÑ Avb‡Kviv : ingvb mv‡ne AvR Avb‡Kviv cvÄvwe c‡i Awd‡m hv‡”Q|

5. ARÑ ARcvovMuv : ARcvovMuv‡qi gy¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb GLb wµ‡K‡Ui we¯§q|

6. cvwZÑ cvwZ‡bZv : cvwZ‡bZviv GLb `‡ji Rb¨ ûgwK¯iƒc|

7. wbÑ LiPv : Kv‡Ri Rb¨ UvKv cÖ‡qvRb nq, wbLi‡P P‡j bv|

8. ivgÑ ivgQvMj : Zvi gZ ivgQvMj w`‡q Giƒc gnr KvR Am¤¢e|

9. weÑ weKj : GB Mvwoi BwÄb weKj n‡q †M‡Q|

10. nvÑ nvfv‡Z : nvoÑ nvfv‡Zi `j GLv‡b G‡m‡Q Avgv‡K fxlY wec‡` †d‡j‡Q|

L) ms¯‹…Z DcmM©

1. cÖ-cÖfvZ : AvwR cÖfv‡Z iwei Ki/ †Kg‡b cwkj cÖv‡Yi ci|

2. civÑ civwRZ : †m Rxebhy‡× GKRb civwRZ ˆmwbK|

3. AcÑ Acgvb : Kv‡iv Acgvb Kiv wVK bq|

4. myÑ my‡Kvgj : my‡Kvgj weQvbvq ï‡q †m Nywg‡q coj|

5. cwiÑ cwiPq : Zvi cwiPq †c‡q Avwg gy» njvg|

6. cÖwZÑ cÖwZ`vb : Lvivc Kv‡Ri cÖwZ`vb fv‡jv nq bv|

cÖwZ‡ekx : cÖwZ‡ekxi mv‡_ Lvivc eënvi Kiv wVK bq|

cÖwZev` : Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Kiv DwPr|

7. AwfÑ Awfbq : msmv‡i A‡bK‡KB Awfbq Ki‡Z nq|

AwfmwÜ : Zvi AwfmwÜ eyS‡Z Avgv‡ì †ìx n‡jv bv|


Awf‡hvM : †m ïay mevi bv‡g wg_¨v Awf‡hvM K‡i|

8. AwZÑ AwZew³ : AwZfw³ †Pv‡ii jÿY|

AwZµg : GB evav AwZµg Kiv Zvi c‡ÿ mnR n‡e bv|

AwZkq : †m AwZkq fv‡jv †jvK|

9. AbyÑ Aby‡kvPbv : †jvKwU Lvivc KvR K‡i GLb Aby‡kvPbvq `»|

AbyivM : †jv‡K e‡j ivM bvwK Abyiv‡Mi Avqbv|

10. DcÑ Dc‡`k : wkÿ‡Ki Dc‡`k gvbv QvÎ‡ì KZ©e¨|

Dc‡fvM : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fvM K‡i wZwb gy» n‡jb|

DcRvwZ : evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ DcRvwZ evm K‡i|

M) we‡`wk DcmM©

1. KviÑ Kvievi : Zvi KvR-Kvievi Avgvi cQ›` n‡”Q bv|

2. ìÑ ìLv¯Í : AvwKe Rvgvb QzwUi Rb¨ ìLv¯Í K‡i‡Q|

3. bvÑ bvevjK : bvevjK †Q‡j‡K wek¦vm K‡i †m fzj K‡i‡Q|

4. wbgÑ wbgivwR : gwb we‡q‡Z wbgivwR n‡q Av‡Q|

5. wdÑ wd-mb : wd-mb GB mg‡qB †jvKwU UvKv PvB‡Z Av‡m|

6. e`Ñ eìvMx : eo mv‡ne Lye eìvMx, K_vq K_vq †m ivM K‡i|

7. †eÑ †eKvq`v : Avwè Rvgvb KvRUv wb‡q eo †eKvq`vq Av‡Q|

8. eÑ egvj : †Pvi egvj †MÖdZvi n‡jv|

9. KgÑ Kg‡Rvi : fvj †L‡q bv †L‡q Zvi kix‡i KgÑ †Rvi|

10. AvgÑ Avgìevi : RbZvi Avgìev‡i hve Ges GB Ab¨v‡qi wePvi n‡e|

11. LvmÑ LvmKvgiv : ivRvi LvmKvgivq gwš¿ cÖ‡ek Kij|

12. jvÑ jv-RIqve : Lye †Zv cwÐwZ †`Lv‡jv, GLb †`LwQ m¨v‡ii mvg‡b jv-RIqve|

13. ev‡RÑ ev‡R K_v : †Zvgvi ev‡R K_vq Kvb †`qvi g‡Zv mgq Avgvi †bB|

14. MiÑ Miwgj : wn‡m‡e Miwgj _vKvq eo mv‡ne Pzw³‡Z mB K‡ibwb|

15. dzjÑ dzjnvZv : Avmjvg mv‡ne AvR dzjnvZv kvU© c‡i‡Qb|

16. nvdÑ nvdnvZv : MigKv‡j nvdnvZv kvU© civB fv‡jv|

17. nvd‡bZv : AvRKvj nvd‡bZvi `vcU †ewk|

18. niÑ niZvj : niZv‡j †`‡ki A_©‡bwZK Ae¯’v bvRyK K‡i †`q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb


1. Dcm‡M©i KvR Kx?

K) fv‡ei cv_©K¨ wbiæcY L) bZzb kã MVb

M) ms¯‹iY N) hwZ ms¯‹iY

2. k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m †KvbwU?

K) wefw³ L) cÖZ¨q

M) DcmM© N) AbymM©

3. DcmM©‡K †Kvb RvZxq kãvsk ejv nq?

K) we‡kl¨ L) me©bvg

M) we‡klY N) Ae¨q


4. Kvi A_©evPKZv Av‡Q wKš‘ A_©‡`¨vZKZv †bB?

K) Kvi‡Ki L) Abym‡M©i

M) Dcm‡M©i N) mgv‡mi

5. evsjv fvlvq KZ ai‡bi DcmM© cÖPwjZ Av‡Q?

K) 3 L) 2

M) 1 N) 4

6. DcmM© cÖavbZ Kq cÖKvi?

K) wZb cÖKvi L) Pvi cÖKvi

M) cuvP cÖKvi N) Qq cÖKvi

7. LuvwU evsjv DcmM© †KvbwU?

K) Avg L) ivg

M) wbg N) evg

8. weÁvb k‡ãi we DcmM© Kx A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?

K) we‡kl L) Afve

M) mvaviY N) MwZ

9. LuvwU evsjv DcmM© †gvU KqwU?

K) 10wU L) 20 wU

M) 15wU N) 21 wU

10. †KvbwU Bs‡iwR DcmM©?

K) dzj L) Avg

M) Mi N) wbg

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. DcmM© Kv‡K e‡j? DcmM© KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? cÖ‡Z¨KwUi `y‡Uv K‡i D`vniY w`b|

2. evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †Kb D`nviYmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwUi wZbwU wfbœ DcmM©‡hv‡M bZzb A_©‡evaK kã ˆZwi K‡i evK¨iPbv Kiæb : k¦vm, jq,

evm, ev`, gvb|

4. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv †_‡K evsjv, ms¯‹…Z I we‡`kx DcmM© hy³ kã c„_K K‡i †`Lvb:

cÖYvg, Avjywb, A‡ejv, †envj, wbLyuZ, Miwgj, m¤ú~Y©, wbhy³, AvRb¥, cwicK¡, †Lvk †gRvR, ni‡evjv|

5. Dcm‡M©i ¯vaxb A_© †bB, wKš‘ bZzb A_© m„wói ¸Y Av‡Q| D`vniYmn Dw³wUi mf¨Zv hvPvB Kiæb|

6. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv †`qv nj, evK¨ iPbv wb‡R ˆZwi Kiæb|

k¦vm : wek¦vm, wbtk¦vm, Avk¦vm

ev` : Acev`, cÖwZev`, weev`

jq : Avjq, cÖjq, wbjq

evm : Avevm, wbevm, cÖevm, Dcevm

Lvb : Acgvb, Awfgvb, Awfhvb

wb‡Riv AviI DcmM©‡hv‡M kã wPšÍv Kiæb|


1. L 2. M 3. N 4. M 5. K 6. K 7. L 8. K 9. N 10. K


D‡Ïk¨


avZzi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

avZzi cÖKvi‡f` Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv fvlvq eëüZ avZzi MVb-web¨vm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

avZzi m‡½ wµqvc‡ì m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| GB `ywU As‡ki g‡a¨ wµqvwefw³wU ev` w`‡j †h Acwinvh©

