Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

27
Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures Xinhua Zha Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center March 3, 2012 CLTAC, Stanford University 汉汉汉汉汉汉汉汉汉汉汉汉

description

汉语句法结构中的语序问题. Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures. Xinhua Zha Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center March 3, 2012 CLTAC, Stanford University. Distinctiveness of Chinese Word Order. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 1: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Xinhua Zha Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center

March 3, 2012

CLTAC, Stanford University

汉语句法结构中的语序问题

Page 2: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

“It is often said that all Chinese grammar is syntax, all Chinese syntax is word order, and therefore all Chinese grammar is word order.”

Distinctiveness of Chinese Word Order

Chao, Yuan Ren A Grammar of Spoken Chinese

Page 3: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

“…order or sequence is considered to be language specific, and therefore the same order may produce differenteffects in a different language.”

Ho, Y. Aspects of discourse structure in Chinese.

Mellen University Press.

Distinctiveness of Chinese Word Order

Page 4: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Common Mistakes Students Often Make

2) * 我见到了我妈妈和弟弟在旧金山机场。

1) * 你可以到我家来坐地铁。

3) * 我太太上班在超市每天下午。

4) * 老师告诉我们一些事关于中国的。

Page 5: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Common Mistakes Students Often Make

(Cont’d)

5) * 在路上回家我买了一杯咖啡。

6) * 有一个大壁炉在我家客厅里,我很喜 欢看看小说坐着在壁炉的前面。

7) * 我想要我的女儿以后去学习到中国。

8) * 我每天早上五点起床,然后我到托儿所

送女儿。

Page 6: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Common Mistakes Students Often Make

(Cont’d)

11) * 我昨晚值班,没睡觉一夜。

12) * 我在老家五夜住了。

9) * 我参军后,和弟弟没见面两年。

10) * 今天我两个小时锻炼了。

Page 7: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS)

时间顺序原则

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

在汉语里,“两个句法单位的相对顺序决定于它们所表示的概念世界里的状态的时间先后”。

戴浩一 (1994) 《以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议》 《功能主义与汉语语法》,北京语言学院出版社

Page 8: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS)

汉语 : 先发生的先说,后发生的后说

时间顺序原则

英语 : 重要的 (core) 先说,次要的

(peripheral) 后说 He is very active in class. 他在班上很活跃。 She became pregnant after she got married. 她结婚以后怀孕了。

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 9: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d)

时间顺序原则 • 他坐飞机来这儿。 VS 他来这儿坐飞机。

• 我骑车到学校去。 VS 我到学校去骑车。

• 狗落水 VS 落水狗

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 10: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d)

时间顺序原则

7) * 我想要我的女儿以后去学习到中国。 c) 我想要我的女儿以后 到中国 去学习。 ( 先 ) ( 后 ) 8) * 我每天早上五点起床,然后我到托儿所 送女儿。 c) 我每天早上五点起床,然后我 送女儿 到托儿所。 ( 先 ) ( 后 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 11: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d)

时间顺序原则

1) * 你可以到我家来坐地铁。

2) * 我见到了我妈妈和弟弟在旧金山机场。

c) 你可以 坐地铁 到我家来。 ( 先 ) ( 后 )

c) 我 在旧金山机场 见到了 我妈妈和弟弟。

( 先 ) ( 后 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 12: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d) 时间顺序原则

3) * 我太太上班在超市每天下午。

c) 我太太 每天下午 在超市 上班。 ( 先 ) ( 后 ) ( 再后 ) 先发生的先说,后发生的后说。

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 13: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) (Cont’d) 时间顺序原则

“把”字结构

- 我把这本书看完了。

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

- 他把杯子打破了。

Page 14: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

2. The Principle of Measurement

计量原则 动作没实现或将无法实现,计量在前

动作实现了或将肯定实现,计量在后

11) * 我昨晚值班,没睡觉一夜。

12) * 我在老家五夜住了。

c) 我昨晚值班,一夜没睡觉。 ( 没实现,计量在前 )

c) 我在老家住了五夜。 ( 实现了,计量在

后 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 15: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

2. The Principle of Measurement

计量原则 动作没实现或将无法实现,计量在前

动作实现了或将肯定实现,计量在后

10) * 今天我两个小时锻炼了。

9) * 我参军后,和弟弟没见面两年。

c) 我参军后,和弟弟两年没见面。 ( 没实现,计量在前 )

c) 今天我锻炼了两个小时。 ( 实现了,计量在后 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 16: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

3. The Principle of Whole Before Part ( WBP )

整体 — 部分原则:整体先说,部分后说。

英语: I took a picture in the middle of Time Square

in New York.

