Compilation of Assignments in High School (Philippines)

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COMPILATION OF ASSIGNMENTS

HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL

General Subjects

(92 Assignments)


List of Assignments

1. 2nd Lt. Onoda 2. Ang Kalupi ‐ Maikling Kwento ng Makabanghay 3. Ang Kalupi 4. Ang Timog Asya 5. Ang Tula 6. Angelman Syndrome 7. Ants and Plants 8. Anyong Lupa 9. Anyong Tubig 10. AP Questionnaire 11. Application Software ‐ Research 12. Arctic 13. Basic Food Handling Safety 14. Best Filipino inventions for 2012 15. Bone and Muscle Diseases 16. Brainstem 17. Building Better Batteries ‐ Chemistry 18. Caloric Guide for Filipino 19. Car maintenance checklist 20. Cerbrum 21. Chromosomal Aberration 22. Circulatory System 23. Convex Mirror used in Car 24. Convex 25. Cornelia De Lange Syndrome 26. Culture of Filipinos 27. Data Collection Methods in Statistics 28. Diseases ‐ Marasmus, etc. 29. Edith Tiempo ‐ Biography 30. Ethnic and Indigenous Groups of the Philippines


31. Famous Filipino Inventors 32. Filipino Artists 33. Filipino Customs and Traditions 34. Filipino Epics 35. FISH 36. Fish (Final) 37. Force 38. Gene Mutation 39. Heograpiya 40. History of Early Filipino People 41. Hominadae 42. House Hold Materials 43. How can plastic be made out of milk 44. How to Write a Thesis Statement 45. Idioms 46. Indian Literature 47. Information System 48. Information Technology and Client‐Serve and Web‐Server ‐

Definitions 49. Inventions ‐ Classical 50. Inventions New 2 51. Inventions New 52. Kabuki and Kabuki Clothing 53. Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas 54. Kasaysayan ng Daigdig 55. Kasaysayang ng Naic Cavite 56. Katipunan 57. Kawasaki Syndrome 58. Kinagisnang Balon ‐ ni Andres Cristobal Cruz 59. Kinds of Orchids 2 60. Kwakiutl Tribe 61. list.txt


62. Lithosphere 63. Mga Epiko (5 epiko) 64. Mga Pangkat Etniko ng Pilipino 65. Muscles Classifications 66. Music ‐ Tara Tena 67. New Science Discoveries 68. One day menu 69. Paalam sa Pagkabata 70. Patakarang Pangkabuhayan ng mga Espanyol 71. Patry and Breads 72. Pest Control 73. Physiocrats 74. Picking a Medium of Instruction in Class 75. Planets 76. Primary Energy Source in the Philippines 77. Probability 78. Recipe (Desserts) 79. RECIPES 80. References 81. Rogelio+Sicat‐edited 82. Scandinavian Design 83. Science Investigatory Project 84. Science Journal 85. Sea Monster Masks 86. Sector ng Sambayanan 87. Spacecraft Instruments 88. Spacecraft 89. Totem Poles 90. Types of Essay ‐ Comprehensive 91. Typical Filipino Dishes 92. User of Convex Mirror in Vehicle 93. What is Pneumonia


1st Pages of Assignments In this Compilation


2ND LT. HIROO ONODALubang Island, Philippines

Surrendered ‐ March 5, 1974

The most famous of all Holdouts, his story was widly reported in the world media, and he wrotea book translated to English about his wartime experiences and 29 years as a Japanese holdout. Background Born in the town of Kainan, Japan in 1922 and when he turned seventeen, he went to work fora trading company in China. In May of 1942, Onoda was drafted into the Japanese Army. Unlikemost soldiers, he attended a school that trained men for guerilla warfare. Assignment to Lubang Island, Philippines On December 26, 1944 (age 23), Hiroo Onoda was sent to the small island of Lubang Island,approximately seventy‐five miles southwest of Manila in the Philippines. Shortly afterAmericans landed, all but four of the Japanese soldiers had either died or surrendered. HirooOnda was also with three other holdouts, who all died over the decades: Private Yuichi Akatsu,Corporal Shoichi Shimada (died 1954), Private Kinshichi Kozuka (died 1972). Circumstances of His Surrender Despite the efforts of the Philippine Army, letters and newspapers left for them, radiobroadcasts, and even a plea from Onoda's brother, he did not belive the war was over. OnFebruary 20, 1974, Onoda encountered a young Japanese university dropout named NorioSuzuki who was traveling the wold and told his friends that he was “going to look for LieutenantOnoda, a panda, and the abominable snowman, in that order. The two became friends, butOnoda said that he was waiting for orders from one of his commanders. On March 9, 1974,Onoda went to an agreed upon place and found a note that had been left by Suzuki. Suzuki hadbrought along Onoda’s one‐time superior commander, Major Taniguchi, who delivered the oralorders for Onoda to surrender. Intelligence Officer 2nd Lt. Hiroo Onada emerged from the


ANG KALUPI

Ni Benjamin P. Pascual

(Maikling Kwentong Katutubong Kulay)

I. Pagkilala sa May‐Akda

Si Benjamin Pascual ay ipinanganak sa Lungsod ng Laoag, Ilocos Norte. Isa siyangkuwentista at nobelista. Marami na siyang naisulat na maikling kuwento sa wikang Ilokano atnaka sulat na rin ng dalawang nobela sa wikang ito. Naisalin niya sa wikang Ilokano ang Rubaiyat ni Omar Khayam. Magkasama sila ni Jose Bragado na nag‐edit ng Pamulinawen, isangantolohiya ng mga tulang 36 namakata ng Ilokano. Siya ang Taga payong Legal ng GUMIL, MetroManila. Mula sa kanyang panulata ng maikling kuwentong Ang Mga Lawin naisinalinni Reynaldo Duque sa Tagalog.

II. Uri ng Panitikan

Ang maikling kwento ay isang anyong panitikan na nagsasalaysay nang tuloy‐tuloy ngisang pangyayaring hango sa tunay na buhay. Ito'y may isa o ilang tauhan lamang, sumasaklawng maikling panahon, may isang kasukdulan at nag‐iiwan ng kakintalan o impresyon sa isip ngmambabasa. Ang kasukdulan ang bahaging kwento na nag bibigay ng pinaka masidhi o pinakamataas na kapananabikan o interes sa mambabasa. Ang kakintalan o impresyon na manangkaisipa ng naiiwan sa isipan ng mga mambabasa. Ito ay matatapos sa isang upuan lamang,maari itong magpakita ng iba't ibang damdamin at bumabase sa buhay ng isang tao, mayroonnaming kathang isip lamang. Ang maikling kwento ay isang akdang pampanitikan na ang mgapangyayari ay umiinog sa buhay na mga pangunahing tauhan.

III. Layuninng May‐Akda


Ang Kalupi ni Benjamin Pascula (May mabigat na pagkakasala sa batas si Aling Marta dahil sa mali niyang paghatol sa katauhan ng bata. Madalas mangyari na dahil sa ayos ng isang tao ay dagli siyang napagbibintangan ng di mabuti. May karanasan ka ba na nakapagbintang o dili kaya’y napagbintangan ng di mabuti? Basahin ang kwento at ikaw na ang humatol sa mga tauhan nito.) Mataas na ang araw nang lumabas si Aling Marta sa bakuran ng kanilang maliit na barungbarong. Aliwalas ang kanyang mukha: sa kanyang lubog na mga mata na bahagyang pinapagdilim ng kanyang malalagong kilay ay nakikintal ang kagandahan ng kaaya‐ayang umaga. At sa kanyang manipis at maputlang labi, bahagyang pasok sa pagkakalat, ay naglalaro ang isang ngiti ng kasiyahan. Araw ng pagtatapos ng kanyang anak na dalaga; sa gabing iyon ay tatanggapin nito ang diploma bilang katunayang natapos niya ang apat na taong inilagi sa mataas na paaralan. Ang sandaling pinakahihintay niya sa mahaba‐haba rin namang panahon ng pagpapaaral ay dumating na. Ang pagkakaroon ng isang anak na nagtapos ng high school ay hindi na isang maliit na bagay sa isang mahirap na gaya niya, naiisip niya. Sa mapangarapin niyang diwa ay para niyang nakikita ang kanyang anak na dalaga sa isang kasuotang putting‐puti, kipkip ang ilang libro at nakangiti, patungo sa lalo pang mataas na hangarin sa buhay, ang makatapos sa kolehiyo, magpaunlad ng kabuhayan at sumagana. Maaaring balang araw ay magkaroon din siya ng mamanuganging may sinabi rin naman. Nasa daan na siya ay para pa niyang naririnig ang matinis na halakhak ng kanyang anak na dalaga habang paikut‐ikot nitong sinusukat sa harap ng salamin ang nagbubur‐dahang puting damit na isusuot sa kinagabihan. Napangiti siyang muli. Mamimili si Aling Marta. Bitbit ng isang kamay ng isang pangnang sisidlan ng kanyang pamimiling uulamin. Habang daan, samantalang patungo sa pamilihang bayan sa Tundo, ay mataman niyang iniisip ang mga bagay na kanyang pamimilhin. Hindi pangkaraniwang araw ito at kailangang magkaroon silang mag‐anak ng hindi pangkaraniwang pananghalian. Bibili siya ng isang matabang manok, isang kilong baboy, gulay na panahog at dalawang piling na saging. Bibili na rin siya ng garbansos. Gustong‐gusto ng kanyang magtatapos na anak ang minatamis na garbansos. Mag‐ikakasiyam na nang dumating siya sa pamilihan. Sa labas pa lamang ay naririnig na niya ang di magkamayaw na ingay na nagbubuhat sa loob, ang ingay ng mga magbabangus na pagkanta pangisinisigaw ang halaga ng kanilang paninda, ang salit‐salitang tawaran ng mga mamimili. Linggo ng umaga at ang palengke ay siksikan. Sa harapan niya painiling magdaan. Ang lugar ng magmamanok ay nasa dulo ng pamilihan at sa panggitnang lagusan siya daraan upang magdaan tuloy sa tindahan ng mga tuyong paninda at bumili ng mantika. Nang dumating siya sa gitnang pasilyo at umakmang hahakbang na papasok, ay siyang paglabas na humahangos ng isang batang lalaki, at ang kanilang pagbabangga ay muntik na niyang ikabuwal. Ang siko ng bata ay tumama sa kanyang dibdib. “Ano ka ba?” ang bulyaw ni Aling Marta. “Kaysikip na ng daraanan ay patakbo ka pa kung lumabas!” Ang bata ay nakapantalon ng maruming maong na sa kahabaan ay pinag‐ilang‐lilis ang laylayan. Nakasuot ito ng libaging kamiseta, punit mula sa balikat hanggang pusod, na ikinalitaw ng kanyang butuhan at maruming dibdib. Natiyak ni Aling Marta na ang bata ay anak‐mahirap. “Pasensya na kayo, Ale” ang sabi ng bata. Hawak nito ang isang maliit na bangos. Tigbebente, sa loob‐loob ni Aling Marta. Ang bata ay takot na nakatingin sa kanya, “Hindi ko ho kayo sinasadya. Nagmamadali ho ako e.”