AskwU eZ©gvb _v‡K, †mwUB n‡”Q avZz| avZz w`‡q ïay †h wµqvc` MwVZ nq, Zv-B bq, eis GKwU

wbw`©ó wµqvc‡ì avZzi m‡½ wewfbœ wµqvwefw³ hy³ n‡q ˆZwi Kiv hvq mswkøó AmsL¨ bZzb wµqvc`|

d‡j evsjv fvlvi kãMV‡b avZzi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv we`¨gvb| GB cv‡V evsjv fvlvq eëüZ avZzmg~‡ni msÁv,

cÖKvi‡f` I MVbweb¨vm Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

avZzi msÁv I êwkó¨

msÁv

wµqvi g~j Ask‡K ejv nq avZz| wµqvc`‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j y‡Uv Ask cvIqv hvqÑ GKwU avZy ev wµqvg~j AciwU

wµqvwefw³| wµqvc` †_‡K wµqvwefw³ ev` w`‡j hv _v‡K Zv-B n‡jv avZz| A_©vr wµqvg~‡ji Av‡iK bvg avZz|

W. Gbvgyj nK G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, Ôwµqvc‡ì †h AwefvR¨ Ask Gi Aš‘wb©wnZ g~j fvewUi †`¨vZbv K‡i Zv‡K avZz

e‡j|Õ †hgbÑ

kvnxb KvRwU Ki‡Q| Avwg KvRwU KiwQ| †m KvRwU K‡iwQj|

G wZbwU ev‡K¨ Ki‡Q, KiwQ I K‡iwQj G wZbwU wµqvc`| GB wZbwU wµqvc` GKwU ÔKiÕ avZz Øviv mvwaZ

n‡q‡Q| wb‡P wZbwU wµqvc‡ì avZzi iƒc †`Lv‡bv nj:

g~j wµqv wefw³ wµqvc`

Ki&+ wQ KiwQ

Ki& + †Q Ki‡Q

Ki& + wQj KiwQj

GiKg ai, Ki, Rvb, hv, Lv, †av, Kuv` BZ¨vw` n‡jv wµqvg~j ev avZz| wµqvg~j‡K ev avZz‡K Avevi cÖK…wZI ejv

nq| wµqvi g~j ev avZz †evSv‡Z (√) wPý eënvi Kiv nq| eZ©gvb Kv‡ji AbyÁvq Zz”Qv_©K ga¨g cyiæ‡li wµqvi

iƒc jÿ Ki‡j mn‡RB avZz kbv³ Kiv hvq| KviY Giiƒc Avi avZzi iƒc GK| †hgbÑ

(ZzB) Ki&, hv, Lv, †`L&, †jL& BZ¨vw`|

G¸‡jv †hgb avZz wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq, †Zgwb Avevi ga¨g cyiæ‡li Zz”Qv_©K eZ©gvb Kv‡ji AbyÁvq wµqvc` wn‡m‡eI

eëüZ nq| ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiYwe`MY ms¯‹…Z fvlvi avZzi ZvwjKv w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡ì g‡Z, cÖvq `yB nvRvi avZz i‡q‡Q|

wKš‘ †e`, eªvþY, ivgvqY, gnvfviZ cÖf…wZ cÖvPxb ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨ mvZk‡Zi †ewk avZzi D`vniY cvIqv hvq bv|

&Gme avZz‡K ejv nq Ôwm× avZzÕ| evsjv fvlvq wm×, mvwaZ cÖf…wZ mKj cÖKv‡ii avZzi msL¨v 1500 ev Gi AwaK|

GB 1500-i g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Avevi evsjvq †jvc †c‡q‡Q Ges wbqwgZB cv‡”Q|

avZzi cÖKvi‡f`

cÖK…wZ I DrcwË wePv‡i evsjv avZzmg~n‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡QÑ

K) †gŠwjK ev wm× avZz (primary root)

cvV-3.8 : avZz cÖKiY


L) mvwaZ avZz (derived root)I

M) †hŠwMK ev ms‡hvMg~jK avZz (compound root)

K) †gŠwjK ev wm× avZz(primary root) †h avZz‡K Avi we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K ejv nq †gŠwjK ev wm× avZz| Gme avZzi iƒc MV‡bi w`K †_‡K b~¨bZg

GKK| Gme avZz Avevi ¯qswm× avZz bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ Ki, Pj, †`L, wL, hv, Avm BZ¨vw`|

evsjv fvlvi †gŠwjK avZz‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡QÑ

1) LuvwU evsjv avZz 2) ms¯‹…Z g~j avZz I 3) we‡`wk avZz

1. LuvwU evsjv avZz : †hme avZzi g~j mivmwi ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K Av‡mwb, wKš‘ Acåsk ev cÖvK…‡Zi gva¨‡g

evsjv fvlvq G‡m eëüZ n‡”Q Zv‡K ejv nq LvuwU evsjv avZz| Gme avZz‡K wfwË K‡iB evsjv wµqvc`,

K…`šÍ, we‡kl¨, we‡klY BZ¨vw` kã MwVZ n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ

bvP&Ñ bvPv, KvU&Ñ KvUv, Kuv`&Ñ Kuv`v BZ¨vw`|

eZ©gvb Kv‡ji AbyÁvq ga¨g cyiæ‡li Zz”Qv_©K cÖ‡qvM K‡i evsjv avZz †Pbv hvq| †hgbÑ ZzB Ki, ZzB hv,

ZzB KvU BZ¨vw`|

2. ms¯‹…Z g~j avZz : †h me wµqvc‡ì g~j ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K G‡m evsjvfvlvq mivmwi eëüZ n‡”Q †mme

avZz‡K ejv nq ms¯‹…Z g~j avZz| Gme avZzi m‡½ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q wµqv we‡kl¨ ev wµqv we‡klY MwVZ

nq| †hgbÑ ÔK…Õ avZzi mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ c` Ñ Ki, Kiv BZ¨vw`| Avevi ÔK…Õ †_‡K MwVZ wµqvc`Ñ K…Z,

KZ©e¨, KiYxq, KZ©„Z¡ BZ¨vw`| Abyiƒcfv‡e, ÔMgÕ †_‡KÑ Mgb Kiv, MwZ, Mg, MZ BZ¨vw`| Ô`vÕ avZz

†_‡KÑ `vb Kiv, `vZv, `vb, `vZe¨| ÔZvRÕ avZz †_‡KÑ Z¨vM Kiv, Z¨vM, Z¨vR¨ BZ¨vw`|

wb‡P ms¯‹…Z avZz I G †_‡K MwVZ c` Ges ms¯‹…Z avZzi GKB A_©‡evaK evsjv avZz Ges Zv †_‡K MwVZ

c‡ì D`vniY †`qv n‡jv-

ms¯‹…Z avZz mvwaZ avZz evsjv avZz mvwaZ avZz

A¼ A¼b, Aw¼Z AuvK& AvuKv

K_& K_¨, Kw_Z Kn& KIqv, Knb

K…r KZ©b, KwZ©Z KvU& KvUv

µ›` µ›`b Kuv`& Kuv`v, Kuv`y‡b

µx µq, µXz wKb& †Kbv, †KbvKvUv

Lv`& Lv`¨, Lv`K Lv LvIqv, LvIb

MV& MwVZ Mo& Mov, Mob

`„k& `„k¨, `k©b †`L& †`Lv, †`Lb

cV& cVb, cvV¨, cwVZ co cov, cob

¯’v ¯’vb, ’vbxq _vK& _vKv

nm& nvm, nvmb nvm& nvmv, nvwm

3. we‡`wk avZz : Zrmg Ges LuvwU evsjv avZz Qvov †hme avZz we‡`wk fvlv †_‡K G‡m evsjv fvlvq eëüZ n‡”Q

†mme avZz‡K ejv nq we‡`wk avZz| cÖavbZ wnw›`, Aviwe, dviwm fvlv †_‡K Gme avZz evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q|

