CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf ·...

39
!"#$%&$" ()*$+,)!" !" !"#!$%&’! ! " ) *#!$%&’! ! "+ ," -%.’*/. 0* ’&#1!. "# %&’(") *" #+, -’(&+.’%)", ") ",/+0+ ! #$ &’ (’)*+, -*.’, ’/- +*.0/1*,$&- &$ #-2/3/ 4/$ )&$*5, 6$ 2/2&’ 76$5/+&$)/’ &$ ’/ &8,’61*9$ : 5*-)0*;61*9$ .&,.0<7*1/= )&$*&$5, 6$/ .0/$ *$1*5&$1*/ / -6 8&> &$ &’ <+;*), &1,$9+*1,= 16’)60/’ & *$1’6-, 2,’?)*1, )/$), 5& ’/- <0&/- &+*-,0/- 1,+, 0&1&2),0&-" ! @60/$)& ;6&$/ 2/0)& 5&’ A" BCB= )0/- ’/ *$5&2&$5&$1*/ /+&0*1/$/= &’ +,8*+*&$), +*.0/),0*, $, -& 5&)*&$&= 1&$)0<$5,-& -,;0& ),5, &$ D6;/ : 1,$)*$6/$5, )0/- ’/ *$5&2&$5&$1*/ 5& E-)/ &$ FGHG" #$)0& FGIJ : FHKI 4/1*/ !0.&$)*$/ &+*.0/$ 1&01/ 5& 5,- +*’’,$&- : +&5*, 5& &-2/3,’&-= /-* 1,+, / LEM*1,= N0/-*’= O06.6/:= D4*’&= P&$>6&’/ : ,)0,- 2/*-&- /+&0*1/$,-" ! Q/ R6&00/ D*8*’ &-2/3,’/ 5& FHKSTFHKH 5*, ,0*.&$ /’ &M*’*, 0&26;’*1/$,= 6$, 5& ’,- +/:,0&- &M*’*,- 5& ’/ 4*-),0*/ 5& #-2/3/= -& 0&2/0)*&0,$ 2,0 #60,2/ & C;&0,/+&0*1/" D,$ ’/ 10*-*- 5& FHUH= ’,- +,8*+*&$),- +*.0/),0*,- )0/5*1*,$/’&- $, -& 5&)68*&0,$ $* 1/+;*/0,$ ’,- 5&-)*$,- 20&7&0&$)&- VD6;/= O06.6/:= LEM*1,"""W 4/-)/ ’/ -/’*5/ 5& ’/ /6)/0X6*/ : &’ 2’/$ 5& &-)/;*’*>/1*9$ 5& FHIH" ! Q,- &7&1),- 5& ’/ 10*-*- 5&’ 2&)09’&, 5& FHKS &$ ’/- &1,$,+?/- 5& ’,- 2/?-&- 5&-/00,’’/5,- 5& #60,2/ ,11*5&$)/’ : ’,- 1/+;*,- -,1*,2,’?)*1,- ,2&0/5,- &$ #-2/3/ )0/- &’ 7*$/’ 5& ’/ 5*1)/560/ 70/$X6*-)/ 20,8,1/0,$= &$)0& ,)0,- 7/1),0&-= 6$/ 0&5611*9$ 5& ’/ &+*.0/1*9$ &-2/3,’/ 4/1*/ &’ &M)&0*,0 : 6$ $,)/;’& *$10&+&$), 5&’ $(+&0, 5& 0&),0$,-" ! ! 20*$1*2*,- 5& ’,- IY -& 10&/ &’ C$-)*)6), &-2/3,’ 5& #+*.0/1*9$= X6& -*.$*7*19 &’ 1,+*&$>, 5& 6$/ &+*.0/1*9$ +/-*8/ &$ 5*0&11*9$ / ’/ #60,2/ 0&1,-)06*5/ )0/- ’/ CC R6&00/ L6$5*/’= -& 1,$)/;*’*>/0,$ +<- 5& 6$ +*’’9$ 5& 2&0-,$/-= ’, X6& 0&20&-&$)9 &’ JYZ 5& ’/ &+*.0/1*9$ ),)/’ &$ &’ 2&0?,5, FHIHTFHJK= -*+6’)/$&/+&$)& -& 20,561& &’ EM,5, 060/’= 5&’ 26&;’, / ’/ 1*65/5" #$ E-)& 2&0*,5, ’,- 5&-)*$,- 20*$1*2/’&- 76&0,$ -,;0& ),5,= [0/$1*/= !’&+/$*/= A6*>/= NE’.*1/ : &’ \&*$, O$*5," F

Transcript of CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf ·...

Page 1: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

!"#$%&$"'()*$+,)!"

!" !"#!$%&'!( (!(("()(*#!$%&'!( (!(("+(,"(-%.'*/.(0*('&#1!.( (

"#$%&'(")$*"$#+,$-'(&+.'%)",$")$",/+0+

! #$%&'%(')*+,%-*.',%'/-%+*.0/1*,$&-%&$%#-2/3/%4/$%)&$*5,%6$%2/2&'%76$5/+&$)/'%&$%'/%

&8,'61*9$ %: %5*-)0*;61*9$ %.&,.0<7*1/= % )&$*&$5, %6$/ %.0/$ % *$1*5&$1*/ % / % -6 %8&> %&$ %&' %<+;*),%

&1,$9+*1,=%16')60/'%&%*$1'6-,%2,'?)*1,%)/$),%5&%'/-%<0&/-%&+*-,0/-%1,+,%0&1&2),0&-"

! @60/$)& %;6&$/ %2/0)& %5&' %A" %BCB= % )0/- % '/ % *$5&2&$5&$1*/ % /+&0*1/$/= % &' %+,8*+*&$),%

+*.0/),0*,%$,%-&%5&)*&$&=%1&$)0<$5,-&%-,;0&%),5,%&$%D6;/%:%1,$)*$6/$5,%)0/-%'/%*$5&2&$5&$1*/%

5&%E-)/%&$%FGHG"%#$)0&%FGIJ%:%FHKI%4/1*/%!0.&$)*$/%&+*.0/$%1&01/%5&%5,-%+*'',$&-%:%+&5*,%5&%

&-2/3,'&-=%/-*%1,+,%/%LEM*1,=%N0/-*'=%O06.6/:=%D4*'&=%P&$>6&'/%:%,)0,-%2/*-&-%/+&0*1/$,-"

! Q/%R6&00/%D*8*'%&-2/3,'/%5&%FHKSTFHKH%5*,%,0*.&$%/'% &M*'*,% 0&26;'*1/$,=%6$,%5&%',-%

+/:,0&-%&M*'*,-%5&%'/%4*-),0*/%5&%#-2/3/=%-&%0&2/0)*&0,$%2,0%#60,2/%&%C;&0,/+&0*1/"%D,$%'/%

10*-*-%5&%FHUH=%',-%+,8*+*&$),-%+*.0/),0*,-%)0/5*1*,$/'&-%$,%-&%5&)68*&0,$%$*%1/+;*/0,$%',-%

5&-)*$,-%20&7&0&$)&-%VD6;/=%O06.6/:=%LEM*1,"""W%4/-)/%'/%-/'*5/%5&%'/%/6)/0X6*/%:%&'%2'/$%5&%

&-)/;*'*>/1*9$%5&%FHIH"

! Q,- % &7&1),- % 5& % '/ % 10*-*- % 5&' % 2&)09'&, % 5& % FHKS % &$ % '/- % &1,$,+?/- % 5& % ',- % 2/?-&-%

5&-/00,''/5,-%5&%#60,2/%,11*5&$)/'%:%',-%1/+;*,-%-,1*,2,'?)*1,-%,2&0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/%)0/-%&'%

7*$/' % 5& % '/ % 5*1)/560/ % 70/$X6*-)/ % 20,8,1/0,$= % &$)0& % ,)0,- % 7/1),0&-= % 6$/ % 0&5611*9$ % 5& % '/%

&+*.0/1*9$%&-2/3,'/%4/1*/%&'%&M)&0*,0%:%6$%$,)/;'&%*$10&+&$),%5&'%$(+&0,%5&%0&),0$,-"

! !%20*$1*2*,-%5&%',-%IY%-&%10&/%&'%C$-)*)6),%

&-2/3,' % 5& % #+*.0/1*9$= % X6& % -*.$*7*19 % &'%

1,+*&$>, % 5& % 6$/ % &+*.0/1*9$ % +/-*8/ % &$%

5*0&11*9$ % / % '/ % #60,2/ % 0&1,-)06*5/ % )0/- % '/ % CC%

R6&00/ %L6$5*/'= % -& % 1,$)/;*'*>/0,$ %+<- % 5& % 6$%

+*''9$%5&%2&0-,$/-=%',%X6&%0&20&-&$)9%&'%JYZ%5&%

'/ % &+*.0/1*9$ % ),)/' % &$ % &' % 2&0?,5, % FHIHTFHJK=%

-*+6')/$&/+&$)&%-&%20,561&%&'%EM,5,%060/'=%5&'%

26&;',%/%'/%1*65/5"%#$%E-)&%2&0*,5,%',-%5&-)*$,-%

20*$1*2/'&- % 76&0,$ % -,;0& % ),5,= % [0/$1*/=%

!'&+/$*/=%A6*>/=%NE'.*1/%:%&'%\&*$,%O$*5,"%

F

Page 2: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

! @&-5& %+&5*/5,- % 5& % '/ % 5E1/5/ % 5& % ',- % -&)&$)/ % &' % $(+&0, % 5& % &$)0/5/- % &$ % #-2/3/%

1,+*&$>/ % / % -62&0/0 % % /' % 5& % -/'*5/-= % 5/$5, % 1,+, % 0&-6')/5, % 6$ % -/'5, % $&), % 7/8,0/;'& % / % '/%

*$+*.0/1*9$= %X6&%-& %8/ %/ %+/$)&$&0 %/ % ', % '/0., %5& % ),5,%&' %(')*+,%16/0), %5& %-*.', %4/-)/ % '/%

/1)6/'*5/5"

! #'%7&$9+&$,%5&%'/%&+*.0/1*9$%&-2/3,'/%/%#60,2/%5609%4/-)/%'/%10*-*-%5&%FHJK=%&$%X6&%

-&%5&)*&$&%:%&-%-62&0/5,%2,0%&'%+,8*+*&$),%5&%0&),0$,%5&%',-%&+*.0/5,-%:%&M*'*/5,-"%!%2/0)*0%

5&%',-%/3,-%FHGY%:%5&%7,0+/%+<-%&8*5&$)&%5&-5&%'/%&$)0/5/%5&%#-2/3/%&$%'/%O$*9$%#60,2&/=%&'%

+,8*+*&$),%+*.0/),0*,%+<-%*+2,0)/$)&%&-%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$"

! !#'%4&14,%+<-%''/+/)*8,=%5&%',-%(')*+,-%/3,-%&$%#-2/3/=%&-%&'%&-2&1)/16'/0%10&1*+*&$),%

5&'%7'6],%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%&M)0/$]&0,-=%X6&%4/%2/-/5,%5&%/'.,%+&$,-%5&%FY"YYY%&$%FHGG%V^YZ%

5&'%),)/'W%/%+/-%5&%KHY"YYY%&$%&'%/3,%UYYF%VHIZ%5&'%),)/'W"%A*%4/-)/%FHGG%76&%20&5,+*$/$)&%&'%

7'6],%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%&M)0/$]&0,-%20,1&5&$)&-%5&%,)0,-%2/?-&-%5&%'/%O$*9$%#60,2&/=%5&-5&%FHGH%

&-%-62&0*,0%&'%$(+&0,%5&%1*65/5/$,-%&M)0/1,+6$*)/0*,-=%',-%16/'&-%0&20&-&$)/$%&$%&'%/3,%UYYF%

&'%GJ=KZ%5&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&M)0/$]&0/%V:%&'%GU=HZ%5&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%),)/'W%X6&%''&./%/%#-2/3/"

.+1,+,$*"$#+,$')-'(&+.'%)",

#'%7/1),0%+<-%*+2,0)/$)&%5&%/)0/11*9$%+*.0/),0*/%&-%&'%5&-/00,'',%&1,$9+*1,%X6&%4/%

5&+,-)0/5,%#-2/3/%5&-5&%FHHK=%;/-/5/%&$%6$%10&1*+*&$),%5&%'/%1,$-)0611*9$%:%&'%)60*-+,=%'/%

&1,$,+?/%&-2/3,'/%4/%8&$*5,%0&X6*0*&$5,%5&-5&%&$),$1&-%6$/%.0/$%1/$)*5/5%5&%+/$,%5&%,;0/"

Q/%*5&$)*5/5%16')60/'%:%'*$._?-)*1/%1,$%C;&0,/+E0*1/%5&%5,$5&%20,1&5&$%&'%KS=UFZ%5&%

',-%&M)0/$]&0,-"

Q/%1&01/$?/%.&,.0<7*1/%/'%D,$)*$&$)&%/70*1/$,`%1,$%70,$)&0/-%)&00&-)0&-%1,$%L/006&1,-=%

'/-%C-'/-%D/$/0*/-%209M*+/-%/'%,&-)&%/70*1/$,%:%&'%20,2*,%-60%2&$*$-6'/0%1&01/$,%/'%L/.0&;"

!.%),".1").'+,$*"$#+,$')-'(&+.'%)",$")$",/+0+

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%F"%"#$%&'()*+,-.

" Q/%1,$-&16&$1*/%+<-%''/+/)*8/%5&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&$%#-2/3/%4/%-*5,%&'%/6+&$),%5&%'/%

2,;'/1*9$` % /-? % &$)0& % FHHG %: %UYYI %#-2/3/ %4/;?/ % 10&1*5, % &$ %^"UII"GGY %4/;*)/$)&-= % ', % X6&%

0&20&-&$)/%6$%10&1*+*&$),%5&'%FY=SGZ%5&%'/%2,;'/1*9$%&$%J%/3,-=%1,$-&16&$1*/%5&%'/%''&./5/%

+/-*8/%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%560/$)&%&-&%2&0?,5,"

" Q/%+/:,0%)/-/%5&%$/)/'*5/5%5&%'/%2,;'/1*9$%*$+*.0/$)&%&-%'/%20*$1*2/'%1/6-/%5&'%0&26$)&%

5& % '/ % 7&16$5*5/5%X6&%-&%4/%20,561*5,%&$%&' %2/?- %2/-/$5,%5&%6$/%$/)/'*5/5%5&' %H=FHZ%/'%

U

Page 3: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

FY=JKZ%&$)0& %FHHG%:%UYYI"%#$%UYYI=%&' %FI=YZ%5&%',-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/%

76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/'*5/5%&M)0/$]&0/"

" A&%0&]68&$&1&%'/%2,;'/1*9$%&-2/3,'/%2,0X6&%'/%+/:,0?/%5&%',-%X6&%*$+*.0/$%-6&'&$%

)&$&0%&$)0&%UITKI%/3,-"%#'%IF=HFZ%5&%',-%&M)0/$]&0,-%0&-*5&$)&-%&$%#-2/3/%)*&$&%&$)0&%UY%:%KH%

/3,-=%70&$)&%/%6$%KU=SSZ%5&'%),)/'%5&%4/;*)/$)&-%5&%#-2/3/%5&$)0,%5&%E-)/%70/$]/%5&%&5/5"

%%%%%%U"%#+%/0$*+,-.

# Q/%*+2,0)/$)&% ''&./5/%5&%2,;'/1*9$%*$+*.0/$)&%&$%#5/5%5&%)0/;/]/0 %4/%0&2&016)*5,%

7/8,0/;'&+&$)&%&$%&'%),)/'%5&%/7*'*/1*,$&-%/%'/%-&.60*5/5%-,1*/'=%4/-)/%&'%26$),%X6&%1&01/%5&%6$%

^IZ%5&%'/-%/')/-%0&.*-)0/5/-%&$)0&%UYYF%:%UYYI%1,00&-2,$5*&0,$%/%)0/;/]/5,0&-%7,0<$&,-"

# #'%&+2'&,%&M)0/$]&0,%-&%4/%1,$1&$)0/5,%20*$1*2/'+&$)&%&$%-&1),0&-%5,$5&%'/%,7&0)/%5&%

+/$,%5&%,;0/%$/1*,$/'%0&-6')/%&-1/-/"

# O$/%8*-*9$%$&./)*8/%-,;0&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&$%#-2/3/=%-&%1,$-*5&09%X6&=%/%2&-/0%5&%X6&%

&'%aCN%&-2/3,'%10&1*9%&$)0&%&'%KZ%:%&'%^Z%&$)0&%',-%/3,-%FHHJ%:%UYYJ%',-%-/'/0*,-%0&/'&-%5&%'/%

2,;'/1*9$%&-2/3,'/%$,%-9',%$,%/6+&$)/0,$=%-*$,%X6&%5*-+*$6:&0,$"%Q/%''&./5/%5&%)0/;/]/5,0&-%

$,%16/'*7*1/5,-%)*09%/%'/%;/]/%',-%-/'/0*,-%&$%5*8&0-,-%-&1),0&-"

# #'%KYZ%5&%',-% )0/;/]/5,0&-%5&%'/%1,-)0611*9$%-,$%*$+*.0/$)&-%:%76&0,$%26&-),-%5&%

)0/;/],%10&/5,-%&$),0$,%/%'/%;60;6]/%*$+,;*'*/0*/"

%%%%%%K"%-%+*%1+2342',3#-.

# b/-)/%',-%/3,-%FHHY%'/%2,;'/1*9$%&-2/3,'/%4/;?/%-*5,%0&'/)*8/+&$)&%4,+,.E$&/"%Q/%

''&./5/%+/-*8/%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%&$%',-%(')*+,-%/3,-%4/%.&$&0/5,%6$/%+/:,0%5*8&0-*5/5%0/1*/'=%

16')60/'=%0&'*.*,-/%:%'*$._?-)*1/"

K

Page 4: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

# #'%JI=YUZ%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%20,1&5&$%5&%2/*-&-%1,+,%C;&0,/+E0*1/=%2,0%',%X6&%'/%

*$)&.0/1*9$ % -,1*,T16')60/' % $, % 0&-6')/ % )/$ % 1,+2'*1/5/ % 1,+, % &$ % ,)0,- % 2/?-&- % 5& % '/ %O$*9$%

#60,2&/"

^

3,-!5,/",-!627#/*3#-8!!%'&,/*9,+*%/#-!+'*$*/,3#-!"#!607#/#-!*/$*&',/4#-8!

" -:!;<:=>;?@=!A@?!A?BC:?;!D:E!:=!F@<!;G@<!HI!:=!F;<!J;FF:<!K:!+LBJ;M@N!K@=K:!<:!C:EJF;?@=!J@=! F;!<@JB:K;K! B=CBM?;=>:! F;>B=@;C:?BJ;=;8 !#=! F@< !;G@<!A@<>:?B@?:< !A;?>:!K:!<O<!CB:CP?@<!:CA:E;?@=!;!K:KBJ;?<:!;!;J>BDBK;K:<!BF:M;F:<N!J@C@!:F!>?QRBJ@!K:!K?@M;<8

" 3@<!3;>B=!SB=M<!T!F@<!U:>;<N!<@=!K@<!K:!F;<!P;=K;<!K:!VWD:=:<!B=CBM?;=>:<!<OK;C:?BJ;=@<!CQ<!BCA@?>;=>:<!K:!#<A;G;N!<:!;<:=>;?@=!:=!F;!X:=Y=<OF;!;!B=BJB@<!K:F!ZIII8!

