CPR/FIRST AID. 2 Providing First Aid Immediate care given to the victim of an accident or illness...
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CPR/FIRST AID
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Providing First Aid
Immediate care given to the victim of an accident or illness to minimize the effect of injury or illness until experts can take over
Reasons for providing correct first aid
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Basic Principles ofProviding First Aid
Remain calm and avoid panic Evaluate situation thoroughly Have a reason for anything you do Treatment you provide will vary
depending on type of injury or illness, environment, others present, equipment or supplies on hand, and availability of medical help
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First Steps
Recognize that an emergency exists Use all senses to detect problems Sometimes signs of emergency are
obvious and at other times they are less obvious
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Next Steps
Check the scene and make sure it is safe to approach
What to observe If not safe, call for medical help If safe, approach the victim Call emergency medical services
(EMS) as soon as possible
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Next Steps(continued)
If possible, obtain the victim’s permission before providing any care
Triage if necessary Check for other injuries Obtain as much information as
possible
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General Principles
Obtain qualified help as soon as possible
Avoid any unnecessary movement of the victim
Reassure the victim Use a confident, calm attitude to
help relieve victim’s anxiety Avoid giving the victim anything to
eat or drink
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General Principles(continued)
Protect the victim from cold or chilling, but avoid overheating
Work quickly in an organized and efficient manner
Do not make a diagnosis or discuss condition with observers at scene
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General Principles(continued)
Maintain confidentiality and protect the victim’s right to privacy while providing treatment
Make every attempt to avoid further injury
Provide only the treatment you are qualified to provide
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Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Cardio: the heart Pulmonary: the lungs Resuscitation: to remove from
apparent death or unconsciousness Breathe for the patient and circulate
blood
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Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued) Purpose: keep oxygenated blood
flowing to the brain and other vital body organs
Performed until the heart and lungs start working again or until medical help is available
Clinical Death: when the heart stops beating the victim stops breathing
Biological Death: death of body cells (usually 4-6 minutes after clinical death)
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Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued) ABCDs for airway
A stands for airway B stands for breathing C stands for circulation D stands for defibrillation
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Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued) Evaluate victim’s condition before
starting CPR Correct hand placement is essential
before compressions are performed Various methods of CPR used
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Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (continued)
One-person rescue for adult victim Two-person rescue for adult victim CPR for infants CPR for children CPR for victims with obstructed airways Reasons for stopping CPR
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15:3 Providing First Aid for Bleeding and Wounds
Wounds involve injuries to the soft tissues– Open: break in skin or mucous
membranes– Closed: no break in skin or mucous
membranes, but injury occurs to underlying tissues
– Wounds can result in bleeding, infection, and/or tetanus
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Classifications of Open Wounds
Abrasion Incision Laceration Puncture Avulsion Amputation
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Open Wounds
The most common accidents resulting in open wounds are falls, mishandling of sharp objects, accidents with tools or machinery, and car accidents.
A closed wound (a contusion or internal bleeding) is a bruise that damages the underlying tissue without breaking the skin (as in a black eye).
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There are at least five different types of open wounds:
Abrasions An abrasion is a skin wound caused by rubbing or
scraping the skin against a hard, rough surface. Bleeding in this type of wound is usually limited, but it is important that the skin be cleaned in order to guard against infection.
Incisions An incision is a cut caused by a knife, the rough
edge of metal, broken glass, a razor blade or some other sharp object. This type of wound generally bleeds rapidly and heavily. If the cut is deep, muscles, tendons and nerves may be damaged.
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Lacerations - A laceration is a jagged, irregular or blunt breaking or tearing of soft tissues, often resulting from mishandling tools and machinery and other accidents. Bleeding from a laceration may be rapid and extensive.
Punctures - A puncture is a piercing wound that causes a small hole in the tissues. Such objects as nails, needles, ice picks and other pointed objects can produce puncture wounds. Even if external bleeding is slight, there may be serious internal bleeding resulting from internal damage to an organ (as in a gunshot wound). All puncture wounds require the attention of a health professional because of the danger of tetanus.
Avulsions - An avulsion is a forcible tearing or partial tearing away of tissues. It occurs in such accidents as gunshot wounds, explosions, animal bites or other body-crushing injuries. Bleeding is heavy and rapid. If a body part (a finger, tooth or toe, for example) has been torn away in an accident, it should always be sent along with the victim to the hospital (placed on moistened gauze and cooled), since there is a possibility that it can be reattached.
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When should adolescents and adults get vaccinated against tetanus? Immunization experts recommend that the first dose of Tdap be given at age 11-12 as a booster during the routine adolescent immunization visit if the adolescent has finished the childhood DTaP schedule and has not already received a dose of Td or Tdap.
