Constructing Environments Logbook
-
Upload
stephen-parthimos -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Constructing Environments Logbook
Week 1 – Knowledge Map
Week 1
Static Loads
Occupancy Loads
Snow Loads
Rain Loads Impact Loads
Settlement Loads
Ground Pressure
Water Pressure
Thermal Stresses
Dynamic loads
Wind Loads
Earthquake Loads
Compression
Tension
Week 1 Tutorial In this first tutorial we were given the task of constructing a tower out of MDF that had to adhere to the following: It had to be able to fit a toy dog inside it and be as tall as you could possibly make it. Whilst constructing our entryway we went with a beam tied with a piece of elastic rather than an arch, which may not have been the most appropriate option, and this is why: à
The Beam Following the completion of the tower we experimented with removing more and more blocks and testing if the structure would still stand, and it did. This is due to the Load Paths in the structure à
Removed Blocks
Using an arch, the forces of above blocks would spread along it evenly and down to the ground
Because we used a beam; it was very weak in the middle and started to bend and collapse, due to the weight of the blocks.
To avoid this we applied weight forces to either side to strengthen the beam and stop it collapsing
This event can be explained using load paths, all of the forces of the blocks take certain paths to the ground, and when there are multiple paths, not all of them are being used. So many blocks can be removed and the structure will still stand.
Week 2 – Knowledge Map
Week 2
Structural Systems
Solid Structures
Surface
Skeletal Systems Membranes Hybrid
ESD strategies
Local Materials
Material EfQiency
Thermal Mass
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Smart Sun Design
Insulation
Water Harvesting
Cross Ventilation Night Air
Purging
Structural Joints
Roller Joint
Pin Joint
Fixed Joint
Week 2 Tutorial In this tutorial we were given a single sheet of balsawood and were instructed to build a structure tall enough to reach the roof using glue and/or tape to hold it together. We went with a triangular shaped base to hold up the 3 sides extending up to one point. The use of the triangular base was to turn the point loads on the ground into a more spread out load and to join all 3 sides together to create a more stable structure à
Triangular Base Following the completion and gluing of the tower it was noticeable that it had begun to buckle and bend in various directions out of place. This would have had to do with the weight forces of the materials acting on the balsawood, a very flimsy material. ê
With 3 point loads the structure would have collapsed almost immediately, so by joining the sides together we could spread the load out and avoid the sides from collapsing.
Top View Side View
Because the Balsawood is so weak and bendy, the weight of materials and gravity forces began to put it out of shape. This made the wood go from straight to bent.
Buckling Tower
Week 3 – Knowledge Map
Week 3
Structural Elements
Strut Beam
Tie
Panel
Slab
Bricks
Vertical Horizontal
Perpend
Bed Joint
Stone
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
Footings & Foundations
Deep Footings
Shallow Footings
Pad Footing
Strip Footing
Raft Foundation
Site Visits – Melbourne University Underground Car Park
Arts West
All of these structures are independent of each other within this car park. During construction the pad would be placed first followed by the column itself. The steel that is located inside the column has the purpose of stopping the tension and compression forces from making it collapse.
Steel is useful in this situation as it is very high in tension whereas the concrete is weak in tension.
This section of the Arts West building features a truss like structure being supported at both ends. The truss would be used to add further structural support to the building. Also there are a series of steel beams being held up by columns as a way to keep the roof of this structure standing.
It is assumed that as the structure is featured outside, it would be subject to a lot of wind. Therefore fixed joints would most likely be used in this situation to avoid movement in all directions.
Staircase
North Court Membrane
This Staircase has been made out of galvanized steel in order to avoid rusting. The main visible structural component of the stairs is the cables that stretch from the stairs to a cantilever coming out of a nearby building.
Whether these cables are in use structurally or not is unknown , it may be part of the structural system or the aesthetic system. They are held in place by a series of pin joints. Pin joints are used here to allow slight movement in the stairs due to the amount of people going up or down them.