†hgbÑ wf‡ÿ †g‡M LvqÑ G ev‡K¨ gvM avZz wnw›` ÔgvOÕ †_‡K G‡m evsjv fvlvq eëüZ n‡”Q|

GQvov AviI wKQy wµqvg~j i‡q‡Q hv‡ì wµqvg~‡ji g~j fvlv wbY©q Kiv KwVb| G ai‡bi wµqvg~j‡K AÁvZg~j

avZz e‡j| †hgbÑ †ni H `yqv‡i ùvwo‡q †K? G ev‡K¨ Ô†niÕ avZzwU †Kvb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q Zv wbY©q Kiv

hvqwb| ZvB GwU AÁvZg~j avZz wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡q‡Q| wb‡P K‡qKwU we‡`wk avZzi D`vniY †`qv n‡jvÑ

avZz eëüZ A_© avZz eëüZ A_©

AuvU& k³ K‡i evuav wdi& cybivMgb, cybive„wË

LvU& †gnbZ Kiv Pvn& cÖv_©bv Kiv


Uvb& AvKl©Y WvK& Avnevb

UzU& wQbœ nIqv jUK& Szjv‡bv

Wi& fxZ nIqv weMo& bó nIqv

†PuP& wPrKvi Kiv wfR& wm³ nIqv

Rg& Nbxf~Z nIqv †Vj& †Vjv

L) mvwaZ avZz

†hme avZz we‡kølY Ki‡j Ab¨ GKwU avZz ev bvg kã Ges GK ev GKvwaK cÖZ¨q cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ejv nq mvwaZ

avZz| †hgbÑ †`L&+Av = †`Lv, co& +Av = cov, ej& + Avv = ejv BZ¨vw`|

mvwaZ avZzi m‡½ Kvj I cyiælevPK wefw³ †hvM K‡i wµqvc` MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ

gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lvq| GLv‡b †`L& +Av + eZ©gvb Kv‡ji mvaviY bvg cyiæ‡li wµqvwefw³ q = †`Lvq| Giƒc

†kvbvq, emvq, †kLvq BZ¨vw`|

MVbixwZ I A‡_©i w`K †_‡K mvwaZ avZz wZb cÖKvi| h_vÑ

1) bvg avZz 2) cÖ‡hvRK (wYRšÍ) avZz Ges 3) Kg©ev‡Pï avZz|

1. bvg avZz : mvwaZ avZzi g‡a¨ †h¸‡jv we‡kl¨, we‡klY ev abvZ¥K kã †_‡K MwVZ nq, †mme avZz‡K bvg

avZz ejv nq| we‡kl¨, we‡klY Ges AbyKvi Ae¨‡qi c‡i Av cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i bvg avZz MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ

†jvKwU Nygv‡”Q| GLv‡b Nyg †_‡K bvg avZz Nygv MwVZ n‡q‡Q|

bvg avZz MV‡bi K‡qKwU wbqg wb‡P †`qv n‡jv

1 : mvaviY we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl‡Y Av cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i bvg avZz MVb Kiv nq| †hgbÑ jvwVÑ jvVv, `yLÑ

`yLv, i½Ñ i½v, evwniÑ evwniv, wel-welv, RyZvÑ Ry‡Zv BZ¨vw`|

2 : o ev U cÖZ¨qvšÍ we‡k‡lï c‡i Av cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bvg avZz MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ AvuKoÑ AvuKov,

AvuPoÑ AvuPov, `veoÑ `veov, nvZoÑ nvZov, PzgoÑ Pzgov BZ¨vw`|

3 : jv ev i cÖZ¨qvšÍ we‡k‡lï c‡i Av cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i bvgavZz MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ AvMjÑ AvMjv,

PzgiÑ Pzgiv, nuvKiÑ nuvKiv, WzKiÑ WyKiv BZ¨vw`|

4 : g ev P cÖZ¨qvšÍ we‡k‡lï c‡i A cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bvg avZz MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ Sjm-Sjmv, avgmÑ

avgmv, fvgmÑ fvgmv, fv½PÑ fv½Pv BZ¨vw`|

2. cÖ‡hvRK ev wYRšÍ avZz : †gŠwjK avZzi c‡i Av, Iqv cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i †h avZz MwVZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq

cÖ‡hvRK avZz ev wYRšÍ avZz| GB Av cÖZ¨q GLv‡b g~jZ †cÖiYv A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ

Ki + Av = GLv‡b Kiv GKwU avZz| ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvMÑ †mwjg KvRwU wb‡R bv K‡i Ab¨‡K w`‡q Kiv‡e|

Abyiƒcfv‡e,

co + Av = cov, ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvMÑ wZwb †Q‡j‡K cov‡”Qb|

3. Kg©ev‡Pï avZz : †gŠwjK avZyi m‡½ Av cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i Kg©ev‡Pï avZz MwVZ nq| GwU ev‡K¨ eënv‡ii

mgq ev‡Kï wµqvc`‡K AbymiY K‡i eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ

†`L + Av = †`Lv, ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvMÑ KvRwU fv‡jv †`Lvq bv|

nvi + Av = nviv, ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvMÑ hv wKQz nvivq wMwbœ e‡j †Kóv †eUvB †Pvi|

M) †hŠwMK ev ms‡hvMg~jK avZz

we‡kl¨, we‡klY ev abvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi m‡½ Ki, †`, cv, Lv, Qvo BZ¨vw` †gŠwjK avZz hy³ n‡q †h bZzb avZz MwVZ

nq, Zv‡K ejv nq ms‡hvMg~jK avZz|

wb‡P ms‡hvMg~jK avZz †hv‡M MwVZ K‡qKwU wµqvc‡ì D`vniY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv-

1. Ki&Ñ avZz‡hv‡MÑ


K) we‡k‡lï m‡½ fq Ki&&, j¾v Ki&, ¸Y Ki&|

L) we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ fvj Ki&&, g›` Ki&, myLx Ki&, m‡›`n Ki&|

M) wµqvevPK we‡k‡lï m‡½ µq Ki&, `vb Ki&, `k©b Ki&, ivbœv Ki&|

N) wµqvRvZ (K…`šÍ) we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ mwÂZ Ki&, ’wMZ Ki&|

O) wµqvÑ we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ Rjw` Ki&, ZvovZvwo Ki&, GKÎ Ki&|

P) Ae¨‡qi m‡½ bv Ki&, nu¨v Ki&, nvq nvq Ki&, wQ wQ Ki&|

Q) abvZ¥K Ae¨‡qi m‡½ Lvu Lvu Ki&, eb eb Ki&, Ub Ub Ki&|

R) abvZ¥K kãmn wµqv PU Ki&&, auv Ki&, nb nb Ki&|

2. nÑ avZz‡hv‡M : eo n, †QvU n, fv‡jv n, ivwR n, myLx n, Lywk n|

3. †`Ñ avZz‡hv‡M : DËi †`, XvKv †`, `vMv †`, Reve †`, Kvb †`, „wó †`|

4. cvÑ avZz‡hv‡M : Kvbœv cv, fq cv, ytL cv, j¾v cv, e¨_v cv, †Ui cv|

5. LvÑ avZz‡qv‡M : gvi Lv, wngwkg Lv, Qu¨vK Lv|

6. KvU& avZz‡hv‡M : muvZvi KvU&, †fswP KvU&, wRf KvU&, wPgwU KvU&|

7. ai& avZz‡hv‡M : Mjv ai&, gv_v ai&, †Muv ai& BZ¨vw`|

8. Qvo avZz‡hv‡M : Mjv Qvo, WvK Qvo, nvj Qvo|

avZzi eënvi evsjv e¨vKi‡Y ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ Av‡jvPbvq ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| Gme avZz wµqvi iƒc cwieZ©‡b †hgb f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i †Zgwb Zv ev‡K¨ wµqv‡K eënvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z mÿg nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K. mwVK DËiwU evQvB Kiæb-

1. avZz Kv‡K e‡j?

K) c‡ì g~j‡K L) fvlvi g~j‡K

M) wµqvi g~j‡K N) k‡ãi g~j‡K

2. †gŠwjK avZzi Aci bvg Kx?

K) bvg avZz L) Kg© avZz

M) †gŠwjK avZz N) wm× ev ¯qswm× avZz

3. LvuwU evsjv avZz †KvbwU?

K) AvuK L) A¼

M) Wi N) ea~

4. avZz Kq cÖKvi?

