Controle Biológico Veterinaria
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Transcript of Controle Biológico Veterinaria
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Controle biológico de dípteros na
pecuária
Prof. Dr. Magno Borges
Departamento de Biologia Geral
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros
Unimontes
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• Uma maioria silenciosa…
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• E uns poucos indomáveis…
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Ordem Diptera
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Ordem Diptera
• Di=dois; ptera=asa
• Moscas, pernilongos, mutucas, flebótomos, borrachudos, etc.
• Asas anteriores membranosas e posteriores atrofiadas, modificadas em órgãos de equilíbrio denominados balancins ou halteres.
• Aparelho bucal sugador labial nos adultos e mastigador nas larvas;
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Haltere
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Família Muscidae
• Duas subfamílias:
Muscinae: aparelho bucal sugador lambedor.
Stomoxydinae: aparelho bucal sugador pungitivo.
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Ciclo
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Musca domestica
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• Sinantropia: Capacidade de um inseto de colonizar e aumentar a sua população no ambiente do homem, transmitindo doenças a este e seus animais domésticos.
64 spp. de vírus;
112 spp. de bactérias;
29 espécies de fungos;
60 espécies de protozoários;
50 espécies de helmintos.
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Stomoxydinae
Stomoxys calcitransHaematobia irritans
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Miíases
“Infestação de vertebrados vivos por larvas de dípteros que, pelo menos por um certo tempo, se alimentam dos tecidos vivos ou mortos do
hospedeiro, de suas substâncias corporais líquidas ou do alimento por ele ingerido.”
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Miíase traumática
Miíase furuncular
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Família Calliphoridae
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Cochliomyia hominivorax
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• Principal mosca causadora de míiases traumáticas nas américas;
• Erradicada dos EUA, México e América Central;
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SHINOHARA, Elio Hitoshi, MARTINI, Marcelo Zillo, OLIVEIRA NETO, Humberto Gomes de et al. Oral myiasis treated with ivermectin: case report. Braz. Dent. J., 2004, vol.15, no.1, p.79-81.
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Programa de erradicação da Cochliomya
• Benefícios com a erradicação:– EUA: U$ 900 milhões;– México: U$ 2 bilhões
desde 1991.
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Chrysomya
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Lucilia
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Família Sarcophagidae
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Família Oestridae
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Dermatobia hominis
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Oito dias de incubação
Período larval: 25 a 60 dias
Período pupal: 30 a 32 dias
Copulam nas primeiras 24 horas
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Forético
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Controle biológico (Família Tephritidae)
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Controle químico• Ivermectinas
– Streptomyces avermitilis
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Fezes de bovinos tratados com ivermectina
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Resistência a
inseticidas
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Número de artrópodes resistentes a pelo menos um tipo de inseticida nos últimos 100 anos.
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Manejo Integrado de Pragas
• Perdas causadas pelos artrópodes na produção animal.
• Insetos x inseticidas.
• Visão sistêmica do problema.
• Benefícios à longo prazo.
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Limiar de dano econômico
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• Integração de todas as técnicas de controle disponíveis e apropriadas para manter as populações de pragas abaixo do limiar de dano econômico, causando o menor impacto possível ao agroecossistema.
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• Fases do MIP:
Identificação das espécies de pragas e inimigos naturais;
Monitorar destas populações dentro do agroecossistema;
Definir o limiar de dano econômico;
Usar técnicas de manejo apropriadas e agentes de controle biológico;
Se necessário, utilizar os pesticidas de maneira racional e estratégica.
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Monitoramento
• O monitoramento das populações de pragas é a base do MIP.
• Tomada de decisão para acionamento de medidas de controle.
• Verificação do resultado das intervenções.
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Armadilhas
Armadilha com isca atrativa
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Armadilha de barreira de vôo (Malésia)
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Monitoramento indireto
“Spot-cards”
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Cartões colantes
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Funil de Berlese
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Controle físico ou cultural
Controle da umidade, manejo de esterco.
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Controle Biológico Parasitóides, predadores, patógenos.
• Incrementar a população nativa;
• Introduzir novas espécies.
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Parasitóides
• São especializados na escolha do hospedeiro;
• São menores que o hospedeiro;
• Os imaturos sempre matam o hospedeiro;
• A fêmea localiza e analisa o hospedeiro;
• Parasitam diferentes fases do hospedeiro.
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Família Pteromalidae
Muscidifurax spp.Spalangia cameroniS. drosophilaeS. endiusS. nigraS. nigroaenea
Família Braconidae Aphaereta sp.
Gnatopleura quadridentata
Família Diapriidae Trichopia sp.
Família Chalcidae Brachymeria sp.
Família Eucoilidae Eucoilidae spp.
Espécies de parasitóides de moscas no Brasil
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Predadores
• Coleópteros, Dermapteros, ácaros e moscas predadoras.• Práticas de manejo que favoreçam a colonização.
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Família Tenebrionidae
Alphitobius diaperinus
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Coleoptera (Histeridae)
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Coleoptera (Staphylinidae)
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Insetos da Ordem Dermaptera (tesourinhas);
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• Ácaros das Família Macrochelidae, Uropodidae e Parasitidae;
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Pseudoscorpionida
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Moscas Predadoras
Ophyra aenescens
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Parasitas e Patógenos
Fungos
Bactérias
Nematóides
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• Controle Químico
Adulticidas;
Larvicidas;
Aditivos alimentares;
Reguladores de crescimento
Ciromazina
Seletividade.
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Tratado com
Ciromazina
Normal