The membrane at North Court is a kind of hybrid structure using some form of material for the membrane and steel rings and cables connecting it to the ground in the center. It uses pin joints here as the uplift from the wind would create a lot of movement, and the pin joints allow for that movement.
Columns are on either side of the membrane leaning on an angle that will be taking a lot of compression from the membrane pushing down on them.
Swimming Center
Pavilion Building
Old Geology South
This building utilizes many materials in its exterior, some being brick, glass, steel, concrete and aluminum framing. One thing that would have been considered when constructing this building is what issues the structure would be affected by e.g – the humidity, corrosion, and water damage. These water related issues would have been overcome by the use of waterproof flashing to guide the water out of the building to avoid it seeping into the materials.
Another factor in the construction of this building would be how to maneuver large objects in and out of the building. That is why a portal frame was used, and because the glass would be removed for those tasks it would have to not be load bearing and therefore just part of the enclosure system.
There was an old building in the location of this new building and while destructing the old section movement in footings has to be considered. The base of the building is built with concrete stumps leading into pad footings located 1 meter underground. The building uses timber strut framing for its walls as they are a cheaper alternative to steel framing.
This building section consists of a glazing unit around the door area. Due to the large amount of glass this section would only be part of the enclosure system. All of the load from the above roof would be transferred down through brick and steel framing in the wall.
Outdoor Place
Lot 6
This Outdoor seating area is made predominately out of timber, with concrete footings below the structure. There are columns that hold up beams and an overhanging roof. Due to there potentially being lots of uplift from the wind, fixed joints are used to prevent the timber from moving. There is also a cantilever that features in the structure as part of the roofing.
The basement of this building consists of concrete walls holding back soil and concrete steel reinforced slabs for the floor. Pre-‐cast concrete columns were then put in place. The exterior of the building is made of large pre-‐cast concrete panels leaving window spaces. There is a cantilever that stretches out 12 meters over 3 floors and is made of steel framing. There is also a steel tube that runs diagonally down the cantilever to transfer the loads to the ground.
Week 3 – E-‐Learning
This weeks E-‐Learning talked about structural elements. These elements were: Strut, Tie, Beam, Panel and Slab. A strut is a column that is used in compression whereas a Tie is used in tension, objects in tension and compression can be used to together to create a stronger structure. Beams however experience both Tension and Compression forces at the same time. A beam slightly bends in the center when a load is placed on it. This puts the top of the beam under tension forces and the bottom of the beam under compression forces.
Also mentioned in the E-‐Learning were the categories of stone and how they are formed. Igneous Stone is formed when molten rock/lava cools. Sedimentary Stone is formed when accumulated particles are subjected to moderate pressure. Metamorphic Stone is formed when a sedimentary or igneous stone is subjected to pressure or high temperature.
Footings and Foundations were mentioned and how the various types were used. Footings were separated into two categories: shallow footings and deep footings. Some footings were: Pad Footings that are used to spread a point load over a wide area of ground, and Strip Footings that are used when loads from walls are spread in a linear manner.
Week 4 -‐ Knowledge Map
Week 4
Beam Cantilever Span Spacing
Concrete
In Situ
Pre-‐Cast
Joints
Construction Joints Control
Joints
Structural Joints
Floor & Framing Systems
Timber Systems
Steel Systems Concrete Systems
Distance between two structural supports
Repeating Distance between
a series of elements
A horizontal Structural element
When a structural element is only supported at one
end
Structural purposes –
footings, retaining walls
Retaining walls, walls, columns
Pavilion Building
Hybrid
Timber
Steel
Week 4 – Tutorial In this weeks tutorial we talked about the content that the quiz included and expanded on concrete, bricks and also about some framing terminology.
A strut can be best described as a steel column that is used mainly to resist longitudinal compression in wall, floor and roofing systems. (Ching, 2008)
We talked about bricks and the terminology used when talking about bricks. These terms can also apply to other forms of concrete such as concrete blocks. The sketch at right shows layers of bricks and the terminology mentioned above.