ANG TIMOG ASYA

Ang Timog Asya ay isang rehiyon na matagpuan sa katimugang bahagi ng Asya. Ang Timog Asyaay may pitong bansa na matatagpuan sa Asya.

Ang pangunahing relihiyon ang Hinduismo. Tinatawag ding "Land of Mysticism" dahil sa mgapaniniwalang taglay ng mga relihiyon at mga pilosopiyang umusbong dito. Umusbong din dito ang mgarelihiyong Buddhism, Jainism at Sikhism.


ANG TULA

Ang tula ay isang uri ng sining at panitikan ng pilipino na kilala sa malayang paggamit ng wika saibat ibang anyo at estilo. Pinagyayaman ang anyo at estilo ng tula sa pamamagitan ng paggamitng tayutay. Mga Elemento ng Tulang Pilipino 1. Saknong – isang grupo ng mga salita sa loob ng isang tula na may dalawa o higit pang

taludtod. a. Dalawang linya – couplet b. Tatlong linya – tercet c. Apat na linya – quatrain d. Limang linya – quintet e. Anim na linya – sextet f. Pitong linya – septet g. Walong linya – octave

2. Sukat – bilang ng pantig ng tula

3. Tugma – pinag isang tunog sa hulihan ng mga taludtod

a. Assonance – paraan ng pagtutugma ng tunog na kung saan ang salita ay nagtatapossa patinig.

b. conssonance – paraan ng pagtutugma ng tunog na kung saan ang salita aynagtatapos sa katinig.

4. Sining o Kariktan – paggamit ng pili, angkop at maririkit na salita.

5. Talinhaga – ito ay tumutukoy sa paggamit ng matatalinhagang alita at tayutay.

6. Anyo – porma ng tula. Ano ang Tula: Ayon kina Ongoco at Pineda, ang tula ay madaling maipaliwanag bunga ng kawalan ngkaalaman sa pagsulat at pagbasa at kailangan munang matutunan ng mga tao upang magingmalinaw at maipabatid sa iba ang isang akdang tuluyan. Ang mga akdang patula naman aymadaling maisaulo na maaring maipaulit sa iba hanggang sa mga susunod pang salinlahi.


ANGELMAN SYNDROME

Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that primarily affects thenervous system. Characteristic features of this condition include delayeddevelopment, intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and problemswith movement and balance (ataxia). Most affected children also have recurrentseizures (epilepsy) and a small head size (microcephaly). Delayed developmentbecomes noticeable by the age of 6 to 12 months, and other common signs andsymptoms usually appear in early childhood.

Children with Angelman syndrome typically have a happy, excitable demeanorwith frequent smiling, laughter, and hand‐flapping movements. Hyperactivity, ashort attention span, and a fascination with water are common. Most affectedchildren also have difficulty sleeping and need less sleep than usual.

With age, people with Angelman syndrome become less excitable, and thesleeping problems tend to improve. However, affected individuals continue tohave intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and seizures throughouttheir lives. Adults with Angelman syndrome have distinctive facial features thatmay be described as "coarse." Other common features include unusually fair skinwith light‐colored hair and an abnormal side‐to‐side curvature of the spine(scoliosis). The life expectancy of people with this condition appears to be nearlynormal.

How common is Angelman syndrome?

Angelman syndrome affects an estimated 1 in 12,000 to 20,000 people.

What are the genetic changes related to Angelman syndrome?

Many of the characteristic features of Angelman syndrome result from the loss offunction of a gene calledUBE3A. People normally inherit one copy of


ANTS AND PLANTS

Do ants benefit plants? Like so many things in nature, the interrelationships amongorganisms are far more complicated than it first appears. Plants rely on ants formany things but not pollination, the sexual act of transferring pollen from one flower to the other. Only 12 plants (5 of which are orchids) have ants as the proposedpollinators. Even in these dozen we might be dealing with guilt by association. Inmost of these 12, one or more of the following critical pieces of information is missing: the observation of pollen actually being transplanted from one flower toanother and/or the demonstration that ant pollinators produce live, i.e. fertile seeds.This second piece of information is particularly important because ants excreteantibiotics that coat their outer surface. Such excretions have been repeatedlyshown to reduce pollen germination. Thus, even if the pollen gets to the femaleportion of the flower, it may not germinate.

Ants do appear, however, to be important distributors of seeds, particularly in our area. Seeds of many of the herbs that brighten our forest floors with a carpet ofspring flowers have food bodies (elaiosomes) attached to their seeds. In New Yorkbeech/maple forests, over 50 percent of the spring blooming herbs have seeds with elaiosomes. Biologists speculate that these food packets have essential compounds(steroid-like substances) needed for normal development of the ant young. Theseeds produced by these herbs are toted back to the ant hill. The food packet is devoured, but not the seed. This is the reward offered to the plant. The soilsurrounding the surviving seeds is enriched by ant droppings and aerated anddrained by the tunnels. Asarum canadensis (Wild Ginger) Claytonia virginiana(Spring Beauty), Erythronium americanum (Trout lily), Hepatica acutiloba (Hepatica),Hexastylis sp. (Ginger, Little Brown Jugs or Little Brown Pigs) Sangunariacanadensis (Bloodroot), Trillium grandiflorum (Trillium), Viola blanda and Violacanadensis (Violets), and Uvularia sp. (Bellwort), common members of our moistforest spring flora are some of the plants species that appear to be distributed byants.

Ants also provide important defense mechanisms against herbivores and other plantpredators. This role was brought home to me quite forcibly while visiting Costa Rica. I was walking along a dirt road sandwiched between two cultivated fields when awonderfully shaded spot was offered by a weedy Cecropia tree. Its large umbrella-shaped leaves beckoned me to stay awhile, rest, mop my brow, and have a sip from my canteen. Propping on the truck, I suddenly became aware of a war being wagedon my hand by a fiery attack force of tiny ants. The pain was sudden and intense.There was no competition; I lost. I found out later that these fierce creatures were members of the aptly named genus Azteca. The stems of this shrubby Cecropia arehollow. Colonies of ants live within these apartments. The plant not only providesshelter but food as well. Specially produced food packets are found on the leaves solely for the use of ants. The ants in return defend the plant from all dangers, real orperceived (for example, me).

Bert Holldabler and E.O. Wilson in their very readable treatise on ants, list nearly 100genera of plants in the tropics that have such an ant defense mechanism(mymecolphily). Although mymecolphily appears to be more common in the tropics,


ANYONG LUPA

1. Kapatagan (Plain) — isang lugar kung saan walang pagtaas o pagbaba ng lupa, patag at pantay ang lupa rito. Maaaring itong taniman ng mga palay,mais,at gulay.

2. Bundok (Mountain/Hill) — isang pagtaas ng lupa sa daigdig, may matatarik na bahagi at hamak na mas mataas kaysa burol.