" #=!#<A;G;!;F!BMO;F![O:!:=!*>;FB;N!<O<!CB:CP?@<!<@=!C;T@?B>;?B;C:=>:!:JO;>@?B;=@<N!F;!A@FBJY;!J@=<BK:?;![O:!O=@<!\8I]H!VWD:=:<!<:!L;P?Y;=!O=BK@!;!F;!P;=K;!:=!#<A;G;8

" -O!BC;M:=!:<!;M?:<BD;!T!<B<>:CQ>BJ;N!<:!DB<>:=!J@=!J@F@?:<N!;C;?BFF@<!@!K@?;K@<!T!=:M?@N!<O!<YCP@F@!:<!O=;!J@?@=;!K:!JB=J@!AO=>;<N!FF:D;=!:F!JO:?A@!>;>O;K@!T!>B:=:=!B==OC:?;PF:<!<;FOK@<8!

" -O!A?:<:=JB;!<:!:^>:=KB:!>;CPB_=!;!KBD:?<;<!JBOK;K:<!B>;FB;=;<N!J@C@!$BFQ=!@!&_=@D;N!:F!J;<@!B>;FB;=@N!:<!COT!<BCBF;?!;F!:<A;G@FN!;O=[O:!O=!A@J@!A@<>:?B@?N!:F!R:=WC:=@!K:!F@<!3;>B=!SB=M<!L;!<OAO:<>@! BMO;FC:=>:!O=!?@CA:J;P:E;<!A;?;!F;<!;O>@?BK;K:<! B>;FB;=;<N !F;<!JO;F:<!=@!<;PY;=!J@C@!;R?@=>;?!T!<@<>:=:?!KBJL;!<B>O;JBW=8!!

" #=!ZII`!:=!5;?J:F@=;N!<:!B=BJB;!O=!A?@J:<@!K:!F:M;FBE;?!F;!P;=K;N!J?:;=K@!;<Y!O=!C:KB@!A;?;!<O!B=>:M?;JBW=N!>?;<R@?CQ=K@<:!K:!;<@JB;JBW=!J?BCB=;F!;!;<@JB;JBW=!JOF>O?;FN!<:!J@=<BK:?;P;![O:!A@K?Y;!<:?!O=!PO:=!C:KB@!A;?;!<O!B=>:M?;JBW=!<@JB;F!:=!O=;!=O:D;!?:;FBK;KN!<B=!:CP;?M@!=@!L;!K;K@!F@<!?:<OF>;K@<!:<A:?;K@<8

" #= ! ZI\Z ! F;< ! =O:D;< ! M:=:?;JB@=:< ! K: !3;>B= !SB=M< ! := !#<A;G;N ! <: ! ;F:V;= ! K:F ! A?@J:<@!F:M;FBE;K@? ! T ! K: ! >?:MO; ! ;F ! JO;F ! <: ! L;PY; ! B=>:=>;K@ ! FF:M;? ! ;G@< ! ;=>:<N ! ;K@A>;=K@ ! K: ! =O:D@!;J>B>OK:<!DB@F:=>;<8!2=;!?:;FBK;K![O:!DO:FD:!;!A?:@JOA;?!J@=<BK:?;PF:C:=>:!;!F;<!;O>@?BK;K:<8

" 3;!<B>O;JBW=!:=!*>;FB;!:=!F;!;J>O;FBK;K!:<!A?;J>BJ;C:=>:!F;!CB<C;N!K:<AO_<!K:!O=!B=>:=>@!R;FFBK@ ! K: ! B=>:M?;JBW= ! T ! F:M;FBE;JBW=N ! F@< !3;>B= !SB=M< ! T ! F@< !U:>;< ! J@=>B=a;= ! ; ! <;JOKB? ! J@=!DB@F:=JB;!F;<!J;FF:<!K:!JBOK;K:<!J@C@!&_=@D;!T!$BFQ=8

Page 5: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

#+$2',3%&'+$*"$#+$')-'(&+.'!)$")$'3+#'+

# C)/'*/%4/%-*5,=%4/-)/%'/%O$*5/5%C)/'*/$/%%6$%a/?-%5&%&+*.0/1*9$=%-&%10&&%X6&%&$)0&%FGJS%:%

FHJS%&+*.0/0,$%+<-%5&%U^%+*'',$&-%5&%2&0-,$/-"

# @60/$)&%),5/%&-)/%E2,1/=%&'%7&$9+&$,%5&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&0/%*$&M*-)&$)&=%2,0%',%X6&%

C)/'*/%2&0+/$&1*9%6$%a/?-%)&$5&$1*/'+&$)&%5&%&+*.0/1*9$%:%$,%5&%*$+*.0/1*9$=%E-)/%)&$5&$1*/%

1,+&$>9%/%*$8&0)*0-&%/%2/0)*0%5&%',-%/3,-%SY=%5&-26E-%5&%',-%/3,-%5&'%+*'/.0,%&1,$9+*1,"

# !%2/0)*0%5&%FHJK=%C)/'*/%)&$50<%2,0%20*+&0/%8&>%6$%'*.&0,%-/'5,%+*.0/),0*,%2,-*)*8,=%6$/%

1/0/1)&0?-)*1/%X6&%-&0?/%1,$-)/$)&=%10&1*&$5,%-6-)/$1*/'+&$)&%&$%',-%-61&-*8,-%/3,-"%@&;&+,-%

1,$-*5&0/0= % 5& % ),5,- %+,5,-= % X6& % &$ % 5*14, % 2&0?,5, % ',- % *$.0&-,- % &0/$ % /($ % &$ % .0/$ % 2/0)&%

1,$-)*)6*5,-%2,0%&+*.0/$)&-%*)/'*/$,-%X6&%0&.0&-/;/$%/%C)/'*/"

# #'%7'6],%5&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&M)0/$]&0/%1,+&$>9%/%1,.&0%76&0>/%/%2/0)*0%5&'%7*$/'%5&%',-%

/3,-%JY=%7/8,0&1*5,%-&.60/+&$)&%2,0%'/%2,'?)*1/% *)/'*/$/%5&%c26&0)/-%/;*&0)/-c=%70&$)&%/% '/-%

2,'?)*1/-%0&-)0*1)*8/-%/5,2)/5/-%2,0%,)0,-%2/?-&-"

# #$%FHGF=%-&%0&/'*>/%'/%20*+&0/%&-)/5?-)*1/%-,;0&%',-%&M)0/$]&0,-%X6&%8*8&$%&$%C)/'*/=%&$%

&-&%+,+&$),%-&%1/'16'9%X6&%'/%20&-&$1*/%5&%&M)0/$]&0,-%&0/%5&%KUF"YYY=%5&%',-%16/'&-%1&01/%5&%

6$%)&01*,%&-)/;/$%&-)/;'&1*5,-%:%&'%0&-),%&0/$%)&+2,0/'&-"

# !%*$*1*,-%5&%',-%HY=%/' %*.6/'%X6&%-61&5*9% %&$%#-2/3/%&'%$(+&0,%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%-&%

562'*19=%&$%&'%1/-,%*)/'*/$,%-&%2/-9%/%SUI"YYY%2&0-,$/-"%d&$5&$1*/%X6&%1,$)*$69%10&1*&$5,%

20,.0&-*8/+&$)&%/%',%'/0.,%5&%',-%/3,-"%%

%

I

Page 6: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

#%,$)1"4%,$"-'(&+)3",5$.+-6'%,$2',3!&'.%,

# #$%',-%(')*+,-%/3,-%-&%&-)<%20,561*&$5,%6$%+,8*+*&$),%+*.0/),0*,%5&%',-%&-2/3,'&-%

X6&%/'.6$,-%/-&+&]/$%/%'/%.0/$%&+*.0/1*9$%5&%',-%/3,-%SY=%16/$5,%/'0&5&5,0%5&%6$%+*''9$%:%

+&5*,%5&%&-2/3,'&-%-&%)0/-'/5/0,$%/%'/%#60,2/%+<-%0*1/%&%*$56-)0*/'=%1,$%'/%5*7&0&$1*/%5&%X6&%

&$ % '/ %/1)6/'*5/5 % '/ % -/'*5/ %5&' %2/?- % &-)/0?/ %20,)/.,$*>/5/ %2,0 % ',- % ]98&$&- %+&],0 % 7,0+/5,-%

/1/5&+*1/+&$)&%4/;'/$5,%5&%),5,-%',-%)*&+2,-"

# a,0%20*+&0/%8&>%5&-5&%4/1&%/3,-=%'/%&+*.0/1*9$%-62&0/%/%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&$%#-2/3/"%Q/%

5*7?1*'%-*)6/1*9$%&1,$9+*1/%X6&%8*8&%&'%a/?-%4/1&%X6&%1/5/%8&>%+<-%2&0-,$/-%,2)&$%2,0%-/'*0%

5&'%a/?-%&$%;6-1/%5&%6$%76)60,%+&],0"%!-?%',%1,00,;,0/$%',-%5/),-%5&' %D&$-,%5&%\&-*5&$)&-%

!6-&$)&- %VD#\!We%&' %2,01&$)/]& %5& %&+*.0/$)&-%&-2/3,'&- %-&%4/%*$10&+&$)/5,%6$% %UF=H%Z%

5&-5&%UYYG=%-&.($%*$7,0+/%#60,2/%a0&--"%Q/%+/:,0?/%5&%',- %&+*.0/$)&-%-,$%]98&$&-%+6:%

16/'*7*1/5,-"%Q,-%2/?-&-%5,$5&%+<-%&+*.0/$%-,$%A6*>/=%!'&+/$*/%:%\&*$,%O$*5,"%

%

S

Page 7: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

$ #$%'/%4*-),0*/%5&%#-2/3/%&%C)/'*/=%&M*-)&$%.0/$5&-%26$),-%&$%1,+($%&$%16/$),%/% '/%

&8,'61*9$%5&%'/-%+*.0/1*,$&-=%-,$%5,-%2/?-&-%X6&%4/$%-670*5,%'/-%.0/$5&-%&+*.0/1*,$&-%5&%

*$*1*,-%5&'%-*.',%BB%/%!+E0*1/=%'/-%&+*.0/1*,$&-%/%'/%#60,2/%2,-)%A&.6$5/%R6&00/%L6$5*/'=%:%

4/-)/%',-%/3,-%JYTGY%$,%&M*-)&%&$%/+;,-%2/?-&-%6$%1/+;*,%5&7*$*)*8,%4/1*/%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$=%&-%

&$%&-)/-%5E1/5/-%:%&$%'/-%2,-)&0*,0&-%X6&%1,+*&$>/%6$%20,1&-,%5&%10&1*+*&$),%5&%'/%0&1&21*9$%

5&%*$+*.0/$)&-=%-*&$5,%5&-5&%',-%GY%5,-%a/?-&-%1,$%6$%10&1*+*&$),%&$,0+&%&$%'/%0&1&21*9$%5&%

',-%+*-+,-"%

$ Q/-%)&$5&$1*/-%2,'?)*1/-=%&1,$9+*1/-%:%-,;0&%),5,%'/;,0/;'&-=%1,$''&8/$%/%),5/%E-)/%

-&0*&%5&%1/+;*,-%+*.0/),0*,-=%'/%-*)6/1*9$%&1,$9+*1/%/1)6/'%4/%''&8/5,%/%+,5*7*1/0%5&%$6&8,%

'/%)&$5&$1*/=%'/%10*-*-%X6&%-670&$%',-%5,-%2/?-&-%&-)<%''&8/$5,%/%'/%1,$8&0-*9$"%Q,-%]98&$&-%

&-2/3,'&-%&%*)/'*/$,-%/$)&%'/-%5*7*16')/5&-%'/;,0/'&-%5&1*5&$%-&.6*0%',-%+*-+,-%2/-,-%X6&%&$%6$%

2/-/5,%-*.6*&0,$%-6-%/;6&',-%,%-6-%2/50&-=%4/1&0%'/%+/'&)/%&%*$*1*/0%6$/%$6&8/%8*5/"

J

3%-!/2#7%-!#$*&',/4#-8

!!!!!!

1 !#<A;G;!A;<W !K:!<:?!O=!A;Y< !K: !:CBM?;JBW= !;!J@=D:?>B?<: ! := ! O= ! FOM;? ! K: ! ;J@MBK; ! K:!B=CBM?;=>:<N ! J@= ! F; ! B??OAJBW= ! K: ! F; ! J?B<B<!:J@=WCBJ;N!F;!FF:M;K;!K:!:^>?;=V:?@<!<:!A;?W!:=!<:J@!T!F@<!:<A;G@F:<!DO:FD:=!;!<;FB?!;!L;J:?!F;<!,C_?BJ;<8

1 ! 3;< ! LB<>@?B;< ! K: ! F@< ! VWD:=:< ! :<A;G@F:< ! [O:!:CBM?;=!:= ! F@< !aF>BC@< !;G@< !; ! F; !Pa<[O:K;!K:!O=;!=O:D;!DBK;N!<:!?:AB>:=!B=J;=<;PF:C:=>:8

1 ! "O?;=>: ! :F ! ZI\Z ! L;= ! :CBM?;K@ ! \\H8Ibc!:<A;G@F:<!<:Ma=!:F!X#'#!dX;K?W=!K:!:<A;G@F:<!?:<BK:=>:<!:=!:F!:^>?;=V:?@e8

1 ! #= ! F; ! ;J>O;FBK;K ! F; ! <;FBK; ! K:F ! A;Y< ! :<>;?Y;!A?@>;M@=BE;K;!A@?!F@<!VWD:=:<!CQ<!R@?C;K@<8!-:!:<>Q ! A?@KOJB:=K@ ! F; ! FF;C;K; ! J@C@ ! fROM; ! K:!J:?:P?@<f8

1 ! "O?;=>: ! F@< ! A?BC:?@< ! =O:D: !C:<:< ! K:F ! ;G@!ZI\ZN ! F;< ! <;FBK;< ! <OA:?;?@= ! ; ! F;< ! FF:M;K;< ! :=!bb8`Z`!A:?<@=;<8

Page 8: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

$ @&%/16&05,%1,$%&-),-%5/),-=%/%2&-/0%5&%'/%10*-*-%&1,$9+*1/=%#-2/3/%4/%-&.6*5,%-*&$5,%

4/-)/%7*$/'&-%5&%UYFY%6$%2/?-%1,$%+<-%*$+*.0/1*9$%X6&%&+*.0/1*9$=%1,$%6$%-/'5,%$&),%&$%&-&%

/3,%5&%HY"^GH%2&0-,$/-%V*$+*.0/$)&-%+&$,-%&+*.0/$)&-W"%#'%1,$)*$6,%5&-1&$-,%5&%''&./5/-%

5&-5&%&'%*$*1*,%5&%'/%10*-*-%:%&'%+<-%-6/8&%/6+&$),%5&%'/-%-/'*5/-%4/%20,561*5,%&$%UYFF%2,0%

20*+&0/%8&>%6$%1/+;*,%5&%-*.$,%5&'%-/'5,%+*.0/),0*,"%

N" -.2!3!'&/(&'3,&2*/(0*(!"#!$%&'!( (!(("4((

!!!!\8!#-X,U,.

#'%*$*1*,%5&%',-%7'6],-%+*.0/),0*,-%+/-*8,-%-,020&$5*9%/%#-2/3/%-*$%-/;&0%19+,%/-*+*'/0%

&-),-%+,8*+*&$),-=%$*%-,1*/'=%$*%2,'*)*1/+&$)&%:%-*$%)&$&0%6$/%'&.*-'/1*9$%1'/0/%:%5&7*$*5/%/'%

0&-2&1),"%

Q/ % 5E1/5/ % 5& % ',- % GY % &-)68, % +/01/5/ % 2,0 % 8/0*,- % /1,$)&1*+*&$),- % X6& % *$7'6:&0,$%

2,5&0,-/+&$)&%&$%'/%2,'?)*1/%+*.0/),0*/%&-2/3,'/"

$ #$%f6'*,%5&%FHGI%-&%/206&;/%'/%3:T!%?MQ=BJ;!<@P?:!F@<!K:?:JL@<!T!FBP:?>;K:<!K:!F@<!

:^>?;=V:?@<!:=!#<A;G;=%''/+/5/%Q&:%5&%&M)0/$]&0?/=%'/%16/'%1,$-)*)6?/%6$%*$)&$),%2,0%/5/2)/0%

'/%$,0+/)*8/%$/1*,$/'"

$ Q/%$6&8/%'&:%5&%&M)0/$]&0?/%&$%#-2/3/%5&]/;/%/'%5&-16;*&0),%'/.6$/-%'&./'&-=%&$%2/0)&%

5&;*5,%/%'/%*$&M2&0*&$1*/%5&%#-2/3/%1,+,%2/?-%0&1&2),0%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-=%&$%2/0)&%/'%4&14,%5&%

X6&%'/%'&:%5&;?/%/20,;/0-&%&$%6$%)*&+2,%0&1,05%2/0/%16+2'*0%'/-%&M2&1)/)*8/-%&60,2&/-%X6&%

&M*.?/$%5&-/00,''/0 %6$/ % '&.*-'/1*9$%-,;0&%6$/%16&-)*9$ %X6&%4/-)/ %&-&%+,+&$), %4/;?/ %-*5,%

*$)0/-1&$5&$)&%1,+,%0&X6*-*),%5&%&$)0/5/%&$%'/%D##%&$%&'%FHGS"

!'%1,+&$>/0%'/%5E1/5/%5&%',-%HY%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&$%#-2/3/%:/%-&%4/;?/%1,$8&0)*5,%&$%6$,%

5& % ',- % )&+/-% 7/8,0*),- %5&% ',- %L&5*,- %5&%1,+6$*1/1*9$= %2,0 %&'', % '/-%!5+*$*-)0/1*,$&-%

a(;'*1/-%1,$%&'%7*$%5&%4/1&0%70&$)&%/%&-)/%20,;'&+<)*1/=%10&/%&$%FHHF%'/%@*0&11*9$%R&$&0/'%

5&%L*.0/1*,$&-"

$ #$%FHH^%&' %L*$*-)&0*, %5&%!-6$),-%A,1*/'&- %10&9%&' %XF;=!*=>:?CB=B<>:?B;F !A;?;! F;!

