core.ac.uk · 1.1 DEFINISI M akrobenthos adalah organisme dasar perairan, baik berupa hewan maupun...
Transcript of core.ac.uk · 1.1 DEFINISI M akrobenthos adalah organisme dasar perairan, baik berupa hewan maupun...
METODE SAMPLING PENELITIAN MAKROBENTHOS DAN APLIKASINYA; Penentuan Tingkat Gangguan Lingkungan Akuakultur, oleh Sapto Purnomo Putro, Ph.D. Hak Cipta © 2014 pada penulis
GRAHA ILMURuko Jambusari 7A Yogyakarta 55283 Telp: 0274-889398; Fax: 0274-889057; E-mail: [email protected]
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang. Dilarang memper banyak atau memin-dahkan sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dalam bentuk apa pun, secara elektronis maupun mekanis, termasuk memfotokopi, merekam, atau dengan teknik perekaman lainnya, tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.
ISBN: Cetakan ke I, tahun 2014
Kata Pengantar
Dengan mengucap puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan waktu dan kesempatan serta
ilmu sehingga akhirnya buku ini dapat diselesaikan sesuai dengan yang telah direncanakan. Buku ini ditulis guna ikut memberikan sumbangan pemikiran bagi bidang keilmuan yang terkait dengan biologi terapan, ekologi perairan, akuakultur, dan biomonitoring.
Buku ini mengulas berbagai hal tentang makrobenthos sebagai hewan invertabrata yang hidup di habitat dasar perairan. Keberadaan makrobenthos mempunyai peranan penting dalam pembentukan habitat sedimen, antara lain menstimulasi dan meningkatkan proses mineralisasi materi organik, dan meningkatkan pertukaran partikel dalam lapisan batas antara air dan sedimen, sehingga berperan penting dalam rantai makanan melalui transfer karbon organik kembali ke ekosistem pelagis. Definisi, identifikasi sesuai ciri-ciri marfologis maupun anatomis pada beberapa golongan makrobenthos, peranannya di habitat sedimen, teknik pengambilan sampel, serta pemanfaatannya dalam menentukan tingkat gangguan lingkungan dibahas dalam buku ini. Buku ini juga membahas analisis struktur makrobenthos
vi Metode Sampling Penelitian Makrobenthos dan Aplikasinya
dengan pendekatan univariat, multivariat, dan metode grafis serta indeks multimetrik yang telah banyak diterapkan sebagai salah satu kriteria utama dalam menentukan kualitas lingkungan untuk manajemen akuakultur di berbagai negara.
Penulis menyadari bahwa buku ini masih memerlukan pe-nyempurnaan baik dalam konten maupun kedalaman ulasan yang tertuang dalam masing-masing Bab. Oleh karena itu dengan ker-endahan hati, penukis sangat mengharapkan masukan yang kon-struktif guna menyempurnakan buku ini untuk edisi selanjutnya. Akhir kata, besar harapan penulis kiranya buku ini dapat dijadi-kan salah satu referensi atau acuan yang berguna dalam menelaah berbagai permasalahan lingkungan perairan, khususnya berkaitan dengan aktivitas budidaya.
Semarang, 7 Januari 2014
Penulis
Sapto P. Putro
Daftar Isi
KATA PENGANTAR vDAFTAR ISI viiBAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1
1.1 Definisi 11.2 Makrobenthos sebagai bioindikator perubahan
lingkungan perairan 21.3 Dampak aktivitas budidaya terhadap kualitas
perairan dan sedimen 41.4 Peranan hewan makrobenthos infauna di habitat
sedimen 61.5 Respon makrobenthos terhadap ganguan
lingkungan 61.6 Interaksi makrobenthik infauna dan sedimen 9
BAB 2 PERANAN ORGANISME MAKROBENTHOS DI HABITAT SEDIMEN PERAIRAN 11
2.1 Faktor Penyebab Peningkatan Oksigen Terlarut 132.2. Aktivits Bioturbasi 142.3. Kolonisasi Makrobenthos dan Gangguan
Lingkungan 15
viii Metode Sampling Penelitian Makrobenthos dan Aplikasinya
2.4 Bioindikator Pengkayaan Organik 16
BAB 3 INTERAKSI MAKROBENTHOS DAN STRUKTUR SEDIMEN 19
3.1 Hidrodinamika Perairan dan Struktur Sedimen 193.2 Profil Komposisi Butiran Susbtrat/Sedimen 203.3 Hubungan Struktur Sedimen dan Komunitas
Makrobenthos 25
BAB 4 SAMPLING LAPANGAN: PENGKOLEKSIAN, FIKSASI, IDENTIFIKASI, PRESERVASI, DAN PENIMBANGAN 31
4.1 Metode Pengoleksian 314.2 Alat Pengambil Sampel 324.3 Alat Pengambil Sampel 354.4 Desain eksperimen dan penentuan penggunaan
alat 404.5 Analisis sampel hewan makrobenthos 414.6 Pengukuran Biomasa 54
BAB 5 PENGGUNAAN STRUKTUR MAKROBENTHOS DALAM PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN LINGKUNGAN: STUDI KASUS DI DANAU RAWAPENING 59
5.1 Potensi Perikanan Budidaya Indonesia 595.2 Pemanfaatan Danau Rawapening sebagai area
budidaya perikanan sistem keramba 615.1 Pengembangan KJA di perairan Rawapening 665.4 Tahapan penerapan biomonitoring lingkungan 66
BAB 6 PENGGUNAAN STRUKTUR MAKROBENTHOS DALAM BIOMONITORING 97