ANYONG TUBIG

1. Karagatan (Ocean) - Ang pinakamalaking anyong tubig.

2. Dagat (Sea) - Malaking anyong tubig, ngunit mas maliit sa Karagatan.


1. Tama ba ang paniniwalang gusto pairalin sa atin noon ng mga Hapon na ang Asia ay para sa Asyano?

A. Oo, dahil tayong mga Asyano ay dapat magtulungan. B. Oo, dahil tayo ay magkakatulad na Asyano at may pare-parehong

hangarin. C. Hindi, sapagkat gusto lamang nila lumawak ang kanilang teritor yo at

maging makapangyarihan. D. Hindi, sapagkat ang isang bansa ay dapat mamuno sa mamayan nito.

2. Ano kaya ang kadahilanan nang pagbagsak ng Bataan sa kamay ng mga

Hapon?

A. Sa pagsabog ng Pearl Harbor at pagkamatay ng maraming sundalo at gerilya.

B. Nang umalis si Douglas MacArthur upang pamunuan ang Southwestern Pacific.

C. Dahil sa pagbagsak ng depensa ng USAFFE sa baybayin at ang walang humpay na pag-atake ng hukbong panghimpapawid ng Japan.

D. Sa pag-atras ng pwersang USAFFE at mga gerilya.

3. Bakit kaya gusto ng mga Hapon na masakop ang ating bansang Pilipinas?

A. Dahil ito ay pinamumunuan ng mga Amerikano. B. Dahil gusto nilang lumawak ang kanilang impluwensya, maging

makapangyarihan at nirerespeto. C. Dahil nais nilang makilalang lider ng mga Asyano at mapairal na ang Asia

ay para sa mga Asyano. D. Gusto nilang lumakas ang kanilang pwersa at lumaki ang kanilang

teritoryo.

4. Para sa inyo tama baa ng Misyong Os-Rox sa paghangad ng maagang kasarinlan ng mga mamayan ng bansang ito?

A. Tama, upang tayo ay makapagsarili at din a lang umasa. B. Tama, dahil dapat tayo ang namamahala sa ating bansa at makakamit

natin ang tunay na kalayaan. C. Mali, sapagkat may mga bansa naming umunlad habang nasa

pamamahala ng ibang bansa sa kanila. D. Mali, dahil kung tayo ay pumailalim sa mga Amerikano ay matutulungan

nila tayong umunlad at umayos ang ekonomiya na nanggaling lamang sa digmaan.


APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE

OVERVIEW OF APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE:

An application is a program or group of programs designed for end users. Applicationsoftware can be divided into two general classes: SYSTEMS SOFTWARE and APPLICATIONSSOFTWARE. Systems software consists of low‐level programs that interact with the computer ata very basic level. This includes operating systems, compilers, and utilities for managingcomputer resources.

In contrast, applications software (also called end‐user programs) includes databaseprograms, word processors, and spreadsheets. Figuratively speaking, applications software sitson top of systems software because it is unable to run without the operating system andsystem utilities.


ARCTIC

A vital zone between North America's and Russia's northernmost frontiers consists of the Arcticregions. Once only explorers, traders, and Inuit, or Eskimo, hunters were interested in the vast,icy area at the “top” of the world. Today, because of its strategic location and its value toscientists, the Arctic is the scene of much activity.

The Arctic is studded with air bases, constant reminders that the shortest air routes betweenthe United States and Russia are over the area. Only a narrow channel separates Little DiomedeIsland, of the United States, from Big Diomede Island (Ostrov Ratmanova), which is Russianterritory. The long‐range missile and the nuclear‐powered submarine have made distancesbetween the two countries seem even shorter. Year‐round scientific research stations aremaintained to study weather, climate, and mineral resources of the Arctic.

The Arctic is sometimes defined as the area that lies within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic Circle isa parallel of latitude (66° 30′ N. latitude), 1,650 miles (2,660 kilometers) from the North Pole,the northern end of the Earth's axis. Actually, the Arctic Circle does not enclose all the Arcticregions. The true Arctic is the area in which the mean temperature for the warmest month isless than 50° F. The coldest region, the “polar segment,” is where the mean temperature of thewarmest month is below freezing.

The subarctic region is the area that has a mean temperature above 50° F (10° C) for more thanthree but less than four months a year. The boundary of the Arctic is sometimes said to be theline beyond which no trees grow. This is based on the theory that tree life cannot exist unlessthere is at least one month a year with a temperature of 50° F.

Arctic Ocean and Arctic Land

The greater part of the 8,000,000 square miles (21,000,000 square kilometers) within the ArcticCircle is occupied by the Arctic Ocean (5,440,200 square miles, or 14,090,050 squarekilometers). Around the pole, the ocean is about 13,800 feet deep (4,200 meters). Islands dotthe southern two thirds of the ocean. Then comes a rim of land provided by the northerncontinents.

The most important islands north of America are Baffin, Victoria, and Ellesmere, belonging toCanada. Svalbard, a Norwegian group, and Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, belonging toRussia, are the largest islands north of Europe.

North of Asia, near Siberia, lie Severnaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands. Other islands inthe Arctic regions are Wrangel, Prince Patrick, Devon, and Banks islands, and the Parry Islands.Alaska and northern Canada form the Arctic lands of North America. Farther east is the world'slargest island, Greenland. It is part of the Danish kingdom. At Dundas, Greenland, the UnitedStates has a large air base.


BASICS FOR HANDLING FOOD SAFELY

Safe steps in food handling, cooking, and storage are essential to prevent foodborne illness. You can't see, smell, or taste harmful bacteria that may cause illness. In every step of food preparation, follow the four Fight BAC!™ guidelines to keep food safe:

• Clean — Wash hands and surfaces often. • Separate — Don't cross‐contaminate. • Cook — Cook to proper temperatures. • Chill — Refrigerate promptly.

SHOPPING

• Purchase refrigerated or frozen items after selecting your non‐perishables. • Never choose meat or poultry in packaging that is torn or leaking. • Do not buy food past "Sell‐By," "Use‐By," or other expiration dates.

STORAGE

• Always refrigerate perishable food within 2 hours (1 hour when the temperature is above 90 °F).

• Check the temperature of your refrigerator and freezer with an appliance thermometer. The refrigerator should be at 40 °F or below and the freezer at 0 °F or below.

• Cook or freeze fresh poultry, fish, ground meats, and variety meats within 2 days; other beef, veal, lamb, or pork, within 3 to 5 days.

• Perishable food such as meat and poultry should be wrapped securely to maintain quality and to prevent meat juices from getting onto other food.

• To maintain quality when freezing meat and poultry in its original package, wrap the package again with foil or plastic wrap that is recommended for the freezer.

• In general, high‐acid canned food such as tomatoes, grapefruit, and pineapple can be stored on the shelf for 12 to 18 months. Low‐acid canned food such as meat, poultry, fish, and most vegetables will keep 2 to 5 years — if the can remains in good condition and has been stored in a cool, clean, and dry place. Discard cans that are dented, leaking, bulging, or rusted.


BEST FILIPINO INVENTIONS FOR 2012 Details

Category: Science Published on Saturday, 01 September 2012 17:18 Written by Framelia V. Anonas and Mheda G. Garcia/S&T Media Service, STII

FILIPINOS are a creative lot as confirmed in this year’s winning inventions of the 2012 National Invention Contest and Exhibit (NICE). Getting the judges’ nods, as well as partners with special awards, are remarkable creations that cater to varying interest.

Some are designed to make life safer, to ease up and hasten tasks, and even to stimulate themind with fun. Whatever their purpose, the inspiration and brilliance of the inventors andresearchers behind these creations highly encourage other creative minds to explore thepossibilities of locally available materials.

This year’s best include a fun board game, a low‐cost bamboo splitter, a transforming ladder,enzyme for cheese, a guide for the blind, a remote power‐line disconnection system, amongothers. They were designed for a variety of purposes but are all one in their aim of making lifebetter for Filipinos.


BONE AND MUSCLE DISEASES

BONE DISEASES:

• Arthritis ~ Inflammation of one or more joints that can be caused by gout,rheumatic fever, or ankylosing spondylitis, a disease that affects the spine.

o Osteoarthritis - It is usually a mild, sometimes painful disease occurring

primarily with advancing age, when degenerative changes alter thestructure of the joints. Symptoms may be relieved and the conditioncontrolled with drugs, exercise, and other measures, sometimes includingorthopaedic surgery;

o Rheumatoid arthritis - Is by far the more serious, painful, and potentially

crippling form; it is chronic, is characterized by flare-ups and remissions,and occurs throughout the world, in all climates and ethnic groups. Theprevalence in developed countries is generally about 3 per cent, with threetimes as many women as men affected.

o Gout - complex disease of uncertain origin caused by the faulty metabolism

of uric acid produced in the body, and resulting in elevated levels of uricacid in the blood. A diet rich in malt beverages, wines, and proteins mayprecipitate individual attacks but does not cause the disease. Its incidenceis not usually affected by climate or season; about 95 per cent of sufferersare men. The disease is rare in people under the age of 30; between 10 and20 per cent of cases have a family history of the disease.