B=>:M?;JBW= ! <@JB;F ! K: ! F@< ! *=CBM?;=>:< !1,$ % &' % ,;]&)*8, % 5& % *$)&.0/0 % / % ',- % *$+*.0/$)&-%

0&-*5&$)&-=%5&-/00,''/0%6$%+/:,0%1,$)0,'%&$%'/%&$)0/5/%5&%*'&./'&-%:%1,,2&0/0%1,$%',-%2/*-&-%5&%

,0*.&$%&$%+/)&0*/%+*.0/),0*/"

$ #$%&' %/3,%UYYF%-& %/20,;9 %&' %a0,.0/+/%R',;/' %5& %\&.6'/0*>/1*9$ %: %D,,05*$/1*9$%

&M)0/$]&0/%:%'/%C$+*.0/1*9$%&$%#-2/3/%&'#+%=%%1,$%8*.&$1*/%4/-)/%UYY^"

#'%20,.0/+/%20&8&?/%'/%*$)&.0/1*9$%-,1*/'%5&%',-%&M)0/$]&0,-%0&-*5&$)&-%:%7/8,0&1?/%&'%

G

Page 9: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

&-)/;'&1*+*&$), % 5& % 6$ % -*-)&+/ % 5& % 20,)&11*9$ % 5& % ',- % 5&+/$5/$)&- % 5& % /-*', % :%

1,$)&+2'/;/% )/+;*E$%&'%1,$)0,'%5&%',-%7'6],-%+*.0/),0*,-"

#$%'/%/1)6/'*5/5=%',-%+,8*+*&$),-%+*.0/),0*,-%&$%#-2/3/%&-)/$%0&.*5,-%2,0%'/%3:T!ZgZIIh!

[O:!:=>?W!:=!DBM@?!:=!:F!ZI\\N!:<!F;!Hi!?:R@?C;!K:!F;!3:T!K:!HgZIII!<@P?:!K:?:JL@<!T!

FBP:?>;K:<!K:!F@<!:^>?;=V:?@<!:=!#<A;G;!:%0&76&0>/%'/%'614/%1,$)0/%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%*'&./'%

/%)0/8&-%5&%'/%6)*'*>/1*9$%5&%+&1/$*-+,-%5&%1,$)0,'%&$%1,'/;,0/1*9$%1,$%'/%O$*9$%#60,2&/"

Z8 *4,3*,.

# #$%FHGU=%2,0%20*+&0/%8&>%&$%C)/'*/=%-&%20,26-,%6$%20,.0/+/%5&%0&.6'/0*>/1*9$%5&%',-%

*$+*.0/$)&-%-*$%5,16+&$),-=%+*&$)0/-%X6&%&$%FHGS%76&%/20,;/5/%'/%20*+&0/%'&:%&$%+/)&0*/%5&%

*$+*.0/1*9$% VQ"H^K%5&' %KY"FU"FHGSW= %1,$% '/ %16/' % -& % 7*]/;/ %&' %,;]&)*8, %5& %./0/$)*>/0 %/ % ',-%

)0/;/]/5,0&-%&M)0/1,+6$*)/0*,-%',-%+*-+,-%5&0&14,-%5&%',-%)0/;/]/5,0&-%*)/'*/$,-"

# #$%FHHY%76&%/20,;/5/%'/%5&$,+*$/5/%cQ&..&%L/0)*''*c=%X6&%;6-1/;/%2,0%20*+&0/%8&>%

6$/%.&-)*9$%5&%',-%7'6],-%5&%*$.0&-,%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%&$%&'%a/?-=%1,$%5*14/%'&:%-&%0&.6'/0*>/0,$%

1&01/%5&%UYY"YYY%&M)0/$]&0,-%20,8&$*&$)&-%5&'%g,0)&%5&%h70*1/"

# #$%FHHF%C)/'*/%5&;&%/70,$)/0%'/%20*+&0/%*$+*.0/1*9$%+/-*8/=%20,8&$*&$)&%5&%!';/$*/=%

,0*.*$/5/ % 2,0 % '/ % 1/?5/ % 5&' % ;',X6& % 1,+6$*-)/= % E-)/ % -*)6/1*9$ % 76& % 0&-6&')/ % 1,$ % /16&05,-%

;*'/)&0/'&-"%#$%',-%/3,-%2,-)&0*,0&-%-&%0&/'*>/0,$%),5/%6$/%-&0*&%5&%/16&05,-%;*'/)&0/'&-%1,$%

,)0,-%2/?-&-=%20*$1*2/'+&$)&%&$%&'%<0&/%L&5*)&00/$&/"

# D,$%'/%Q&:%d601,Tg/2,'*)/$,%5&%FHHG%-&%*$)&$)/0,$%0&.6'/0*>/0%',-%7'6],-%5&%*$.0&-,=%

;6-1/$5,%/-?%5&%70&$/0%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%5&%1'/$5&-)*$,-"%Q/%+/)&0*/%-&0<%0&8*-/5/%5&%$6&8,%&$%

UYYU%1,$%'/%''/+/5/%Q&:%N,--*T[*$*=%X6&%20&8&?/=%&$)0&%,)0/-%1,-/-=%'/%2,-*;*'*5/5%5&%&M26'-*9$%

*$+&5*/)/%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%*'&./'&-%2,0%2/0)&%5&%'/%76&0>/%2(;'*1/"

H

Page 10: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

!"#$%&$"'*"!)-.

&+ 2./('2&"0*/3!"./+(0!5!',23&0*/()(%!*/$./(0*(,"&( ((

",*6&(6!0&

.&17+&$#+$8&%)3"&+9$1)+$-','!)$*"$&'",(%

! #$%2/)&0/-=%;/'-/-=%5&$)0,%5&'%+,),0%5&%6$%1,14&=%/6),;6-&-=%1/+*,$&-`%-,$%*$7*$*)/-%

'/-%,21*,$&-%X6&%;6-1/$%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%2/0/%/11&5&0%/%#-2/3/=%),5/-%&''/-%1,$''&8/$%6$%.0/$%

0*&-.,=%4/;*)6/'+&$)&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%-6;-/4/0*/$,-%X6&%*$)&$)/$%/11&5&0%/%#-2/3/%)0<+*)&%

E-),-%-*-)&+/-=%''&./$%/%'/%a&$?$-6'/%1,$%.0/$5&-%20,;'&+/-%5&%-/'65=%4*2,)&0+*/-=%1/$-/$1*,%

&M)0&+,=%5&-*50/)/1*9$"%

! Q,- %+E),5,- % 6)*'*>/5,- % 2/0/ % 106>/0 % '/ % 70,$)&0/ % -,$ % 5&-&-2&0/5,- % : % 2&'*.0,-,-= % '/%

+/:,0?/%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%/11&5&%/%#-2/3/%2,0%+/0=%-*$%)&$&0%',-%1,$,1*+*&$),-%;<-*1,-%5&%

$/8&./1*9$= % : % $, %26&5&$ % 0&/11*,$/0 % 1,$ % &7&1)*8*5/5 % / % ',- % *+20&8*-),- % X6& % -60.&$ % &$ % &'%

)0/:&1),"%P*/]/$%&$)0&%/+/-*],-%5&%1/;'&-%:%4*&00,-=%&$%&'%+,),0%5&%6$%1,14&%,%&$%&'%7/'-,%7,$5,%

5& %6$ %1/+*9$ %: %&$)0& % ',- %X6& % ''&./$= % -,$ % 70&16&$)&- % '/- % '*2,)*+*/-= % '/- %4*2,)&0+*/- %: %&'%

1/$-/$1*,%&M)0&+,"

FY

Page 11: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

#+,$-+8'+,$*"#$",3&".2%

% Q/-%L/7*/-=%4/$%-/;*5,%/20,8&14/0-&%5&%'/-%$&1&-*5/5&-%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-=%2,$*&$5,%

20&1*,%/%-6%8*5/=%/%-6%$&1&-*5/5%5&%;(-X6&5/%5&%6$%$6&8,%76)60,%&$%i11*5&$)&"%a/0/%&'',%4/$%

10&/5,%),5/%6$/%'*-)/%5&%20&1*,-%2/0/%106>/0%&'%&-)0&14,%:%''&./0%/%#-2/3/%,%C)/'*/=%&-),-%20&1*,-%

8/$%5&-5&%',-%SYYj%/%',-%S"YYYj"%O$%&]&+2',%5&%'/%8/0*&5/5%5&%20&1*,-%-,$%',-%-*.6*&$)&-e

L!\\O#DiATCAQ!A%D!g!\C!A JYYj FIYYj

L!O\Cd!gC!T%CAQ!A%D!g!\C!A KYIj HHIj

A#g#R!QT%D!g!\C!A JSYj FIUIj

gi\d#%L!\\O#DiAT%#Aa!k! HHIj FIYYj

QCNC!T%Cd!QC! FIUIj FHHYj

T%Q/%O$*9$%#60,2&/%4/%5*8*5*5,%&-)/-%+/7*/-%&$%5,-%;',X6&-e

# Q/-%X6&= %1,+,% '/-%/.&$1*/- %5& %8*/]&- % )60?-)*1/-= %,70&1&$%6$%2/X6&)& %1,+2'&),%X6&%

1,$)&+2'/%'/%+/:,0?/%5&%',-%/-2&1),-%5&'%8*/]&=%1,$%1,$)/1),-%',1/'&-%&$%'/-%5*-)*$)/-%&)/2/-"%

#-)/-%0&-2,$5&$%/%'/%*5&/%5&'%10*+&$%,0./$*>/5,%1,+,%6$%$&.,1*,=%&-)<$%*$8,'610/5/-%&$%,)0/-%

/1)*8*5/5&-%10*+*$/'&-%:%+6&8&$%&'%+&01/5,%2/0/%16;0*0%'/%5&+/$5/"

# Q/-%',1/'&-=%X6&%1,$)0,'/$%6$%)0/+,%5&'%)0/:&1),%:%X6&%&'%*$+*.0/$)&%5&;&%*0%6)*'*>/$5,%

/%+&5*5/%X6&%/8/$>/%4/1*/%-6%,;]&)*8,"%Q/-%-&.6$5/-%1/+67'/$%-6%/1)*8*5/5%1,+,%6$%$&.,1*,%

7/+*'*/0=%/6$X6&%'/%igO%&-)*+/%X6&%)/+;*E$%1,$-)*)6:&$%6$/%7,0+/%5&%10*+&$%,0./$*>/5,"%%

% A*%'/%0&5%$,%1,$)0,'/%'/%06)/%2,0%-?%+*-+/=%-&%1,,05*$/%1,$%,)0/-%0&5&-%2/0/%X6&%0&/'*1&$%

2/0)& % 5&' % )0/$-2,0)&" % @&-26E- % 5& % '/ % -/'*5/= % &$8?/$ % -6- % *$-)0611*,$&- % / % ',- % *$+*.0/$)&-%

*00&.6'/0&-%/%)0/8E-%5&%)&'E7,$,-%+98*'&-"

FF

Page 12: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

% Q/- % 0&5&- % )0/;/]/$ % / % 8&1&- % &$ %#60,2/ % 1,$ % .062,- % 10*+*$/'&- % *$8,'610/5,- % &$ % '/%

0&1&21*9$%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%:%&$%5*0*.*0',-%4/1*/%,)0,-%#-)/5,-%5&%'/%O#"%#$%&'%-60%5&%#-2/3/=%

&-/-%0&5&-%&-)<$%7,0+/5/-%2,0%+/00,X6?-=%/0.&'*$,-%:%+/60*)/$,-%X6&%7/1*'*)/$%'/-%,2&0/1*,$&-%

5&-5&%L/006&1,-"%#'%)0/-*&.,%5&%2&0-,$/-%2,0%+/0%4/1*/%D/$/0*/-%*'6-)0/%'/%1,'/;,0/1*9$%&$)0&%

'/-%0&5&-%5&%20,7&-*,$/'&-%:%',-%,2,0)6$*-)/-%',1/'&-"%

% a/0/%/'1/$>/0%&'%/014*2*E'/.,%-&%6-/$%&+;/01/1*,$&-%)/$),%.0/$5&-%1,+,%2&X6&3/-"%

!'.6$,-%&-)65*,-%5&'%A&$&./'% *$5*1/$%X6&%'/%+/:,0?/%5&%'/-%;/'-/-%6-/5/-%2/0/%&+*.0/0%/%

D/$/0*/-%4/$%-*5,%6-/5/-%20&8*/+&$)&%2/0/%'/%2&-1/=%:%X6&%-6-%20,2*&)/0*,-%:%-6-%)0*26'/$)&-%

7,0+/$%2/0)&%/%+&$65,%5&'%.062,%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%*00&.6'/0&-"%#-)/%/1)*8*5/5%&-%,0./$*>/5/%2,0%

-*+2'&-%76&0>/-%5&'%+&01/5,=%1,$%)0/;/]/5,0&-%',1/'&-%X6&%$,%-,$=%2,0%$/)60/'&>/=%10*+*$/'&-%

20,7&-*,$/'&-=%-*$,%X6&%4/1&$%6-,%5&%-6-%+&5*,-%:%5&%-6%1/2*)/'"

% Q,-%.062,-%10*+*$/'&-%-,$%6$/%&-)061)60/%-6+/+&$)&%7'&M*;'&%:%/5/2)/;'&=%-,$%/%-6%8&>%

0&-*-)&$)&-%/%'/-%,2&0/1*,$&-%5&%'/-%76&0>/-%5&'%,05&$"%Q/%igO%/16-/%/%&-)/-%,0./$*>/1*,$&-%5&%

&-)/0%*$8,'610/5/-%&$%)0<7*1,%5&%50,./-=%7/'-*7*1/1*9$=%70/65&%:%%)0<7*1,%5&%-&0&-%46+/$,-"%

!"#$%"$&!'%$()*+#"(,+!*(!%$-.*)/+$0

& !"#$%&$"#&%'(")%*+#,(-#-+).+'/"$.&#-+#0&1"2"#).+#3.&#%+$%4/"+'-&#%3-4"3-&#

,(-#)/(5"+#-3#-&'/-)6.7#-8%&'-#-+#!"$1-9(&":#;-3#$%&$.#$.9.#3"#1/-+&"#%'"3%"+"7#&-#

9-&1%-/'"#)"9"#$"2"+"#).+#(+#+(-<.#+=$-/.#9-#%+$%4/"+'-&#,(-#33-4"+#"#3"&#).&'"&#

%'"3%"+"&7#-+#3"&#$%&$"&#&%'(")%.+-&#>#).+#3.&#$%&$.&#1/.?3-$"&:

!"!#$%&'()

*"++,-./0,1234)25161)78/.91):;<)+,-./2=,)/)$/+>3?57/*)

<;@AB@CAAD))$/)&3>588E,9/F

*$/+>3?57/4).,>.32?121)-E,)78/.9G,)=.16/=,),2)+/.3),)91.>,)?,)HD)+,-./2=,*)

A:@A;@CA<<)I1..,3.3)?3EE/)(3./F

*#2)G3E,9J>=3.1)G/)/6,7=/?1)?3932/7)?3)9/?K63.37)32)E/)012/)?3E)2/5L./-,1)/E)75.)?3)$/+>3?57/*)

AH@A;@CA<<)'E)M/N7

*$/)G5N?/)?3).3L5-,/?17)?3)$,8,/)/-./6/)3E)?./+/)+,-./=1.,1)32)3E)+/.*)

AD@AO@CA<<)'E)M/N7

FU

Page 13: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

*$/+>3?57/4)<O)/P17)?3)"2+,-./9,J2)Q)2/5L./-,17*)

AB@AO@CA<<)'E)M/N7

*R37/>/.3932)5217)COA).3L5-,/?17)=./7)2/5L./-/.)52)8/.91)>.193?32=3)?3)$,8,/*

AC@AH@CA<<)'E)M/N7

*S516,)78/.9G,)?,),++,-./=,)/)$/+>3?57/*)

AH@AD@CA<<)I1..,3.3)?3EE/)(3./

*'E)2/5L./-,1)32)$/+>3?57/)653E63)/)/63.-120/.)/)E/)#'*)

A:@<A@CA<:)'E)M/N7

))))))))))

& Q/%,'/%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%20,8&$*&$)&-%5&%h70*1/%4/1*/%'/-%1,-)/-%*)/'*/$/-%-&%4/%86&'),%

*$1,$)0,'/;'&%:%&M)0&+/5/+&$)&%2&'*.0,-,%2/0/%',-%8*/]&0,-%X6&%5?/%/%5?/%*$)&$)/$%''&./0%/%&''/-%

-*$%2&$-/0%&$%&'%0*&-.,%X6&%&'',%1,$''&8/"

& @60/$)&%'/%.6&00/%&$%Q*;*/%&$%UYFF%4/$%/6+&$)/5,=%-*$%'6./0%/%565/=%'/-%*$+*.0/1*,$&-%

5&%1'/$5&-)*$,-%5&%Q*;*/%/%Q/+2&56-/=%

&$ % ',- % (')*+,- % /3,- % '/- % 1*70/- % 5&%

''&./5/-%-,$%&M,0;*)/$)&-"

& Q/ % *5&/ % X6& % -& % 4/%

.&$&0/'*>/5,%1,$%&'%2/-,%5&%',-%/3,-%&-%

X6&%'/%O$*9$%#60,2&/=%4/%)&$*5,%:%)*&$&%

6$/ % 1,$561)/ % *$,2&0/$)& % &$ % 16/$), % /'%

1,$)0,'%5&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%&$%'/-%1,-)/-%

*)/'*/$/-" % #' % 20,;'&+/= % -*$ % &+;/0.,=%

0&-*5&%2,-*;'&+&$)&%&$%X6&%),5/8?/%'/-%

1,+2&)&$1*/- % 5& % *$+*.0/1*9$ % :%

70,$)&0/-%&-)<$%/$1'/5/-%7*0+&+&$)&%&$%',-%-&1),0&-%*$/+,8*;'&-%5&'%/$)*.6,%)&01&0%2*'/0%5&%'/%

O$*,$%#60,2&/=%''/+/5,%c#-2/1*,%5&%'*;&0)/5=%A&.60*5/5%:%f6-)*1*/c"

& Q/%'*;0&%1*016'/1*9$%5&%'/-%2&0-,$/-%&-)<%-6]&),%/%'/-%5&1*-*,$&-%-,;&0/$/-%5&%',-%#-)/5,-"%

C$+*.0/1*9$=%8*-/5,-=%/-*',%:%16/'X6*&0%5*+&$-*9$%5&%1,$)0,'%5&%70,$)&0/-%-,$%+,$,2,'*,%

5&%',-%.,;*&0$,-%:%-,'/+&$)&%&' %D,$-&],= %+&5*/$)&%5&1*-*,$&-%6$<$*+&-=%26&5&%&+*)*0%

'&.*-'/1*9$%&7&1)*8/"

FK

Page 14: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

N" 2&(!"#!$%&'!( (!(("(.26!0&0&+(2./($!3&"./( (

!"##$"%&"'(")*+,-(,."/&0,#(/(.+.0,+##+,1#+%%",234,(,5+/5()(,-016/").+'0)0,&"',/"**0,-(,."%.(,0'+#(4 ,

%1'(..(,",-(%"7)+.(4,#",#0'0,&+6'"8,2),7")"'",(,5+/5()(,9+))0,&+6'+,-"7#(,*()7+'(4,+)19",%",#+,#0'0 ,

:(.+,)0/+-",9+,&"',#0'0,6),;+%1()0<,#",:01(,19",10''0)0,(),&+"%",%0)0,.6..$+#.'0,19",560)"4,&"',;+..( ,

+11+-6.(,)"#,&+%%+.0,/+,%0&'+..6..0,&"',(#,'(;(6.0,-(,+11"..+'#(,10/",&"'%0)",+##+,&+'(4,10),6)+,#0'0 ,