The image at left displays a concrete block with holes in the middle. The purpose of this hole is to allow for reinforcement rods to be installed for added strength
In Situ and Pre-‐Cast are the two main classes of concrete. One is formed on site and the other is off site, respectively. The main difference between the two is that Pre-‐Cast will better quality.
In Situ Concrete is usually used for footings and retaining walls whereas other walls and columns are usually Pre Cast.
Pre-‐Cast concrete being stacked
Week 4 – E-‐Learning Span and Spacing Span is the distance measured between two structural supports Spacing is the repeating distance between a series of similar elements.
Floor and Framing Systems
Concrete Components of concrete include sand, crushed rock, cement and water. FORMWORK is the term that is used for the temporary support of molds. Where concrete is strong in compression it is weak in tension. Two categories of concrete are In Situ concrete and Pre-‐Cast concrete.
Beams were also talked about and how they can be supported. Also at what point a beam can be considered a cantilever. A beam is a horizontal structure element that can be supported at: both ends, numerous points or at only one end. When a beam is only supported at one end it is then called a cantilever. The function of a beam is to carry loads along the member to the support, and they can be positioned horizontally, vertically or on an angle.
This is an example of a cantilever
There are three main floor and framing systems that are commonly used. They are: Concrete systems, Steel systems, and Timber systems. Steel systems can use both heavy gauge structural steel whereas some use light gauge. Concrete slabs are used to span between structures and can span one or two ways. In some cases steel framing combines with concrete systems. Timber Systems use a combination of beams and joists.
In Situ concrete is concrete that has been cast on site and is generally used for structural purposes like footings or retaining walls. Some joints used on In Situ concrete are construction joints and control joints. Construction joints are used to divide the site into smaller and manageable sections. Control joints are required to absorb the expansions and contractions that vibrations can cause.
Pre-‐cast concrete has instead been fabricated off site and then bought on site. This method is sometimes favored as it speeds up the construction process and produces better quality concrete. It is generally used for walls and columns. Joints include construction joints and structural joints. Construction joints naturally occur when a pre-‐cast element meets another. Structural joints includes joining pre-‐cast elements using brackets.
Week 5 – Knowledge Map
Week 5 Stud Walls
Light Gauge Steel
Framing
Timber Framing
I -‐ Beam
Square Hollow Section
Rectangle Hollow Section
Timber Properties
Sustainability
Hardness Re-‐Usability
Durability
Conductivity
Density
Porosity Cost Flexibility
Ductility
Fragility
Wood
Quarter Sawn
Radial Sawn
Back Sawn
Soft Woods
Hard Woods Radiata Pine
Hoop Pine
Cypress Pine
Douglas Fir
Tasmanian Oak
Brown Box
Spotted Gum
Jarrah
Balsa Wood
Victorian Ash
Week 5 – Tutorial In this tutorial we began working on building a to scale section of the Pavilion Building in Melbourne University.
In this tutorial we looked at the different components of a floor system and labeled them on the diagram at right. This shows what the bearer, joist, joist span, joist spacing, and cantilever look like in this type of system.
We also looked at three types of beams and where they would buckle under pressure. These three were: I-‐Beam, Square Hollow Section and Rectangular Hollow Section.
Finally we analyzed the different was in which a column will buckle when it has different joints on either end. By doing this we could calculate the Effective Length and the Point of Contra flexure in each scenario.
Week 5 – E-‐Learning Concrete Frames use a grid of columns with concrete beams, whereas Steel Frames also use grid with steel girders and beams connected to it. Timber frames also use a grid but the members need to be braced in between to avoid any buckling.
Things that should always be specified when dealing with timber are: the size, strength grade, moisture content, species of wood, treatment and availability. All of these factors can greatly alter where and how the timber is used.
Metal and Timber stud frames are found in the walls of buildings and have a Top Plate and Bottom Plate.
Timber is at its strongest when it is parallel to the grain and is weak when perpendicular to the grain.
The properties of timber change depending on the ways that it is cut. The three main methods are Quarter Sawn, Back Sawn and Radial Sawn. Quarter Sawn is best for furniture and Radial Sawn is best for weatherboards.