K) yB L) wZb

M) Pvi N) cuvP

5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU AÁvZg~j avZz?

K) †ni L) nvm

M) Lv N) Nl

6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ms¯‹…Z avZz?

K. ni L. `„k

M. Rg N. KvU

7. †KvbwU LuvwU evsjv avZz?

K. K… L. Uvb


M. nvm N. AvU

8. †KvbwU we‡`kx avZz?

K. Wi L. K…r

M. wPe& N. ïb

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :

1. avZz Kv‡K e‡j? avZz Kq cÖKvi I wK wK? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi avZzi GKwU K‡i D`vniY w`b|

2. mvwaZ avZz Kq †kªYx‡Z wef³? cÖ‡Z¨KwU †kªYxi msÁvmn D`vniY w`b|

3. †gŠwjK avZz KqcÖKvi I wK wK? D`vniYmn wjLyb|

4. wewfbœ c‡`i m‡½ ÔnÕ, †`, Lv, evm I cv avZz‡hv‡M †hŠwMK wµqvc` ˆZwi Kiæb?

5. ms¯‹…Z g~j avZz I evsjv g~j avZzi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?


1. M 2. N 3. K 4. L 5. K 6. L 7. M 8. K

iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi cvV¸‡jv c‡o wb‡R ˆZwi Kiæb|


D‡Ïk¨


cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j Zv Avcwb ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖZ¨‡qi MVb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖZ¨q fvlvi kã MV‡bi m‡½ m¤ú„³| ZvB cÖZ¨‡qi Av‡jvPbv AvaywbK e¨vKi‡Y iƒcZË¡ As‡k ¯’vb

†c‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvq kãMV‡b cÖZ¨‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv we`¨gvb|

†hme kãvsk k‡ãi c‡i e‡m bZzb kãMV‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i A_ev k‡ãi cÖmv‡i f~wgKv cvjb K‡i

Zv‡K ejv nq cÖZ¨q|

cÖZ¨‡qi cÖKvi‡f` : cÖZ¨q mvaviYZ `yB cÖKviÑ

K…r cÖZ¨q I

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|

K…r cÖZ¨q : Drm Abymv‡i evsjv fvlvq eëüZ K…r cÖZ¨qmg~n‡K yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv : evsjv K…r

cÖZ¨q I ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q| wb‡P wewfbœ ai‡bi K…r cÖZ¨‡qi D`vniY †Ìqv n‡jv|

evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q

A √ai&+A= ai

√gvi&+A = gvi

Ab (wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b eëüZ nq)

√Kuv &+Ab = Kvu`b

√bvP&+Ab = bvPb

√evo&+Ab= evob

√Syj&+Ab = Syjb

√ yj&+Ab = †`vjb avZyi †k‡l ÔAv-KviÕ _vK‡j ÔIbÕ nq| †hgbÑ

√Lv+Ab = LvIb

√Qv+Ab = QvIb

√†`+Ab = †Ìb

Abv √ yj&+Abv = †`vjbv

√†Lj&+Abv = †Ljbv

Awb/Dwb √wPi+Awb = wPiwb ˃ wPiæwb

√euva&+Awb = evuaywb

√AuvU&+Awb = AvuUywb

AšÍ

√Do&+AšÍ = DošÍ (we‡klY MV‡b eëüZ nq)

√Wye&+AšÍ = WyešÍ

AK √gyo&+AK = †gvoK

cvV-3.9 : cÖZ¨q


√Sj&+AK = SjK

Av √co&+Av = cov

√iuva&+Av = iuvav

√†Kb&+Av = †Kbv

√KvP&+Av = KvPv

√dyU&+Av = †dvUv?

AvB

√Po&+AvB = PovB (fveevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b eëüZ nq)

√wmj&+AvB = wmjvB

AvI

√cvKo&+AvI = cvKovI (fveevPK we‡kl¨ MV‡b eëüZ nq)

√P&+AvI = PovI

Avb(Av‡bv)

√Rvbv+Avb = Rvbv‡bv (cÖ‡hvRK avZy I Kg©ev‡Pï avZyi c‡i e‡m)

√†kvbv+Avb = †kvbv‡bv

√fvmv+Avb = fvmv‡bv

√Pvj+Avb = Pvjv‡bv/Pvjvb

√gvb+Avb = gvbvb/gvbv‡bv

Avwb

√Rvb&+Avwb = Rvbvwb

√ïb&+Avwb = ïbvwb

√Do&+Avwb = Dovwb

(√Do&+Dwb = Doywb)

Avwi/Avix/wi/Dwi

√Wye&+Avwi/Dwi = Wyeywi

√ayb&+Avix = aybvix

√c~Rv+Avix = c~Rvix

Avj

√gvZ&+Avj = gvZvj

√wgk&+Avj = wgkvj

B

√fvR&+B = fvwR

√†eo+B = †ewo

Bqv/B‡q

√gi&+Bqv = gwiqv

√ej&+B‡q = ewj‡q

√bvP&+B‡q = bvwP‡q

√Mv+B‡q = MvB‡q

√wjL&+B‡q = wjwL‡q

√evR&+B‡q = evwR‡q


√K&+B‡q = KB‡q

D

√WvK&+D = WvKy

√Svo&+D = Svoy wØZ¡cÖ‡qvM : √Do+D = DoyDoy

Dqv/I

√co&+Dqv = coyqv

√Do&+Dqv = Doyqv ˃ D‡ov/

√Do&+I = D‡ov

Zv

√wdi&+Zv = wdiZv ˃ †diZv(we‡klY MV‡b eëüZ nq)

√co&+Zv = coZv

√en&+Zv = enZv

wZ

√NvU&+wZ = NvUwZ (we‡klY MV‡b eëüZ nq)

√evo&+wZ = evowZ

√KvU&+wZ = KvUwZ

√DV&+wZ = DVwZ

bv

√Kuv &+bv = Kuv`bv ˃ Kvbœv (we‡kl¨ MV‡b eëüZ nq)

√iuva&+bv = iuvabv ˃ ivbœv

√Si&+bv = Sibv

ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q

Ab(U)