Adults should continue to receive a booster dose of Td every ten years. Adults who will be having close contact with an infant should receive Tdap vaccine even if they’ve recently received Td vaccine
If someone experiences a deep or puncture wound, or a wound contaminated with dirt, an additional booster dose may be given if the last dose was more than five years ago. It is important to keep an up-to-date record of all immunizations so that repeat doses don't become necessary. Although it is vital to be adequately protected against tetanus, receiving more doses than recommended can lead to increased local reactions, such as painful swelling of the arm.
Who recommends this vaccine?The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and the American College of Physicians (ACP) all recommend this vaccine.
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Controlling Bleeding
First priority because victim can bleed to death quickly
Bleeding can come from arteries, veins, or capillaries
Observe standard precautions
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Controlling Bleeding(continued)
Direct pressure Elevation Pressure bandages Pressure on pressure points Do not disturb clots Do not remove dressings Do not clean wound
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Minor Wounds
First priority – prevention of infection Wash your hands before caring for
wound Put on gloves Wash the wound with soap and water Rinse the wound thoroughly Use sterile supplies Tell the victim to get medical help if
any signs of infection appear
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Signs of Infection
Swelling Heat Redness Pain Fever Pus Red streaks
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Tetanus
Tetanus bacteria can enter an open wound
Serious illness Get tetanus shot or booster as
needed
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Objects Embedded in Wound
If superficial, gently remove Objects embedded in tissues should
be left and removed by physician
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Closed Wounds
Can occur anywhere on body If bruise, apply cold application to
reduce swelling Observe for signs of internal bleeding Get medical help as quickly as
possible Check breathing and treat for shock Avoid unnecessary movement of
victim No food or fluids
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Providing First Aidfor Shock (It’s electrifying!)
Also called hypoperfusion Shock: clinical set of signs and
symptoms that are associated with an inadequate supply of blood to body organs, especially brain and heart
Causes of shock
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Providing First Aidfor Shock (continued)
Goals of treatment Positioning of victim Maintain body temperature Avoid food or drink Other principles of care
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Signs and Symptomsof Shock
Skin is pale or bluish-gray and cool or cold to the touch
Diaphoresis Rapid and weak pulse Respirations rapid, shallow, and
may be irregular Blood pressure very low or unobtainable
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Signs and Symptomsof Shock (continued)
General weakness Anxiety and extreme restlessness Excessive thirst Nausea and/or vomiting Blurred vision or changes in appearance
of eyes
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15:5 Providing First Aidfor Poisoning
Can happen to anyone regardless of age
Poison: any substance that causes a harmful reaction when applied or ingested
Immediate action is needed First aid varies depending on
type of poison, injury involved, and the method of contact
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Ways Poisoning Occurs
Swallowing various substances Inhaling poisonous gases Injecting substances Contacting the skin with poison
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15:6 Providing First Aidfor Burns
Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation, and/or electricity
Classifications of burns– First-degree or superficial– Second-degree or partial-thickness– Third-degree or full-thickness
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Treatment Objectives
Remove source of heat Cool the skin Cover the burn Relieve pain Observe for and treat shock Prevent infections
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Treatment
Usually not required for first-degree burns
All third-degree burns require treatment
How to treat superficial or mild second-degree burns
How to treat severe second-degree burns and third-degree burns
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Providing First Aidfor Heat Exposure
Overexposure to heat may cause a chemical imbalance in the body
Occurs when water and salt are lost through perspiration
Also occurs when body cannot eliminate excess heat
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Heat Cramps
Muscle pains and spasms Caused by exposure to heat Loss of water and salt from
perspiration Apply firm pressure on cramped
muscle to provide relief Encourage rest and move to cooler
area Small sips of water or electrolyte
solution (e.g., sports drink)
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Heat Exhaustion
Occurs when exposed to heat and there is loss of fluids through sweating
Signs and symptoms First aid care
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Heat Stroke
Prolonged exposure to high temperatures
Medical emergency – needs immediate care
Body unable to eliminate excess heat Signs and symptoms First aid care
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15:8 Providing First Aidfor Cold Exposure
Exposure to cold external temperatures can cause body tissues to freeze and body processes to slow down
Needs immediate attention Degree of injury affected by wind
velocity, amount of humidity, and length of exposure to cold
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Hypothermia
When body temperature is less than 95 degrees Fahrenheit or 35 degrees Celsius
Caused by prolonged exposure to cold
Signs and symptoms Death can occur if body processes
become too slowed down First aid care
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Frostbite
Actual freezing of tissue fluids with damage to the skin and underlying tissues
Caused by exposure to freezing or below-freezing temperatures
Early signs and symptoms Other signs and symptoms as
progresses
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Frostbite(continued)
Objectives of first aid Common sites: fingers, toes, ears,
nose, cheeks First aid care Assess for signs and symptoms of
shock
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Providing First Aidfor Bone and Joint Injuries
Variety of injuries can occur Frequently occur during accidents or
falls Examples: fractures, dislocations,
sprains, and strains May have more than one type of
injury to bones and joints at the same time
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Fracture
Break in the bone Closed or simple fracture Compound or open fracture Signs and symptoms Objectives of first aid
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Dislocation
When the end of the bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position within a joint
Tearing or stretching of ligaments, muscles, and other soft tissues also frequently occurs
Signs and symptoms First aid care
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Sprain
Injury to the tissues surrounding a joint
Common sites: ankles and wrists Signs and symptoms Frequently resemble fractures or
dislocations – treat as fracture if in doubt
First aid care
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Strain
Overstretching of a muscle Caused by overexertion or by lifting Frequent site: back Signs and symptoms First aid treatment
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Splints
Devices used to immobilize injured part
Types of splints– Pneumatic or air splints– Padded boards– Traction splints
Splints can also be made from cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards, etc.