Week 6 – Knowledge Map
Week 6
Roofing Systems
Flat Roofs
Gable Roofs
Pitched Roofs >3 degrees
Concrete Roofs
Sloping Flat
Structural Steel Framed Roof
Portal Frames
Non – Ferrous Metals
Copper
Ferrous Metals
Aluminum
Zinc
Tin
Bronze
Lead
Titanium
Brass
Iron
Cast Iron
Wrought Iron
Iron Alloys
Steel
Stainless Steel Alloys Steel Sheeting
Reinforcing Bars
Structural Steel
Week 6 – Tutorial – Site Visit Presentations 92 Cooper St, Footscray This group managed to obtain a basic outline of how their building had progressed so far and the steps it had taken. They were in order: Site Test, Foundations, Framing, Services, Walls, and then Interior Walls. They mentioned that the walls were made of bluestone for historical significance of the site.
Beaurepair Parade, Footscray West There were many structural elements that this group found on their site that included trusses, steel beams and steel bracing on timber stud walls. A feature of their building that was unusual was the use of some angular walls sitting against straight ones. They also noticed that the building had a brick veneer wall with weep holes along the bottom. This shows that it is not part of the structural system but instead part of the aesthetic system.
Timber Workshop
Some structural elements they noticed were metal joists, steel reinforcement in concrete and timber stud frames with steel cross bracing featured throughout their site.
Another thing they noticed structurally were trusses in the roof of some of the floors for added structural support.
This group was given plans and had to construct a 1:1 section of a house. The structure was made of timber and parts of it were joined with large bolts. Another structural element they used was a bird mouth joint. This joint is commonly used when dealing with slanted roofs meeting a ceiling.
Week 6 – E-‐Learning This week E-‐Learning talked about the various types of roofing systems.
Metals were a large part of the E-‐Learning. More specifically talking about Ferrous and Non-‐Ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron such as wrought iron and cast iron. Also mentioned were iron alloys and the main iron alloy is steel. This includes all forms of steel including sheet steel, structural steel and stainless steel alloys. Non-‐Ferrous metals included brass, tin, bronze, lead, zinc, titanium for cladding, copper for roofing and aluminium for windows. Many of these metals however are not commonly use due to various reasons such as cost for titanium and coppers oxidization.
Some of the systems that were mentioned were Gable roofs, Pitched roofs, Flat roofs, Truss roofs and Space frames. A roof is considered a flat roof if it sits at under 3 degrees and is a pitched roof at over 3 degrees. A space frame is made up of a series of 3D trusses. Example of a Space Frame
Week 7 – Knowledge Map
Week 7
Rubber
Natural Rubber
Synthetic Rubber
Silicone
Neoprene
EPDM
Seals
Flooring
Hosing
Insulation
Properties
Medium hardness
Very Flexible
Medium Density
Waterproof
Not Fragile
Paints
Water Based Oil Based
Components
Binder Diluent Pigment
Plastics
Thermoplastics
Elastomers
Thermosetting
Silicone
Properties
High Recyclability Low Density
High Flexibility
Medium Hardness
Waterproof
Week 7 – E-‐Learning This weeks E-‐Learning talked about three different materials imparticular, they are rubber, paint and plastic. Rubber Two categories of rubber were introduced, they were Natural Rubber and Synthetic Rubber. Natural rubber if formed from tree sap and is commonly used for seals, flooring, hosing, and also insulation. Synthetic rubber however is made in a lab, some examples of synthetic rubber are EPDM, Neoprene and Silicone. Plastics There were three different types of plastics that were explained and they were Silicone, Elastomers, and Thermosetting all having different uses. The properties of plastics were also explained and they were: Paints The two main types of paints that are used are Water based paints and Oil based paints. Today water based paints are greatly considered over Oil based due to their need for much less maintenance. Where cleaning a paintbrush of water-‐based paint would require water, cleaning a paintbrush of oil-‐based paint requires turpentine. The three main components of paint are the Binder, Pigment and the Diluent. The pigment determines the color of the paint. Some negative properties of paint are that over time it can chip, crack or fade. Gloss finish paints are more prone to these effects than matte finishes.