&+'.(10#+'",10)1"*(0)",-"#,/0)-0,",6)+,#0'0,6/+)(.=8%%L!\Ci%Qi@C

2',3%&'+$*"#/1"6#%$('3+)%

# Q,- % 20*+&0,- % .062,- % 5& % .*)/$,-%

''&./5,- % / % '/ % #60,2/ % ,11*5&$)/'%

7/$)/-&/;/$ % /1&01/ % 5& % -6- % ,0?.&$&-=%

/)0*;6:E$5,-& %6$/ %20,1&5&$1*/ %+*-)&0*,-/%

:%'&.&$5/0*/=%&$%2/0)&%1,+,%&-)0/)&.*/%5&%

20,)&11*9$%70&$)&%/%6$/%2,;'/1*9$%/$)& % '/%

X6&%&0/$%+*$,0?/=%&$%2/0)&%1,+,%26&-)/%&$%

&-1&$/%5&%-6-%&-2&1)<16',-%:%/1)*8*5/5&-"

# Q,- % &-)65*,- % X6& % -& % 4/$ % 0&/'*>/5,%

-,;0& % -6- %,0?.&$&- % -,$ %8/0*,- % : % / % -6 % 8&> % 1,$76-,-= % '/ % *5&/ %+<- % &M)&$5*5/ % &- % X6&%

20,1&5&$%5&%'/%0&.*9$%5&'%a/$:/;=%+<-%20&1*-/+&$)&%5&%>,$/-%1,+20&$5*5/-%&$)0&%'/%

C$5*/%:%a/l*-)<$"%Q,-%5/),-%'*$._?-)*1,-=%&$%1,$10&),=%/26$)/$%/%X6&%',-%/$)&2/-/5,-%5&%

',-%.*)/$,-%8*8*&0,$%&$%&'%$,0,&-)&%5&%'/%C$5*/"

F^

,+42,3*","

& #F!aF>BC@!M?;=!M@FA:!K:!F;!B=CBM?;JBW=!:=!*>;FB;!<:!L;!K:V;K@!<:=>B?!K:!=O:D@!:F!H!K:!%J>OP?:!K:!ZI\]!:=!F;<!J@<>;<!K:!F;!*<F;!K:!3;CA:KO<;8!#=!:<>;!@J;<BW=!F;!;F;?C;!<@JB;F!L;!<BK@!C;T@?N![OBEQ<!A@?!:F!=aC:?@!K:!CO:?>@<!T!K:<;A;?:JBK@<N!:=!>@>;F!]bI!<WF@!\bI!<@P?:DBDB:?@=8

& ":JF;?;JB@=:< ! J@C@ ! F;< ! K: ! F; ! ;FJ;FK:<; ! K: ! 3;CA:KO<;N ! &BO<B ! /BJ@FB=B ! ;F ! A?BC:?!$B=B<>?@!3:>>;!L;=!K;K@!F;!DO:F>;!;F!CO=K@!:";$<=>$?@AB$;;?CD$E?$<F?>AD@5$4?CG=$=HFI$=$<J>=> $?;$KD>>D>$=$;=$L=>=5$4?CG=$=$LDCA=>$;D@$<F?>AD@$LDC<JGD:5

& -:!>?;>;!K:!O=!=O:D@!K:<;<>?:!J@=@JBK@!T!V;CQ<!J@CP;>BK@!:=!<:?B@j!K@=K:!F;<!C;RB;<!K:!>?;>;!K:!<:?:<!LOC;=@<!<:!;A?@D:JL;=!K:!F;!K:<:<A:?;JBW=!K:!F@<!B=CBM?;=>:<!T!K@=K:!F;!+@CB<BW= !#O?@A:; ! ! T ! :F !#<>;K@ ! B>;FB;=@N ! B=>:=>;= ! <B= ! _^B>@ ! <@FOJB@=;? ! O=; ! <B>O;JBW= ! [O:!<@P?:A;<;!;!>@K@<N!<@P?:!>@K@!;!F@<!b8III!L;PB>;=>:<!K:!F;!A:[O:G;!*<F;!K:!3;CA:KO<;N![O:!J;K;!KY;!D:=!J@C@!<O<!AF;T;<!<:!J@CPB:?>:=!:=!J:C:=>:?B@<!BCA?@DB<;K@<8

Page 15: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

# A&%5&-1,$,1&$%',-%+,)*8,-%1,$10&),-%2,0%',-%16/'&-%1,+&$>/0,$%/%+*.0/0%4/1*/%&'%,&-)&=%

X6&%-&%20,56],%&$),0$,%/'%-*.',%BC"%d0/-%%6$/%&-)/$1*/%/'%$,0)&%5&%a&0-*/=%-&%5&-2'/>/0,$%

$6&8/+&$)&%4/-)/%!-*/%L&$,0=%5,$5&%-&%/-&$)/0,$%560/$)&%&'%-*.',%BCP"%Q/%*$&-)/;*'*5/5%

2,'?)*1/%20,8,19%&'%20*+&0%EM,5,%5,16+&$)/5,%4/1*/%&'%,&-)&%:%&'%-60=%2,0%',%X6&%'/%

&$)0/5/%5&%',-%.*)/$,-%&$%#60,2/%-&%5,16+&$)/%/%2/0)*0%5&%',-%20*+&0,-%/3,-%5&'%-*.',%

BP"%

" #F!'@C;=Y

@&-5&%-6%''&./5/%/%)*&00/-%&60,2&/-=%6$,%5&%',-%0/-.,-%5&%'/%1,+6$*5/5%.*)/$/%X6&%+<-%

''/+9 % '/ % /)&$1*9$ %5& % ',- % 5&+<- % 26&;',- % &0/ % -6 % &M)0/3/ % '&$.6/= %+6: %5*7&0&$)& %5& % '/-%

4/;'/5/-%&$%#60,2/"%

Q/%20*+&0/%0&20,5611*9$%&-10*)/%5&'%0,+/$?%-&%0&+,$)/%/%6$/%&$1*1',2&5*/%5&%)?)6',%c%[:0-)%

N,,l%,7%)4&%%C$)0,561)*,$%,7%m$,n'&5.&c%5&%!$50&n%N,,05&%5&%FI^U"

A&.($%6$%&-)65*,%5&'%UYYK%5&%'/%\&8*-)/%g/)60&=%-6.*&0&%X6&%&'%0,+/$?%&-)<%0&'/1*,$/5,%1,$%

&'%1*$./'E-=%),5/8?/%4,:%4/;'/5,%&$%A0*%Q/$l/"%#$%'/%/1)6/'*5/5=%.0/1*/-%/%'/%.0/$%7/1*'*5/5%

5&%/5/2)/1*9$%'/%+/:,0?/%5&%',-%.*)/$,-%5&'%+6$5,%4/;'/%'/%'&$.6/%5&'%)&00*),0*,%&$%X6&%

4/;*)/"

Q/ %5&0*8/1*9$ %&-2/3,'/ %5&' % 0,+/$?= % &- % &' % 1/'9 %6$/ % 1,$7'6&$1*/ % 'EM*1/ %5&' %8,1/;6'/0*,%

0,+/$?%-,;0&%'/%-*$)/M*-%:%'/%.0/+<)*1/%5&'%&-2/3,'"%#$%&-)&%*5*,+/%-&%0&1,.&%&$%-?%+*-+,%

&'%20,2*,%*)*$&0/0*,%*00&.6'/0%5&%',-%.*)/$,-%560/$)&%',-%(')*+,-%+*'%/3,-=%-&%&$16&$)0/$%

0&-),-%5&'%8,1/;6'/0*,%/0+&$*,=%2&0-/=%&-'/8,%:%.0*&.,"

#+$/"&,".1.'$ $!$ $)$*"#$/1"6#%$('3+)%$ $

FI

Page 16: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

O$/%5&%'/-%1/6-/-%X6&%-&%0&'/1*,$/$%1,$%'/%&M1'6-*9$%&%*$/5/2)/1*9$%5&%',-%.*)/$,-%&-%-6%

)&$5&$1*/%/%'/%*)*$&0/$1*/"%Q/%5*7?1*'%*$1'6-*9$%-,1*/'%5&'%26&;',%.*)/$,%&$%#-2/3/%1,$)*$(/%

-*&$5,%6$%20,;'&+/%&$5E+*1,=%5&-5&%&'%*$*1*,%5&%'/%5&+,10/1*/%',-%-61&-*8,-%.,;*&0$,-%

5&+,10<)*1,-%4/$%8&$*5,%/5,2)/$5,%5*8&0-/-%+&5*5/-%*$)&.0/5,0/-=%*$)&$)/$5,%7,+&$)/0%-6%

*$)&.0/1*9$%:%2,5&0%-62&0/0%/-?%',-%20,;'&+/-%5&%5&-10*+*$/1*9$"%

@&-5&%FHGK%&'%.,;*&0$,%26-,%&$%+/014/%6$%20,.0/+/%2/0/%20,+,1*,$/0%&'%5&0&14,%/%'/%

&561/1*9$%X6&%*$1'6?/%/%'/-%1,+6$*5/5&-%.*)/$/-"%Q/%1,+6$*5/5%.*)/$/=%/%)0/8E-%5&%-6%'/0./%

4*-),0*/%4/%-/;*5,%/20,8&14/0%'/-%&-1/-/-%,2,0)6$*5/5&-%5&%*$)&.0/1*9$%X6&%/2,0)/;/$%6$/%

-,'61*9$%/%-6-%1,$5*1*,$&-%2&$,-/-"%Q/%1,+*-*9$%#60,2&/%2,$&%/%#-2/3/%1,+,%&]&+2',%5&%

*$)&.0/1*9$%5&%'/%1,+6$*5/5%0,+/$?=%:/%X6&%&'%#-)/5,%&-2/3,'%4/%-/;*5,%''&8/0%/%1/;,%),5/%

6$/%-&0*&%5&%*$*1*/)*8/-%X6&%265*&-&$%7/8,0&1&0%'/%*$)&.0/1*9$%5&%E-)/%+*$,0*/%E)$*1/"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3;!:KOJ;JBW=!:=!F;!J@CO=BK;K!MB>;=;.

#-2/3/%-&%&$1/;&>/%1,+,%&'%2/?-%5&%'/%*$)&.0/1*9$%-,1*/'%:%&$%&561/1*9$%5&%'/%E)$*/%.*)/$/=%

/'%+&$,-%J%5&%1/5/%FY%$*3,-%0,+/$?%/-*-)&$%/%'/%&561/1*9$%*$7/$)*'"%d/$%-,',%6$%SZ%5&%',-%

$*3,-%.*)/$,-%5&%&$)0&%J%:%FI%/3,-%$,%8/$%/%'/%&-16&'/"%#$%16/$),%/%'/%&$-&3/$>/%-62&0*,0%,%

7,0+/1*9$%20,7&-*,$/'=%5/$%6$%.*0,%50<-)*1,%-9',%6$%IZ%5&%',-%.*)/$,-%&$)0&%UY%:%U^%/3,-%

)*&$&%&-)65*,-%-62&0*,0&-"

!%2&-/0%5&%X6&%',-%5/),-%2/0&1&$%-*.$*7*1/)*8/+&$)&%+&],0&-%X6&%&'%5&%,)0,-%2/?-&-%5&%'/%

O$*9$%#60,2&/=%/($%X6&5/%+614,%)0/;/],%2,0%4/1&0=%+614,-%$*3,-%.*)/$,-%&-)<$%),5/8?/%

-*$ %&-1,'/0*>/0 % : %8/./$ %2,0 % '/- % 1/''&-" %Q,- %.*)/$,- % 1/0&1&$ % 1,$ % 70&16&$1*/ %5& % *.6/'&-%

,2,0)6$*5/5&-%&$%&'%+&01/5,%'/;,0/'=%-,$%8?1)*+/-%5&%0/1*-+,=%5&-10*+*$/1*9$%:%&M1'6-*9$%

-,1*/'"

#'%1/-,%*)/'*/$,%&-%1,+2'&)/+&$)&%,26&-),%/'%&-2/3,'=%:/%X6&%E-)/%&)$*/%$,%4/%-*5,%]/+<-%

0&1,$,1*5, % 1,+, % &)$*/ % +*$,0*)/0*/ % : % '/ % ($*1/ % 20&,162/1*9$ % 2,0 % 2/0)& % 5& % '/-%

/5+*$*-)0/1*,$&-%2(;'*1/-%:%5&%',-%2,'?)*1,-%4/%-*5,%&14/0',-%5&'%2/?-"%A9',%)0&-%0&.*,$&-%&$%

C)/'*/%4/$%&'/;,0/5,%'&:&-%:%-&%4/$%5*-&3/5,%20,.0/+/-%5&%*$)&08&$1*9$%2/0/%'/%)6)&'/%5&%',-%

.*)/$,-%c0,+c`%'/%0&.*9$%5&'%P&$&),=%'/%0&.*9$%5&'%Q/>*,%:%'/%a0,8*$1*/%/6)9$,+/%5&%d0&$),"

Q/ % *$-&011*9$ % 5& % ',- % $*3,- %.*)/$,- % &$ % '/- % &-16&'/- % *)/'*/$/- % &- % ;/-)/$)& % 0&561*5/= % '/-%

&-)/5?-)*1/-%5&+6&-)0/$%X6&%6$%HJZ%5&%',-%$*3,-%$,%''&./$%]/+<-%/%0&/'*>/0% '/%&-16&'/%

,;'*./),0*/"

FS

Page 17: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

D" 2&(6!0&(0*(2./(!"#!$%&"3*/(*"(*/-&( (0((&+(( (

*"3%*(0*/'%!#!"&'!( (!(("(*(!"3*$%&'!( (!(("((

'),"&.'!)$,%.'+#5$/%#M3'.+,$,%.'+#",$.%-%$-".+)',-%,$*"$

')3"(&+.'!)

#$%#-2/3/=%/%2/0)*0%5&%FHJK%-&%''&8/%/%1/;,%&'%1*&00&%5&%70,$)&0/-=%/$)&-%5&%&-)&%1*&00&%'/-%

+*.0/1*,$&-%-&%1,$-*5&0/;/$%)&+2,0/'&-=%:%&$%$*$.($%+,+&$),%-&%2'/$)&9%'/%$&1&-*5/5%5&%

'/ % 10&/1*9$ % 5& % 2,'?)*1/- % 5& % *$)&.0/1*9$ % -,1*/' % 2/0/ % ',- % *$+*.0/$)&-" %Q/ % 7/')/ % 5& % &-)/-%

2,'?)*1/-%20,56],%5*8&0-,-%1,$7'*1),-%5&%1,$8*8&$1*/%:%5*8&0-/-%2,-)60/-%0/1*-)/-"%d,5,%&'',%

''&89%/%'/%10&/1*9$%5&%5*8&0-/-%2,'?)*1/-%-,1*/'&-%5&%*$)&.0/1*9$"%#$%#-2/3/%',-%20*+&0,-%

2/-,-%-&%5*&0,$%/%+&5*/5,-%5&%',-%$,8&$)/%:%76&%4/1&%-9',%6$,-%/3,-%16/$5,%-&%&+2&>/0,$%

/%5&-/00,''/0%2'/$&-%&-2&1?7*1,-%&$)0&%'/-%*$-)*)61*,$&-%2(;'*1/-"

" #'%20*+&0%a'/$%2/0/%'/%C$)&.0/1*9$%A,1*/'%5&%',-%C$+*.0/$)&-%&-%5&%FHH^=%$6&8&%/3,-%

5&-26E-%5&%'/%&$)0/5/%&$%8*.,0%5&%'/%'&:%JoGI%5&%&M)0/$]&0?/"

" #$%FHHF%-&%*$)0,561&%2,0%20*+&0/%8&>%p%Q/%*$)&.0/1*9$%-,1*/'%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%q&$%&'%

5&;/)&%a/0'/+&$)/0*,= %2&0,%E-)& %a'/$%76&%+6:%2,1,%&M2'?1*),%&$%'/%5&7*$*1*9$%5&%2,'?)*1/-%

2(;'*1/-"

" Q/%'&:%^oUYYY%76&%,)0,%1/+;*,%*+2,0)/$)&%&$%16/$),%/%',-%5&0&14,-%5&%'/-%2&0-,$/-%

*$+*.0/5/-%1,+,%2/0/%'/-%2&0-,$/-%X6&%-&%&$1,$)0/;/$%&$%-*)6/1*9$%*00&.6'/0"

" -:Ma=!:F!;?>YJOF@!\H!K:!F;!3:T!HgZIII!F@<!:^>?;=V:?@<!?:<BK:=>:<!>B:=:=!K:?:JL@!;!

F@< !CB<C@< ! <:?DBJB@< ! T ! A?:<>;JB@=:< ! <@JB;F:< ! [O: ! F@< ! :<A;G@F:<N ! A:?@ ! F; ! ?:;FBK;KN ! :=!

COJL;<!@J;<B@=:<N!:<!KBR:?:=>:8

#$ %&' % 1/-, % 5& % '/ % 2,;'/1*9$ % *$+*.0/$)& % *$5,16+&$)/5/= % 1/5/ % 1,+6$*5/5 % /6)9$,+/ %4/%

0&-6&'),%5&%5*7&0&$)&%+/$&0/%'/%16&-)*9$%5&'%/11&-,%/%-6%0&5%5&%-&08*1*,-%-,1*/'&-%5&%+,5,%

X6&%+*&$)0/-%X6&%&$%/'.6$/-%1,+6$*5/5&-%-&%7'&M*;*'*>/$%',-%0&X6*-*),-%2/0/%7/1*'*)/0 %&'%

/11&-,%5&%&-),-%.062,-%/%',-%20,.0/+/-%.&$&0/'&-=%&$%,)0/-%-&%&-)/;'&1&$%-*-)&+/-%2/0/'&',-%

&-2&1*/'*>/5,-%&$%/)&$5&0 %/%5*14,-%1,'&1)*8,-" %#' %0E.*+&$%5&%20,)&11*9$%-,1*/' %&-2/3,'%

1,$-)*)6:&%&' %+/01,%5&7*$*),0*,%5&% '/-%1,$5*1*,$&- %5&% *$1,02,0/1*9$%5&% ',- % *$+*.0/$)&-%

/-&$)/5,-%&$%$6&-)0,%2/?-"%

FJ

3,-!X%3k4*+,-!"#!X'%4#++*0/!-%+*,3!4*#/#/!2/!X,X#3!+#/4',3!#/!3,!'#-X2#-4,!",",!X%'!3,-!,"$*/*-4',+*%/#-!Xl53*+,-!X,',!),+*3*4,'!