√bx+AbU ˃ †b+Ab = bqb

√kÖ”+AbU = kÖeY

√¯’v+AbU = ¯’vb

√†fvR+AbU = †fvRb

√b…Z+Ab = bZ©b

√ …k&+Ab = `k©b

√bw›`+AbU = b›`b

³

√Áv+³ = ÁvZ

√L¨v+³ = L¨vZ

√cV&+³ = cwVZ wKQy wKQy avZyi ‡k‡l ÔB-KviÕ hy³ nq|

√wjL&+³ = wjwLZ

√we`&&+³ = wew`Z

√†eó+³ = †ewóZ

√Pj&+³ = PwjZ

w³


√Mg&+w³ = MwZ wKQy avZyi †k‡li e¨Äb †jvc cvq|

√gb&+w³ = gwZ

√ig&+w³ = iwZ

√kÖg&+w³ = kÖvwšÍ wKQy avZyi cÖ_g e¨Ä‡b Av-Kvi hy³ nq|

√kg&+w³ = kvwšÍ

√eP&+w³ = Dw³

√gyP&+w³ = gyw³

√fR&+w³ = fw³

Ze¨

√K…+Ze¨ = KZ©e¨

√`v+Ze¨ = `vZe¨

√cV&+Ze¨ = cwVZe¨

Abxq

√K…+Abxq = KiYxq

√iÿ+Abxq = iÿYxq

√ …k&+Abxq = `k©bxq

√cvb&+Abxq = cvbxq

√kÖ”&+Abxq = kÖeYxq

√cvjb+Abxq = cvjbxq

Z…P

√`v+Z…P = `vZv

√gv+Z…P = gvZv

√µx+Z…P = †µZv

√hya&+Z…P = †hv×v

YK

√cV&+YK = cvVK

√Yx+YK ˃ ˆb+AK = bvqK

√ˆM+YK = MvqK

√wjL&+YK = †jLK cÖ‡hvRK avZyi †k‡l ÔB-KviÕ _vK‡j †jvc cvq|

√c~uwR+YK = c~RK

√Rwb+YK = RbK

√Pvwj+YK = PvjK

√¯Ívwe+YK = ¯ÍveK

√`v+YK = `vqK avZyi ‡k‡l ÔAv-KviÕ _vK‡j AwZwi³ ÔqÕ hy³ nq|

h

√`v+h ˃√†`+h = †`q


√nv+h ˃√†n+h = †nq

we+√av+h = we‡aq

A+√wR+h = A‡Rq

cwi+√gv+h = cwi‡gq

Aby+√gv+h = Aby‡gq

√Mg&+h = Mg¨ †k‡l e¨Äb _vK‡j h-djv nq|

√jf&+h = jf¨

wYb

√M«n+wYb = M«vnx

√cv+wYb = cvqx

√K…+wYb = Kvix

√†`ªvn+wYb = †`ªvnx

mZ¨+√ev`+wYb = mZ¨ev`x

√fve&+wYb = fvex

√¯’v+wYb = ¯’vqx

√Mg&+wYb = Mvgx

√nb&+wYb = NvZx ÔnbÕ avZyi ‡ÿ‡Î

AvZ¥+√nb+wYb = AvZ¥NvZx

Bb

√k«g+Bb = k«gx

Aj

√wR+Aj = Rq

√wÿ+Aj = ÿq

√wbP&+Aj = wbPq

√web&+Aj = webq

√wej&+Aj = wejq √nb+Aj = ea

Bòy

√Pj&+Bòy = Pwjòy

√ÿq+Bòy = ÿwqòy

√ea©+Bòy = ewa©òy

ei

√Ck&+ei = Ck¦i

√fvm&+ei = fv¯i

√bk&+ei = bk¦i

√¯’v+ei = ¯’vei

i

√wnb&+m+i = wns¯ª

√bg&+i = b¤ª


DK/EK

√fy+DK ˃ †fŠ+DK = fveyK

√RvM…+EK = RvMiƒK

kvbP

√`xc&+kvbP = `xc¨gvb

√Pj&+kvbP = Pjgvb

√e…a&+kvbP = ea©gvb

NT

√em&+NT = evm

√hyR&+NT = †hvM

√µya&+NT = †µva

√L`&+NT = †L`

evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

Av

†Pvi&+Av = †Pviv

†Kó+Av = †Kóv

wWwO+Av = wWOv

evN&+Av = evNv

nvZ&+Av = nvZv

jyb&+Av = jybv ˃ ‡jvbv

AvB

eo&+AvB = eovB

wgVv+AvB = wgVvB

XvKv+AvB = XvKvB

cvebv+AvB = cvebvB

†Pvi+AvB = †PvivB

†gvMj+AvB = †gvMjvB

Avwg/Avg/

Av‡gv/wg

BZi+Avwg = BZivwg

cvMj+Avwg = cvMjvwg

†Pvi+Avwg = †Pvivwg

euv`i+Avwg = euv`ivwg

dvwRj+Av‡gv = dvRjv‡gv

VK&+Av‡gv = VKv‡gv

Ni&+Avwg = Nivwg

†RVv+wg = †RVvwg

†Q‡j+wg = †Q‡jwg

B/C


evnv`yi+B = evnv`ywi

D‡g`vi+B = D‡g`vwi

Wv³vi+B = Wv³vwi

†gv³vi+B = †gv³vwi

†cvÏvi+B = †cvÏvwi

e¨vcvi+C = e¨vcvix

miKvi+B = miKvwi

Bqv ˃ G

†mKvj+G = †m‡K‡j

GKvj+G = G‡K‡j

fvì+Bqv = fv`wiqv ˃ fv`y‡i

cv_i+Bqv = cv_ywiqv ˃ cv_y‡i

gvwU+Bqv = †g‡U

evwj+Bqv = †e‡j

Rvj+Bqv = Rvwjqv ˃ †R‡j

†gvU+Bqv = gy‡U Lyb+Bqv = Lywbqv ˃ Ly‡b

bv+Bqv = bvBqv ˃ †b‡q

†`gvK+G = †`gv‡K

Dqv ˃ I

R¡i+Dqv = R¡iæqv ˃ R¡‡iv

evZ+Dqv = evZyqv ˃ †e‡Zv

UvK+Dqv = UvKyqv ˃ †U‡Kv

Lo+I = L‡ov

avb+Dqv = †a‡bv

gvV+Dqv = †g‡Vv

Mvu+Dqv = MvuBqv ˃ †Mu‡qv

D

Xvj+D = Xvjy

Kj+D = Kjy

DK

jvR+DK = jvRyK

wgk+DK = wgïK

wg_¨v+DK = wg_y¨K

Avwi/Avix/Aviæ

wfL+Avix = wfLvix

kvuL+Avix = kvuLvix

†evgv+Aviæ = †evgviæ

Avwj/Av‡jv/Avj˃Gj

ùvZ+Avj = ùvZvj

jvwV+Avj = jvwVqvj ˃ †j‡Vj

†ZR+Avj = †ZRvj


avi+Avj = avivj

kuvm+Avj = kuvmvj

RgK+Avj = RgKv‡jv

`ya+Avj = `yavj ˃ `y‡aj

wng+Avj = wngvj ˃ wn‡gj

PZyi+Avwj = PZyivwj

NUK+Avwj = NUKvwj

wmu`+Avj˃Gj = wmu‡`j

MuvRv+Avj˃Gj = †Mu‡Rj

Dwiqv˃Dwoqv/D‡o/†i

nvU+Dwiqv = nvUywiqv ˃ nvUy‡i

mvc+Dwoqv = mvcywoqv ˃ mvcy‡o

KvV+Dwiqv = KvVywiqv ˃ KvVy‡i

Do

†jR+Do = ‡jRyo

Dqv/Iqv˃I

Ni+Iqv = N‡ivqv

Rj+Dqv = Rjyqv ˃ R‡jv

ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

BZ

Kymyg+BZ = KymywgZ

Zi½+BZ = Ziw½Z

KÈK+BZ = KÈwKZ

Bgb/Bgv

bxj+Bgb = bxwjgv

gnr+Bgb = gwngv

Bj

c¼+Bj = cw¼j

Ewg©+Bj = Ewg©j

†db+Bj = †dwbj

Bô

¸iæ+Bô = Mwiô

jNy+Bô = jwNô

Bb/C/Bbx

Ávb+Bb = Ávwbb

myL+Bb = mywLb

¸Y+Bb = ¸wYb

Zv/Z¡

kÎy+Zv = kÎyZv

eÜy+Zv = eÜyZv


eÜy+Z¡ = eÜyZ¡

¸iæ+Z¡ = ¸iæZ¡

Nb+Z¡ = NbZ¡

gnr+Z¡ = gnË¡

Zi/Zg

gayi+Zi = gayiZi

wcÖq+Zi = wcÖqZi

wcÖq+Zg = wcÖqZg

bxb/Cb(b Br)

me©Rb+bxb = me©Rbxb

Kyj+bxb = Kyjxb

be+bxb = bexb

bxq/Cq(b Br)

Rj+bxq = Rjxq

ivRv+bxq = ivRKxq

eZyc/gZyc

evb/gvb

¸Y+eZyc = ¸Yevb

`qv+eZyc = `qvevb

eyw×+gZyc = eyw×gvb

web/ex

†gav+web = †gavex

gvqv+web = gvqvex

†ZRt+web = †ZR¯x

hkt+web = hk¯x

i

gay+i = gayi

gyL+i = gyLi

j

kxZ+j = kxZj

erm+j = ermj

ò(A)

gby+ò = gvbe

h`y+ò = hv`e

wke+ò = ˆke

wRb+ò = ˆRb

kw³+ò = kv³

ey×+ò = †eŠ×

ò¨(h)

gbyt+ò¨ = gbyl¨

Rg`wMœ+ò¨ = Rvg`Mœ

my›`i+ò¨ = †mŠ›`h©


ce©Z+ò¨ = cve©Z¨

†e`+ò¨ = ê`¨

wò(B)

iveY+wò = ivewY

`ki_+wò¨ = `vkiw_

wòK(BK)

mvwnZ¨+wòK = mvwnwZ¨K

†e`+wòK = êw`K

weÁvb+wòK = êÁvwbK

mgy`«+wòK = mvgyw`«K

bMi+wòK = bvMwiK

gvm+wòK = gvwmK

ag©+wòK = avwg©K

mgi+wòK = mvgwiK

†òq(Gq)