-‐Medium hardness -‐High flexibility -‐Highly waterproof -‐ High recyclability -‐ Low density -‐ Cost effective
Week 8 – Knowledge Map
Week 8
Glass
Components
Types
Properties
High Fidelity
Low Ductility
Very Durable
Clear Float Glass
Shaped Glass
Laminated Glass
Tempered Glass
Flat Glass
Stabilizers
Formers
Fluxes
Double Glazing
Preventing Heat Loss
E-‐Learning
Week 8 – Tutorial In this tutorial we received a task to complete which was to redraw a section of the pavilion building at a 1:1 scale on an A1 sheet of paper. As it is at a 1:1 scale we had to include all of the details of each material including all edges and their textures. We also went over all of the terminology involved in a timber stud wall frame as is shown below:
Week 9 – Knowledge Map
Week 9
Construction Detailing
Movement Joints
Use Expansion Joints
Health & Safety
Fire Insulation
Stairs
Durability
Corrosion
Greying Timber
Cleanable Surfaces
Avoiding Corners
Composite Materials
Types
Fibrous
Hybrid
Particulate
Laminar
Examples
Fiberglass
Aluminium Sheet Composites
Timber Composites
Week 9 – Site Visit Roof Section
Building Information Due to the location of the building many permits had to be obtained in order to begin the construction process. Most of the structure is cast off site and then delivered via trucks. The main structural element cast in-‐situ are the concrete slabs as they are too large to transport. The building also is made up of concrete columns and some steel. During the construction process a crane had to be bought on site to raise the 200mm thick concrete panels and window frames into place on the higher floors. Apartment Section
The roof of this site is a concrete roof as oppose to the more common metal clad roof. It is a full concrete structure. The roof slab thickness is 250mm and requires maintenance such as constant watering and includes a bonding agent within it.
This section of the building included concrete walls that would have insulation and plaster put on a later stage. There are many balcony areas in each of the apartments also made of concrete. One feature was that the shower spaces were cast into the slab rather than sitting on top. All of the framing in the building is steel framing with minimal timber being used for doorframes. This is mainly due to cost efficiency. The exterior walls consist of series of 35mm batons and lightweight cladding. Some sections of the exterior have a corrugated finish.
Week 9 – E-‐Learning Construction detailing is all about the components of buildings that need to be considered before and during the construction process. Movement joints need to be considered when constructing a building. This movement or expanding of materials will need to be dealt with using expansion joints to allow for that small amount of movement. Health and safety must also be considered. This could mean simply having safe stairs as well as fire insulation. Composite Materials were talked about. They are created when two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain distinguishable. One obvious one is safety glass that has a visible layer of wire mesh in the center. There are four types of composite materials and they are: Fibrous, Laminar, Particulate, and Hybrid.
How buildings age over time is another factor than needs to be thought of. As some materials will corrode due to water damage, or as copper does; obtain a green color. Timber materials will go grey over time if exposed to the elements and need constant maintenance to avoid this.
Fiberglass is one example of a composite material as it is made up of glass fibers and epoxy resins.
Aluminium Sheet Composites are also examples combining aluminium with plastic.
Timber Composites are formed from combinations of solid timber, engineered timber, and galvanized pressed steel.
Week 10 – Knowledge Map
Week 10
Corrosion
Statue of Liberty
Copper Skin
Iron Structural Frame
Copper Oxidization
Heroes & Villains
Health
Waste
Energy
Heroes
Pollution
Heroes
Collapses & Failures
Fascia Cracking
Heroes
Falling Cladding
Heroes
Consider
Heroes
Exposure
Compatibility
Maintenance
Strength
Week 10 – Tutorial
We talked about ways in which structural design is approached in earthquake prone areas. We learnt that in earthquake prone areas at the base of the buildings some form of roller joint or movement allowing connection is used. Whereas for the rest of the building lots of bracing is used to prevent it from moving at all. This is so that the building base will move slightly horizontally but wont allow the body to bend. Also we learnt of how choosing specific combinations of materials to be near or touching each other can be a good or bad thing, depending on what metals you use and how prone to corrosion they are. We presented our 1:1 pavilion drawings this tutorial and also went out to the building to begin drawing a 3D version of our section.
