Conservación y protección de ecosistemas marinos: conceptos ...
Conservación de ecosistemas marinos: estamos planificando ... · Conservación de ecosistemas...
Transcript of Conservación de ecosistemas marinos: estamos planificando ... · Conservación de ecosistemas...
Conservación de ecosistemas
marinos: estamos planificando
para un clima cambiante?
Miriam Fernández
Departamento de Ecología
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
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1976
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2014
2016
Increase in number: 3 times more AMP in the last 15 years
Increase in area protected: 80.000 times increase in the last 15 years
41% of the Exclusive Economic Zone under some conservation
instrument (23% under no-take; largest fraction in the world)
Advances in marine conservation
2.4
km
2
2.5
km
2
14 k
m2
150.0
00 k
m2
1.5
00.0
00 k
m2
Fernández et al (submitted)
Num
be
r of M
PA
Where are concentrated marine protected
areas?: 14 ecoregions
Rovira & Herreros 2016
Where are concentrated marine protected
areas?: 14 ecoregions
0
20
40
60
80
100
Norte
grand
e
Papo
so Ta
ltal
Atacam
a
Los M
olles
Chile
centr
al
Cent
ro su
r
Chilo
é Tait
ao
Kawes
qar
Mag
allan
es
Pacif
ico Su
deste
Pacif
ico Au
stral
Oceán
ico
Archipi
élago
de Ju
an Fe
rnan
dez
Islas
Des
vent
urad
as
Isla d
e Pas
cua
Coastal Oceanic
15%
>56%
Very small efforts in coastal areas
Clear imbalance among ecoregionsRovira & Herreros 2016
Fernández et al (submitted)
<2,5% en promedio
Perc
enta
ge o
f ecore
gio
ns p
rote
cte
d
• 34 priority latitudinal bands
• 19 coastal MPA established
• 15 matching (44% priority)
• 56% latitudinal coastal bands need
attention
Tognelli et al. (Cons. Biol. 2009)
Coarse grain approach(only sp presence/absence; no site-
specific information)
Coastal MPA do not fully match priority sites
Can other instruments fill the gap in
the coastal ocean?
Management areas: territorial user rights
for fishers (TURF)
Coastal areas (CA) of native ethnic groups
Expansion of terrestrial parks
Can other instruments fill the coastal gap?: management areas for fishers and native ethnic groups
> 450
TURFS in
place
190 in place
for > 8
years
(660 km2)
89 CA for
ethnic
groups
requested
9 in place
(450 km2;
potential >
30,000 km2)
100% fisheries
82% fishing
Hiriart et al (submitted); Fernández et al (submitted)
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1
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3
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5
6
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8
Num
ber
of pro
tecte
dare
as
Coastal Oceanic
Distribution of management areas for fishers and native
communities across ecoregions
CO
NS
ER
VA
TIO
N
INS
TR
UM
EN
TS
Fernández et al (submitted)
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1
2
3
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5
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8
Num
ber
of
pro
tecte
dare
as
Coastal Oceanic
CO
NS
ER
VA
TIO
N
INS
TR
UM
EN
TS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
MPA
MCAIP
TURF
ALT
ER
NA
TIV
E
INS
TR
UM
EN
TS
Alternative area-based instruments could
enhance the coastal area protected (20%), but
the gap in protection of coastal ecoregions
remains (app 4%)
Very unstable instrument (less than 50% TURFs
last at least 8 years)
There is a potential, if incentives are established
Fernández et al (submitted)
Distribution of management areas for fishers and
native communities across ecoregions
Can other instruments fill the coastal gap?
Decrees offer the opportunity of extending marine
parks to the ocean in southern Chile (Decrees):
National Park Bernardo O´Higgins
Increase the number of prioritized latitudinal bands
“protected” (19 matching; 56% priority bands
protected)
But …..
Fishing is allowed
Aquacultures is allowed
Marine protection questioned
• Significant advances: champion in declaring marine
protected areas– Effective management questioned (20% AMP with management plan, 0%
effective management IUCN Protocols; Petit et al. 2018)
• Relevant problems: – Ecoregion representation
– More impact (coastal) = less protection
• Climate change is not yet incorporated in the defining
conservation priorities and management of ecosystem
services– Biomass of exploited species
– Sequestering CO2
The platform for marine conservation
and the challenges
A few concerns: deterioration of kelp
forests in coastal areas of central Chile
• Macroalgae are as important as mangroves and sea grass for storing
carbon in the bottom of the sea
• High efficiency to extract CO2 from the atmosphere and lock it away at
the ocean floor
• Kelp forests cover larger areas than mangroves and grass forest together
• Kelp forests are very dense and productive along the coast of Chile:
• Productivity fueled by upwelling
• Upwelling intensity and persistence is expected to increase
under climate change scenarios (increase in wind)
“Bolsonaro effect” in kelp forest in Chile:
destruction by fisheries
Alteration by
exploitation of
carnivores
Deforestation
Increase in temperature negatively affects the development of
early stages of Lessonia trabeculata
Warming might affect kelp recovery
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20
40
60
80
100
Female gametophyte fertility (%)
15°C 19°C
Gonzalez et al 2018
Hours over “optimum” temperatures
on each year correlate negatively with recruitment: fished stock
recovery?
Mean duration hot episodes(h)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0r2 = 0.58
p < 0.01
Warming affects larval stages
Recru
itm
entra
te
Tapia et al. in prep
N
The problem of the “locas”:
protection of embryos and warmingN
um
ber
of em
bry
os (
mm
2capsule
)
Fernández et al 2007
Population recovery determined by temperature?
Many small pieces of evidence of
deterioration of marine ecosystems and
response to climate change
Needs and opportunities to
adjust conservation plans
Higher biodiversity in southern Chile
Fernández et al. Ecol. Lett. 2009