• Rickets ~ nutritional disorder characterized by skeletal deformities. Rickets is

caused by a decreased mineralization of bones and cartilage due to low levels ofcalcium and phosphorus in the blood. Vitamin D is essential for the maintenance ofnormal calcium and phosphorus levels. Classic rickets, a deficiency disease ofchildren characterized by improper development or hardening of bones, is due tolack of sufficient vitamin D in the diet, or to insufficient ultraviolet radiation fromdirect sunlight, a lack that prevents conversion of the element 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to vitamin D.

• Poliomyelitis ~ infectious viral disease of the central nervous system, sometimes

resulting in paralysis. The greatest incidence of the disease, also known asinfantile paralysis, is in children between the ages of five and ten years.

• Osteomyelitis ~ is a term applied to any inflammation of bone or bone marrow,

usually caused by infection by such micro-organisms as Staphylococcus aureus,various streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a host of others, as well as


BRAINSTEM

Brain: Brainstem

Hind‐ and mid‐brains; postero‐lateral view

In vertebrate anatomy the brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. Though small, this is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the posterior column‐medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation and proprioception) and the spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch and crude touch). The brain stem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.

It is usually described as including the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), pons (part of metencephalon), and midbrain (mesencephalon).[1][2] Less frequently, parts of the diencephalon are included.


BUILDING BETTER BATTERIES Reported November 2011 BOULDER, CO (Ivanhoe Newswire) ‐‐Everyone knows the frustration of having a battery die right when you need it. Now researchers have created a new battery with more power, so you can talk, type, or even drive longer. We report on why it really is the battery that keeps going and going, and going.

They power our phones, our computers, even our cars. But batteries have one big downside, they die! And it’s usually way to soon and at the worst possible time. Chemist Amy Prieto and her colleagues at Colorado State University are working to change that. "If you could make one really good battery, you could put it into a bunch of different areas and really impact people's lives,” Amy Prieto, a chemist at Colorado State University told Ivanhoe. That's just what Prieto did. Calculations predict this prototype battery has a 1,000 higher power density, lasts 10 times longer, can be charged an unlimited amount of times and is a third of the cost of current lithium ion batteries. "The key to our battery is it's very high surface area,” Prieto said. A high surface area means it will charge faster. The battery is made up of three main parts: an anode‐made of tiny copper nanowires, a cathode‐made from a rubber‐like material, and an electrolyte‐made of plastic that separates the anode from the cathode. Nanowires increase the battery’s performance and are so small that 25 million of them can fit on the surface of a penny. "So, they're really tiny, that surface area is about 10,000‐times higher, so that's where you get this power from,” Prieto explained. Researchers will first test the battery on electric bikes then smart phones, and one day everything from pacemakers to electric cars.


CAR MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

It doesn't take too long to check the basic maintenance items in your car like engine oil, transmission fluid or tires. This generic car maintenance checklist is designed to give you a general idea; as different cars have different requirements. For the correct information on how to maintain your car, as well as safety precautions, refer to your vehicle's owner's manual or take your car to a dealer or auto repair shop.

Car maintenance basics

It's really not that difficult to keep your car in good shape.

Here are the basics:

Read your car owner's manual, it has all the information on car maintenance as well as safety precautions.

Keep all the fluids (e.g. engine oil, transmission fluid, coolant, etc.) clean and topped up. Follow your maintenance schedule, there is a number of things that need to be regularly

serviced or replaced at certain intervals (e.g. brakes, air filter, timing belt, spark plugs, etc.)

Check tire pressure regularly. Change you windshield wipers if they don't clean properly. Wash and wax your vehicle once in a while to keep the car finish shiny and protected

from corrosion. Deal with any problems as soon as they arise, before they become more serious and

require expensive repairs. Use only original parts. At least once a year have your car check out in a garage.

How to check engine oil

Check engine oil regularly, especially if you notice that the oil level drops between the oil changes. Engine oil cools down and lubricates the engine. Driving with very low oil level can cause engine problems.


Cerbrum

This article is about the large region of the brain. For the smaller region in the lower part of the brain, see Cerebellum.

Brain: Cerebrum

Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain.

Artery anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral

Vein cerebral veins

MeSH Telencephalon

NeuroLex ID birnlex_1042

The cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitute the forebrain. It is the most anterior or, especially in humans, most superior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure, from which the mature cerebrum develops. The dorsal telencephalon, or pallium, develops into the cerebral cortex, and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium, becomes the basal ganglia. The cerebrum is also divided into symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres.

With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body.


CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS

Chromosomal aberrations are abnormalities in the structure or numberof chromosomes and are often responsible for genetic disorders. For more than acentury, scientists have been fascinated by the study of human chromosomes. Itwas not until 1956, however, that it was determined that theactual diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell was forty‐six (22 pairs ofautosomes and two sex chromosomes make up the human genome). In 1959 twodiscoveries opened a new era of genetics. Jerome Lejeune, Marthe Gautier, andM. Raymond Turpin discovered the presence of an extra chromosome in Downsyndrome patients. And C. E. Ford and his colleagues, P. A. Jacobs and J. A. Strongfirst observed sex chromosome anomalies in patients with sexual developmentdisorders.

Advances in Chromosomal Analysis

Identification of individual chromosomes remained difficult until advances instaining techniques such as Q‐banding revealed the structural organization ofchromosomes. The patterns of bands were found to be specific for individualchromosomes and hence allowed scientists to distinguish the differentchromosomes. Also, such banding patterns made it possible to recognize thatstructural abnormalities or aberrations were associated with specific geneticsyndromes. Chromosome disorders, or abnormalities of even a minute segment(or band) are now known to be the basis for a large number of genetic diseases.

Chromosomal disorders and their relationship to health and disease are studiedusing the methods of cytogenetics. Cytogenetic analysis is now an integraldiagnostic procedure in prenatal diagnosis. It is also utilized in the evaluation ofpatients with mental retardation, multiple birth defects, and abnormal sexualdevelopment, and in some cases of infertility or multiple miscarriages.Cytogenetic analysis is also useful in the study and treatment of cancer patientsand individuals with hematologic disorders. The types of chromosomalabnormalities that can be detected by cytogenetics are numerical aberrations,translocations, duplications, deletions, and inversions.


CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materialsthroughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen toyour billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbondioxide that body cells produce. It is an amazing highway that travels through your entire body connecting all your body cells.

Parts of the Circulatory System The circulatory System is divided into three major parts:

1. The Heart 2. The Blood 3. The Blood Vessels

The Heart

The Heart is an amazing organ. The heart beats about 3 BILLION times during an average lifetime. It is a muscle about the size of your fist. Theheart is located in the center of your chest slightly to the left. It's job is topump your blood and keep the blood moving throughout your body.

It is your job to keep your heart healthy and there are three main thingsyou need to remember in order to keep your heart healthy.

1. Exercise on a regular basis. Get outside and play. Keep that body moving (walk, jog, run, bike, skate, jump, swim).

2. Eat Healthy. Remember the Food Pyramid and make sure your eating your food from the bottom to top.

3. Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke!

The Blood

The blood is an amazing substance that is constantly flowing through our bodies.

• Your blood is pumped by your heart. • Your blood travels through thousands of miles of blood vessels

right within your own body. • Your blood carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste products to

and from your body cells. • A young person has about a gallon of blood. An adult has about 5

quarts.


CONVEX MIRRORS USED IN CARS

Anyone who has sat in the driver's or passenger's seat in a car has probably noticed the

tiny wording, "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear," that runs along the bottom of the

passenger‐side rearview mirror. Some may question the logic of making objects seem like they

are farther away than they actually are, but the reason is that using a convex mirror this way

gives the driver the best range of vision. In contrast, the wide windshield mirror is flat because it

is meant to show what is directly behind the car, not far off to the sides.

Side mirrors of cars are convex mirrors


DETERMINING IF THE USE OF CONVEX MIRRORS IN VEHICLES ARE SAFE

ABSTRACT:

Anyone who has sat in the driver's or passenger's seat in a car has probably noticed the tiny wording, "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear," that runs along the bottom of the passenger‐side rearview mirror. Some may question the logic of making objects seem like they are farther away than they actually are, but the reason is that using a convex mirror this way gives the driver the best range of vision. In contrast, the wide windshield mirror is flat because it is meant to show what is directly behind the car, not far off to the sides.

Most of vehicles today has convex mirrors for their side mirrors. This way, the cars behind the vehicle is easily seen without needing to move their heads side to side. Everything appears smaller in the mirror, so they cover a wider field of view than a normal plane mirror does as the image is "compressed".

Meaning you can see more vehicles behind and beside you for longer before they enter a blind spot.

The passenger‐side mirror on a car is typically a convex mirror. In some countries, these are labeled with the safety warning "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear", to warn the

driver of the convex mirror's distorting effects ondistance perception. Convex mirrors are preferred invehicles because they give an upright, thoughdiminished, image. Also they provide a wider field ofview as they are curved outwards.