3,!*/4#&',+*0/!"#!3,!X%53,+*0/!"#!%'*&#/!*/$*&',/4#8

Page 18: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

Q,- % *$+*.0/$)&- %/11&5&$%2,0 %6$/%5,;'& %8?/ %/ % '/- %20&-)/1*,$&- %5&' %#-)/5,%5& %;*&$&-)/0%

&-2/3,'e%2,0%6$/%2/0)&=%.0/1*/-%/%-6%2/0)*1*2/1*9$%&$%&'%+&01/5,%5&%)0/;/],%7,0+/'%/%)0/8E-%

5&%-6%/7*'*1*9$%/%'/%A&.60*5/5%A,1*/'%:%2,0%,)0/%2/0)&%+&5*/$)&%',-%20,.0/+/-%5&%20,)&11*9$%

-,1*/'%5&%1/0<1)&0%6$*8&0-/'"

N")%8%6'+5$%6,3O.1#%$+$#+$')3"(&+.'!)$,%.'+#

$ A,$%+614,-%',-%X6&%/26$)/$%/%'/%10*-*-%&1,$9+*1/%/1)6/'%1,+,%7/1),0%:%.&0+&$%5&%6$%

/6+&$), % 5& % % '/ % M&$,7,;*/ % &$)0& % '/ % -,1*&5/5 % &-2/3,'/ % 4/1*/ % ',- % *$+*.0/$)&-" % A& % 4/%

*$10&+&$)/5,=%-,;0&%),5,%&'%$(+&0,%5&%&-2/3,'&-%X6&%2*&$-/$%X6&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%5&;&0?/$%

8,'8&0%/%-6-%a/?-&-%5&%,0*.&$"

$ #$%&'%*$7,0+&%5&%UYFU%-,;0&%',-%*+2/1),-%5&%'/%10*-*-%-,;0&%'/%2,;'/1*9$%*$+*.0/$)&%&$%

#-2/3/%5&%'/%iCL=%-&%/58*&0)&%X6&%'/%10*-*-%&-)<%2,)&$1*/$5,%'/%*+/.&$%5&%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%

1,+,%6$%c&M1&5&$)&%*$5&-&/;'&c%5&'%X6&%1,$8&$50?/%5&-4/1&0-&"

$ #$ % UYYJ % 1/-* % 6$ % FUZ % 5& % '/ % 2,;'/1*9$ % 5&-&/;/ % '/ % &M26'-*9$ % 5& % #-2/3/ % 5& % ',-%

*$+*.0/$)&-%*'&./'&-=%&$%UYFY%5*14/%1*70/%4/%/6+&$)/5,%4/-)/%&'%UYZ"

$ #'%*$7,0+&%5&)/''/%19+,%&'%/11&-,%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%/%',-%5&0&14,-%+<-%;<-*1,-%4/%

-*5,%0&1,0)/5,=%20*+&0,%&$%'/%',1/'*5/5%1/)/'/$/%5&%P*1%/'%$&./0'&-%&'%&+2/50,$/+*&$),%/%',-%

*$+*.0/$)&-%:%'6&.,%&$%5*8&0-/-%',1/'*5/5&-%X6&%4/$%2,'*)*>/5,%'/%*$+*.0/1*9$%:%/20,;/5,%

+&5*5/-%0/1*-)/-%:%5*-10*+*$/),0*/-"

$ A&.($ % &' % iN#\!B#= % i;-&08/),0*, % #-2/3,' % 5&' % \/1*-+, % : % B&$,7,;*/= % &$ % '/%

/1)6/'*5/5%'/%,2*$*9$%2(;'*1/%&-2/3,'/%&-)<%5*8*5*5/%&$%)0&-%.062,-%5&%)/+/3,%+<-%,%+&$,-%

-*+*'/0"%

F" Q,-%X6&%0&14/>/$%/;*&0)/+&$)&%/%',-%C$+*.0/$)&-%6$%KJZ"

U" Q,-%X6&%-&%1,$-*5&0/$%),'&0/$)&-%6$%KKZ"

K" r%/X6&'',-%*$5&1*-,-%6$%KYZ=%/6$X6&%&$%&'%*$7,0+&%E-),-%(')*+,-%-&%&$16&$)0/$%

+<-%1&01/$,-%5&'%.062,%5&%0&14/>,"

$ A&.($ %!+$*-)?/ % C$)&0$/1*,$/' % &$ % ',- % (')*+,- % /3,- % &$ %#-2/3/ % 4/$ % /6+&$)/5, % '/-%

5&$6$1*/-%5&%/;6-,-%:%5*-10*+*$/1*9$%1,$)0/%1*65/5/$,-%&M)0/$]&0,-%:%+*&+;0,-%5&%+*$,0?/-%

E)$*1/-%%1,+,%',-%.*)/$,-"

FG

-*/!#$5,'&%N!3,-!#/+2#-4,-!!*/"*+,/!m2#N!-*!5*#/!#3!&'2#-%!"#!3,!X%53,+*0/!#-X,U%3,!#-!$(-!'#4*+#/4#!,!3,!*/$*&',+*0/!m2#!-2-!n%$0/*$%-!"#3!/%'4#!"#3!+%/4*/#/4#N!/2#-4'%!X,k-!"#-4,+,!)'#/4#!,3!+%/62/4%!"#!#2'%X,!X%'!-2!$#/%'!X'%X%'+*0/!"#!%X*/*%/#-!f#o4'#$,-f!*/4%3#',/4#-!p!$,p%'!X'%X%'+*0/!"#!

%X*/*%/#-!,!),7%'!"#!3,!*/$*&',+*0/8

Page 19: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

3&+6+P%5$&'",(%,$*"$"N/#%3+.'!)

% Q/-%5*8&0-/-%2,'?)*1/-%5&%*$)&.0/1*9$%'/;,0/'%/5,2)/5/-%&$%#-2/3/=%20&)&$5&$%-62'*0%'/-%

5&-*.6/'5/5&-%20&-&$)&-%&$%&'%+&01/5,%5&%)0/;/],%/%2/0)*0%5&%'/%),+/%&$%1,$-*5&0/1*9$%5&%'/%

4&)&0,.&$&*5/5%5&%',-%5*7&0&$)&-%1,'&1)*8,-%X6&%2/0)*1*2/$%&$%&'%+&01/5,"

% Q/%/1)6/'%Q&:%5&%#+2'&,%ISoUYYK=%5&%FS%5&%@*1*&+;0&=%/'65&%/%X6&%6$,%5&%',-%7/1),0&-%

&-&$1*/'&-%X6&%4/$%&-)/5,%20&-&$)&-%&$%&'%&$)0/+/5,%/1)6/'%5&'%+&01/5,%'/;,0/'%&-2/3,'%&-%&'%

5&$,+*$/5,%c7&$9+&$,%+*.0/),0*,c=%X6&%-*$%'6./0%/%565/-%4/%1,$)0*;6*5,%/%6$/%*+2,0)/$)&%

+,5*7*1/1*9$%16/'*)/)*8/%:%16/$)*)/)*8/%5&'%&+2'&,%&$%#-2/3/"%

#$ %&-)/ %Q&:% -& %&-2&1*7*1/ %X6& %6$/ %5& % '/- %20*$1*2/'&- %+&)/- % &- % '/ %1,,05*$/1*9$ %5& % '/%

/0)*16'/1*9$%5&%'/-%2,'?)*1/-%5&%&+2'&,=%)&$*&$5,%+6:%20&-&$)&-% )/$),%/% '/%*$+*.0/1*9$%

*$)&0$/ %1,+,%/ % '/ % &M)&0$/` % &-),- % /-2&1),- %8/$ % '*./5,- %/ % ',- %20*$1*2*,- %5& % '/ % &7&1)*8/%

*.6/'5/5%5&%,2,0)6$*5/5&-%:%'/%$,%5*-10*+*$/1*9$"%O$,%5&%',-%.0/$5&-%%20,;'&+/-=%1,$%&'%

X6&%-&%&$16&$)0/$%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%&$%'/%/1)6/'*5/5=%&-%&'%2/0,=%-*$%'6./0%/%565/-=%&-%&'%

1,'&1)*8,%X6&%+<-%-&%4/%0&-&$)*5,%2,0%'/%10*-*-%&1,$9+*1/%/1)6/'=%'/%)/-/%5&%2/0,%5&%'/%

2,;'/1*9$ % &M)0/$]&0/ % &- % 5&' % KI=JSZ= % FK % 26$),- % -62&0*,0 % / % '/ % 5& % '/- % 2&0-,$/- % 5&%

$/1*,$/'*5/5%&-2/3,'/=%5&%/4?%X6&%-&%1,$-*5&0&%76$5/+&$)/'%&$%'/-%2,'?)*1/-%/1)*8/-%5&%

&+2'&,%'/%/)&$1*9$%/%',-%1,'&1)*8,-%1,$%+<-%5*7*16')/5&-%5&%*$-&011*9$%'/;,0/'"%

A&.($ % &' %L*$*-)&0*, % 5& % #+2'&, % : % A&.60*5/5 % A,1*/' % '/- % 2,'?)*1/- % /1)*8/- % 5& % &+2'&,%

76$5/+&$)/'&- % &-)<$ % 0&'/1*,$/5/- % 1,$ % -6 % &-)/)6- % ]60?5*1, % : % '/- % 5& % 7,+&$), % 5& % '/%

*$)&.0/1*9$%-,1*,T'/;,0/'=%-*$%'6./0%/%565/%'/-%2,'?)*1/-%/1)*8/-%5&%&+2'&,%1,$-)*)6:&$%'/%

2,'?)*1/%2(;'*1/%X6&%1,$%+/:,0%EM*),%26&5&%',.0/0% '/ % *$)&.0/1*9$% '/;,0/' %5&' %1,'&1)*8,%

*$+*.0/$)&=%26&-),%X6&%-62,$&%-6%)0/)/+*&$),%1,+,%)0/;/]/5,0=%&$%*.6/'5/5%5&%1,$5*1*,$&-%

1,$%',-%)0/;/]/5,0&-%&-2/3,'&-"

FH

Page 20: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

% Q,- % &]&- % 20*$1*2/'&- % 5& % '/- % 2,'?)*1/- % /1)*8/- % 5& % &+2'&,= % -,$ % /1)6/'+&$)& % 2/0/ % &'%

L*$*-)&0*,%5&%#+2'&,%:%A&.60*5/5%A,1*/'`% %Q,-%20,.0/+/-%5&%/2,:,%/%'/%1,$)0/)/1*9$=%1,$%

;,$*7*1/1*,$&-`%'/%1,$)0/)/1*9$%5&%/'6+$,-%2/0)*1*2/$)&-%&$%&-16&'/-%)/''&0=%1/-/-%5&%,7*1*,-%,%

)/''&0&-%5&%&+2'&,`%'/%1,$)0/)/1*9$%&$%&'%2'/$%5&%7,+&$),%5&'%&+2'&,%/.0/0*,%:%'/%1,$)0/)/1*9$%

)&+2,0/'%5&%5&-&+2'&/5,-%&$%1,'/;,0/1*9$%1,$%'/-%1,02,0/1*,$&-%',1/'&-%,%&$%1,'/;,0/1*9$%

1,$%5*7&0&$)&-%,0./$*-+,-%2(;'*1,-"

% i)0,-%7/1),0&-%-,;0&%',-%16/'&-%-&%*$)&$)/%4/1&0%4*$1/2*E%2/0/%7/8,0&1&0%'/%*$)&.0/1*9$%

'/;,0/' % -,$= % '/ % *$7,0+/1*9$= %,0*&$)/1*9$ %: %;(-X6&5/ %5& %&+2'&, %: %/6),&+2'&,= % ]6$), %/ % '/%

7,0+/1*9$ %20,7&-*,$/' %: % &' % /-&-,0/+*&$), %&$ % '/ %4,+,',./1*9$ %: %1,$8/'*5/1*9$ %5& % )?)6',-%

/1/5E+*1,-%:%&'%0&1,$,1*+*&$),%5&%16/'*7*1/1*,$&-%20,7&-*,$/'&-=%1,+2'&)/$%&'%1,$]6$),%5&%

/1)6/1*,$&-%5&-)*$/5/-%/%+&],0/0%'/%&+2'&/;*'*5/5%5&%'/%2,;'/1*9$%*$+*.0/$)&%/-?%1,+,%-6%

*$)&.0/1*9$%-,1*/'"

#+$')3"(&+.'!)$")$#+,$",.1"#+,

' Q/%*$)&.0/1*9$%&$%'/-%&-16&'/-%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%&$%#-2/3/=%-&%&-2&1*7*1/%&$%'/%Q&:%

i0.<$*1/%^oUYYY%-,;0&%5&0&14,-%:%'*;&0)/5&-%5&%',-%&M)0/$]&0,-=%0&.6'/%&'%/-2&1),%5&'%

5&0&14,%/%'/%&561/1*9$%%2/0/%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-=%-&.($%&'%16/'%),5,-%',-%+&$,0&-%5&%FG%

/3,- % )*&$&$ % &' % 5&0&14, % : % &' % 5&;&0 % 5& % &561/0-& % &$ % *.6/'&- % 1,$5*1*,$&- % X6& % ',-%

&-2/3,'&-=%',%X6&%*$1'6:&%'/%&561/1*9$%20*+/0*/%,%;<-*1/%,;'*./),0*/%:%.0/)6*)/"

' !5&+<-%',-%&M)0/$]&0,-%0&-*5&$)&-%)&$50<$%/11&-,%/%'/%&561/1*9$%$,%,;'*./),0*/%;/],%

'/-%+*-+/-%1,$5*1*,$&-%5&%',-%$/1*,$/'&-%&-2/3,'&-=%)/'&-%1,$5*1*,$&-%-,$%5&%1/0<1)&0%

/1/5E+*1,=%&1,$9+*1,%:%/5+*$*-)0/)*8,"%O$,%5&%',-%,;]&)*8,-%5&'%R,;*&0$,%&-2/3,'%4/%

-*5,%&'%20,+,8&0%X6&%'/-%2&0-,$/-%&M)0/$]&0/-%0&-*5&$)&-%&$%&'%2/?-%26&5/$%0&1*;*0%6$/%

&$-&3/$>/%X6&%'&-%2&0+*)/%'/%*$)&.0/1*9$%-,1*/'%0&-2&)/$5,%-6%*5&$)*5/5%16')60/'"

' @&%/16&05,%/%'/-%5*-2,-*1*,$&-%'&./'&-%:%/%',-%)0/)/5,-%*$)&0$/1*,$/'&-%/%',-%X6&%#-2/3/%

&-)<%-6-10*),=%'/%&561/1*9$%,;'*./),0*/%&-)<%5*-2,$*;'&%2/0/%),5/%2&0-,$/%:%16/'X6*&0/%

X6&%-&/%-6%-*)6/1*9$=%&-%5&1*0%&-2/3,'%,%*$+*.0/$)&%'&./'%,%*'&./'"

UY

2/!#-42"*%!"#!ZI\\!"#3!5'*4*-n!+%2/+*3!p!#3!$*&',4*%/!X%3*+p!&'%2XN!-*42,!,!#-X,U,!#/!#3!%+4,7%!X2#-4%!#/!+,X,+*","!"#!*/4#&',+*0/!p!,++#-%!,!3,!7*",!),$*3*,'!"#!3%-!*/$*&',/4#-8

Page 21: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

-"3%*%#%(M+,$*"$'),"&..'!)$",.%#+&$/+&+$')-'(&+)3",

$ A,$%5*8&0-/-%'/-%'&:&-%X6&%/-&.60/$%'/%&-1,'/0*5/5%:%'/%&$-&3/$>/%5&'%&-2/3,'%1,+,%

-&.6$5/%'&$.6/%5&%',-%$*3,-%:%]98&$&-%*$+*.0/$)&-"%A&.($%'/%Q&:%i0.<$*1/%5&%i05&$/1*9$%

R&$&0/'%5&'%A*-)&+/%#561/)*8,=%-&%&-)/;'&1&%X6&%',-%2,5&0&-%2(;'*1,-%c&-)/;'&1&0<$%/11*,$&-%

5&%1/0<1)&0%1,+2&$-/),0*,%1,$%2&0-,$/-%,%.062,-%X6&%-&%&$16&$)0&$%&$%-*)6/1*9$%5&-7/8,0/;'&%

1,+,%1,$-&16&$1*/%5&%7/1),0&-%-,1*/'&-=%&1,$9+*1,-=%16')60/'&-=%.&,.0<7*1,-%:%E)$*1,-c"%

$ #$%&'%\&/'%@&10&),%5&%UG%5&%7&;0&5,%5&%FHHS=%-&%5/$%*$5*1/1*,$&-%.&$&0/'&-%&$%),0$,%/%

'/ % &-1,'/0*>/1*9$ % 5& % &-),- % 1,'&1)*8,- % 5&-7/8,0&1*5,-"# Q,- % 1&$)0,- % 2(;'*1,- % X6& % /1,]/$ % /%

]98&$&- % *$+*.0/$)&- % 5&;&0<$ % *$1'6*0 % 5&$)0, % 5& % -6- % 20,:&1),- % &561/)*8,- % : % 1600*16'/0&-%

/11*,$&-%&$1/+*$/5/-%/%7/8,0&1&0%'/%/5X6*-*1*9$%5&%'/%'&$.6/%5&%/1,.*5/"

$ #$%'/%i05&$%L*$*-)&0*/'%5&%UU%5&%f6'*,%5&%FHHH%-&%1,$1&$)0/$%&-)/-%/11*,$&-`%&$%&''/%-&%

&-)/;'&1&% '/ %,;'*./),0*&5/5%5&% '/ %&M*-)&$1*/%5&%6$%20,7&-,0/5,%5&%/2,:,= %5&$,+*$/5,%c5&%

1,+2&$-/),0*/c=%X6&%)*&$&%2,0%,;]&),=%-&.($%-&/%&'%)*2,%5&%/'6+$/5,=%)/$),%&'%0&76&0>,%5&%',-%

/20&$5*>/]&- % *$-)06+&$)/'&- % ;<-*1,-= % 1,+, % '/ % &$-&3/$>/ % 5& % '/ % -&.6$5/ % '&$.6/" % #-)&%

20,7&-,0/5,%2,50<%2&0+/$&1&0%&$%&'%1&$)0,%/%)*&+2,%),)/'%,%-&0%*)*$&0/$)&=%-&.($%&'%$(+&0,%5&%

/'6+$,-%1,$%$&1&-*5/5&-%&561/)*8/-%&-2&1*/'&-"

$ #$%'/%20<1)*1/=%&-),%*+2'*1/%X6&%5&$)0,%5&%'/%+*-+/%/6'/%5&%1,+2&$-/),0*/%-&%26&5&$%

&$1,$)0/0 % /'6+$,- %5& %+6: %5*-)*$)/ %$/)60/'&>/e % &-)65*/$)&- % &M)0/$]&0,- %X6& %5&-1,$,1&$%&'%

&-2/3,'%]6$),%/%,)0,-%$*3,-%X6&%20&-&$)/$%6$%5&-7/-&%1600*16'/0%5&%5,-%160-,-=%X6&%2&0)&$&1&$%

/%/'.6$/%+*$,0?/%E)$*1/%,%/%6$%.062,%-,1*/'%5&-7/8,0&1*5,"%#-)&%2,50?/%-&0%&'%1/-,%5&%/'.6$,-%

$*3,-%*;&0,/+&0*1/$,-%,%.*)/$,-"

%$!*)/'$'"1(!)*!%$!'/%#/2$!3"#$($!*(!*+.$4$

1. Q/ % &$-&3/$>/ % &-1,'/0 % 5& % '/ % &)$*/ % .*)/$/ % &$ % #-2/3/ % &- % 1,+2'&]/ % : % 1,$76-/= % $,-%

&$1,$)0/+,-%1,$%6$%5,;'&%7&$9+&$,"%g6+&0,-,-%1&$)0,-%&561/)*8,-%2,$&$%*+2&5*+&$),-%/%

X6&%',-%$*3,-%.*)/$,-%/165/$% %/%1'/-&%&$%1,+2/3?/%5&%,)0,-%X6&%$,%',%-,$"%d&+&$%X6&%',-%

2/50&-%5&%&-),-%/'6+$,-%-&%+,8*'*1&$%:%-&%,2,$./$%/%X6&%-6-%4*],-%8/:/$%/%1'/-&%1,$%.*)/$,-"

UF

Page 22: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

2. Q/%&-16&'/%1,$8&$1*,$/'%$,%0&1,.&%&$)0&%-6-%2'/$&-%5&%&-)65*,%&'&+&$),-%5&%16')60/%,%

5&%&-)061)60/%-,1*/'%5&'%26&;',%.*)/$,"%

3. a,0%/+;,-%+,)*8,-%$,%),5/-%'/-%&-16&'/-%$,%-&%&$16&$)0/$%&$%5*-2,-*1*9$%5&%/1,.&0%/%

&-1,'/0&-%.*)/$,-%$*%),5,-%',-%2/50&-%:%$*3,-%.*)/$,-%8&$%&$%'/%&-16&'/%/'.,%()*'%2/0/%-6%76)60,"%

Q/ % 1,$-&16&$1*/ % &- % &8*5&$)&e % &$)0& % ',- % &-1,'/0&- % .*)/$,- % -& % 0&.*-)0/ % 6$/ % /+2'*/ % )/-/ % 5&%

/;-&$)*-+,%&-1,'/0"!!!!!!!!!