6.1 Potensi Dampak Lingkungan Akibat Aktivitas Budidaya 97
6.2 Penentuan Kualitas Lingkungan: pendekatan Indeks
Daftar Isi ix
Multimetrik 996.3 Penentuan Kualitas Lingkungan: Pendekatan
Multivariate dan Grafis 1036.4 Tahapan penerapan Biomonitoring 1066.5 Desain dan Langkah Kerja 1076.6 Penentuan kualitas perairan dan sedimen 1126.7 Struktur Komunitas Makrobenthos 1146.8 Analisa struktur makrobenthos: pendekatan metode
grafik dan indeks multimetrik 117
BAB 7 BUDIDAYA KEPITING DI AREA HUTAN MANGROVE MENUJU AKTIVITAS BUDIDAYA BERKELANJUTAN: STUDI KASUS DI KAWASAN KAMPUNG LAUT, CILACAP 123
7.1 Pemanfaatan hutan mangrove dan potensi kerusakan 123
7.2 Prospek Budidaya Kepiting Bakau Scylla spp 1257.3. Peningkatan laju pertumbuhan kepiting melalui
percobaan mutilasi 1297.4. Tahapan Aplikasi IPTEK 130
BAB 8 PENINGKATAN DAYA DUKUNG KAWASAN BUDIDAYA MELALUI PENANAMAN BIBI MANGROVE DIRADIASI 149
8.1 Fungsi ekologis hutan mangrove 1498.2 Ancaman Terhadap Ekosistem Mangrove 1528.3 Aplikasi radiasi plasma untuk pertumbuhan
mangrove 1548.4 Langkah langkah aplikasi radiasi 1558.5 Pengamatan Pertumbuhan mangrove diradiasi 1588.6. Monitoring kualitas lingkungan budidaya 160
x Metode Sampling Penelitian Makrobenthos dan Aplikasinya
BAB 9 PEMANFAATAN TAKSA DOMINAN DAN OPORTUNISTIK MAKROBENTHOS DALAM PENENTUAN GANGGUAN LINGKUNGAN 165
9.1. Peranan Taksa Oportunistik dalam Penentuan Ganggaun Lingkungan 167
9.2 Peranan Taksa Dominan dalam pemantauan gangguan lingkungan 176
DAFTAR PUSTAKA 181GLOSSARY 195DAFTAR INDEKS 205
-oo0oo-
1.1 DEFINISI
Makrobenthos adalah organisme dasar perairan, baik berupa hewan maupun tumbuhan, baik yang hidup di permukaan
dasar ataupun di dasar perairan. Semula hewan makrobenthos han-ya digolongkan sebagai fitobenthos dan zoobenthos, tetapi Hutchin-son (1976) menggolongkan benthos berdasarkan ukurannya, yaitu benthos mikroskopis atau dikenal dengan sebutan mi krobenthos dan makrobenthos. Selanjutnya Lind (1979) memberikan definisi makrobenthos sebagai organisme yang hidup pada lumpur, pa-sir, batu, kerikil, maupun sampah organik baik di dasar perairan laut, danau, kolam, ataupun sungai, merupakan hewan melata, menetap, menempel, memendam, dan meliang di dasar perairan tersebut. Menurut Venberg dalam Fachrul (2007), berdasarkan uku-rannya benthos dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu makrobenthos, mesobenthos dan mikrobenthos. Makrobenthos adalah organisme yang hidup di dasar perairan dan tersaring oleh saringan yang berukuran mata saring 1,0x1,0 milimeter yang pada pertumbuhan dewasanya berukuran 3-5 milimeter. Berdasarkan letaknya hewan ini dibedakan menjadi dua macam, yaitu makrobenthik infauna
Pendahuluan
1
Hewan makrobenthos mempunyai peranan penting dalam pembentukan habitat sedimen. Distribusi vertikal dari proses-
proses yang dilakukan mikroba dalam sedimen dipengaruhi oleh hewan infauna melalui aktifitas, antara lain makan, menggali lubang, dan pembentukan rumah tabung (Gerino et al., 1995). Analisis hewan makrobenthos telah diterapkan sebagai salah satu kriteria utama dalam menentukan kualitas lingkungan untuk manajemen akuakultur di berbagai negara, misalnya Jepang (Yokoyama, 2002), Tasmania-Australia (Crawford, 2003), Australia Selatan (Cheshire et al., 2006; Putro et al., 2006), Norway (Carroll et al., 2003), Inggris (Brooks et al., 2004) dan beberapa negara Eropa (Read & Fernandes, 2003), Indonesia (Putro & Suhartana, 2008; Putro, 2013; Putro et al., 2012; Putro et al., 2014) dan Brazil ( Zalmon et al., 2014).
Beberapa studi pengajaran yang ada hanya fokus terhadap Polychaeta dalam fungsi peranannya sebagai kumpulan makro-benthik (Fauchald, 1977; Pearson and Rosenberg, 1978; Levin, 2003; Yokohama, 2002; Rosenberg, 2002; DeRoach et al., 2002). Hal ini terutama dikarenakan hewan ini tersebut menempati di hampir se-bagian besar dari keseluruhan wilayah benthik perairan laut dan
Peranan Organisme Makrobenthos di
Habitat Sedimen Perairan
2
3.1 HIDRODINAMIKA PERAIRAN DAN STRUKTUR SEDIMEN
Sedimen komposisi, terutama liat, lempung, dan pasir halus merupakan faktor penting dalam menyusun komunitas ma-
krobenthos.Materi organik sebagai sumber makanan utama untuk hewan invertebrata laut juga berperan penting dalam menentukan struktur makrobenthos. Faktor-faktor lain, seperti sifat-sifat kimia air, kelimpahan dan komposisi mikrobia yang dapat mempenga-ruhi strukturnya. Faktor-faktor tersebut dari waktu ke waktu dapat bervariasi, baik kualitas maupun kuantitasnya, bergantung pola hidrodinamika setempat.