INTRODUCTION:

This research aims to investigate if convexmirrors are effective as the front mirrors instead ofside mirrors.

Specifically this study attempts to answer the ffquestions:

• What are the advantages of convex mirrorsin cars?

• What are the disadvantages of convexmirrors in cars?

• Where should it be used best?

Hypothesis:

• The convex mirrors always project a virtual,upright and smaller image no matter in whatposition it is in‐front of a convex mirror.Thus, it projects a compressed image inwhich is easier to see the things in a largeplace.

• Convex and concave mirrors always needcomputation in which to determine theheight and distance of the object when theimage is seen. Which makes curved mirrorshard to estimate the distance between theobjects seen in the mirror.

• Thus, a convex mirror compresses theimage. It makes it easier to see largepictures. Which makes it most useful on sidemirrors than front mirrors because it is hardto estimate the distance when parking ormoving backwards.


CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects many partsof the body. The features of this disorder vary widely among affected individualsand range from relatively mild to severe.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is characterized by slow growth before and afterbirth, intellectual disability that is usually severe to profound, skeletalabnormalities involving the arms and hands, and distinctive facial features. Thefacial differences include arched eyebrows that often grow together in the middle(synophrys); long eyelashes; low‐set ears; small, widely spaced teeth; and a small,upturned nose. Many affected individuals also have behavior problems similar toautism, a developmental condition that affects communication and socialinteraction.

Additional signs and symptoms of Cornelia de Lange syndrome can includeexcessive body hair (hypertrichosis), an unusually small head (microcephaly),hearing loss, short stature, and problems with the digestive tract. Some peoplewith this condition are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called acleft palate. Seizures, heart defects, eye problems, and skeletal abnormalities alsohave been reported in people with this condition.

How common is Cornelia de Lange syndrome?

Although the exact incidence is unknown, Cornelia de Lange syndrome likelyaffects 1 in 10,000 to 30,000 newborns.

What genes are related to Cornelia de Lange syndrome?

Mutations in the NIPBL, SMC1A, and SMC3 genes can cause Cornelia de Langesyndrome. NIPBL gene mutations have been identified in more than half of allpeople with this condition; mutations in the other two genes are much less


CULTURE OF FILIPINO 1. Folk song - a song made and handed down among the common people: folk songs are

usually of anonymous authorship and often have many versions; a song belonging to thefolk music of a people or area, often existing in several versions or with regional variations; and a song composed in the style of traditional folk music.

2. Different functions of folk song: • Local identity; • Love songs; • Lullabies; • Playful songs; • Work songs; • Humorous; • Birth and death ceremonies; • Celebrations and fiestas; and • others

3. Philippine Indigenous art – an art originated from indigenous people of the Philippines or

from the culture and heritage of the first people (aboriginal) of the land.

1. Architecture – Banawe Rice Terrace


Data Collection Methods in Statistics As we have seen in the definition of statistics, data collection is a fundamental aspect and as aconsequence, there are different methods of collecting data which when used on one particularset will result in different kinds of data. Let's move on to look at these individual methods ofcollection in order to better understand the types of data that will result.

1. Census Data Collection Census data collection is a method of collecting data whereby all the data from each andevery member of the population is collected.

Characteristics: Covers very expanded data collection thus requires a lot of resources. For example,when you collect the ages of all the students in a given class, you are using the censusdata collection method since you are including all the members of the population (whichis the class in this case).

Limitations: This method of data collection is very expensive (tedious, time consuming and costly) ifthe number of elements (population size) is very large. To understand the scope of howexpensive it is, think of trying to count all the ten year old boys in the country. Thatwould take a lot of time and resources, which you may not have.

2. Sample Data Collection

Sample data collection, which is commonly just referred to as sampling, is a methodwhich collects data from only a chosen portion of the population.

Sampling assumes that the portion that is chosen to be sampled is a good estimate ofthe entire population. Thus one can save resources and time by only collecting datafrom a small part of the population. But this raises the question of whether sampling isaccurate or not. The answer is that for the most part, sampling is approximatelyaccurate. This is only true if you choose your sample carefully to be able to closelyapproximate what the true population consists of.

Characteristics:

Sampling is a lot easier than Census Data Collection and requires far less resources. Sampling is used commonly in everyday life, for example, all the different research pollsthat are conducted before elections. Pollsters during election don't ask all the people in


MARASMUS

It is a severe form of malnutrition caused by inadequate intake of

protein and calories , and it usually occurs in the first year of life,

resulting in wasting and growth retardation. It is one component

of protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM), the other being

kwashiorkor .

Marasmus accounts for a large burden on global health. The

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that deaths

attributable to marasmus approach 50 percent of the more than

ten million deaths of children under age five with PEM.

The major factors that cause a deficit of caloric and protein intake include the following: the

transition from breastfeeding to nutrition‐poor foods in infancy, acute infections of the

gastrointestinal tract, and chronic infections such as HIV or tuberculosis . The imbalance

between decreased energy intake and increased energy demands result in a negative energy

balance.

The physiologic response to a negative energy balance is to reduce energy consumption.

Children who suffer from marasmus display decreased activity, lethargy, behavioral changes,

slowed growth, and weight loss. The subsequent effects on the body are wasting and a loss of

subcutaneous fat and muscle, resulting in growth retardation. The majority of children who

suffer from marasmus never return to age‐appropriate growth standards.


Nat’l artist for literature Edith Tiempo passes away By Alex V. Pal Inquirer Visayas 8:34 pm | Sunday, August 21st, 2011

LITERARY GREAT. National Artist for Literature Edith L. Tiempo, renowned founder of the Silliman Writers Workshop, died Sunday of myocardial infarction. Photo from Facebook

DUMAGUETE City, Philippines—National Artist for Literature Dr. Edith L. Tiempo died on Sunday in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental.

She was 92.

Doctors at the Silliman Medical Center, where Tiempo was rushed Sunday afternoon for myocardial infarction, pronounced her dead at 5:35 p.m. after trying to resuscitate her.

Dr. Tiempo died at a time when Silliman University was starting its 110th Founder’s Day celebration.

“We have lost one of our pillars,” Silliman University President Dr. Ben Malayang III announced at the end of the 95th anniversary vesper worship service of the Silliman University Church.

“But Dr. Tiempo will be part of our Founder’s Day celebration,” he added.

The National Commission on Culture and the Arts, in its website, says Tiempo, a poet, fictionist, teacher and literary critic, is regarded as one of the finest Filipino writers in English whose works are characterized by a remarkable fusion of style and substance, of craftsmanship and insight.

Together with her late husband, Edilberto K. Tiempo, she founded and directed the Silliman National Writers Workshop in Dumaguete City.

In the last 50 years, the Workshop has produced some of the country’s best writers, who have come to fondly call her “Mommy Edith.”

Tiempo’s published works include the novel A Blade of Fern (1978), His Native Coast (1979), The Alien Corn (1992), One, Tilting Leaves (1995) and The Builder (2003); the poetry collections, The Tracks of Babylon and Other Poems (1966), and The Charmer’s Box and Other Poems (1993); and the short story collection Abide, Joshua, and Other Stories (1964).

Her works have won numerous prizes from the Don Carlos Palanca Awards in Literature, the CCP literary contest, and the Philippine Free Press literary contest.


ETHNIC GROUPS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES The human resources of the Philippines is its people. Filipinos call them. But diverse groups they include. Divers also call them. The Aetas is one of the ancestors. They also called Negritos, Ayta or Baluga. Basically they live in the Central Luzon. It is in the mountains of Zambales, Quezon, Laguna and Cagayan. Many also reside in the mountains of Panay and Negros. Aetas, Ifugao and Kalinga: Aetas, the Ifugao and Kalinga resides in Luzon. They are located in the Mountain Province. They are thefounders of the famous Ifugao rice terraces of two thousand years ago. Ilocanos: Another group of Filipinos in Luzon are the Ilocanos. They usually live in northern Luzon. But there are Ilocanos also in other parts of Visayas and Mindanao. They live in that area to work, trade, or marry. They are industrious and hardworking. They are also located in the middle and southern Luzon the Tagalog. They are the second largest group of Christians in the Philippines. Mangyan: Known as the Mangyan in Luzon. They are found the island of Mindoro. Most of them have external appearance the way their simple ancestors are. Cebuano, Ilongo and Waray: A diverse group in the Philippine island of Visayas. One of these is the Cebuano with the greatest group in the region. They noted folk song “Matud Nila” and dance to Rosas Pandan. Meeting also Visayas Ilonggo. They recognize native song and dance Dandansoy and Cariñosa. Turn the Waray group of Filipinos in Mindanao. Some of them are the Badjaos, Maranao, Tausug, Tiboli, and Manobo. Lives in the seaside Badjaos. They found from Zamboanga to Sulu. Fishing is their main occupation. The team of Tiboli reside in Cotabato. Farming is the main ikina‐raise them. Their main livelihood is fishing and farming.


