Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 3 Oncology and the Central...

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Unit 3

Oncology and the Central Nervous System


Oncology

• onc/o = tumor

• Examples:– onc/o/logy = study and treatment of tumors

– onc/o/logist = one who studies tumors

• carcin/o = cancer


Cells

• cyt/o = cell

• Examples:– cyt/o/ology = study of cells

– cyt/o/log/ist = one who studies cells

– cyt/o/techn/o/logist = one who prepares and screens human tissue to detect abnormalities


Tissues

• hist/o = tissue

• Examples:– hist/o/ology = study of tissues

– hist/o/log/ist = one who studies tissues

– hist/o/blast = embryonic tissue cell

– hist/o/cyte = tissue cell

– hist/oid = resembling tissue


Disease and Change

• path/o/logy = study of disease

• path/o/log/ist = one who studies disease

• morph/o/logy = study of form, shape, or structure

• meta/morph/osis = process of changing from one form into another


Tumors

• Abnormal growth in numbers/and or types of cells

• neo/plasm = new growth– Another word for tumor


Tumors

• Can be malignant or benign

• Malignant– Cancerous

• Benign– Non-cancerous


Tumors

• -oma = suffix for tumor

• Examples:– carcin/oma = cancer of epithelia tissue

– sarc/oma = cancer of connective tissue

– aden/oma = glandular tumor

– lip/oma = fatty tumor

– lymph/oma = tumor composed of lymph tissue


Tumor Terminology

Combining Form Meaning Tumormelan/o dark-pigmented melanoma

fibr/o fibrous tissue fibroadenoma

ather/o porridge-like atheroma

papill/o elevation of tissue papilloma


Tumor Terminology

• Carcinomas can spread from origin to other body parts

• meta/stasis = portion of tumor that grows in new location

• meta/stasize = to spread from point of origin

• meta/static = adjectival form


Benign and Malignant Tumors

Location Benign Malignantgland adenoma adenocarcinoma

bone osteoma osteosarcoma

cartilage chondroma chondrosarcoma

fat lipoma liposarcoma

nerve neuroma neurosarcoma


Animation

• Insert Cancer Metastasizing


Cancer Treatments

• radi/o/therapy = use of radiation

• surgery = removal of tumors

• chem/o/therapy = administration of drugs


Cancer Treatments

• anti- = against

• -plast/ic = abnormal growth

• Example:– anti/neo/plastic = agent that works against cancerous

neoplasms (tumors)• E.g., antineoplastic chemicals and drug agents used in

chemotherapy


Cancer Treatments

• -genesis = development

• Examples:– anti/tumor/i/genesis = process of inhibiting development

of tumors

– anti/tumor/i/genic = agent that inhibits development of tumors


Head

• cephal = head

• cephalic = pertaining to head

• cephal/o = combining form


Structures of the Head


Head Conditions

• cephal/algia = any pain in head

• cephal/o/dynia = any pain in head

• cephal/o/dynic = pertaining to pain in head


Skull

• cranium = skull

• cranial = pertaining to skull

• crani/o = combining form for cranium


Components of the Skull


Terms Related to the Skull

• crani/o/meter = instrument used to measure skull

• crani/o/malac/ia = softening of skull

• crani/o/plasty = surgical repair of skull

• crani/o/tomy = incision into skull

• crani/ectomy = excision of part of skull


Brain

• encephal/o = combining form


Brain and Spinal Cord


Brain Conditions

• encephal/o/malac/ia = softening of brain tissue

• encephal/o/cele = herniation of brain

• encephal/o/tomy = incision into brain


Brain: Diagnostics

• electr/o/encephal/o/gram = picture of electrical activity of brain

• electr/o/encephal/o/graphy = process of recording electrical brain activity

• electr/o/encephal/o/graph = instrument used to record electrical brain activity


Cerebrum

• Part of brain responsible for thinking, feeling, and moving

• cerebral = adjectival form


Cerebral Conditions

• cerebr/itis = inflammation of cerebrum

• cerebr/oma = tumor in cerebrum

• cerebr/o/vascular accident = loss of brain function due to decreased blood flow

• cerebr/o/tomy = incision into cerebrum


Brain and Spinal Cord

• Nerves from brain are connected to rest of body through spinal cord

• mye/o = spinal cord

• cerebr/o/spinal = pertaining to brain and spinal cord

• cerebr/o/spinal fluid = bathes cerebrum and spinal cord


Brain Covering

• Meninges– Three-layered membrane that covers brain and spinal cord

• mening/o = combining form


Meningeal Conditions

• mening/o/cele = herniation of meninges

• mening/o/malac/ia = softening of meninges

• mening/itis = inflammation of meninges– Cerebral meningitis

– Spinal meningitis


Prefix: hyper-

• hyper- = above or more than normal

• Examples:– hyper/tension = high blood pressure

– hyper/activity = being abnormally active

– hyper/emesis = excessive vomiting

– hyper/trophy = overdevelopment


Prefix: hypo-

• hypo- = below or less than normal

• Examples:– hypo/tension = low blood pressure

– hypo/thyroid/ism = thyroid hormone deficiency

– hypo/dermic = under skin

– hypo/thermia = abnormally low body temperature


Growth and Development

• Suffixes that refer to growth and development:– -trophy

– -plasia

– -genesis

• Cannot be interchanged when building medical terms


Growth and Development

• Examples:– hyper/trophy = increase in size of cells

– hyper/plasia = increase in number of cells

– hyper/genesis = defective development or duplication of body parts


Glands

• aden/o = combining form

• Examples:– aden/itis = inflammation of gland

– aden/ectomy = removal of gland

– aden/oma = gland tumor

– aden/o/pathy = any gland disease

– lymph/aden/o/pathy = any disease of lymph glands


Pigment

• Melanin– Pigment that gives dark color to hair, skin, and dark-

pigmented area of eye

• melan/o = combining form


Pigment

• Examples:– melan/o/cyte = black-pigmented cell

– melan/o/derma = black or dark skin

– melan/oma = darkly pigmented tumor

– melan/o/carcin/oma = darkly pigmented cancerous tumor


Fat

• lip/o = fat

• Examples:– lip/oma = fatty tumor

– lip/oid = resembling fat


Fat

• ather/o = fatty or porridge-like

• Examples:– ather/oma = tumor-like thickening in blood vessel

– ather/o/scler/osis = hardening of blood vessel walls due to fatty deposits


Linings and Membranes

• Mucosa– Membrane that lines open body cavities

• Mucus– Secretion of mucous membrane

• muc/o = combining form

• mucous = adjectival form of mucus

• muc/oid = resembling mucus



• Serosa– Membrane that lines closed body cavities and outside of

organs

• serous = adjectival form

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 3 Oncology and the Central...

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