Komposisi sedimen dikontrol terutama oleh kekuatan hidrodinamika perairan setempat (Snelgrove and Butman, 1994). Lingkungan dengan energi yang kuat umumnya dicirikan oleh arus dasar perairan yang kuat, pertukaran makanan secara horizontal yang kuat, sedimen berpasir kasar, dan kandungan organik dan mikrobia yang rendah. Sebaliknya, pada sedimen berlumpur dan berliat, pertukaran makanan secara horizontal lemah, tapi pertukaran vertikalnya kuat merupakan karakteristik untuk lingkungan berenergi lemah (Dernie et al., 2003; Snelgrove and
Interaksi Makrobenthos dan Struktur Sedimen
3
5.1 POTENSI PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA INDONESIA
Indonesia merupakan negara maritim dan kepulauan terbesar di dunia, dengan luas 5,8 juta kilometer persegi (km) atau 2/3 luas
wilayah Republi Indonesia (RI) dan panjang pantai sekira 95.181 km. Salah satu sumber-sumber pertumbuhan ekonomi baru Indonesia yang dapat dikembangkan untuk kemajuan dan kesejahteraan adalah perikanan budidaya. Namun demikian, PDB (produk domestik bruto) perikanan RI baru 3,46 persen (Sudarsono, 2012). Lebih lanjut, berdasarkan data statistik perikanan budidaya tahun 2012, hanya sekitar 30 persen dari total produksi adalah komoditas ikan dan udang, sedangkan 70 persen lainnya adalah produksi rumput laut (Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2013). Sedangkan produksi perikanan budidaya di Jawa Tengah sepanjang kuartal I/2013 meningkat 0,8% dibanding sebelumnya, yaitu 50.369 ton ikan melalui lima jenis budidaya perikanan, antara lain budidaya tambak, kolam, karamba, karamba jaring apung dan budidaya sawah (Nastiti, 2013). Pada 2010, berdasarkan jumlah total produksinya, Indonesia menjadi negara keempat dalam hal produksi budidaya ikan non rumput laut
Penggunaan Struktur Makrobenthos dalam Penerapan
Manajemen Lingkungan: Studi Kasus di Danau Rawapening
5
294
APPENDIX L
LIST OF TAXONOMY REFERENCES USED IN IDENTIFIACTION OF BENTHOS
Abbott, R. T. (1974). American seashells (2nd ed.). New York City, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company.
Bartholomew, A. (2001). Polychaete key for Chesapeake Bay and coastal Virginia.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Retrieved from
http://www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/PolychaeteKey.pdf
Fauchald, K. (1977). The Polychaete worms definitions and keys to the orders, families
and genera. Retrieved from http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/123110.pdf
Felder, D. L., & Camp, D. K. (Eds.). (2009). Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota,
Volume I, Biodiversity. College station, TX: Texas A and M University Press.
Gibson, R. (1964). Chapter 7: Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela). In Smith, R. I (Eds.)
Keys to marine invertebrates of the Woods Hole region, Contribution No. 11/
systematics-ecology program, MBL (pp. 40-44).Woods Hole, MA: Marine
Biological Laboratory. Retrieved from Woods Hole Open Access Server website:
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/217?show=full
Hand, C. (1955). The sea anemones of central California part II. The endomyarian and
mesomyarian anemones. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 13(1), 37-99.
Harper, D.E. (1971). Key to the Polychaetous annelids of the northwestern Gulf of
Mexico. Galveston, TX: Moody College of Marine Science.
Hartman, O. (1951). The littoral marine annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Austin, TX: The
University of Texas Printing Division.
295
Heard, R. W., Hansknecht, T., Larsen K., & O'Neal A. S. (2003). An illustrated
identification guide to Florida Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) occurring in
depths of less than 200 m (Annual Report for DEP Contract No: WM828).
Tallahassee, FL: Environmental Assessment and Restoration Bureau of
Laboratories. Retrieved from Florida Department of Environmental Protection
website: http://publicfiles.dep.state.fl.us/dear/labs/biology/biokeys/tanaidacea.pdf
Heard, R. W., Price, W. W., Knott, D. M., King, R. A., & Allen, D. M. (2006). A
taxonomic guide to the Mysids of the South Atlantic bight (NOAA Professional
Paper NMFS 4). Seattle, WA: U. S. Department of commerce. Retrieved from
Catalog of U.S. Government Publications website:
http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/LPS108514/LPS108514/spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/pp4.
Heard, R. W., Roccatagliata, D., & Petrescu, I. (2007). Guide to Florida Cumacea
(Crustacea: Malacostraca: Peracarida) occurring in depths of less than 100 m
(Annual Report for DEP Contract No: WM879). Tallahassee, FL: Environmental
Assessment and Restoration Bureau of Laboratories. Retrieved from Florida
Department of Environmental Protection website:
http://publicfiles.dep.state.fl.us/dear/labs/biology/biokeys/cumacea_guide.pdf
Hedgpeth, J.W. (1954). On the phylogeny of the Pycnogonida. Acta Zoologica, 35(3),
193-213.
Kluijver, M. J., & de Ingalsuo, S. S. (2000). Macrobenthos of the North Sea – Sipuncula.
Retrieved from http://species-
296
identification.org/species.php?species_group=macrobenthos_sipuncula&menuent
ry=inleiding
Larsen, K. (2006). Deep-Sea Tanaidacea (Peracarida) from the Gulf of Mexico
(Crustaceana Monographs). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.
LeCroy, S. E. (2007). Amphipod key, an illustrated identification guide to the nearshore
marine and estuarine Amphipoda of Florida (Vols. 1-5). (Annual Report for DEP
Contract NO: WM880). Tallahassee, FL: Environmental Assessment and
Restoration Bureau of Laboratories. Retrieved from Florida Department of
Environmental Protection website: http://www.floridadep.org/labs/cgi-
bin/sbio/keys.asp
McKinney, L. D. (1979). Liljeborgiid Amphipods from the Gulf of Mexico and
Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 29(2), 140-154.
Pawson, D. L. & Pawson, D. L., (2008). An illustrated key to the sea cucumbers of the
south Atlantic bight (NOAA NMFS grant NA16FL1490). Charleston, SC: The
Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Center. Retrieved from South Carolina
Department of Natural Resources website:
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/Sea_Cucumber_key.pdf
Pomory, C. M. (2007). Key to the common shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata:
Ophiuroidea) of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Caribbean Journal of
Science, 10, 1-42.
Rogick, M. D. (1964). Chapter 16: Phylum Entoprocta. In Smith, R. I (Eds.) Keys to
marine invertebrates of the Woods Hole region, Contribution No. 11/ systematics-
ecology program, MBL (pp. 40-44).Woods Hole, MA: Marine Biological
297
Laboratory. Retrieved from Woods Hole Open Access Server website:
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/217?show=full
Rouse, G., & Pleijel, F. (2001). Polychaetes. Oxford, London: Oxford University Press.