In this weeks tutorial we went over an example of a Villain and a Hero material. The Villain material was timber, this is a villain material as it is made from a lot of deforestation. Only the hardwoods not obtained from plantations are a villain. The Hero material was bamboo as it is very easy to maintain and grows very quickly. Also it has a very high strength to size ratio.
Week 10 – E-‐Learning Corrosion – The Statue of Liberty This weeks E-‐Learning talked about the two main structural elements of the Statue of Liberty being the copper skin and the iron structural frame. The first observation of the Statue of Liberty is how copper oxidization has turned the copper skin into a green color.
Heroes and Villains This speaker talked about the many issues to consider when choosing materials and their heroes and villains including health, waste, pollution and energy use. The heroes relating to health were bamboo and fiber cloths whereas the villains were carpet, paints, glues, timber floor finishes and cleaning chemicals. The heroes relating to waste were recycled timber, recycled fabric, recycled tiles and Ortek (a type of wall board). The villains were Timber and Tiling as they produce a lot of offcuts. The hero relating to energy was timber as it is very easy to obtain and transport whereas the villains are light globes and Aluminium as it has a long making process. The heroes relating to pollution are Linoleum, tiles and wool. The villain on the other hand is PVC. Collapses and Failures This introduced a beach house that had suffered from a lot of various failures. One failure was the timber fascia that was very wide and thin and therefore began to crack in the middle. Another failure was the metal cladding sheets, due to the weather they got very hot and began to bubble up, following that they began to unstick from the structure and fall off allowing water into the building. For materials it is important to consider: exposure, compatibility, strength, long-‐term performance, maintenance, construction and detailing.
During its lifetime galvanized corrosion began to occur in the joints from the copper to the iron. In an attempt to fix this or prolong this effect the iron armature frame was removed and replaced with a stainless steel structure. This however must still be observed as galvanized corrosion is still possible. Example of galvanic corrosion
GLOSSARY Load Path: How a certain load is transferred to the ground through a structure Compression: When an external load pushes on a structural member Tension: When an external load pulls on a structural member Reaction Force: An equal but opposite force from the ground to make the structure stable Point Load: A single load pressing on a single point Structural Joints: Joints that allow and/or restrict certain movements either horizontally, vertically or in a rotation Moment: Force X Distance = Moment (kNm) Joist: A length of timber or steel supporting part of the structure of a building
Girder: A steel, wood or concrete beam used as a main horizontal support Stud: A vertical timber found in the wall of a building Lintel: A horizontal support made of timber or steel across the top of a door or window Nogging: A small horizontal piece of timber used for strengthening Rafter: A beam forming part of the internal framework of a roof Purlin: A horizontal beam along the length of the slope of a roof Eave: The part of the roof that overhangs the end of the building Parapet: A low protective wall along the edge of a roof
Shear Wall: A wall made of braced panels to counter the lateral load acting on a structure
References IMAGES http://alphastoneworks.com/igneous-‐rock-‐formation-‐and-‐characteristics/ http://microstockinsider.com/content/cut-‐stone-‐wall http://www.uwlax.edu/mvac/processarch/processarch/glossary.html http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-‐17403-‐precast-‐takes-‐the-‐lead/ http://www.dpmfabricstructures.com/ http://inhabitat.com/mason-‐lane-‐farm-‐showcases-‐beautiful-‐bamboo-‐construction/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion TEXT E-‐Learning week 1 E-‐Learning week 2 E-‐Learning week 3 E-‐Learning week 4 E-‐Learning week 5 E-‐Learning week 6 E-‐Learning week 7 E-‐Learning week 8 E-‐Learning week 9 E-‐Learning week 10 Ching, F. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.