"*)*+234,"#-!3*/&qk-4*+,-8!#3!,X'#/"*9,6#!"#3!#-X,U%3!p!3,-!

3#/&2,-!+%%)*+*,3#-8!&,33#&%N!+,4,3(/!p!7,-+%8

% #-2/3/%&-%6$/%0&/'*5/5%2'60*'*$._&%0&1,$,1*5/%&$%'/%D,$-)*)61*9$=%5,$5&%-&%1,$7*0+/%'/%

,7*1*/'*5/5%5&'%1/-)&''/$,%&$%),5,%&'%)&00*),0*,%&-2/3,'%:%'/%1,,7*1*/'*5/5%5&%5,-%'&$.6/-%&$%'/-%

1,+6$*5/5&-%/6)9$,+/-%1,$%'&$.6/%20,2*/=%&-%&'%1/-,%5&e%D/)/'63/=%D,+6$*5/5%P/'&$1*/$/=%

N/'&/0&-=%a/?-%P/-1,=%g/8/00/%:%R/'*1*/=%X6&%2,-&&$%1,+,%'&$.6/-%,7*1*/'&-%]6$),%/'%&-2/3,'=%

&'%./''&.,=%1/)/'<$%:%8/-1,"

% #$%&-)/-%1,+6$*5/5&-%/6)9$,+/-=%-&%5/%6$/%-*)6/1*9$%5&%;*'*$._*-+,%,7*1*/'=%2&0,%&$%

5*-)*$),-%+,+&$),-%5&%'/%4*-),0*/%5&%$6&-)0,%a/?-%:%&$%5&)&0+*$/5/-%-*)6/1*,$&-%1,+6$*1/)*8/-%

&'%;*'*$._*-+,%4/%2,5*5,%5&0*8/0%&$%5*.',-*/"

% Q/%0&/'*5/5%'*$._?-)*1/%/1)6/'%&-%&'%0&-6')/5,%5&%6$%20,1&-,%4*-)90*1,%X6&%/00/$1/%1,$%'/%

5*8&0-*5/5%'*$._?-)*1/%20&00,+/$/=%-&%*$)&$-*7*1/%1,$%'/%70/.+&$)/1*9$%5&'%'/)?$%5&%b*-2/$*/%:%

16'+*$/%1,$%'/%5*8*-*9$%2,'?)*1/%5&%'/%a&$?$-6'/%&$%'/%E2,1/%5&%'/%\&1,$X6*-)/"%

% !'.6$,-%7&$9+&$,-%5&%',-%-*.',-%BCB%%BB=%1,+,%',-%$/1*,$/'*-+,-%5&1*+,$9$*1,-=%

'/%5*1)/560/%5&%[0/$1,=%*$7'6:&$%5&1*-*8/+&$)&%&$%&'%5&-/00,'',%-,1*/'%:%16')60/'%5&%'/-%'&$.6/-%

:%5*/'&1),-%5&%#-2/3/"

% #M*-)&$%$6+&0,-,-%a0,.0/+/-%5&%*$+&0-*9$%'*$._?-)*1,%2/0/%&'%/20&$5*>/]&%5&'%&-2/3,'%

:%5&%'/-%'&$.6/-%1,,7*1*/'&-%2,0%2/0)&%5&'%/'6+$/5,%*$+*.0/$)&=%1/5/%D,+6$*5/5%!6)9$,+/%

/2'*1/%-6%-*-)&+/%5&%*$)&.0/1*9$"

% #'%-*-)&+/%+<-%/2'*1/5,%&-%&'%5&%10&/0%/6'/-%5&%/2,:,%&$%4,0/0*,-%&M)0/&-1,'/0&-=%&$%

',-%16/'&-%-&% *$1*5&%&$%)&+/-%;<-*1,-%2/0/%&' %/20&$5*>/]&%5&' %&-2/3,'= %&' %1/)/'<$=%8/-1,%,%

./''&.,%2,0%2/0)&%5&%',-%$*3,-%*$+*.0/$)&-=%1,+,%-,$%'/%1,+20&$-*9$%,0/'%:%&-10*)/"%

UU

Page 23: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

UK

%3,!'#X'#-*0/!3*/&qk-4*+,!#/!

3,!"*+4,"2',!"#!)',/+%

% 3;!J@=DBD:=JB;!K:F!J;<>:FF;=@!J@=!@>?;<!F:=MO;<!L;PF;K;<!:=!:F!>:??B>@?B@!:<A;G@F!KO?;=>:!F;!"BJ>;KO?;!K:!)?;=J@!=@!RO:!RQJBF8

% /@!:^B<>BW !O=;! F:T !:^A?:<; !K: !A?@LBPBJBW=!K: ! F:=MO;< !J@C@!:F ! J;>;FQ=N !:F !D;<J@ !@ !:F!M;FF:M@N!A:?@!F@![O:!<Y!:^B<>B:?@=!:<!O=;!<:?B:!K:!=@?C;<![O:!K:V;P;=!JF;?@![O:!:F!a=BJ@!BKB@C;!K:!O<@!AaPFBJ@!T!M:=:?;F!:?;!:F!J;<>:FF;=@8

% 3;!:KOJ;JBW=!>:=Y;![O:!<:?!@PFBM;>@?B;C:=>:!:=!+;<>:FF;=@N!;F!BMO;F![O:!F;!J@CO=BJ;JBW=!J@=!F;!;KCB=B<>?;JBW=N!B=JFO<@!:<>;P;=!A?@LBPBK@<!F@<!?:MB<>?@<!K:!=@CP?:<![O:!=@!RO:<:=!:=!+;<>:FF;=@8

% 2=!:V:CAF@!F:MB<F;>BD@!K:!KBJL;!?:A?:<BW=!:<!F;!%?K:=!K:F!$B=B<>:?B@!K:!6O<>BJB;!K:!\r!K:!C;T@!K:!\h]rN!AOPFBJ;K@!:=!:F!5%#!=s!bcc!K:!Zrgb!K:!:<:!CB<C@!;G@!K@=K:!<:!A?@LYP:=!F@<!=@CP?:<![O:!=@!RBMO?:=!:=!:F!<;=>@?;F!T!=@!:<>_=!:=!:<A;G@F!

% #?;= ! =OC:?@<;< ! F;< ! ;J>O;JB@=:< ! K: ! F; !"B?:JJBW= !&:=:?;F ! K: ! X?:=<; ! [O: ! K: ! R@?C;!J@=<>;=>: !T ! ?:B>:?;K;N !A?@LBPY; !AOPFBJ;JB@=:< !K: !?:DB<>;< !@ !A:?BWKBJ@< ![O: !=@ !:<>ODB:?;= !:=!+;<>:FF;=@8

% 4@K@!:FF@!O=BK@!;!F;!A:?<:JOJBW=!K:!F;<!A:?<@=;<![O:!<:!:CA:G;P;=!:=!L;PF;?!O=!BKB@C;!KB<>B=>@!;F!J;<>:FF;=@!K:<K:!:F!AaFAB>@!K:!O=;!BMF:<B;N!:F!;OF;!K:!O=;!JF;<:8

% 3;!:KOJ;JBW=!:<>;P;!@?B:=>;K;!T!K;K;!<@F@!:=!:<A;G@F!T!<:!:=<:G;P;![O:!:F !?:<>@!K:!BKB@C;<!A:=B=<OF;?:<!:?;=!KB;F:J>@<!K:F!:<A;G@F8

Page 24: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

3,-!3#/&2,-!+%%)*+*,3#-!"#3!#-4,"%!#-X,U%3

# A*%:/%0&-6')/%5&%.0/$%5*7*16')/5%'/%*$)&.0/1*9$%2/0/%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%X6&%''&./$%/%#-2/3/%

-*$%$*$.($%)*2,%5&%1,$,1*+*&$),%5&%'/%'&$.6/%&-2/3,'/=%26&5&%0&-6')/0%/($%+<-%1,+2'*1/5/%'/%

*$)&.0/1*9$%'*$._?-)*1/%&$%D,+6$*5/5&- %!6)9$,+/-= %1,+,%D/)/'63/= %a/*- %P/-1,%:%R/'*1*/%

5,$5&%/%2/0)&%5&'%&-2/3,'%-&%2,-&&%,)0/%'&$.6/%,7*1*/'%5&'%)&00*),0*,"

# #$%&-16&'/-%:%&$)&-%2(;'*1,-%-,$%&-)65*/5/-%:%6)*'*>/5/-%&$%*.6/'%.0/5,%]6$),%1,$%&'%

&-2/3,'"

1. &,33#&%.

Q/% '&$.6/%./''&./= % -& %4/;'/ %&$ % '/- % 16/)0, %20,8*$1*/- %5& %R/'*1*/= %D,+6$*5/5%!6)9$,+/%

-*)6/5/%&$%'/%2/0)&%,11*5&$)/'%5&%!-)60*/-%:%5&%Q&9$%:%&$%&'%$,0,&-)&%5&%s/+,0/"

#'%$(+&0,%5&%-6-%4/;'/$)&-%26&5&%1/'16'/0-&%&$%5,-%+*'',$&-=%1,$)/$5,%1,$%X6&%'/%

+/:,0%2/0)&%5&%',-%$/1*5,-%&$%'/%0&.*9$%',%&$)*&$5&%:%-/;&%4/;'/0',"

#' % ./''&., % &- % 1,$-*5&0/5, % '&$.6/ %D,,7*1*/' % ]6$), % 1,$ % &' % 1/-)&''/$, % 5&$)0, % 5& % '/%

D,+6$*5/5%!6)9$,+/%5&%R/'*1*/"

@&0*8/%5&'%'/)?$%4/;'/5,%&$%

&' % $,0,&-)& % 2&$*$-6'/0= % 5&-5& % 5,$5& % -&%

&M)&$5*9%4/1*/%&'%-60=%1,$%'/%\&1,$X6*-)/"%

Q/%'&$.6/%4/;'/5/%&$%',-%20*+&0,-%-*.',-%

&' % 2&0*,5, % 5& % '/ % \&1,$X6*-)/= % &- % &$%

0&/'*5/5=%./''&.,T2,0)6.6E-"%!%2/0)*0%5&%'/%

*$5&2&$5&$1*/ % 5& % a,0)6./'= % &$ % &' % -*.',%

BCC=%&'%2,0)6.6E-%&+2*&>/%/%-&2/0/0-&%5&'%

./''&.,=%20,1&-,%X6&%-&%/1&$)(/%$,)/;'&+&$)&%5&-5&%&'%-*.',%BP"

a,0%20*+&0/%8&>%&$%-6%4*-),0*/=%.0/1*/-%/'%#-)/)6),%5&%!6),$,+?/%5&%'/%CC%\&2(;'*1/%5&%

FHKS%-&%0&1,$,1*9%/'%./''&.,=%-6%5*-)*$1*9$%5&%'&$.6/%,7*1*/'=%/'%+*-+,%$*8&'%X6&%&'%1/-)&''/$,=%

2&0,%'/%R6&00/%D*8*'%:%&'%70/$X6*-+,%*$)&006+2&%',%X6&%265,%4/;&0%-*.$*7*1/5,%'/%0&162&0/1*9$%

5&%&-)/%'&$.6/"

b/-)/%'/%D,$-)*)61*9$%5&%FHJG%:%&'%#-)/)6),%5&%!6),$,+?/-=%$,%',.09%0&162&0/0%-6%

&-)/5,%5&%'&$.6/%,7*1*/'%1,$%&'%1/-)&''/$,%5&$)0,%5&%'/%D,+6$*5/5%5&%R/'*1*/"

Q/-%0&'/1*,$&-%&$)0&%&'%1/-)&''/$,%:%&'%./''&.,%4/$%-*5,%5&%5*.',-*/e%&-%5&1*0=%-*&$5,%&'%

./''&.,%'/%'&$.6/%+/)&0$/%5&%'/%+/:,0%2/0)&%5&%',-%4/;*)/$)&-%5&'%5,+*$*,=%$,%4/%&M*-)*5,%

&-1,'/0*>/1*9$%&$%&''/%:%$,%-&%4/%6)*'*>/5,%&$%1*016$-)/$1*/-%7,0+/'&-%4/-)/%;*&$%&$)0/5,%&'%

-*.',%BB"

U^

Page 25: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

#'%./''&.,%4/%8*8*5,%1,+,%'&$.6/%7/+*'*/0=%'*+*)/5/%/'%6-,%20*8/5,=%+*&$)0/-%X6&%&'%

1/-)&''/$,%4/%-*5,%'/%'&$.6/%5&%20&-)*.*,"

A*$%&+;/0.,=%1*&0),-%+,+&$),-%4*-)90*1,-%4/$%1,$,1*5,%&'%20,29-*),%5&%1/+;*/0%&-)&%

&-)/5,%5& %1,-/-" %A9', % 0&1*&$)&+&$)&= %16/$5,% -&1),0&- %60;/$,-= %4/;'/$)&- %5& %1'/-& %+&5*/=%

*$)&'&1)6/'&-%:%20,7&-*,$/'&-=%&+2*&>/$%/%&+2'&/0',%2(;'*1/+&$)&=%&-%16/$5,%-&%-*&$)/$%'/-%

;/-&-%5&%6$/%&-1,'/0*>/1*9$%&$%'/%'&$.6/"

A60.*0<$ % 2,-)&0*,0+&$)&= % /'.6$,- %+&5*,- % 5& % 1,+6$*1/1*9$ % 5& %+/-/- % &$ % ./''&.,`%

0&8*-)/-=%2&0*95*1,-=%)&'&8*-*9$"""

d,5, % &'', % 1,$''&8/0< % / % 6$ % ;*'*$._?-+, % &7&1)*8,= % 5,$5& % /+;/- % '&$.6/-= % ./''&., % :%

1/-)&''/$,=%1,$8*8&$%)/$),%&$%&'%<+;*),%2(;'*1,%1,+,%20*8/5,

2. +,4,3(/.

#'%1/)/'<$%-&%4/;'/%&$%D/)/'63/=%!$5,00/=%&$%&'%/$)*.6,%\,-&''9$=%&$%'/-%C-'/-%N/'&/0&-=%&$%

.0/$%2/0)&%5&%'/%D,+6$*5/5%P/'&$1*/$/=%&$%6$/%70/$]/%5&%!0/.9$%:%&$%'/%1*65/5%5&%!'.6&0%&$%

D&05&3/"

#'%$(+&0,%5&%4/;'/$)&-%),)/'%5&%E-)/%'&$.6/%&-%5&%/20,M*+/5/+&$)&=%-&*-%+*'',$&-"%#-%

'&$.6/%,7*1*/'%&$%!$5,00/%:%1,,7*1*/'%1,$%&'%1/-)&''/$,%&$%D/)/'63/=%N/'&/0&-%:%D,+6$*5/5%

P/'&$1*/$/"

#- %6$/ % '&$.6/%$/1*5/ %&$ % '/ %2/0)&%

,0*&$)/' % 5& % ',- % a*0*$&,-= % '/ % \&1,$X6*-)/%

&M)&$5*9%&'%1/)/'<$%4/1*/%&'%-60`%P/'&$1*/=%

N/'&/0&-"""

@&-5&%&' % -*.', %BC%&M*-)&$ %2/-/]&-%

&-10*),-%&$%1/)/'<$=%560/$)&%',-%-*.',-%BCCC%

/' %BP%-&%-61&5&%6$/%E2,1/%5&%*$)&$-,%:%

;0*''/$)&%16')*8,%'*)&0/0*,"

@&-5&%20*$1*2*,- %5&' %A" %BPC %/ %+&5*/5,- %5&' % -*.', %BCB%&' %1/)/'<$ %8*8& %6$/% '/0./%

5&1/5&$1*/= % -& %+/$)&$50< % 8*8, % 2&0, % -9', % 1,+, % '&$.6/ % 4/;'/5/ % 4/-)/ % X6& % ',- %N,0;,$&-%

*+2,$&$%&'%1/-)&''/$,%1,+,%'&$.6/%,7*1*/'"

#$%&'%-*.',%BCB%'/%\&$/*M&$>/=%6$%+,8*+*&$),%5&%*$-2*0/1*9$%0,+<$)*1/%X6&%&M/')/;/%

',%2/0)*16'/0%:%',%/6)91),$,%-*&+20&%0&*8*$5*19%&'%1/)/'<$%1,+,%'&$.6/%,7*1*/'%5&%1/)/'63/"

UI

Page 26: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

3. 7,-+%.