Sainte-Marie, B., & Brunel, P. (1985). Suprabenthic gradients of swimming activity by
cold-water Gammaridean Amphipod Crustacea over a muddy shelf in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 23, 57-69.
Schultz, G.A. (1969). The marine Isopod Crustaceans. Dubois, IA: W. C. Brown
Company.
Serafy, D. K., & Fell, F. J. (1985). Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United
States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea (NOAA Technical Report NMFS 33). Seattle,
WA: U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved from Catalog of U.S. Government
Publications website: http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo17392/tr33.pdf
Thomas, L.P. (1964). Amphiodia atra (Stimpson) and Ophionema intricata Lutken,
additions to the shallow water Amphiurid Brittlestar fauna of Florida
(Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of Marine Science, 14(1), 158-167.
Tree of Life Web Project (2002). Priapulida, penis worms (Version 01). Retrieved from
http://tolweb.org/Priapulida/2476/2002.01.01
Uebelacker, J. M., & Johnson, P. G. (Eds.). (1984). Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes
of the northern Gulf of Mexico (Vols. 1-7). Mobile, AL: Barry A. Vittor &
Associates, Inc.
Williams, A. B. (1984). Shrimps, Lobsters, and Crabs of the Atlantic coast of the Eastern
United States, Maine to Florida. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
298
REFERENCES
Aller, R. C. (1982). Effect of macrobenthos on chemical properties of marine sediments
and overlying water. In P. L. McCall & M. J. S. Tevesz (Eds.) Animal-Sediment
Relations: The Biogenic Alteration of Sediments (pp. 53-102). New York: Plenum
Press.
Atkins, D. (1932). The ciliary feeding mechanism of the Entoproct Polyzoa, and a
comparision with that of the Ectoproct Polyzoa. Quarterly Journal of
Microscopical Sciences, 75, 393-423.
Bachelet, G. & Laubier, L. (1994). Morphology, ecology and juvenile development of
Cossura pygodactylata Jones (Polychaeta, Cossuridae) in Arcachon Bay, SW
France, with a reassessment of the geographical distribution of C. pygodactylata
and C. soyeri Laubier. French National Museum of Natural History, 162, 355-
369.
Barnard, J. L., Sandved, K., & Thomas, J. D. (1991). Tube-building behavior in
Grandidierella, and two species of Cerapus. Hydrobiologia, 223(1), 239-254.
Barnes, R. D. (1980). Invertebrate zoology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College
Publishing.
Baustian, M. M. (2005). Benthic communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxic
area potential prey for demersal fish (Master’s thesis, Louisiana State
University). Retrieved from http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07142005-
082657/unrestricted/Baustian_thesis.pdf
299
Baustian, M. M., & Rabalais, N. N. (2009). Seasonal composition of benthic
macroinfauna exposed to hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries and
Coasts, 32, 975-983. doi 10.1007/s12237-009-9187-3
Baustian, M. M., Craig, J. K., & Rabalais, N. N. (2009). Effects of summer 2003 hypoxia
on macrobenthos and Atlantic croaker foraging selectivity in the northern Gulf of
Mexico. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 381, S31-S37.
doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2009.07.007
Bianchi, T. S., Dimarco, S. F., Allison, M. A., Chapman, P., Cowan Jr., J. H., Hetland, R.
D., Morse, J. W., & Rowe, G. (2008). Controlling hypoxia on the U.S. Louisiana
shelf: Beyond the nutrient-centric view. EOS Transactions American Geophysical
Union, 89(26), 236-237.
Bianchi, T. S., DiMarco, S. F., Cowan Jr., J. H., Hetland, R. D., Chapman, P., Day, J. W.,
& Allison, M. A. (2010). The science of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico:
A review. Science of the Total Environment, 408(7), 1471-1484. doi:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.047
Blazewicz-Paszkowycz, M., & Ligowski, R. (2002). Diatoms as food sources indicator of
some Antarctic Cumacea and Tanaidacea (Crustacea). Antarctic Science, 14(1), 1-
15.
Borja, A., Franco, J., & Pérez, V. (2000). A marine biotic index to establish the
ecological quality of soft bottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal
environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(12), 1100-1114.
Briggs, K. B., Hartmann, V. A., Yeager, K. M., Shivarudrappa, S. K., Díaz, R. J.,
Osterman, L. E., & Reed, A. H. (2015). The influence of hypoxia on biogenic
300
structure in sediments on the Louisiana continental shelf. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 164, 147-160.
Bruce, A. J. (1972). A review of information upon the coral hosts of commensal Shrimps
of the subfamily Pontoniinae, Kingsley, 1878 (Crustacea, Decapoda,
Pilaemonidae). Proceedings of the Symphosium on Corals and Coral Reefs,
Marine Biology Association of India, 1969, 399-418.
Brusca, R. C., Coelho, V., & Taiti, S. (2001). A Guide to the coastal Isopods of
California. Retrieved from: http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=3004
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. (1999). Canadian water quality
guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Dissolved oxygen (marine). In:
(Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines 1999). Winnipeg, Canada: Canadian
Council of Ministers of the Environment. Retrieved from CCME website:
http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/download/en/178
Cannon, H. G. (1933). On the feeding mechanism of certain marine Ostracods.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 57, 739–764
Carlton, J. T. (Ed.) (2007). The Light and Smith manual: Intertidal invertebrates from
central California to Oregon (4th ed.). Oakland, CA: University of California
Press.
Clarke, K. R., & Ainsworth, M. (1993). A method of linking multivariate community
structure to environmental variables. Marine Ecological Progress Series, 92, 205-
219.
Clarke, W. D. (1956). A further description of Promysis atlantica tattersall (Crustacea,
Mysidacea). American Museum Novitates, 1755, 1-5.
301
Conley, D. J., Carstensen, J., Vaquer-Sunyer, R., & Duarte C. M. (2009). Ecosystem
thresholds with hypoxia. Hydrobiologia, 629, 21-29.
Cook, P. L. (1965a). Notes on the Cupuladriidae (Polyzoa, Anasca). The Bulletin of the
British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 13(5), 151-187.