fwMbx+†òq = fvwM‡bq

AwMœ+†òq = Av‡Mœq

wegvZ…+†òq = êgv‡Îq

we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

wnw›`

Iqvjv˃Avjv

evwo+Iqvjv = evwoIqvjv

w`wjø+Iqvjv = w`wjøIqvjv

gvQ+Iqvjv = gvQIqvjv

`ya+Iqvjv = `yaIqvjv

Iqvb˃Avb

Mvwo+Iqvb = Mv‡ovqvb

`vi+Iqvb = `v‡ivqvb

Avbv˃Avwb

gybwk+Avbv = gybwkAvbv/gywÝqvbv

wewe+Avbv = weweAvbv/weweqvbv

wn›`y+Avwb = wn›`yAvwb/wn›`qvwb

cbv

†Q‡j+cbv = †Q‡jcbv

wMwbœ+cbv = wMwbœcbv

†envqv+cbv = †envqvcbv

`vi

Lei+`vi = Lei`vi

Zuv‡e+`vi = Zuv‡e`vi

eywU+`vi = eywU`vi


†`bv+`vi = †`bv`vi

†PŠwK+`vi = †PŠwK`vi

cvnviv+`vi = cvnviv`vi

evR

Kjg+evR = KjgevR

awo+evR = awoevR

†auvKv+evR = †auvKvevR

Mjv+evR = MjvevR

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K. mwVK DËiwU evQvB Kiæb|

1. evsjv fvlvq K…r cÖZ¨q KZ cÖKvi?

K. yBcÖKvi L. Pvi cÖKvi

M. wZb cÖKvi N. cuvP cÖKvi

2. Ô†`bvÕ k‡ãi mwVK cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q †KvbwU?

K. †`+bv L. †`+Abv

M. w`+bv N. `v+Bwb

3. ÔgvZvÕi mwVK cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q †KvbwU?

K. gv+Zv L. g+AvZv

M. gvZ…+Av N. gv+Z…P

4. Ôgy³Õi mwVK cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q †KvbwU?

K. gyn+Z L. gyP+³

M. gyK+Z N. gy+³

5. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q KZ cÖKvi?

K. yB L. wZb

M. Pvi N. cuvP

6. k‡ãi m‡½ †h me cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡K e‡j

K. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q L. avZz cÖK…wZ

M. K…r cÖZ¨q N. bvg cÖK…wZ

7. bvg cÖK…wZ‡K GK A‡_© ejv hvqÑ

K. †hŠwMK kã L. †gŠwjK kã

M. Zrmg kã N. we‡`kx kã

8. wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K

K. wµqv wefw³ e‡j L. cÖZ¨q e‡j

M. avZz e‡j N. cÖvwZcw`K e‡j

9. avZz ev k‡ãi ci wfbœ wfbœ A‡_© †h eY© ev eY©mg~n hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i †m¸‡jv

K. mgvm L. DcmM©

M. cÖZ¨q N. KviK

10. †Kvb kãwU we‡`kx cÖZ¨‡qi D`vniY?

K. `vcU L. dzj`vwb


M. Mgb N. weÁvb

11. †Kvb kãwU‡Z cÖZ¨q ÔRvZÕ A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. cvebvB L. eovB

M. Wv³vi N. †jRyo

12. †Kvb kãwU‡Z cÖZ¨q mv „kv‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. †QvqvP L. Puv`cvbv

M. jvRyK N. c~Rvix

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j I Kq cÖKvi D`vniYmn wjLyb| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖZ¨‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v K‡i eywS‡q w`b|

2. K…r cÖZ¨q I Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi cv_©K¨ D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3. K…r cÖZ¨‡qi cuvPwU I Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi cuvPwU D`vniY wjLyb|

4. wb‡Pi cÖZ¨q¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ kãMVb KiæbÑ AK, Bqv, Avbv, `vi, Z¡, Zv, Abxq, Avb, Abv|

5. wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q wbY©q Kiæb :

Svob, cvIbv, †`vjbv, iuvaywb, RxqšÍ, jovB, hvPvB, WvKvZ, †NivI, Wzeywi, djšÍ, WzeyWzey, kªeY, ÁvZ, RUv,

RgvU, †g‡U, g„b¥q, †g‡Qv, †Q‡jwg, ivNe, cvÐe,†bZ…Z¡, Nyl‡Lvi, Puv`vevR, cÖvP¨, †UKmB, MÖvg¨, †gavwe,

ˆ`wbK, mvsevw`K, PcjZv, gayi, `vZvwMwi, mvwnwZ¨K, `k©bxq, kª×vevb, awoevR, cvbxh, cvw_©e, †cŠiwnZ¨, RxqšÍ,

Kzki, R¨všÍ, f‚wgmvr, nj‡`, WvKvZ, PovB, evQvB, MšÍe¨, emwZ, Pvnbx, ˆkke, enZv, Kuv`y‡b, R‡jv, Zvje¨, mvsevw`K,

Avw_©K|


1. L 2. K 3. L 4. N 5. K 6. K 7. L 8. N 9. M 10. L 11. K 12. L


D‡Ïk¨


kã Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

MVb Abymv‡i k‡ãi †kÖwYweb¨vm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_© Abymv‡i k‡ãi †kÖwYweb¨vm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

DrcwË ev Drm w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvq eëüZ kãmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_©‡evaK aŸwb ev aŸwb mgwó‡K ejv nq kã| GK ev GKvwaK aŸwb GKwÎZ n‡q hLb g‡bi fve

cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq kã| kã n‡jv fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK| W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq

k‡ãi msÁvq e‡j‡Qb, ÔA_©c~Y© aŸwb‡K e‡j kã (word)| †Kv‡bv we‡kl mgv‡Ri bibvixi Kv‡Q †h

aŸwbi ¯úó A_© Av‡Q, †mB A_©hy³ aŸwb Av‡Q, †m mgv‡Ri bibvixi fvlvi kã|Õ

evsjv fvlvq eëüZ k‡ãi msL¨v e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| Gi msL¨v †hgb K‡qK j‡ÿ †cŠu‡Q‡Q, †Zgwb welqMZ

êwP‡ÎÏ Giv AMwYZ| g~jZ ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` wecyj evOvwj Rb‡Mvwô cÖZ¨n Zv‡ì wewPÎ fvebv I

welq‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| Avi Gme fvebv I wel‡qi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wewPÎ kãfvÐvi| GB kãfvÐv‡ii AšÍf©y³

kã¸‡jvi mvsMVwbK I A_©MZ iKg‡di I gvÎv i‡q‡Q| GQvov eZ©gv‡b evsjv fvlvq eëüZ kãmg~n G‡m‡Q

DrcwËMZ Zvrch©I i‡q‡Q| A_v©r GB kã¸‡jv wewfbœ fvlv Drm †_‡K evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q| †m Abyhvqx evsjv

fvlvq eëüZ mKj kã‡K wZb fv‡M e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| h_vÑ

i. MVb Abymv‡i

ii. A_© Abymv‡i I

iii. Drm Abymv‡i

wb‡P evsjv fvlvq eëüZ wewfbœ k‡ãi MVbMZ, A_©MZ I DrcwËMZ †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

MVb Abymv‡i k‡ãi †kÖwYwefvM

MVbMZ w`K †_‡K evsjv kã‡K yBfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡QÑ

†gŠwjK kã : †h kã‡K we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq †gŠwjK kã| D`vniYÑ Avg, Kjv, †`k, †Mvjvc, fvB,

†evb, nvZ, cv, bvK, gvwU, Ni, eD BZ¨vw`|

mvwaZ kã : †hme kã we‡kølY Kiv hvq, GK K_vq Zv‡KB ejv nq mvwaZ kã| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †gŠwjK kã

ev avZzi mv‡_ wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖZ¨q, wefw³, DcmM© †hvM K‡i †h kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq mvwaZ

kã | †hgbÑ †`wk, gvwUi, †ev‡bi, nvZ¸‡jv, eDwU, †Mvjvcx, fvB‡q BZ¨vw`|

mvwaZ kã Avevi wZbfv‡e MwVZ nqÑ mgvm mvwaZ, cÖZ¨q mvwaZ Ges DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã|

mgvm mvwaZ : `y ev Z‡ZvwaK c` GK c‡ì cwiYZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq mgvm| mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ evsjv

fvlvq wewfbœfv‡e kã MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ wZb Zv‡ii mgvnvi = †mZvi, whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl =

ivRwl©| mgvm‡hv‡M MwVZ AviI kã nj wÎf~eb, wÎiZœ, KvbvKvwb, †eqvè, nZfvM¨, cxZv¤i,

bxjKÚ, avgvaviv, ag©cÖvY, Avkxwel, nvZvnvwZ, †KvjvKzwj, Amxg, hv`yKi, wPÎKi, †Z‡jfvRv,

wkÿvgwš¿, avgvPvcv BZ¨vw`|

cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M MwVZ kã : †gvMjvB, UvKvq, XvKvB BZ¨vw`|

cvV-3.10 : k‡ãi †kÖwYwefvMÑ MVbg~jK, A_©g~jK I Drmg~jK


DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã : mybvg, cÖnvi, wenvi, Avnvi, DcmM©, Dcnvi, Dc‡XŠKb BZ¨vw`|

k‡ãi A_©MZ †kÖwYweb¨vm

A_©MZfv‡e kã‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, h_vÑ †hŠwMK kã, iƒp ev iƒwp kã Ges †hvMiƒp kã|