汉语:我在纽约时代广场中央拍了一张照片。

英语: The wheels on the bus go round and round ,

round and round.

汉语:公共汽车的轮子转呀转,转呀转。

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 17: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

3. The Principle of Whole Before Part (WBP) (Cont’d)

整体 — 部分原则:整体先说,部分后说。

6) * 有一个大壁炉在我家客厅里,我很

喜欢看看小说坐着在壁炉的前面。c) ( 在 ) 我家客厅里有一个大壁

炉 ...... ( 整体 ) ( 部分 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 18: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

4. The Principle of Background Before Foreground (BBF)

背景 — 前景原则:背景先说,前景后说。

英语: words on the blackboard 汉语: 黑板上的字 ( 背景 ) ( 前景 )

英语: a pencil on the desk 汉语: 书桌上的一支铅笔 ( 背景 ) ( 前景 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 19: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

10) * 有一个大壁炉在我家客厅里,我很喜欢

看 看小说坐着在壁炉的前面。

4. The Principle of Background Before Foreground (BBF) (Cont’d)

c) 我家客厅里有一个大壁炉 ...... ( 整体 / 部分 )

c) ……我很喜欢坐在壁炉的前面看看小说。 ( 背景 ) ( 前景 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 20: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH)

修饰 — 核心原则:修饰先说,核心后说。

英语: 1. premodifier 2. postmodifier 汉语: premodifier 英语: the car moving; the novel written; the place to be visited; write clearly…

汉语:行驶中的车;写的小说;要去的地

方; 清清楚楚地写 ...

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 21: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH) (Cont’d) 修饰 — 核心原则:修饰先说,核心后说。

9) * 老师告诉我们一些事关于中国的。

10) * 在路上回家我买了一杯咖啡。

c) 老师告诉我们 关于中国的 一些事。 ( 修饰 ) ( 核心 )

c) 在 回家 路上 我买了一杯咖啡。 ( 修饰 ) ( 核心 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 22: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH) (Cont’d) 修饰 — 核心原则:修饰先说,核心后说。

英语: When the wall fell down, all the people ran away in a panic. (adv.)

汉语:墙倒塌的时候,所有的人都争先恐后地 跑开了。

( 修饰 ) ( 核心 )

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 23: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH) (Cont’d)

• Principal Branching Direction (PBD) (Lust & Chien, 1984)

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

- Chinese: Principally left-branching

- English: Principally right-branching

Relative Clauses & Subordinate Clauses

Page 24: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head (MBH) (Cont’d)

英语: He likes his sister, who is warm and pleasant;

but he does not like his brother, who is aloof and arrogant. ( Attributive clauses) (Right of the Head) 汉语:他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠 高傲的哥哥。 (Left

of the Head)

Cognitively-Based Principles of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Page 25: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

2. The Principle of Measurement

5. The Principle of Modifier Before Head

Summary

1. The Principle of Temporal Sequence

3. The Principle of Whole Before Part

4. The Principle of Background Before Foreground

先发生的先说,后发生的后说。

动作没实现或将无法实现,计量在前动作实现了或将肯定实现,计量在后

整体在先,部分在后。

背景在先,前景在后。

修饰在先,核心在后。

Page 26: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

References

• Chao, Yuan Ren (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese ( 中国话的文法 )

University of California Press• Ho, Y. 1993. Aspects of discourse structure in Chinese. Mellen University Press.

• 戴浩一 《时间顺序和汉语的语序》 ( 国外语言学 ,1988, 第 3

期 )

• 赵振才 《汉语简单句的语序与强调》(语言教学与研究 ,1985, 第3 期)

• 方梅 《宾语与动量词语的次序问题》 ( 中国语文, 1995 第 1期)

• 胡裕树 / 陆丙甫《关于制约汉语语序的一些因素》 (烟台大学学报 ,1988, 第

1 期)• Lust, B. & Chien, Y. (1984) The Structure of coordination in first

language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese: Evidence for a Universal. Cognition, 17, 49-83

Page 27: Constituent Order of Chinese Syntactic Structures

Questions?

Thank you!