Cook, P. L. (1965b). Polyzoa from West Africa. The Cupuladriidae (Cheilostomata,
Anasca). The Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 13(6),
189–227.
Counsell, C. W. W. (2013). Effects of hypoxia on the spatial distribution of marine
megafauna in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (Master’s thesis, Florida State
University). Retrieved from
http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7396&context=etd
Craig, J. K. (2012). Aggregation on the edge: effects of hypoxia avoidance on the spatial
distribution of brown shrimp and demersal fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 445, 75-95.
Cummins, K. W., Merrit, R. W., & Andrade, P. C. N. (2005). The use of invertebrate
functional groups to characterize ecosystem attributes in selected streams and
rivers in south Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40(1), 69-
89.
Currie, D. R., & Ward, T. M. (2009). South Australian giant Crab (Pseudocarcinus
gigas) Fishery (SARDI Report Series 345, Publication No. F2007/000698-2)
Adelaide, Australia: South Australian Research and Development Institute.
Retrieved from
302
http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/247265/2013_14_Giant_Cra
b_Status_Report_-_FINAL_.pdf
Diaz, R. J. (2001). Overview of hypoxia around the world. Journal of Environmental
Quality, 30, 275-281.
Diaz, R. J., & Rosenberg, R. (1995). Marine benthic hypoxia - review of ecological
effects and behavioral responses on macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine
Biology, Annual Review, 33, 245-303.
Diaz, R. J., & Rosenberg, R. (2001). Overview of anthropogenically induced hypoxic
effects on marine benthic fauna. In N. N. Rabalais & R. E. Turner (Eds.), Coastal
hypoxia: Consequences for living resources and ecosystems, coastal and
estuarine studies (pp. 129-145). Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
Diaz, R. J., & Rosenberg, R. (2008). Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine
ecosystems. Science, 321, 926-929.
Drout, M., & Smith, L. (2012). How to read a dendrogram. Retrieved from
http://wheatoncollege.edu/lexomics/files/2012/08/How-to-Read-a-Dendrogram-
Web-Ready.pdf
Drumm, D.T. (2005). Comparison of feeding mechanisms, respiration, and cleaning
behavior in two Kalliapseudids, Kalliapseudes macsweenyi and
Psammokalliapseudes granulosus (Peracarida: Tanaidacea). Journal of
Crustacean Biology, 25, 203-211.
Dupleiss, M. R., Ziebis, W., Gros, O., Caro, A., Robidart, J., & Felbeck, H. (2004).
Respiration strategies utilized by the gill endosymbiont from the host lucinid
303
Codakia orbicularis (Bivalvia: Lucinidae). Applied Environmental Microbiology,
70, 4144-4150.
Easterling, D. R., Meehl, G. A., Parmesan, C., Changnon, S. A., Karl, T. R., & Mearns,
L. O. (2000). Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. Science,
289(5487), 2068-2074. doi: 10.1126/science.289.5487.2068.
Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: An
update by the EPA science advisory board. (EPA-SAB-08-003). Washington, DC:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from EPA Water website:
http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/named/msbasin/upload/2008_1_31_msbasin
_sab_report_2007.pdf
Fauchald, K., & Jumars, P. A. (1979). The diet of worms: A study of polychaete feeding
guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology, an Annual Review, 17, 193-284.
Fautin, D. G, Guinotte, J. M., & Orr, J. C. (2009). Comparative depth distribution of
Corallimorpharians and Scleractinians (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 397, 63-70.
Fratt, D. B., & Dearborn, J. H. (1984). Feeding biology of the Antarctic brittle star
Ophionotus victoriae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Polar Biology, 3, 127-139.
Gaston, G. R. (1985). Effects of hypoxia on macrobenthos of the inner shelf off
Cameron, Louisiana. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 20, 603-613.
Glud, R. N. (2008). Oxygen dynamics of marine sediments. Invited Review, Marine
Biology Research, 4, 243-289.
Gonor, S. L., & Gonor, J. J. (1973). Feeding, cleaning and swimming in larval stages of
Porcellanid Crabs (Crustacea: Anomura). Fishery Bulletin, 71, 225-234.
304
Gotelli, N. J., & Colwell, R. K. (2010). Estimating species richness. In A. E. Magurran &
B. J. McGill (Eds.), Biological diversity: Frontiers in measurement and
assessment (pp. 39-54). Oxford, London: Oxford University Press.
Grassle, J. F., & Grassle, J. P. (1974). Opportunistic life histories and genetic systems in
marine benthic Polychaetes. Journal of Marine Resources, 3, 253-284.
Greenstreet, S., Robinson, L., Reiss, H., Craeymeersch, J., Callaway, R., Goffin, A., …
Lancaster, J. (2007). Species composition, diversity, biomass, and production of
the benthic invertebrate community of the North Sea. (Fisheries Research Services
Collaborative Report 10/07). Aberdeen, Scotland: Fisheries Research Services
Marine Laboratory. Retrieved from the Scottish Government website:
http://www.gov.scot/uploads/documents/coll1007.pdf
Guerra-García, J. M., Tierno de Figueroa, J. M., Navarro-Barranco, C., Ros, M.,
Sánchez-Moyano, J. E., & Moreira, J. (2014). Dietary analysis of the marine
Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Sea
Research, 85, 508-517.
Herman, P. M. J., Middelburg, J. J., van de Koppel, J., & Heip, C. H. R. (1999). Ecology
of estuarine macrobenthos. Advances in Ecological Research, 29, 195-240.
Hetland, R. D., & DiMarco, S. F. (2008). How does the character of oxygen demand
control the structure of hypoxia on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf?.