†hŠwMK kã : †hme k‡ãi A_© Zv‡ì cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi A_© Abyhvqx n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nq †hŠwMK kã|

Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †hme k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© I eënvwiK A_© GK, †mme kã‡K ejv nq †hŠwMK

kã| †hgbÑ

K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨, A_©Ñ hv Kiv DwPZ

evey + Avbv = eveyqvbv, A_©Ñ whwb eveyi fve wb‡q P‡jb|

wcZv + nxb = wcZ…nxb, A_©Ñ hvi wcZv †bB|

Giƒc AviI k‡ãi D`vniY n‡jvÑ ¸Yevb, cvVK, wgZvwj, fvov‡U, msev``vZv, we`¨vjq, cvPK,

Giƒc kã n‡jv ¸Yevb, cvVK, wgZvwj, fvov‡U, msev``vZv, we`¨vjq, cvPK, PiY, cÿx BZ¨vw`|

iƒp ev iƒpx kã : †h me k‡ãi A_© Zv‡ì cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi A‡_©i AbyMvgx bv n‡q wfbœ A_© cÖKvk K‡i, †mme

kã‡K ejv nq iƒp ev iƒpx kã| D`vniY-

kã g~j A_© cwiewZ©Z A_©

m‡›`k msev` wgóvbœ

wPKb PKP‡K miæ

R¨vVvwg †RVvi fve Pvcj¨

cÖexY cÖK…ó exYvev`K eq¯‹ e¨w³

Giƒc AviI kã n‡jvÑ AwZw_, Kzkj, Mevÿ, ywnZv, cvÄvwe, evuwk, ivLvj, œvZK BZ¨vw`|

†hvMiƒp kã : mgvmwb®úbœ †hme kã Zvi e¨vmev‡Kï †Kv‡bv A_© cÖKvk bv K‡i, Z„Zxq †Kv‡bv A_© cÖKvk K‡i,

†mme kã‡K ejv nq †hvMiƒp kã| †hgbÑ

Rj`Ñ g~j A_© †h Rj †`q, eënvwiK A_© n‡jv †gN,

c¼RÑ k‡ãi A_© hv c‡¼ R‡b¥, wKš‘ eënvwiK A_© cÙ|

Giƒc AviI D`vniY n‡jvÑ gw›ì, Rj`, ivRcyZ, Abœ, Rjwa, gnvhvÎv, m‡ivR BZ¨vw`|

Drm Abymv‡i kã‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, h_vÑ

1. Zrmg kã,

2. Aa©-Zrmg kã,

3. Z™¢e kã,

4. †`wk kã I

5. we‡`wk kã|

wb‡P we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

K. Zrmg kã : Zrmg GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| Gi A_© [Zr = Zvi, mg = mgvb] Zvi mgvb| GLv‡b ÔZviÕ ej‡Z

Ôms¯‹…ZÕi mgvb †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr ms¯‹…Z fvlvi †hme kã mivmwi G‡m evsjv fvlvq eëüZ n‡”Q,

†mme kã‡K ejv nq Zrmg kã| D`vniYÑ P›`ª, m~h©, ag©, e„ÿ, gvbe, cyÎ, ivwÎ, ce©Z, f~wg, wmsn, Zvcmx,

cÖkœ, cvÎ, Rjwa BZ¨vw`|

L. Aa©-Zrmg kã : †hme kã ms¯‹…Z †_‡K AvswkK cwiewZ©Z n‡q evsjv fvlvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q †mme kã‡K

ejv nq Aa©-Zrmg kã| †jvKgy‡L D”Pvi‡Yi AccÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Zrmg kã weK…Z n‡q Aa©-Zrmg k‡ã cwiYZ

n‡q‡Q| D`vniYÑ

Zrmg Aa©-Zrmg Zrmg Aa©-Zrmg


P›`ª P›ì iZœ iZb

M„n¯’ †Mi¯’ Kz¤¢vKvi Kzgvi

ZviKv Zviv †iŠ`ª †ivÏyi

wekªx wew”Qwi MvÎ MZi

QÎ QvZv M„wnbx wMbœx

kÖx wQwi e„wó wewó

wg_¨v wg‡Q N„Yv †Nbœv

Kg©Kvi Kvgvi †jŠn †jvnv

M. Z™¢e kã : Z™¢e GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| GB ÔZ™¢eÕ cwifvlvi ÔZrÕ = Zvi, Ges fve (ÔfeÕ) = Drcbœ A_©

eySvq| GLv‡bI ÔZviÕ ej‡Z Ôms¯‹…ZÕ‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| A_v©r †hme k‡ãi g~j ms¯‹…Z, wKš‘ fvlvi ¯vfvweK

weeZ©‡bi avivq cÖvK…‡Zi gva¨‡g cwiewZ©Z n‡q evsjv fvlvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq Z™¢e kã|

D`vniYÑ

Zrmg cÖvK…Z Z™¢e Zrmg cÖvK…Z Z™¢e

AMÖ AMM AvM ea~ eû eD

f³ fË fvZ MvÎ MvAv Mv

NvZ NvAv Nv Aa© A× Ava

P›`ª Pv›` Puv` n¯Í nÌ nvZ

A`¨ A¾ AvR U° U¼v UvKv

N. †`wk kã : evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`g Awaevmx‡ì eëüZ kãmg~n‡K evsjv fvlq ejv nq †`wk kã| evsjv‡`‡ki

Avw`g Awaevmx‡ì ms¯‹„wZi wKQz wKQz kã Avh©‡ì cÖfv‡e cwiewZ©Z bv n‡q AweK…Zfv‡e evsjv fvlvq iwÿZ

Av‡Q, Gme kã‡K ejv nq †`wk kã| †`wk kã¸‡jv‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-

1) RxeRš‘ I cïcvwLi bvg : †LuKwkqvj, ûZzg, eveyB, †bswU, †nvj, nuvwo|

2) djg~j I Lv`¨-`ªe¨ : evZvmv, Rviæj, †nvMjv, gvj‡cv, Avgvwb, K`y, D‡”Q, BPo, RjcvB, †duvco,

†Ucvwi, ay›`j, †_vo, jvD, _vbKzwb, b‡U BZ¨vw`|

3) NiM„n¯’vwj I wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡mi bvg : ìRv, †muDwZ, evLvwi, evZv, wePvwj, wPgUv, †XuwK, LvjB,

SuvUv, Pvwo|

4) gv‡Qi bvg : KvZjv, MRvj, †Usiv, †Pjv, cvi‡m, †cvbv, evUv, †jVv|

5) Ab¨vb¨ kã : Kzwo, Wve, †Svj, †Wvg, gywo, gy‡jv, wUKviv, `vev, gj, AvwU, †QvKiv, wWMevwR, gvV, VvÆv,

KwP, Vvmv, †cvKv, Kvbv, gB, hvZv, jvwV, evLvwi, †cU, SvD, wSbyK BZ¨vw`|

O. we‡`wk kã : Ab¨ fvlv †_‡K evsjv fvlvq AvMZ kã‡K GK K_vq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i we‡`wk kã| mvgvwRK,

ivRŠbwZK, ag©xq, A_©‰bwZK I cÖhyw³MZ Kvi‡Y wfb †`‡ki Ab¨ fvlvi kã evsjv fvlvq cÖPzi cwigv‡Y

eëüZ n‡”Q| Gme k‡ãi g‡a¨ Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR, divwm, Ij›`vR, Rvcvwb, Pxbv, ZzwK©, eg©x BZ¨vw`

k‡ãi cªvavb¨ cwijwÿZ nq| evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ we‡`wk k‡ãi ZvwjKv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv|