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Splints(continued)
Need to be long enough to immobilize the joint above and below the injured area
Should be padded Tied in place Apply as not to create pressure on area If open wound, control bleeding before
applying splint
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Splints(continued)
Never attempt to reposition bone Splint before moving victim Observe precautions when using
pneumatic splints Traction splints
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Circulation Check After Splint
Verify that the splints are not too tight
Check skin temperature Check color Note swelling or edema Numbness or tingling Check pulse If circulation impaired, immediately
loosen
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Slings
Commercial slings Triangular bandages Use: support arm, hand, forearm,
and shoulder Positioning of sling Check circulation Limit movement of limb
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Slings(continued)
If use knots– Placement – Padding
Special considerations for shoulder injury
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Neck or Spine Injury
Most dangerous types of injuries involving bones and joints
Movement can result in permanent injury resulting in paralysis
Avoid any movement of victim if at all possible
Wait for backboard and adequate help to arrive for transfer
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15:10 Providing First Aidfor Specific Injuries
Treatment for burns, bleeding, wounds, poisoning, and fractures is basically the same for all regions of body
Injuries to specific body parts require special care
Examples: eyes, ears, nose, brain, chest, abdomen, and genital organs
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Eye Injuries
Always involves danger of vision loss Usually best to avoid giving
major treatment Obtain help of a specialist Foreign objects in the eye Blows to the eye Penetrating injuries that cut eye
tissue
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Ear Injuries
Can result in rupture or perforation of eardrum
Torn or detached tissue Ruptured or perforated eardrum Clear fluid or blood-tinged fluid
draining from ear
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Brain Injuries
Wounds and blows to head and skull can cause brain injury
Obtain medical help as quickly as possible
Signs and symptoms First aid care
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Nose Injuries
Nosebleeds are usually more frightening than serious
Nosebleeds also called epistaxis Causes of nosebleeds First aid care
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Chest Injuries
Usually medical emergencies Involve heart, lungs, and major
vessels Sucking chest wound Penetrating injuries to the chest Crushing injuries to the chest
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Abdominal Injuries
Can cause damage to internal organs and bleeding in major blood vessels
Intestines and other abdominal organs may protrude from open wound
Medical emergency Bleeding, shock, and damage to
organs can be fatal Signs and symptoms First aid care
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Providing First Aidfor Sudden Illness
Can be difficult to determine exact illness
Base care on signs and symptoms Obtain information from victim if
possible Look for medical alert bracelets or
necklaces or medical information cards
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Heart Attack
Also called coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion, or myocardial infarction
Occurs when there is blockage in one or more coronary arteries
If heart stops, start CPR Signs and symptoms First aid care
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Fainting
Temporary reduction in supply of blood to brain
Early signs and treatment If victim loses consciousness, try to
prevent injury Obtain medical help if recovery not
prompt, there are other injuries, or fainting reoccurs (can be sign of serious problem)
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Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic disorder caused by lack of or insufficient production of insulin
Diabetic coma Insulin shock
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Applying Dressingsand Bandages
Dressings used as sterile covering and to control bleeding
Materials used in dressings Dressings can be held in place with
tape or a bandage Bandages used to hold dressings in
place, to secure splints, and to support and protect body parts
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Applying Dressings and Bandages (continued)
Apply bandages snugly enough to control bleeding and prevent movement of dressing, but not so tight that they interfere with circulation
Types of materials for bandages Applying dressings
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Checkpoints for Circulation
Check circulation after bandage applied Signs of poor or impaired circulation
– Swelling or edema– Pale or cyanotic color– Coldness to touch– Numbness or tingling– Poor or slow capillary refill
Loosen bandage immediately if warranted
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Summary
Proper first aid can save a life Provide only care you are qualified
to provide Always reassure victim and avoid
unnecessary stress and movement Obtain medical help as quickly as possible