Journal of Marine Systems, 70, 49-62. doi:10.1016/ j.jmarsys.2007.03.002
Heylighen, F., & Bernheim, J. (2004). From quantity to quality of life: r-K selection and
human development. In F. Heylighen, C. Joslyn & V. Turchin (Eds.), Principia
305
Cybernetica Web. Retrieved from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/r-
kselectionqol.pdf
Hunt, J. W., Anderson, B. S., Phillips, B. M., Tjeerdema, R. S., Puckett, H. M.,
Stephenson, M., … & Watson, D. (2002). Acute and chronic toxicity of nickel to
marine organisms: Implications for water quality criteria. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 21, 2423–2430. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620211122
Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico (n.d.). Overview. Retrieved from
www.gulfhypoxia.net/Overview
Jaccarini, V., & Schembri, P.J. (1977). Feeding and particle selection in the echiuran
worm Bonellia viridis Rolando (Echiura: Bonelliidae). Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 28, 163-181.
Janssen, F., Dale, A., Friedrich, J., Konovalov, S., & Boetius, A. (2010). Hypoxia brief 2:
Consequences of hypoxia. Retrieved from
http://hypox.pangaea.de/upload/infomaterial/hypox0120706_policybriefs_on02.p
df
Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2007). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (6th
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Justić, D., Bierman Jr., V. J., Scavia, D., & Hetland, R. D. (2007). Forecasting Gulf's
hypoxia: The next 50 years?. Estuaries and Coasts, 30(5), 791-801.
Keith, D. E. (1969). Aspects of feeding in Caprella californica Stimpson and Caprella
equilibra Say (Amphipoda). Crustaceana, 16, 119-124.
306
Kirsteuer, E., & Rützler, K. (1973). Additional notes on Tubiluchus corallicola
(Priapulida), based on scanning electron microscope observation. Marine Biology,
20, 78-87.
Kristensen, E. (2000). Organic matter diagenesis at the oxic/anoxic interface in coastal
marine sediments, with emphasis on the role of burrowing animals.
Hydrobiologia, 426(1), 1-24.
Krug, E. C. (2007). Coastal change and hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Part I.
Hydrology and Earth System Science, 11, 180-90.
Krug, E. C., & Merrifield, K. (2007). Marine modification of terrestrial influences on
Gulf hypoxia: Part II. Hydrology and Earth System Science, 11, 191-209.
Lee, W., Omori, Y., & Peck, R. (1992). Growth, reproduction and feeding behavior of the
planktonic Shrimp, Lucifer faxoni Borraidele, off the Texas coast. Journal of
Plankton Research, 14, 61-69.
Leibold, M. A., Chase, J. M., Shurin, J. B., & Downing, A. L. (1997). Species turnover
and the regulation of trophic structure. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and
Systemaics, 28, 467-494.
Levin, L. A., Whitcraft, C. R., Mendoza, G. F., Gonzalez, J. P., & Cowie, G. L. (2009).
Oxygen and organic matter thresholds for benthic faunal activity on the Pakistan
margin oxygen minimum zone (700–1100 m). Deep-Sea Research Part II -
Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56(6-7), 449-471. doi:
10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.032
Levinton, J. S. (2001). Marine biology: Function, biodiversity, ecology (2nd ed.).
Madison Avenue, NY: Oxford University Press.
307
LSU AgCenter. (2010). Oxygen depletion and other types of fish kills. Retrieved from
http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/crops_livestock/aquaculture/recreational_ponds/O
xygen_Depletions_and_Other_Types_of_Fish_Kills/Oxygen+Depletion+and+Oth
er+Fish+Kills.htm
Macdonald, T. A., Burd, B. J., Macdonald, V. I., & van Roodselaar, A. (2010).
Taxonomic and feeding guild classification for the marine benthic
macroinvertebrates of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. (Canadian
Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2874). Sidney, BC: Ocean
Sciences Division - Fisheries and Ocean Canada. Retrieved from Fisheries and
Ocean Canada website: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340580.pdf
Maddocks, R. F. (1992). Anchialine Cyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Galapagos Islands,
with a review of the subfamily Paracypridinae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society, 104, 1–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1992.tb00912.x
Magni, P., Tagliapietra, D., Lardicci, C., Balthis, L., Castelli, A., Como, S., . . . Viaroli,
P. (2009). Animal-sediment relationships: Evaluating the 'Pearson-Rosenberg
paradigm' in Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(4),
478-86. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.12.009
Magurran, A. E. (2004). Measuring biological diversity. Oxford, London: Blackwell
Publishing.
Manship, B. M., Walker, A. J., Jones, L. A., & Davies, A. J. (2012). Blood feeding in
juvenile Paragnathia formica (Isopoda: Gnathiidae): biochemical characterization
of trypsin inhibitors, detection of anticoagulants, and molecular identification of
fish hosts. Parasitology, 139, 744-754. doi:10.1017/S0031182011002320.
308
McClatchie, S., Goericke, R., Cosgrove, R., & Vetter, R. (2010). Oxygen in the southern
California Bight: Multidecadal trends and implications for demersal fisheries.
Geophysical Research Letters, 37(19), L19602. doi: 10.1029/2010GL044497
McCune, B., & Grace, J. B. (2002). Analysis of ecological communities. Gleneden Beach,
OR: MjM Software Design.
Michel, L. (2011). Multidisciplinary study of trophic diversity and functional role of
amphipod crustaceans associated to Posidonia oceanica meadows (Doctoral
dissertation). University in Liège, Belgium. Retrieved from
orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/95644/1/LM_ThesisFull.pdf
Monokov, A. (1972). Review of studies on feeding of aquatic invertebrates conducted at
the institute of biology of inland waters. Journal of Fisheries Research Board
Canada, 29, 363-383.
Murina, V. V. (1984). A new species of the Bonnelidae and a new finding of an Echiurid.
Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 63(4), 617-620.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Jayakumar, D. A., Narvekar, P. V., Naik, H., Sarma, V. V. S. S.,
D’Souza, W., . . . George, M. D. (2000). Increased marine production of N2O due
to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature, 408, 346-349.
Newell, R. C., Seiderer, L. J., & Hitchcock, D. R. (1998). The impact of dredging works
in coastal waters: a review of the sensitivity to disturbance and subsequent
recovery of biological resources on the seabed. Oceanography and Marine
Biology, 36, 127-178.
309
Ng, P. K. L., Guinot, D., & Davie, P. J. F. (2008). Systema Brachyurorum: Part 1. an
annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran Crabs of the world. The Raffles Bulletin
of Zoology, 17, 286.