A&.6$%6$/%&$16&-)/%%0&/'*>/5/%&$%&'%/3,%UYYI=%&'%1/-)&''/$,%-&0?/%'/%'&$.6/%+/)&0$/%5&'%GH%

2,0%1*&$),%5&%'/%2,;'/1*9$%&-2/3,'/=%&'%1/)/'<$%&'%H%Z=%&'%./''&.,%5&'%IZ%:%&'%8/-1,%FZ"

A/'8, % &' %8/-1,= % ),5/- % '/- % '&$.6/-%

8&0$<16'/-%4/;'/5/-%/1)6/'+&$)&%&$%#-2/3/%

2&0)&$&$1&$%/' % -6;.062,%5& % '&$.6/- % *;&0,T

0,+/$*1/-%5&%'/-%'&$.6/-%0,+/$1&-"

Q/ % '&$.6/ % #6-l&0/ % &- % '/ % ($*1/%

'&$.6/ % $, % *$5,&60,2&/ % 5& % '/ % a&$?$-6'/%

C;E0*1/%:%6$/%5&%'/-%2,1/-%5&%#60,2/%]6$),%/'%

7*$E-=%&-),$*,=%&'%4($./0,%:%&'%+/')E-%&$%$,%

2&0)&$&1&0%/%&-&%)0,$1,%'*$._?-)*1,"

#$%&'%a/?-%P/-1,=%-&%&-)/;'&1&%&'%&6-l&0/%:%

&' % 1/-)&''/$, % 1,+, % '&$.6/- % ,7*1*/'&- % &$ % ),5, % -6 % )&00*),0*,= % *$5&2&$5*&$)&+&$)& % 5& % '/%

&M*-)&$1*/ % 5& % <0&/- % )0/5*1*,$/'+&$)& % 8/-1,2/0'/$)&- % : % <0&/-)0/5*1*,$/'+&$)&%

1/-)&''/$,2/0'/$)&-%&$%&'%)&00*),0*,%5&%'/%1,+6$*5/5%/6)9$,+/"

US

Page 27: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

!"#$%&$"'!/.$/,-.

&+ !"52,*"'!&/(#,/!'&2*/( (

"#$8#+-").%$Q$#+$.1#31&+$('3+)+

! A,$%+614/-%'/-%4*29)&-*-%/1&01/%5&'%,0*.&$%5&'%['/+&$1,=%+614,-%-,$%',-%X6&%',%

/-,1*/$%/'%26&;',%.*)/$,=%2&0,%$,%&-%-9',%:%&$%&M1'6-*8/%6$%&-)*',%+6-*1/'%1,$%*$7'6&$1*/-%5&%'/%

16')60/%.*)/$/=%-*$,%X6&%&-)<%8*$16'/5,%/%'/%+&>1'/%5&%8/0*/-%16')60/-=%&$)0&%&''/-%'/%/$5/'6>/%:%

'/%.*)/$/"

! A&%1,$-*5&0/%X6&%)*&$&%+<-%5&%UYY%/3,-=%$/1&%&$%'/%20,76$5/%!$5/'61?/=%-*&$5,%&'%/0)&%

5&%2&-1/5,0&-=%],0$/'&0,-=%%+*$&0,-=%&'%1/$)&%5&%'/-%)/-1/-%:%'/-%7&0*/-%2,26'/0&-"

! A*$%'6./0%/%565/-=%&'%['/+&$1,%-*$%&'%26&;',%.*)/$,%$,%&M*-)*0?/=%&M*-)*0?/$%-9',%'/-%

+(-*1/-%)?2*1/-%/$5/'6>/-%1,+,%'/%1,2'/"

! #$%&'%-*.',%BPCCC=%&'%7'/+&$1,=%$,%&0/%)?2*1/+&$)&%/$5/'6>%2&0,%76&%1,$8*0)*E$5,-&%&$%

6$,%5&%',-%-?+;,',-%5&%-6-%)0/5*1*,$&-"%Q,%/$5/'6>%-&%)0/$-7,0+9%&$%6$%-?+;,',%.*)/$,%:%2,0%

&-,%/%8&1&-%-&%1,$76$5&%/+;,-%26&;',-=%+614,-%+*&+;0,-%5&'%26&;',%.*)/$,%4/$%)&$*5,%'/%

+(-*1/%1,+,%6$/%-&.6$5/%20,7&-*9$"%Q,-%.*)/$,-%/20&$5&$%0/2*5/+&$)&%',-%0&2&0),0*,-%

2,26'/0&-%5&%',-%'6./0&-%&$%5,$5&%-&%/-*&$)/$%:%&$%1/5/%'6./0%)*&$&$%6$%0&2&0),0*,%&-2&1?7*1,"

! #$%g,8*&+;0&%5&%UYFY%'/%Og#ADi%%5&1'/09%/'%7'/+&$1,%a/)0*+,$*,%D6')60/'%

*$+/)&0*/'%5&%'/%b6+/$*5/5"

!

UJ

Page 28: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

+,/4,24%'#-!)3,$#/+%-.

+,$,'0/!"#!3,!*-3,

# D/+/09$%5&%'/%C-'/=%&-%1,$-*5&0/5,%4/-)/%

'/ %/1)6/'*5/5%1,+,%&' %+<M*+,%&M2,$&$&$)& %5&' %1/$)&%

7'/+&$1,"%g/1*5,%&$%A/$%[&0$/$5,%D<5*>%&$%6$%;/00*,%

2,26'/0%5&%'/%',1/'*5/5=%76&%:%-*.6&%-*&$5,%/%2&-/0%5&%-6%

+6&0)&%&'%0&7&0&$)&%5&'%1/$)&%7'/+&$1,"

# #$%FHII%/ % '/ %&5/5%5& %I %/3,- %/1)69 %2,0%

20*+&0/%8&>%&$%6$/%1,+2/3?/%5&%'/%&-16&'/%''/+/5/%Q,-%

b&0+/$*),-%5&%A/$%[&0$/$5,"

# #+2*&>/%/%&M)&$5&0-&%-6%7/+/%:%-&%*$*1*/%

1,+,%20,7&-*,$/'%&$%&'%+6$5,%5&'%1/$)&%&$%1,+2/3?/%5&%

-6%+&],0%/+*.,%&'%1/$)/,0=%\/$1/2*$,=%]6$),-%1,+*&$>/$%

/%5/0%1,$1*&0),-%&$%[&0*/-"

# A6%7/+/%-&%&M)&$5&0<%2,-)&0*,0+&$)&%2,0%

#60,2/ %: %!+E0*1/ %1,$%5*8&0-/- %.*0/-" %!%2/0)*0 %5& % ',- % /3,- %SYTJY% -6% 7/+/ %&-)/ %+<-%X6&%

1,$-,'*5/5/%/1)6/$5,%1,$%.0/$5&- %2&0-,$/'*5/5&- %5& % '/ %+(-*1/%1,+,%\/*+6$5,%!+/5,0=%

a/1, % 5& % Q61?/ % : % d,+/)*),= % ),5,- % &'',- % /1)6/'+&$)& % 1,$-*5&0/5,- % .0/$5&- % 7*.60/- % 5&'%

['/+&$1,"%\&1*;&%$6+&0,-,-%20&+*,-%/%-6%1/00&0/%+6-*1/'=%&$)0&%&'',-%'/%L&5/''/%5&%i0,%5&%

!$5/'61?/=%,%'/%L&5/''/%5&%i0,%/'%LE0*),%&$%'/-%N&''/-%!0)&-"

# L6&0&%&'%U%5&%f6'*,%5&%FHHU%/%',-%^F%/3,-%2,0%6$%1<$1&0%5&%26'+9$"%

3B=t.!+;C;?W=!K:!F;!*<F;8!-@T!&B>;=@.!4))2eoo:,6)6";&o#^^,C;RD\IL

!

UG

Page 29: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

#3!+*&,3,

# #-%-*$%'6./0%/%565/-%6$,%5&%',-%4&0&5&0,-%5&%D/+/09$%5&%'/%C-'/"%g/1*5,%&$%&'%;/00*,%

2,26'/0%5&'%\/-)0,%5&%L/50*5"%A,;0*$,%5&%,)0,%.0/$%1/$)/6),0%7'/+&$1,=%\/7/&'%[/0*$/"

# ! % ',- % FU % /3,- % ./$9 % 6$ % 1,$160-, % 5&%

7'/+&$1,%:%&'%20*+&0%20&+*,%5&'%1&0)/+&$%/'%+&],0%

1/$)/,0%5&%R&)/7&%VL/50*5W"

# a6;'*1/ % -6 % 20*+&0 % 5*-1, % &$ % -,'*)/0*, % &$%

FHHG=%/1,+2/3/5,%5&%.0/$5&-%5&'%7'/+&$1,%1,+,%

d,+/)*),%,%@/8*5%!+/:/"

# #$%UYYU%26;'*1/ %c %Q<.0*+/- %g&.0/-c % -6%

5*-1,%+<-%'/60&/5,%1,$%N&;,%P/'5E-%/'%2*/$,"

# #$ %UYY^ % 1,$-*.6& % 6$ %R0/++: %2,0 % &-)&%

5*-1,= %/' % *.6/' %X6&% )0&- %a0&+*,- %5&% '/ %+(-*1/= %6$%

i$5/-% %:%)0&-%5*-1,-%5&%a'/)*$,%&$%#-2/3/=%!0.&$)*$/=%LEM*1,%:%P&$&>6&'/"%d4&%g&n%r,0l%

d*+&-%',%/'/;/%1,+,%&'%+&],0%5*-1,%5&'%/3,"

# A6-%EM*),- %4/$% *5,%10&1*&$5,%/% ', % '/0., %5& % ',- %/3,-= % )/$),%/ %$*8&' %$/1*,$/' %1,+,%

*$)&0$/1*,$/'"%#$%'/%/1)6/'*5/5%0&-*5&%&$%\&2(;'*1/%@,+*$*1/$/=%0&1*&$)&+&$)&%4/%26;'*1/5,%

-6%(')*+,%5*-1,%:%&-)<%/%'/%&-2&0/%5&%26;'*1/0%6$%$6&8,%5*-1,%?$)&.0,%5&%7'/+&$1,=%.0/;/5,%&$%

N/01&',$/"

3B=t.!#<AY?B>O!)F;C:=J@.!4))2eoo:,6)6";&o]&@F1*Y!$;r%

%

UH

Page 30: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

+%/+n,!52*S,

# d/+;*E$ % ''/+/5/ % '/ % \&*$/ % $&.0/ % 5&'%

7'/+&$1,=%0&20&-&$)/%&'%+&-)*>/]&%+<-%-,020&$5&$)&%5&%

16')60/-"%g/1&%&$%L/'',01/=%4*]/%5&%6$%+/)0*+,$*,%5&%

0&76.*/5,-%2,'?)*1,- %5&%R6*$&/ %#X6/),0*/'= %&$16&$)0/%

-6%-&.6$5/%1/-/%&$%6$%;/00*,%5&%'/%D,+6$*5/5%.*)/$/%

5&%L/'',01/=%5,$5&%'/%7/+*'*/%5&%N6*l/%&-%'/%($*1/%5&%

1,',0"

# #' % 7'/+&$1, % 4/ % -*5, % -6 % 76&$)& %+6-*1/'%

5*0&1)/%:%'/%4/%/:65/5,%/%10&/0%-6%($*1,%:%&M1&21*,$/'%

&-)*',%+6-*1/'"

# #$ % UYYG % -6 % -&.6$5, % 5*-1, % cg*3/ % 5&%

[6&.,c= % 5*, % ,0*.&$ % / % 6$ % .0/$ % EM*), % C$)&0$/1*,$/'=%

5/$5,%1,$1*&0),-%&$%Q,-%!$.&'&-=%L*/+*%:%g&n%r,0l=%

&'%5*-1,%0&1*;*9%5,-%$,+*$/1*,$&-%/%',-%a0&+*,-%R0/++:%Q/)*$,-%1,+,%!';6+%5&'%/3,%:%

+&],0%20,5611*9$"

# b/ % 0&/'*>/5, % 1,'/;,0/1*,$&- % 1,$ % 1/$)/$)&- % 5& % EM*), % C$)&0$/1*,$/' % 1,+, %D4/8&'/%

P/0./-=%N&;,%P/'5E-%,%g&'':%[60)/5,"

# #$%'/%/1)6/'*5/5%1,$)*$6/%-6%76'.60/$)&%1/00&0/%+6-*1/'=%-,;0&%),5,%&$%##OO=%&-%2,0%

&'',%X6&%5&1*5*9%/-&$)/0-&%&$%L*/+*"

3B=t.!+@=JL;!5OBt;!T!6;DB:?!3BCW=.!4))2eoo:,6)6";&o*15F1K[2$D^!

KY

Page 31: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

X#'-%/,3*","#-!"#!%'*&#/!*/$*&',/4#

,3,-S,

$ i'8*5,%R/0/%f,8/=%$/1&%&$%LEM*1,%&$%FHSK=%4*]/%

5& % 6$ % &M*'*/5, % &-2/3,' % ,0*.*$/0*, % 5& %!-)60*/- % : % 6$/%

16;/$/"%P*8*9%560/$)&%FY%/3,-%&$%D*65/5%5&%LEM*1,=%&$%

FHJI%''&./%/%L/50*5%1,$%-6-%2/50&-"

$ A6 % $,+;0& % /0)?-)*1, % &- % !'/-l/= % &- % 1/$)/$)&=%

1,+2,-*),0/= % /1)0*>= % &+20&-/0*/= % /-* % 1,+, % 6$/ % 5& % '/-%

7*.60/-%5&%'/%L,8*5/%+/50*'&3/"%#-%6$/%5&%'/-%1/$)/$)&-%

1,$%+/:,0&-%8&$)/-%:%5&%'/-%+<-%0&1,$,1*5/-%5&%#-2/3/"%

Q/-%8&$)/-%5&%-6-%5*-1,-=%&$%',-%^%.062,-%&$%',-%X6&%4/%

&-)/5,=%-6+/$%6$,-%FI%+*'',$&-"

$ b/%-*5,% )/+;*E$%20&-&$)/5,0/%5&% )&'&8*-*9$%1,$%

6$,%5&%',-%20,.0/+/-=%X6&%&$%'/%/1)6/'*5/5%&-%1,$-*5&0/5,%

,;]&),%5&%16'),%2,0%.&$&0/1*,$&-%5&%&-2/3,'&-`%c%Q/%;,'/%5&%10*-)/'c%&+*)*5,%2,0%d&'&8*-*9$%

&-2/3,'/%&$%FHG^"

$ O$,%5&%-6-%.0/$5&-%EM*),-%+6-*1/'&-%:%1/$1*9$%+*)*7*1/5/%2,0%'/%4*-),0*/%&-%c!%X6*&$%'&%

*+2,0)/c%4*+$,%2/0/%+614,-%&-2/3,'&-%X6&%-&%-&$)?/$%5*7&0&$)&-=%EM*),%1,-&14/5,%560/$)&%-6%

&)/2/%1,$%&'%.062,%@*$/0/+/"

$ A*$%'6./0%/%565/-=%!'/-l/%0&20&-&$)/%+614,%2/0/%'/%+(-*1/%&$%#-2/3/%:%;6&$%&]&+2',%

5&%&'',%-,$%-6-%/($%1,$)*$6,-%EM*),-%&$%'/%&-1&$/%+6-*1/'%&-2/3,'/"

3*/S!.!,3,-S,!f!,!m2*#/!3#!*$X%'4,f.!4))2eoo:,6)6";&oBBt4u2a$5KC

KF

Page 32: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

/,6u,!/*$'*

$D/$)/6),0/%:%/1)0*>%&-2/3,'/=%5&%2/50&%f,05/$,%:%+/50&%

$/8/00/" %@&%2&X6&3/%-& % )0/-'/59%/ %8*8*0 %/ %N*';/,%: %8*8&%

/1)6/'+&$)&%&$%L/50*5"

$A&%5*,%/%1,$,1&0%1,+,%/1)0*>%.0/1*/-%/%-6%2/2&'%&$=%%%%%%%c%

A/'),%/'%8/1?,c=%&$%16/$),%/%-6%1/00&0/%+6-*1/'=%/$)&-%5&%-6%

20*+&0/ % *$160-*9$%&$% '/ %2/$)/''/= %1/$)/;/ %1,$%&' %1,0, %5&%

\&-2&1)%:%5&%D'/$%D'6;%:%+<-%)/05&%7,0+9%]6$),%/%D/0',-%

f&/$%&'%.062,%g/]n/]&/$"

$#$%&'%1*$&%4/%)0/;/]/5,%2/0/%&'%5*0&1),0=%A/$)*/.,%A&.60/%

: % +<- % )/05& % 1,$ %!'&]/$50, %!+&$<;/0= % X6& % '/ % 6$*9 % /%

a&$E',2&%D06>%:%#56/05,%g,0*&./%&$%c!;0&%',-%,],-c"

$ b/%-*5,%1/$5*5/)/%&$%8/0*/-%,1/-*,$&-%/%',-%a0&+*,-%R,:/%5&'%1*$&%&-2/3,'=%1,+,%

+&],0%*$)E020&)&%7&+&$*$/%2,0%-6-%)0/;/],-%&$%2&'?16'/-%1,+,`%Q61?/%:%&'%-&M,=%Q,-%/+/$)&-%

5&'%D?01,',%a,'/0=%&$)0&%,)0/-"

3*/S.!/,6u,!/*$'*!f!#3!l34*$%!X'*$,4#f.

4))2eoonnn":,6)6;&"1,+on/)14v

8w7$[u@ulsu/,x7&/)60&w-4/0&x'*-)waQS@!#D@SDSHKJ@#II

KU

Page 33: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

6%'&#!"'#o3#'

$ #-%6$%1/$)/6),0%O06.6/:,%./$/5,0%

5&' % a0&+*, %i-1/0 % / % '/ %+&],0 % 1/$1*9$%

,0*.*$/'" % !5&+<- % 5& % +(-*1, % :%

1,+2,-*),0 % &- % +E5*1," % !1)6/'+&$)&%

8*8*& % / % '/- % /76&0/- % 5& %L/50*5 % 1,$ % -6%

+6]&0 % Q&,$,0 % u/)'*$.= % 6$/ % /1)0*> % :%

1/$)/$)& % &-2/3,'/ % 5&' % .062, % +6-*1/'%

L/0'/$.,"

$ f,0.& %@0&M'&0%4/%-*5,% )&',$&0,%5&%

R/&)/$,%P&',-,%:%5&%f,/X6?$%A/;*$/=%',%X6&%-626-,%-6%/11&-,%/'%2/$,0/+/%+6-*1/'%&-2/3,'%&$%

FHHI%1,$%6$/%-&0*&%5&%1,$1*&0),-"

$ #-10*;& %+(-*1/ % 2/0/ % 1/$)/$)&- % 1,+, %!$/ % N&'E$= % a/;', %L*'/$E-= % f,8/$,))*= %!$/%

d,00,]/=%&$)0&%,)0,-"

$ \&1*;*9%&'%a0&+*,%i-1/0%/%'/%+&],0%1/$1*9$%*$E5*)/%&$%6$/%2&'?16'/=%2,0%&'%)&+/%c%!'%

,)0,%'/5,%5&'%0?,c=%5&%'/%2&'?16'/%c@*/0*,-%5&%6$/%+,),1*1'&)/c"

$ #$%7&;0&0,%5&%UYFF%'/%!1/5&+*/%5&%'/-%!0)&-%:%5&%'/-%D*&$1*/-%D*$&+/),.0<7*1/-%5&%

#-2/3/%'&%&$)0&./%&'%a0&+*,%R,:/%/%'/%+&],0%1/$1*9$%,0*.*$/'%2,0%c%y6&%&'%-,$&),%$,-%),+&%

2,0%-,020&-/c"

3*/S.!6%'&#!"'#o3#'!f!,3!%4'%!3,"%!"#3!'k%f.