Aviwe kã :

K)ag©msµvšÍ : Avjøvn, AvgvbZ, AvqvZ, AvwK`v, AvwLivZ, Bev`Z, Ihy, IqvwRK, Kei, Kv‡jgv, †KviAvb,

wKqvgZ, †Kvievwb, Rvnvbœvg, `ywbqv, †`vqv, dih, gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, gymwjg, wgbvi, hvKvZ, im~j, mvjvZ,

mvIg, mybœvn, mxivZ, nvivg, nvjvj, n¾, nvIqv BZ¨vw`|

L)cÖkvmwbK I ivR‰bwZK kã : AvBb, Av`vjZ, Av‡jg, Av‡°j, Avgj, Avgjv, AvgvbZ, Avwgi, Avmvwg,

B‡šÍKvj, Bmjvg, B¾Z, C`, DwKj, GRjvm, GRvnvi, Iqvwik, †`vqvZ, Kjg, wKZve, LvRbv, †LmviZ,


wnmve, Keyj, †KZve, LZg, †Lqvj, Mv‡qe, Rbve, Rgv‡qZ, Rwic, Rwigvbv, Rjw`, Rjmv, Ryjyg, ZvjvK,

`vqiv, ywbqv, gmwR`, dvwRj, gvwjK, wgbvi, †gvjøv, nvRZ, ûKzg, †ndvRZ BZ¨vw`|

dviwm kã :

K) ag©msµvšÍ kã : †Lv`v, ¸bvn, †`vhL, bvgvh, †d‡ikZv, †e‡nkZ, †ivhv BZ¨vw`|

L) cÖkvmwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK kã : KviLvbv, Pkgv, ZvwiL, †ZvkK, †`vKvb, †`ŠjZ, bvwjk, ev`kvn, ev›`v,

†eMg, †g_i, im` BZ¨vw`|

M) dviwm fvlvi Ab¨vb¨ kã : AvBb, AvRv`, Av`gïgvwi, Avg`vwb, Avmgvb, GKZviv, GjvwP, I¯Ív`, KvMR,

Kvgvb, Kvievi, Li‡Mvk, Lvbmvgv, †Lvkey, †Lvkv‡gv`, MvwjPv, †Mvg¯Ív, †Mvi¯Ívb, †Mvjvc, †MÖßvi, PvKi,

PvKwi, RvwRg, Rv‡bvqvi, wR›`vev`, ZigyR, †Zvlv‡gv`, `ievi, `i‡ek, `v‡ivMv, cvBKvwi, cv‡jvqvb,

†ckKvi, †g‡nievb, †ivRMvi, mvbvB, †mŠwLb, miKvi, mvjZvgvwg, nuywkqvi BZ¨vw`|

Bs‡iwR kã :

Awdm, AvU©, Gbv‡gj, Kwd, Kvwb©m, K‡jR, †KUwj, †Kqvi, †Km, †KvU©, †Kv¤úvwb, K¨v‡giv, K¬ve, K¬vm, †MU,

†Pqvi, †Rj, UvBc, R¨v‡KU, wUwKU, wUwdb, UvBc, †Uwj‡dvb, †Uwjwfkb, †UÛvi, †UwjMÖvd, †Uªb, Wv³vi,

wW‡cv, †Wªb, Wªvg, d¨vkb, d¬ vU, †evbvm, gvBj, gv÷vi, wgUvi, g¨v‡bRvi, †ij, †iwWI, mvR©b, ÷vi, w÷gvi,

†÷kb, ûK, nvB‡KvU©, nvmcvZvj BZ¨vw`|

cZz©MxR kã :

Avqv, AvPvi, Avbvim, AvZv, Avjgvwi, Avjwcb, AvjKvZiv, B¯úvZ, Kwc, KvwgR, Kvgiv, †K`vivv, †Kivwb,

Mvgjv. wMR©v, ¸`vg, Pvwe, Rvbvjv, ZvgvK, †Zvqv‡j, wbjvg, cvDiæwU, wc¯Íj, †cu‡c, †cqviv, wdZv, evjwZ,

eviv›`v, †envjv, †evgv, †evZvg, gvjÂ, gvK©v, gv ‘j, wgw¯Íwi, mv¸, mvevb BZ¨vw`|

ZzwK© kã : PvKz, PvKi, `v‡ivMv, Kzwj, eveyywP©, †Kvg©v, LvZzb, †eMg, jvk BZ¨vw`|

Pxbv kã : Pv, wPwb, KvMR, GjvwP, Zzdvb, wjPz, UvBdzb, †nvqvs‡nv, bvbwP BZ¨vw`|

Ij›`vR kã : B¯‹vcb, †U°v, iæBZb, niZb, Zziæc BZ¨vw`|

divwm kã : Avuk, Bs‡iR, Kzcb, KvZz©R, K¨v‡d, Ij›`vR, we¯‹zU, ey‡R©vqv, †i‡¯Íviv, †kwgR BZ¨vw`|

Rvcvwb kã : wiKmv, nvwiwKwi, c¨v‡MvWv, mv¤úvb, nv œv‡nbv, wbàb, †UvwKI BZ¨vw`|

eg©x kã : jyw½, dzw½, wKqvs, AvivKvb, Bqv½yb BZ¨vw`|

iæk kã : ej‡kwfK, †mvwf‡qZ, ¯úyrwbK BZ¨vw`|

BZvwjq kã : †ivg, g¨v‡RUv|

wMÖK kã : `vL©‡gÑ `vg, †Mv‡bvmÑ †KvY, †K›UiÑ †K› ª BZ¨vw`|

wgkixq kã : wgmwi-wgQwi

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb


1. MVb Abymv‡i kã Kq cÖKvi?

K) yB L) wZb

M) Pvi N) cuvP

2. †hme kã‡K fv½v ev we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K Kx kã e‡j?

K) †hŠwMK kã L) iƒwp kã

M) Z™¢e kã N) †gŠwjK kã


3. fvlvi g~j DcKiY †Kvb kã?

K) †hŠwMK L) †gŠwjK

M) Z™¢e N) mvwaZ

4. mvwaZ kã Kq cÖKvi?

K) wZb L) Pvi

M) cuvP N) †KvbwUB bq

5. A_©MZfv‡e evsjv kãmg~n‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-

K) yB L) wZb

M) Pvi N) cuvP

6. gnvhvÎv k‡ãi e¨envwiK A_© †KvbwU?

K) gnvmgv‡iv‡n hvÎv L) g„Z¨

M) wekvj c‡_i hvÎv N) `~i‡Z¡i hvÎv

7. †KvbwU iƒwp kã ?

K) Rjwa L) euvwk

M) KZ©e¨ N) gnvhvÎv

8. mgvmwb®úbœ †hme k‡ã Z…Zxq A_© cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K Kx kã e‡j?

K) †gŠwjK L) †hvMiƒp

M) †hŠwMK N) iƒwp

9. †KvbwU †hvMiƒp kã

K) eveyqvbv L) Rjwa

M) ˆZj N) cvÄvwe

10. Zrmg k‡ãi A_© Kx?

K) Zvi (ms¯‹…‡Zi) mgvb L) evsjv fvlvi mgvb

M) ms¯‹…Z †_‡K Drcbœ N) Ab¨ fvlvi mgvb

11. cÖvK…Z k‡ãi A_© Kx ?

K) cÖK…Z L) cyivZb

M) ¯vfvweK N) hv Kiv n‡q‡Q

12. niZvj †Kvb fvlvi kã ?

K) ¸RivwU L) ZzwK©

M) wnw›` N) ¸RivwU

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. kã Kv‡K e‡j? MVb Abymv‡i k‡ãi †kªwYwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. A_© Abymv‡i evsjv fvlvi kãmg~n‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3. DrcwË Abymv‡i k‡ãi †kªwYwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|


1. K 2. N 3. L 4. N 5. L 6. L 7. K 8. L 9. L 10. K 11. M 12. K

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Transcript of cvV-3.1 : cyiælevPK I ¯xevPK kã · †Q‡j, VvKzi, KvKv, bvwcZ, gvgv BZ¨vw`| Avi †h me kã...