Nilsson, H. C., & Rosenberg, R. (1994). Hypoxic response of two marine benthic
communities. Marine Ecological Progress Series, 115, 209-217.
Nilsson, H. C., & Rosenberg, R. (2000). Succession in marine benthic habitats and fauna
in response to oxygen deficiency: Analysed by sediment profile-imaging and by
grab samples. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 197, 139-149.
NMiTA-Neogene Marine Biota of Tropical America (n.d.-a). Bivalves. In Todd, J. A.
Molluscan life habits databases: Bivalve life habits database. Retrieved from
http://porites.geology.uiowa.edu/database/bivalves/Bivalve_eco.html
NMiTA-Neogene Marine Biota of Tropical America (n.d.-b). Gastropods. In Todd, J. A.
Molluscan life habits databases: Gastropod diets database. Retrieved from
http://porites.geology.uiowa.edu/database/mollusc/Gastropod_diet.html
Nørrevang, A. (1965). Structure and function of the tentacle and pinnules of Siboglinum
ekmani Jagersten (Pogonophora) with special reference to the feeding
problem. Sarsia: North Atlantic Marine Science, 21(1), 37-47.
Odum, E. P. (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development, Science, 167(3877), 262-
270.
Odum, E. P., & Odum, H. T. (1959). Fundamentals of ecology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia:
W.B. Saunders Company.
Oksanen, J. (2015). Multivariate analysis of ecological communities in R: Vegan tutorial.
Retrieved from http://cc.oulu.fi/~jarioksa/opetus/metodi/vegantutor.pdf
310
Oksanen, J, Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O'Hara., . . .
Wagner, H. (2015). R package ‘Vegan’: Community ecology package (version
2.0-10). http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
Paine, R. T. (1963). Ecology of the Brachiopod Glottidia pyramidata. Ecological
Monographs, 33, 187-213. doi: 10.2307/1942626
Palomar, N. E., Juinio-Meñez, M. A., & Karplus, I. (2005). Behavior of the burrowing
Shrimp Alpheus macellarius in varying gravel substrate conditions. Journal of
Ethology, 23(2), 173-180.
Pearson, T. H. (2001). Functional group ecology in soft-sediment marine benthos: The
role of bioturbation. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 39,
233-267.
Pearson, T. H., & Rosenberg, R. (1978). Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic
enrichment and pollution of the environment. Oceanography and Marine Biology:
an Annual Review, 16, 229-311.
Pla, L., Casanoves, F., & Di Rienzo, J. (2012). Functional groups. In Quantifying
Functional Biodiversity (Springer Briefs in Environmental Science) (pp. 9-25).
Berlin: Springer.
Poore, G. C. B., & Bruce, N. L. (2012). Global diversity of marine Isopods (except
Asellota and Crustacean symbionts). PLoS ONE, 7(8): e43529.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043529
Putro, S.P. (2009). Response of trophic groups of macrobenthic fauna to environmental
disturbance caused by fish farming. Journal of Coastal Development, 12(3), 155-
166.
311
R Core Team. (2012). R: A language for statistical computing (version 3.1.1) [software].
R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from
http://www.R-project.org/
Rabalais, N. N., Smith, L. E., Harper, D. E., & Justić, D. (2001). Effects of seasonal
hypoxia on continental shelf benthos. In N. N. Rabalais & R. E. Turner (Eds.),
Coastal hypoxia: Consequences for living resources and ecosystems, coastal and
estuarine studies (pp. 211-240). Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
Rabalais, N. N., & Turner, R. E. (2001). Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico:
Description, causes, and change. In N. N. Rabalais & R. E. Turner (Eds.), Coastal
hypoxia: Consequences for living resources and ecosystems, coastal and
estuarine studies (pp. 1-36). Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
Rabalais, N. N., & Turner, R. E. (2009). Gulf of Mexico dead zone surprisingly small in
area, but severe [Press release]. Retrieved from
http://www.gulfhypoxia.net/Research/
Shelfwide%20Cruises/2009/Files/Press_Release.pdf
Rabalais, N. N., & Turner, R. E. (2010). 2010 Dead zone – one of the largest ever [Press
release]. Retrieved from
http://www.gulfhypoxia.net/Research/Shelfwide%20Cruises/
2010/PressRelease2010.pdf.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., Sen Gupta, B. K., Boesch, D. F., Chapman, P, & Murrell,
M. C. (2007). Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Does the science support
the plan to reduce, mitigate, and control hypoxia? Estuaries and Coasts, 30(5),
753–772.
312
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., & Wiseman Jr., W. J. (2002). Gulf of Mexico hypoxia,
a.k.a. ‘the dead zone’. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 33,
235-263.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., Wiseman Jr., W. J., & Boesch, D. F. (1991). A brief
summary of hypoxia on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf: 1985-
1988. In R. V. Tyson & T. H. Pearson (Eds.), Modern and ancient continental
shelf anoxia (pp. 35-47). Brassmill Lane, Bath: The Geological Society
Publishing House.
Rabotyagov, S. S., Kling, C. L., Gassman, P. W., Rabalais, N. N., & Turner, R. E. (2014,
March 26). Economists must work together with scientists to address the problem
of ‘dead zones’ such as the one in the Gulf of Mexico [Blog post]. Retrieved
from http://bit.ly/1l0XR10
Rakocinski, C. F., Brown, S. S., Gaston, G. R., Heard, R. W., Walker, W. W., &
Summers, J. K. (1999). Species-abundance-biomass responses to sediment
chemical contamination. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 7,
201-214.
Reish, D., & Barnard, L. (1979). Amphipods (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Amphipoda). In C.
W. Hart, Jr & S. L. H. Fuller (Eds.), Pollution Ecology of Estuarine Invertebrates
(pp. 345-700). New York. Academic Press.
Rhoads, D. C., & Boyer, L. F. (1982). The effect of marine benthos on physical
properties of sediments a successional perspective. In P. L. McCall & M. J. S.
Tevesz (Eds.) Animal-sediment relations: The biogenic alteration of sediments
(pp. 3-43). New York: Plenum Press.