4))2eoo:,6)6";&olBBNN0#$Fa#

KK

Page 34: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

N" !"52,*"'!&/('!"*#&3.$%( (O((5!'&/( (

#+$'--'(&+.'!)$")$"#$.')"

f+,'4,-!"#!,3%2f!\hhI8!!$%/4o%!,'$#/",'*98

# !',6=%6$%-&$&./'E-%X6&%&$)0/%1'/$5&-)*$/+&$)&%&$%

#-2/3/= %-&%8&%7,0>/5,%/% )0/;/]/0 %&$%5*8&0-,-%-*)*,-%&$%6$/-%

1,$5*1*,$&- %+6:%20&1/0*/- %5&;*5,%/ %-6 %-*)6/1*9$ %5& % *'&./'"%

R0/1*/-%/% '/-%1/0)/-%X6&%&$8?/%2&0*95*1/+&$)&%/%-6%7/+*'*/=%

1,$,1&+,- % -6- % &M2&0*&$1*/- % : % -&$)*+*&$),- % &$ % &-)& % 5*7?1*'%

20,1&-,%5&%*$)&.0/1*9$%&$%'/%-,1*&5/5%&-2/3,'/"

# C$*1*/ % -6 % )0/:&1), % &$ % '/- % 1,-)/- % 5& % !'+&0?/=%

)0/;/]/$5,%&$%',-%*$8&0$/5&0,-"%D,$)*$6/%4/-)/%L/50*5=%5,$5&%

)*&$&%&'%20*+&0%1,$)/1),%1,$%'/%8&$)/%*'&./'"%%

# @&-26E-%-&%5&-2'/>/%/'%A&.0*z%2/0/%)0/;/]/0%&$%'/%

0&1,.*5/%5&%'/%706)/%:%7*$/'+&$)&%-&%8/%/%N/01&',$/= %5,$5&%

)0/;/]/%&$%&'%)/''&0%5&%1,$7&11*9$%5&%,)0,%*$+*.0/$)&%/70*1/$,"%

Q/%/8&$)60/%-&%*$)&006+2&%1,$%-6%5&)&$1*9$%2,0%2/0)&%5&%'/%2,'*1?/=%2&0,%5&%$6&8,%86&'8&%/%

106>/0%&'%#-)0&14,=%1&00<$5,-&%/-?%&'%1*1',%X6&%5&]/%6$/%26&0)/%/;*&0)/%/%'/%&-2&0/$>/"

%

f-,v"f!\hhr8!33%'#/+!-%3#'8

# Q/%4*-),0*/%5&%A/{5%0&7'&]/%'/-%560/-%1,$5*1*,$&-%

5&%8*5/%X6&%)*&$&$%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%+/.0&;?&-%&$%$6&-)0,%2/?-"%

#'%],8&$%A/{5=%6$%+/00,X6?%5&%UY%/3,-=%106>/%&'%&-)0&14,%5&%

R*;0/')/0%&$%6$/%2/)&0/%:%5&-26E-%5&%6$%'/0.,%8*/]&%1,$-*.6&%

''&./0 % / % N/01&',$/= % 5,$5& % +6: % 20,$), % 5&-16;0*0< % ',-%

20&]6*1*,-%0/1*-)/-%:%',-%*+2&5*+&$),-%'&./'&-%X6&%'&%,;'*./$%/%

8*8*0%+/0.*$/5,%5&%'/%-,1*&5/5"%!%2&-/0%5&%'/-%5*7*16')/5&-=%

1,$,1&0< % &' % /+,0 % : % '/ % /+*-)/5 % .0/1*/- % / %!$/= % 6$/ % ],8&$%

&-)65*/$)&%5&%2&0*,5*-+,=%:%/%6$%.062,%5&%*$+*.0/$)&-%$,0)&T

K^

Page 35: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

/70*1/$,-%X6&%4/$%7,0+/5,%6$%.062,%+6-*1/'"%

# Q/-%&M2&0*&$1*/- %5& %A/{5 %-,$%6$/%/5/2)/1*9$ %5& % '/ %$,8&'/ %5& %f,-&2%Q,0+/$%cQ&-%

/8&$)60&-%5&%A/{5c=%X6&%&'%7*'+%6)*'*>/%1,+,%6$%20&)&M),%2/0/%5&$6$1*/0%'/%-*)6/1*9$%X6&%-670&$%

',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%&$%$6&-)0/%-,1*&5/5%:%2/0/%/1&01/0$,-%/%-6%0&/'*5/5%2&0-,$/'%:%16')60/'"

Q',0&$|%A,'&0%1,$-*5&0/%A/{5%1,+,%c6$%7*'+%$&1&-/0*,=%2,0X6&%4/:%+614/%.&$)&%X6&%

$,%/1/;/%5&%10&&0-&%'/%-*)6/1*9$%5&%',-%*$+*.0/$)&-%*'&./'&-`%'/%4*-),0*/%5&%A/{5%X6*&0&%

1,$-&.6*0%)0/$-+*)*0%'/%-&$-/1*9$%7?-*1/%5&%+*&5,%:%5&%2&'*.0,%X6&%-670&$%/X6&'',-%X6&%

''&./$%/%$6&-)0,%2/?-%-*$%1,$,1&0%'/%'&$.6/%$*%'/-%1,-)6+;0&-c"%

fX%/*#/4#f!ZIIZ!+n2-!&24*#''#98

# d0/-%'/%+6&0)&%5&%-6%2/50&=%Q61?/=%6$/%],8&$%+/&-)0/%X6&%

8*8& %&$ %L/50*5= % 0&.0&-/ %/ % -6% )*&00/ %1,$ %-6%4*]/ %D'/0/" %#'%

26&;', % 5& % -6 % *$7/$1*/ % 4/ % 1/+;*/5, % +614, % 1,$ % '/%

*$+*.0/1*9$"%!'%+*-+,%)*&+2,%X6&%'614/%1,$)0/%&'%0/1*-+,=%

-& % &$/+,0/ % 5& %D600, % Vf,-E %D,0,$/5,W= % X6& % 1,+2/0)& % -6%

+*-+/%1/6-/"

%%

f\H!S*30$#4'%-f!ZIIc8!&#','"%!%3*7,'#-8

# D/),01& % l*'9+&)0,- % &- % '/ % 5*-)/$1*/ % X6&%

-&2/0/%h70*1/%5&%#60,2/%2,0%&'%#-)0&14,%5&%

R*;0/')/0"%#-)&%'/0.,+&)0/]&%$/00/%'/%4*-),0*/%

5& % '/ % *$+*.0/1*9$ % / % )0/8E- % 5&' % '/0., % :%

2&'*.0,-,%8*/]&%X6&%&+20&$5&$%N6;/%m/$,6=%

P*,'&)/%A6$$:%A6$$:%:%L6l&'/%m/$,6%4/1*/%

#60,2/%&$%&'%X6&%)&$50<$%X6&%/)0/8&-/0%L/'*=%

g?.&0=%!0.&'*/%:%L/006&1,-%4/-)/%''&./0%/% '/%70,$)&0/" %O$/%2&'?16'/%5&%0&7'&M*9$%X6&%

+6&-)0/%'/-%5*7*16')/5&-%5&%',-%1*&$),-%5&%/70*1/$,-%X6&%/00*&-./$%1/5/%/3,%-6%8*5/%-*$%'/%

-&.60*5/5%5&%1,$-&.6*0%''&./0%/%-6%5&-)*$,=%#60,2/"%

KI

Page 36: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

'+ 2!3*%&3,%&( (

f)(4*$,!"#!3%-!/,2)',&*%-f!3%2'"#-!%'4k9!\hhr8

# >?6").+,1@/0,6)+,/(%."'(0%+,/0'+4 ,A6",-6'+).",+B0% ,

"%&"'+ , ") , #+ , &#+C+ , -" , 6) , &6"5#0 , +)-+#D* , "# , '"7'"%0 , -" , %6 , 9(E0 ,

+907+-04,%",.'+)%;0'/+,&+'+,#+,10/6)(-+-,-"#,#67+',"),6)+,%+).+ ,

&'0."1.0'+ , -" , #0% ,/+'()"'0%4 , #+ , FG.(/+ , -" , #+% , &+."'+%4 , + , #+ , A6" ,

:")"'+),10),'"*0%,10#"1.(:0%,C,0;'")-+%,-",;#0'"%8

%

fX%'!3,!7k,!"#!4,'*),f!/*#7#-!&,'+k,!5#/*4%N!\hhh8

# >H),"%.",#(5'04,"%.'61.6'+-0,"),0)1",16").0%4,#+,+6.0'+,

");01+,#+,()/(7'+1(@),1#+)-"%.()+,-"%-",-(:"'%0%,&6).0%,-",:(%.+,A6" ,

%" , 10/&#"/").+) , /6.6+/")."4 , 1'"+)-0 , 6) , /0%+(10 , -" , :(%(0)"% ,

&+'1(+#"%,-",")16").'0%,C,-"%")16").'0%8>

f#2'%X,!-#!n2/"#f!$*&2#3!(/&#3!"#!'2-8!\hhh8

# >I# ,16/&#(' ,JK ,+B0% ,L+(- ,96C" ,-" ,1+%+ ,&+'+ ,"/5+'1+'%" ,") ,

&+."'+,'6/50,+,H%&+B+,C,-"E+',+.'G%,"#,&+M%,-",%6,();+)1(+8,?6+)-0,

%",+#"E+,-",#+,10%.+,-",NG)7"',.(")",6)+,%")%+1(@),A6",%",#",+).0E+ ,

%(/(#+',+,#+,A6",-(%;'6.+,"#,&'"%0,+#,:"',#0%,/6'0%,-",#+,1G'1"#,6)+ ,

:"* ,A6",%" ,%+5", #(5'"8 ,L+(- ,")16").'+ , #+ ,+)9"#+-+, #(5"'.+- ,&"'0 ,

.+/5(O),#+,-"1"&1(@),+/0'0%+,C,#+,-"%(#6%(@),+).",6)+,H6'0&+,A6" ,

#",&+'"1",6),5+'10,A6",%",96)-">

KS

Page 37: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

f6#'0/*$%!30X#9!$%'%f!,n3(/N!\hhc8

# cP+'5(4,"#,&'0.+70)(%.+,/+''0A6M,-","%.",#(5'04,)0,%+#",)6)1+,-",#+,/+'7()+1(@),C,"# ,

%+#6-0,G'+5",A6",-+,.M.6#0,+,#+,05'+4,)0,#",%"'G,)6)1+,-":6"#.0,10),90%&(.+#(-+-,&0',#+ ,

%01("-+-,"%&+B0#+8,L",")1+-")+'G),"%1")+%,A6",'"&'"%").+),".+&+%,-",#+,"/(7'+1(@),C,-",#+ ,

":0#61(@),&"'%0)+#,-",P+'5(4,"),#67+'"%,-(;"'")."%4,Q+''6"10%4,#+,10%.+,%6',-",H%&+B+4,#+% ,

1+##"% , -" ,Q+-'(- , C , #+% , 19+50#+% , ") , #+% , +;6"'+%4 , 6) ,&6"5#0 , +'+70)O% , C ,R+'1"#0)+4 , A6" ,

"E"/&#(;(1+) , #+ , 90%&(.+#(-+- , A6" , %6;'") , #0% , "S.'+)E"'0% , +# , ##"7+' , + , )6"%.'0 ,T+M%< , '050%4 ,

10).'0#"%,&0#(1M+10%4,-".")1(0)"%4,"S&6#%(0)"%,-",5+'"%4,+7'"%(0)"%,;M%(1+%,A6",:+),9+%.+,"# ,

+%"%()+.0,'+1(%.+,C,%6%,"%.'+."7(+%,&+'+,%05'":(:(',"10)0/(1+/")."8

f3,!+,9,"%',f!#/+,'/,!+,5#33%N!\hhb8

# >I/+).",-",!6'4,6),-"#()16").",/+''0A6M4,%(),0;(1(0,)(,5")";(1(04,#0,+10/&+B+,"),%6,

:+(:O),").'",Q+''6"10%,C,H%&+B+,C,#0,:(%(.+,"),#+,1G'1"#,%0&0'.+)-0,#0%,10/").+'(0%,

96/(##+)."%,-",#0%,&0#(1M+%,C,0.'0%,10/&+.'(0.+%4,A6",)0,").(")-"),10/0,"##+4,%",&6"-",5+E+',

+,")+/0'+'%",-",6),>"S.'+)E"'0,()-"%"+5#">8

%

KJ

Page 38: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

.0&)!"

# LiPCLC#gdi%LCR\!di\Cie% #- % '/ % /11*9$ %: % &7&1), %5& %+,8&0-&" %A,$ % /X6&'',-%

+,8*+*&$),-%5&%2&0-,$/-%X6&%1,$)&+2'/$%-6%5&-2'/>/+*&$),%5&%-6%'6./0%5&%0&-*5&$1*/%/%6$%

)&00*),0*,%5*8&0-,%5&'%-6:,"%A&%5&;&%5*7&0&$1*/0%&$)0&%+,8*+*&$),-%+*.0/),0*,-%*$)&0$,-V5&$)0,%

5&'%+*-+,%a/?-W%:%+,8*+*&$),-%+*.0/),0*,-%&M)&0$,-%X6&%1,$''&8/%&'%)0/-'/5,%/%,)0,%a/?-"

# #BCQCie%D,$-*-)&%&$%&'%/'&]/+*&$),%5&%6$%*$5*8*56,%5&'%'6./0%&$%&'%X6&%0&-*5&%,%5&%-6%

)*&00/%$/)/'"%D6/$5,%&-&%/2/0)/+*&$),%&-%,;'*./5,%:%-&%20,561&%2,0%+,)*8,-%2,'?)*1,-=%-&%4/;'/%

5&%&M2/)0*/1*9$"

# [QOfi %@# % CgLCR\!gd#Ae % -& % 5&$,+*$/ % /-? % / % '/- % 1,00*&$)&- % 5& %+,8*'*5/5 % 5&%

2&0-,$/-%X6&%''&./$%/%6$%$6&8,%a/?-"

# a!d#\!Ae%)*2,%5&%&+;/01/1*9$%5&%)*2,',.?/%/;*&0)/=%-*$%16;*&0)/=%1,$%7,$5,%2'/$,=%

$,0+/'+&$)&%5&%+/5&0/=%X6&%)*&$&%5*8&0-,-%6-,-"%A,$%&+;/01/1*,$&-%+6:%2,1,%-&.60/-%2/0/%

$/8&./0=%-,;0&%),5,%&$%/.6/-%/.*)/5/-"

# N!QA!Ae%&+;/01/1*9$%1,$-*-)&$)&%&$%6$/%2'/)/7,0+/%4&14/%1,$%)0,$1,-%,%'*-),$&-%5&%

+/5&0/%6$*5,-%&$)0&%-?"

# CdCg#\!gd#Ae%X6&%8/%5&%6$%'/5,%/%,)0,%-*$%)&$&0%6$%-*)*,%7*],"

# a\iNQ#L!%#g@}LCDie%b&14,%$&./)*8,%X6&%-&%0&2*)&%1,$%70&16&$1*/%:%&-)<%+6:%

&M)&$5*5,"

# LCgi\~!%}dgCD!e%-,$%6$%-&.+&$),%5&%'/%-,1*&5/5%X6&%-&%5*-)*$.6&%2,0%-6%'&$.6/=%

5*/'&1),=%0/>/=%0&'*.*9$%6%,0*.&$%4*-)90*1,%1,-)*)6:&$)&-%5&%+,)*8,-%2/0/%X6&%',-%5&+<-%.062,-%

+/:,0*)/0*,-%',-%26&5/$%5&-10*+*$/0"

# a\#Ad!DCig#Ae%/11*9$%:%&7&1),%5&%20&-)/0=%&$)0&./0%/'.,%/%/'.6*&$%2/0/%X6&%',%6-&%:%

5&-26E-%',%5&86&'8/"%Q/%20&-)/1*9$%-,1*/'=%2,0%&]&+2',%&-%6$%-6;-*5*,%,%6$/%/:65/%2(;'*1/%5&%

1/0<1)&0%&1,$9+*1,"

KG

Page 39: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO - istituto piero calamandrei roma CLANDESTINOS.pdf · fy=jkz%&$)0&%fhhg%:%uyyi"%#$%uyyi=%&’%fi=yz%5&%’,-%$/1*+*&$),-%0&.*-)0/5,-%&$%#-2/3/% 76&0,$%,;0/%5&%+6]&0&-%5&%$/1*,$/’*5/5%&m)0/$]&0/""

# NC#g#Ad!\%AiDC!Qe%D,$]6$),%5&%7/1),0&-%X6&%2/0)*1*2/$%&$%'/%1/'*5/5%5&%'/%8*5/%5&%

'/%2&0-,$/%:%X6&%4/1&$%X6&%-6%&M*-)&$1*/%2,-&/%),5,-%/X6&'',-%&'&+&$),-%X6&%5/$%'6./0%/%'/%

)0/$X6*'*5/5%:%-/)*-7/11*9$%6+/$/"

# A#RO\C@!@%AiDC!Qe%d/+;*E$%''/+/5/%-&.60,%%-,1*/'%,%20&8*-*9$%-,1*/'=%-&%0&7*&0&%

20*$1*2/'+&$)& % / % 6$ % 1/+2, % 5& % ;*&$&-)/00 % -,1*/' % 0&'/1*,$/5, % 1,$ % '/ % 20,)&11*9$ % -,1*/' % ,%

1,;&0)60/%5&%'/-%$&1&-*5/5&-%-,1*/'+&$)&%0&1,$,1*5/-%1,+,%-/'65=%8&]&>%,%5*-1/2/1*5/5"

# C@#gdC@!@%DOQdO\!Qe%#-%6$%1,$]6$),%5&%8/',0&-`%,0.6'',=%)0/5*1*9$=%-?+;,',-=%

10&&$1*/-%:%+,5,-%5&%1,+2,0)/+*&$),%X6&%76$1*,$/$%1,+,%&'&+&$),-%5&$)0,%5&%6$%.062,%

-,1*/'%:%X6&%/1)(/$%2/0/%X6&%',-%*$5*8*56,-%X6&%',%7,0+/$%26&5/$%76$5/+&$)/0%-6%-&$)*+*&$),%

5&%2&0)&$&$1*/"

# !NA#gdCALi%#ADiQ!\e%#-%'/%0&*)&0/5/%/6-&$1*/%5&%',-%1&$)0,-%5,1&$)&-%5&%$*3,-%

:%/5,'&-1&$)&-%&$%&5/5%5&%&$-&3/$>/%,;'*./),0*/"

# \#!QC@!@%aQO\CQCgR�#e%#-%'/%5*8&0-*5/5%'*$.6?-)*1/%X6&%&M*-)&%&$%6$%)&00*),0*,%

&$%&'%16/'%-&%4/;'/$%5*8&0-/-%'&$.6/-"

# #Ad!dOdi%@#%!OdigiL~!Ae%#-%'/%$,0+/%*$-)*)61*,$/'%;<-*1/%&-2/3,'/%5&%6$/%

1,+6$*5/5%,%5&%6$/%1*65/5%/6)9$,+/=%0&1,$,1*5/%2,0%'/%D,$-)*)61*9$%&-2/3,'/%5&%FHJG"

KH