FAMOUS FILIPINO INVENTORS Karaoke Inventor Roberto del Rosario, ay isang Pilipino na di-umano ay naka imbento ng Sing-Along-System (SAS) na nagging Karaoke sa kasalukuyan, na sa Hapones ang tawag ay "pagkanta ng walang banda". Ilan pa sa mga imbento ni del Rosario ay ang “Trebel Voice Color Code (VCC)”, “piano tuner's guide”, “piano keyboard stressing device”, voice color tape, at ang “one-man-band (OMB)”. Ang OMB ay ang sinasabing naging Sing-Along-System (SAS) o Karaoke. Inventor of Incubator Fe del Mundo, ang unang Asiana na nakapagtapos sa Harvard University’s School of Medicine. Isa sa pagaaral nya ang sinasabing pinagmulan ng imbention na “incubator” at ang “jaundice relieving device”. Si Del Mundo ay isang International Pediatric Association (IPA) awardee na nakapagtapos sa University of the Philippines (UP) College of Medicine. Simula pa noong 1941, siya ay sumulat ng humigit kumulang na 100 articles sa medical journals ng U.S., Philippines at India. Noong 1966, natangap niya ang Elizabeth Blackwell Award, dahil sa kanyang "outstanding service to mankind". At noong1977, siya ay ginawaran ng Ramon Magsaysay Award para sakatangitanging paglilingkod publiko.


`

Artist : Juan Novicio Luna Period : 1857-1899 Title : Filipino painter in the late 19th

century. Style and Techniq

: Traditional painter. During his homecoming period he painted many portraits such as Gobernador General Ramon Blanco, La Bulaquena, those of his parents, brothers, sisters in-law and nieces. He painted landscapes like Taal Volcano, Marikina, etc., and genre scenes like Tampuhan (Sulking)

The Spoliarium, for which he won gold prize at the 1884 Madrid Exposition, is currently

in the National Museum in Manila.


FILIPINO COSTUMS AND TRADITIONS

Filipinos has this some kind of culture to pass on what kind of conduct that they have learned from their parents which made the customs and traditions of the Filipinos survive through all these years. It was built as the Spanish and other invaders try to invade our country, the Philippines.

Mano Po

When children or young people greet or say goodbye to their elders they typically do so by taking the right hand of the elder with their right hand and touch the back the elder's hand lightly on their forehead. This act is called Mano Po. It is a way to give respect to elders and I've also understood it to be a way of accepting a blessing from the elder. Mano is spanish for 'hand' while the word Po is often used at the end of a sentence when addressing elders or superiors.

Po

The word Po is often used when speaking with an elder or to a superior. Typcially, it is added to the end of a sentence. For example, thank you would be thank you po. In tagalog, salamat means thank you. To an elder you would say salamat po. The word po doesn't really have a meaning but adds formality as a sign of respect.

My mom, who is in her 70's, doesn’t really like the filipino tradition of saying po. She tends to get a little frustrated with always hearing po after every exchange in a conversation. She made all of my cousins laugh by telling them to stop staying po all the time.

Filipinos are All Related to One Another

It seems Filipinos are all related to one another. Our bloodlines certainly intersect somewhere but this so‐called family relation is due to two things: 1) Our classification of family members is very simple, and 2) We refer to people that are not related to us as family members as a sign of respect. Let's look into this filipino tradition a little further.

My mother has a first cousin. His name is Nelson. My mom and Nelson's mom are sisters. Nelson is my first cousin once removed. I, however, consider Nelson to be my Uncle because he is of the same generation as my mother. Because he is of my mom's generation I call him Tito, or Uncle.

Now, my mom's best friend from nursing school is Landa. Landa is a few years younger than my mom but still of my mom's generation. I call my mom's best friend Tita Landa or Aunt Landa. We are not related but I still call her and consider her to be my aunt.


FILIPINO EPICS

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The Tagalog word for 'epic' is epiko from the Spanish. Philippine epics are lengthynarrative poems based on oral tradition. The verses were chanted or sung while being passedfrom generation to generation before being written on paper. The plots of their stories revolvearound supernatural events and heroic deeds.

With the diversity of ethnic groups in the Philippines, Filipino epics are not national in

scope the way the Kaleva is in Finland, for example. Instead of glorifying national heroes,Philippine epics are specific to a particular part of the country, and thus they are referred to asethno‐epics or regional epics. In fact, the epic poems of the Philippines are in many differentlanguages, not just the currently dominant Tagalog.


NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FISH

The salt water fish is a good source of omega‐3 fatty acids that help in maintaining overall health of body. Fish oil is heart friendly and it is recommended to be consumed by those suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Protein content is also very high in fish dishes. Accordingto nutritionists, fish should be consumed at least 2‐3 days in a week. Though fish is a nutritional product it causes some health hazards too. There are some species of fish like shell fish and fugu that may cause food poisoning if not cooked properly. Parasites are also present in raw fish, in which case, it is recommended to cook fish with proper method. Some nutritional facts about fish:

• Some types of fish are very low in fat • The fattier fish types contain healthy essential fatty acids (omega‐3) that are actually

very good for the body • White fish types are rich in vitamin B12 • Oily fish are rich in vitamins A, B12 and D • Fish is a high protein, low‐fat food • Small fish bones that may be eaten are rich in calcium • Fish is a good source of iron • Fish is very easy to digest and therefore a good food choice for the elderly or people

who are not feeling very well • Fish does not contain harmful saturated or hydrogenated fats • 100 g of fish contain up to half the daily recommended amount of protein


FORCE The simplest way to describe force is to say that it is a `push' or a `pull' or a “twist”. The push or pull on an object may cause either deformation or may change the state of motion of the object under consideration. The harder you 'push' or 'pull', the more force you are applying. A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction. For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between objects can be placed into two broad categories:

contact forces, and forces resulting from action‐at‐a‐distance

Contact forces: Are those types of forces that result when the two interacting objects are perceived to be physically contacting each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional forces, tensional forces, normal forces, air resistance forces, and applied forces. Contact forces are:

Frictional Force Tension Force Normal Force Air Resistance Force Applied Force Spring Force

Action‐at‐a‐distance forces: Are those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite their physical separation. Examples of action‐at‐a‐distance forces include gravitational forces. For example, the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation. Electric forces are action‐at‐a‐distance forces. For example, the protons in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus experience an electrical pull towards each other despite their small spatial separation. And magnetic forces are action‐at‐a‐distance forces. For example, two magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other even when separated by a distance of a few centimeters.

Gravitational Force Electrical Force Magnetic Force


GENE MUTATION

A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up agene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to alarge segment of a chromosome.

Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent oracquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent tochild are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they arepresent in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type ofmutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.

Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm cell, or those that occur just afterfertilization, are called new (de novo) mutations. De novo mutations may explaingenetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in every cell, but hasno family history of the disorder.


Heograpiya Heograpiya (Kastila: Geografia) ang tawag sa agham ng mga lokasyon ng mundo. Nakapokus ito sa distribusyon ng likas na yaman at mga tao sa ibabaw ng lupa.

Ang salitang heograpiya ay mula sa salitang Kastilang geografía. Nag‐ugat ito sa mga salitang Griyegong γη gi (‘daigdig’) at γράφειν gráfein (‘isulat’ o ‘ilarawan’).

Narito ang mga bagay na pinag‐aaralan sa heograpiya:

• Kartograpiya o paggawa ng mapa • Mga bansa sa mundo • Kapaligirang pangkalikasan • Klima • Lupa • Ilog • Bato • Anyong‐lupa


HUMAN HISTORY Stone‐Age humans arrive 30000 BC Human fossil records indicate that the Philippines may have been inhabited forthousands of years. According to earlier archaeological findings, the first man in thePhilippines came around islands with Asia which Professor H. Otley Beyer, eminentAmerican authority on Philippine archeology and anthropology, dubbed the "DawnMan". Yet the oldest human fossil found in the Philippines thus far is the 22,000‐year‐old skull cap of a "Stone‐Age Filipino" discovered by Dr. Robert B. Fox, Americananthropologist of the National Museum, inside Tabon Cave, Palawan, on May 28, 1962and dubbed the "Tabon Man". The Tabon caves of Palawan indicate settlement for at least 30,500 years; these hunter‐gatherers used stone flake tools. (In Mindanao, the existence and importance of theseprehistoric tools was noted by famed José Rizal himself, because of his acquaintancewith Spanish and German scientific archaeologists in the 1880s, while in Europe.) The custom of Jar Burial, which ranges from Sri Lanka, to the Plain of Jars, in Laos, toJapan, also was practiced in the Tabon caves of Palawan. A spectacular example of asecondary burial jar is owned by the National Museum of the Philippines, a NationalTreasure, with a jar lid topped with two figures, one the deceased, arms crossed, handstouching the shoulders, the other a steersman, both seated in a prao, with only themast missing from the piece. Secondary burial was practiced across all the islands of thePhilippines during this period, with the bones reburied, some in the burial jars. Seventy‐eight earthenware vessels were recovered from the Manunggul cave, Palawan,specifically for burial. Southeast Asia, as seen on the display globe at the Field Museum of Natural History,Chicago, Illinois About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of today's Aetas, orAboriginal Filipinos, descended from their northernly abodes in Central Asia passingthrough the Indian Subcontinent and reaching the Andamanese Islands. From thereon,the Negritos continued to venture on land bridges reaching Southeast Asia. While someof the Negritos settled in Malaysia, becoming what is now the Orang Asli people, severalNegrito tribes continued on to the Philippines through Borneo. They had a Paleolithicculture, and have no community life, government and laws, arts, science andtechnology, and writing and literature. They live a nomadic lifestyle, roaming the forestsand living in crude dwellings consisting of leaves and sticks. But they were skillfullyadept in using the bow and arrow as a primary defense weapon. They also gathered wildplants for consumption.