313
Rhoads, D. C., & Young, D. K. (1970). The influence of deposit feeding organisms on
sediment stability and community trophic structure. Journal of Marine Research,
28, 150-177.
Ricciardi, A., & Bourget, E. (1998). Weight-to-weight conversion factors for marine
benthic macroinvertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 163, 245-251.
doi:10.3354/meps163245
Rieper, M. (1982). Feeding preferences of marine Harpacticoid Copepods for various
species of bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 7, 303-307.
Rosenberg, R., Nilsson, H. C., & Diaz, R. J. (2001). Response of benthic fauna and
changing sediment redox profiles over a hypoxic gradient. Estuarine, Coastal and
Shelf Science, 53, 343-350.
Rowe, G. T., & Chapman, P. (2002). Continental shelf hypoxia: Some nagging questions.
Gulf of Mexico. Science, 20(2), 153-160.
Rumohr, H., Bonsdorff, E., & Pearson, T. H. (1996). Zoobenthic succession in Baltic
sedimentary habitats. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research, 44, 179-214.
Ruppert, E. E., & Barnes, R. D. (1994). Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX:
Saunders College Publishing.
Salen-Picard, C., Arlhac D., & Alliot E. (2003). Responses of a Mediterranean soft
bottom community to short-term (1993-1996) hydrological changes in the Rhone
River. Marine Environmental Research, 55, 409-427.
Santschi, P., Hohener, P., Benoit, G., & Buchholtz-ten, M. (1990). Chemical processes at
the sediment-water interface. Marine Chemistry, 30, 269-315.
314
Sanz-Lázaro, C., & Marín, A. (2011). Diversity patterns of benthic macrofauna caused by
marine fish farming. Diversity, 3, 176-199. doi:10.3390/d3020176.
Snelgrove, P. V. R., & Butman, C. A. (1994). Animal-sediment relationships revisited:
Cause versus effect. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 32, 111-
177.
Sommer, U. (2002). Population dynamics of phytoplankton. In UNESCO - Encyclopedia
of life support system - sample chapters: Environmental and ecological sciences,
engineering and technology resource. Retrieved from
http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/E2-27-03-02.pdf
Stachowitsch, M., Riedel, B., Zuschin, M., & Machan, R. (2007). Oxygen depletion and
benthic mortalities: The first in situ experimental approach to documenting an
elusive phenomenon. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 5, 344-352.
Stephan, C. E. (1977). Methods for calculating an LC50. In F. L. Mayer, & J. L.
Hamelink, (Eds.) Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation. Proceedings of the
First Annual Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology (pp. 65-84). Baltimore, MD:
American Society for Testing and Materials.
Stöhr, S., O’Hara, T. D., & Thuy, B. (2012). Global diversity of brittle stars
(Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Plos ONE, 7(3): e31940. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0031940
Swarzenski, P. W., Campbell, P. L., Osterman, L. E., & Poore, R. Z. (2008). A 1000-year
sediment record of recurring hypoxia off the Mississippi river: The potential role
of terrestrially-derived organic matter inputs. Marine Chemistry, 109, 130-142.
315
ter Braak, C. J. F. (1986). Canonical correspondence analysis: A new eigenvector
technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology, 67, 1167-1179.
ter Braak, C. J. F. (2011). CARME 2011 - History of canonical correspondence analysis
in ecology [Video file]. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO88UjIgk1s
ter Braak, C. J. F., & Verdonschot, P. E. M. (1995). Canonical correspondence analysis
and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquatic Science, 57(3),
1015-1621.
Tunnell, J. W., Andrews, J., Barrera, N., & Moretzsohn, F. (2010). Encyclopedia of Texas
seashells: Identification, ecology, distribution, and history. College Station, TX:
Texas A and M University Press.
Turner, R. E., Rabalais, N. N., Swenson, E. M., Kasprzak, M., & Romaire, T. (2005).
Summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and its prediction from 1978 to
1995. Marine Environment Research, 59, 65-77.
Tyson, R. V., & Pearson, T. H. (1991). Modern and ancient continental shelf anoxia: An
overview. In R. V. Tyson & T. H. Pearson (Eds.), Modern and ancient continental
shelf anoxia (pp. 1-24). Brassmill Lane, Bath: The Geological Society Publishing
House.
Uebelacker, J. M., & Johnson, P. G. (Eds.). (1984). Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes
of the northern Gulf of Mexico (Vol. 1). Mobile, AL: Barry A. Vittor &
Associates, Inc.
316
Vannier, J., Abe, K., & Ikuta, K. (1998) Feeding in Myodocopid Ostracods: Functional
morphology and laboratory observations from videos. Marine Biology, 132, 391-
408. doi:10.1007/s002270050406
Verity, P. G., Alber, M., & Bricker, S. B. (2006). Development of hypoxia in well-mixed
subtropical estuaries in the southeastern USA. Estuaries and Coasts, 29, 665-673.
Wägele, J. W. (1981). The phylogeny of Anthuridea (Crustacea, Isopoda) with
contributions to life, morphology, anatomy and taxonomy. Zoologica, 132, 1-127.
Wägele, J. W., Welsch, U., & Müller, W. (1981). Fine structure and function of the
digestive tract of Cyathura carinata (Kroyer) (Crustacea,Isopoda).
Zoomorphology, 98, 69-88.
Wetzer, R., Brusca, R. C., & Wilson G. D. F. (1997). The Crustacea part 2 - the Isopoda,
Cumacea and Tanaidacea. In J. A. Blake & P. H. Scott (Eds.), Taxonomic atlas of
the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria basin and western Santa Barbara channel.
Volume 11. Santa Barbara, CA: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M., & Janas, U. (1996). Hydrogen sulfide and other factors
influencing the macrobenthic community structure in the Gulf of Gdansk.
Oceanologia, 38, 379-394.
WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species. (n.d.). Available from
http://www.marinespecies.org
Zhadan, A. E., Vortsepneva, E. V., & Tzetlin, A. B. (2012). Redescription and biology
of Cossura pygodactylata jones, 1956 (Polychaeta: Cossuridae) in the White Sea.
Invertebrate Zoology, 9(2), 115–125.