MGA URI NG HOMINIDAE HOMINIDAE

Ang Hominidae ang taksonomikong pamilya ng mga primado na kinabibilangan ng mga tao, mga chimpanzee, mgabonobo, mga gorilya, at mga oranggutan.[1] Ito ay tinatawag ring mga dakilang mga bakulaw o malaking bakulawupang itangi mula sa mas maliit na bakulaw(mga gibbon). Ang mga kasapi ng pamilyang ito ay tinatawag na mgahominido, hominidyo o hominid. Dahil sa pagtitipong ito, kabilang sa Hominidae ang 4 na mga henera at 5 species. Nakahintil ang mga kasapi nitong hindi tao sa ekuwatoryal na Aprika, Sumatra at Borneo. Pumipetsa ang mga fossil ng hominidyo sa Mioseno at nakilalang mula sa Asya. Nasasaklawan ng timbang ng mga hominidyo ang mula sa 48 kg hanggang 270 kg. Mas malalaki ang mga kalalakihan kesa mga kababaihan. Mga primado o primata ang mga hominidyo, na may matitipunong mga katawan at maunlad na mga bisig. Kabilang din sa klasipikasyon ang mga ninuno ng pangkasalukuyang nabubuhay na mga uri.


HOUSEHOLD MATERIALS:

1. Cutting and Piercing a. Knife b. Scissor c. Ax d. Hatchet e. Cutting board

2. Smoothing and Sharpening a. Sharpening stone b. Sand paper

3. Handyman Tools a. Hammer b. Nail c. Saw d. Drill e. Chisel f. Longnose Flier g. Cutting Flier h. Flier i. Brush j. Electrical Tape k. Screw driver l. Screw

4. Storing and transporting a. Bag b. Basket c. Plastic container d. Water container

5. Cooking food a. Stove b. Pans c. Casseroles d. Knives


PLASTIC MADE OUT OF MILK

How can plastic be made out of milk? Find out how an acid (in this case, vinegar) along with a measuring cup and teaspoon, a mug, a stirring spoon, and paper towels can turn hot milk into plastic.

Activity's uses: Classroom demo or small group exploration

Area(s) of science: Physical Science

Difficulty level:

Prep time: <10 minutes

Activity time: 10-20 minutes

Key terms: plastics, casein, monomers, polymers, chemical reaction, chemistry, food chemistry, acids

Background Information:

Plastics are a group of materials that can look or feel different, but can all be molded into many shapes. The similarities and differences between different plastic products come down to the molecules they are made of. Plastics are all similar because they are all made up of molecules that are repeated over and over again in a chain, called a polymer. Polymers can be chains of one type of molecule, or chains of different types of molecules linked together in a regular pattern. In a polymer, a single repeat of the pattern of molecules is called a monomer (even if the polymer is made up of only one type of molecule).


HOW TO WRITE A THESIS STATEMENT

What is a Thesis Statement?

Almost all of us—even if we don’t do it consciously—look early in an essay for a one‐ or two‐sentence condensation of the argument or analysis that is to follow. We refer to that condensation as a thesis statement.

Why Should Your Essay Contain a Thesis Statement?

• to test your ideas by distilling them into a sentence or two

• to better organize and develop your argument

• to provide your reader with a “guide” to your argument

In general, your thesis statement will accomplish these goals if you think of the thesis as the answer to the question your paper explores.

How Can You Write a Good Thesis Statement?

Here are some helpful hints to get you started.

Almost all assignments, no matter how complicated, can be reduced to a single question. Your first step, then, is to distill the assignment into a specific question. For example, if your assignment is, “Write a report to the local school board explaining the potential benefits of using computers in a fourth‐grade class,” turn the request into a question like, “What are the potential benefits of using computers in a fourth‐grade class?” After you’ve chosen the question your essay will answer, compose one or two complete sentences answering that question.

Q: “What are the potential benefits of using computers in a fourth‐grade class?”

A: “The potential benefits of using computers in a fourth‐grade class are …”

OR

A: “Using computers in a fourth‐grade class promises to improve …”

The answer to the question is the thesis statement for the essay.

Even if your assignment doesn’t ask a specific question, your thesis statement still needs to answer a question about the issue you’d like to explore. In this situation, your job is to figure out what question you’d like to write about.


IDIOMS (An Idiom is a natural manner of speaking to a native speaker of a language.)

A Bird In The Hand Is Worth Two In The Bush: Having something that is certain is much better than taking a risk for more, because chances are you might lose everything. A Blessing In Disguise: Something good that isn't recognized at first. A Chip On Your Shoulder: Being upset for something that happened in the past. A Dime A Dozen: Anything that is common and easy to get. A Doubting Thomas: A skeptic who needs physical or personal evidence in order to believe something. A Drop in the Bucket: A very small part of something big or whole. A Fool And His Money Are Easily Parted: It's easy for a foolish person to lose his/her money. A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand: Everyone involved must unify and function together or it will not work out. A Leopard Can't Change His Spots: You cannot change who you are.


CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN LITERATURE

The characteristics of Indian Literature are naturally an aspect of Indianconsciousness, tradition and culture. It is distinguished from the westernconsciousness, upon which an Indian is nurtured from birth to their adulthood ina closed nit family with high background of religion and tradition practices by thecommunity and society

According to Rudyard Kipling’s oft‐quoted line, ‘East is East, and West is

West, and never the twain shall meet,’ particularly the approach of literature. It ispossible for them to meet on a common ground; eastern literature might be ofappeal and perennial source of charm for the writers and readers in the West, asit really has been, and the same, without any fear of carping, might be said ofwestern literature.

To strike a balance and a compromise, as the circumstances permitted,

without losing their native character had been a constant feature of Indian life.What then are these characteristics of the Indian consciousness, which the IndianLiteratures retain even up to this day, in spite of so many inroads from an aliensource upon it? Wherein lies the “Indian‐ness of the Indians?” THE CORE OF INDIA LITERATURE: INDIAN CONSCIOUSNESS These consciousnesses are at the back‐bone of Indian Literature:

REINCARNATION: It is the widespread belief in Mukti, and in

REINCARNATION. It is a powerful obsession with the Indians. There is nothing likeit in western consciousness. A westerner would turn away from it as somethingstrange and unknown. But it happens to be the basic belief of the Indian. It is hislife breath. Indians are prepared to sacrifice if he can only attain to this state ofhighest being, to which all his visible efforts and invisible aspirations are directed.A perpetual obsession with the Indian, this belief colours his whole life.

KARMA: A belief that is very closely attendant upon the Indian’s belief inMukti, is his belief in the doctrine of KARMA. It is second to the first only in thedetermination of his attitude towards life. We are such and such because we didsuch and such in the past. Our actions in a previous birth determine our state in


HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS Information Systems (IS) in organizations capture and manage data to produce useful information that supports an organization and its employees, customers, suppliers and partners. Many organizations consider information systems to be essential to their ability to compete and gain competitive advantage. Most organizations have come to realize that all workers need to participate in the development of information systems. Therefore, information systems development is a relevant subject to all regardless of whether or not studying to become an information systems professional. Information systems come in all shapes and sizes. They are classified according to the functions they serve.

Transaction Processing System (TPS) captures and processes data about business transactions. Examples are inventory tracking system, materials management system, customer order system, and accounting system.

Management Information System (MIS) provides for management‐oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization. An example is a production scheduling management information system.

Decision Support System (DSS) either helps to identify decision‐making opportunities or provides information to help make decisions. An example is a DSS for purchasing decisions like Consumers Digest that provides product reviews and shopping tips. Another is a DSS for real estate decisions, Countrywide which provides financing calculators and mortgage alternatives.

Executive Information System (EIS) supports the planning and assessment needs of executive managers. For example, an EIS can help a CEO to quickly view sales activity categorized by region, product, month, local market, or any number of other methods of the organization.

Expert System (ES) captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefits of non‐experts. Examples of this are the systems for the diagnosis of bacteriological

diseases in patients and quality control ofproducts.

Communications and Collaboration System(CCS) enables more effective communicationsbetween workers, partners, customers, andsuppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.This includes videoconferencing, audioconferencing, email, voicemail, fax, instantmessaging and chat.

Office Automation System (OAS) supports thewide range of business office activities thatprovide for improved workflow betweenworkers. Main types of tools include spreadsheetprograms and text & image processing systems.

Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP)enables coordination of activities, efficientresponse to customer orders and the use ofvaluable information for improved decisionmaking.

INFORMATION SYSTEM USERS AND THEIR NEEDS System users define the business requirements andexpectations for the system. Hence, they view aninformation system in terms of the functionalityprovided to their jobs, ease of learning and ease ofuse. There are many classes of system users. Eachclass should be directly involved in any informationsystem development project that affects them. Internal System Users Internal system users are employees of thebusinesses for which most information systems arebuilt. They make up the largest percentage ofinformation system users in most businesses. Theyinclude:

Top Managers‐ are concerned with strategic(long‐term) planning and decision making.

Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers‐ Middlemanagers are more concerned with tactical(short‐term) operational problems and decisionmaking. Knowledge workers consist largely ofbusiness and industrial specialists who performhighly‐skilled and specialized work.


INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TechTarget.com: Posted by: Margaret Rouse In information technology and on the Internet, infrastructure is the physical hardware used to interconnect computers and users. Infrastructure includes the transmission media, including telephone lines, cable television lines, and satellites and antennas, and also the routers, aggregators, repeaters, and other devices that control transmission paths. Infrastructure also includes the software used to send, receive, and manage the signals that are transmitted. In some usages, infrastructure refers to interconnecting hardware and software and not to computers and other devices that are interconnected. However, to some information technology users, infrastructure is viewed as everything that supports the flow and processing of information. Technopedia.com Definition: IT infrastructure refers to the composite hardware, software, network resources and services required for the existence, operation and management of an enterprise IT environment. It allows an organization to deliver IT solutions and services to its employees, partners and/or customers and is usual internal to an organization and deployed within owned facilities. Explanation: IT infrastructure consists of all components that somehow play a role in overall IT and IT‐enabled operations. It can be used for internal business operations or developing customer IT or business solutions. Typically, a standard IT infrastructure is distributed according to the following components:

• Hardware: Servers, computers, data centers, switches, hubs and routers, etc. • Software: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), customer relationship management

(CRM), productivity applications and more. • Network: Network enablement, Internet connectivity, firewall and security. • Meatware: Although conflicting, human users, such as network administrators (NA),

developers, designers and generic end users with access to any IT appliance or service are also part of an IT Infrastructure, specifically with the advent of user‐centric IT service development.

IT INFRASTRUCTURE www.galorath.com, posted by: Author: Dan Galorath ∙ September 11, 2008 IT Infrastructure.. ”IT infrastructure consists of the equipment, systems, software, and services used in common across an organization, regardless of mission/program/project. IT Infrastructure also serves as the foundation upon which mission/program/project‐specific systems and capabilities are built.” – CIO.GOV (U.S.)


FLYING SHUTTLE INVENTED BY JOHN KAY ON 1733

The flying shuttle, created by John Kay in 1733, is one of the major weaving inventions


ASSIGNMENT IN SCIENCE I. INVENTORS AND DISCOVERERS MP3 History and Development

For LP MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular audioencoding format. It uses a lossy compression algorithm that is designed to greatly reduce theamount of data required to represent the audio recording, yet still sound like a faithfulreproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners. It was invented by a teamof European engineers of Philips, CCETT (Centre commun d'études de télévision ettélécommunications), IRT and Fraunhofer Society, who worked in the framework of theEUREKA 147 DAB digital radio research program, and it became an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.

MP3 is an audio-specific format. The compression takes off certain sounds that cannotbe heard by the listener, i.e. outside the normal human hearing range. It provides arepresentation of pulse-code modulation–encoded audio in much less space thanstraightforward methods, by using psychoacoustic models to discard components less audibleto human hearing, and recording the remaining information in an efficient manner. Similarprinciples are used by JPEG, an image compression format. I-POD History and design

iPod came from Apple's digital hub strategy,[3] when the company began creatingsoftware for the growing market of digital devices being purchased by consumers. Digitalcameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but thecompany found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with userinterfaces that were "unbelievably awful",[3] so Apple decided to develop its own. Apple'shardware engineering chief, Jon Rubinstein, assembled a team of engineers to design it,including Tony Fadell, hardware engineer Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Jonathan Ive,with Stan Ng as the marketing manager. The product was developed in less than a year andunveiled on 23 October 2001. CEO Steve Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product witha 5 GB hard drive that put "1000 songs in your pocket."

The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (withothers) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. AfterChieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Openthe pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship.Apple had previously registered the name "iPod" for Internet kiosks, but never put it to use.[3]


POCKET CINEMA (AIPTEK)

Size: 25.5 cm. length x 5.5 cm width x 2 cm height Projection: 50 inches (Twice as large as regular 20 inches TV)

mpatible: with most digital video format d video output connection

With built-in video player and 1 GB memory, and up to 8 GB memory storage Price: $ 300.00 (Php 14,500.00)

s. 640 x 480 pixels By: AIPTEK, USA


KABUKI AND KABUKI CLOTHING

Kabuki (歌舞伎, kabuki?) is the highly stylized classical Japanese dance‐drama. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate make‐up worn by some of its

performers. The individual kanji characters, from left to right, mean sing (歌), dance (舞), and

skill (伎). Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing." These

are, however, ateji characters which do not reflect actual etymology. The kanji of 'skill' generally refers to a performer in kabuki theatre. Since the word kabuki is believed to derive from the verb kabuku, meaning "to lean" or "to be out of the ordinary", kabuki can be interpreted as "avant‐garde" or "bizarre" theatre.


KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKASNi Aurelio Tolentino

(Dula ng Himagsikan) MGA TAUHAN:

INANGBAYAN (PILIPINAS) DILAT NA BULAG (ESPANYA) BAGONGSIBOL (AMERIKA) MASUNURIN (BABAING PILIPINA) TAGAILOG(ANG KATAGALUGAN) MATANGLAWIN (GOBYERNO NG KASTILA) MALAYNATIN (GOBYERNONG AMERIKANO) ASALHAYOP (MAPAGLILONG TAGALOG) DAHUMPALAY(MAPAGLILONG TAGALOG) HARINGBATA (HARING INTSIK) HALIMAW (PRAYLE) WALANG TUTOL (LALAKING PILIPINO)

Mga taong bayan, mga Hukbong Tagalog, mga Hukbong Intsik, Kapisanan ng Cruz Rojang babae, mga kawal na rebulosyonaryo, mga batang lalaki’t babae, bandang musika ng Hukbong Tagalog, mga Kaluluwa ng nangamatay sa labanan, ang Haring Kamatayan, Rehimiyento ng Artiller, Infanteria at Ingeniena. BAHAGI I (Isang bakurang may sagingan at iba pang halaman sa tabi. Sa gitna ay isang balag.) LABAS I (Asalhayop at mga taong bayan. Nangakahanay ang babae sa kanan at ang mga lalaki naman sa kaliwa. Nanga‐taas ang kanang kamay nilang lahat, na tumatangan sa kopang ginto. Masasaya ang anyo nila.) (Asalhayop, Masunurin, Walang tutol, mga taong bayan.) Walangtutol : Mag‐inuman, magsayawan. Masunurin : Si Asalhayop ay ipagdiwang. Koro : Ipagdiwang. 1.o : Mapala ang kanyang buhay.


KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

Mga Pangkalahtan at Tiyak na Layunin

Pagkatapos ng isang taon pang-aaral sa antas na ito sa mataas na paaralan,ang bawat mag-aaral ay inaasahang makapagpapakita ng sumusunod na kakayahan: I. Ang Simula ng Kabihasnan

1. Naipamamalas ang pag-unawa sa kinalaman ng heograpiya sa pamumuhay ngmga sinaunang daigdig

A. Heograpiya ng Daigdig

Nasusuri ang mga teoryang siyentipiko at pahayag mula sa Bibliya tungkol sapinagmulan ng daigdig

Nasusuri ang katangiang pisikal ng daigdig bilang tirahan ng tao

Naipaliliwanag ang kahalagahan ng heograpiya sa kasaysayan

B. Mga Unang Tao Nasusuri ang mga teoryang siyentipiko at pahayag sa Bibliya tungkol sa pinagmulanng tao

Nasusuri ang katangian ng bawat yugto ng pag-unlad ng kultura (paleolitiko atneolitiko)

C. Mga Unang Kabihasnan Nasusuri ang mga kaganapan sa Rebolusyong Neolitiko (pasimula ng agrikultura0na naging batayan ng mga unang kabihasnan

Naiuugnay ang heograpiyang pisikal sa paglinang ng mga unang kabihasnan

Nasusuri ang pagsulong ng mga unang kabihasnan sa Asia (Summer/mesopotamia,Indus at China), Africa (Egypt), South-America (Aztec, Maya at Inca)

Napahahalagahan ang kontribusyon sa daigdig ngmga unang kabihasnan

II. Ang Daigdig sa Panahon ng Transisyon


KASAYSAYAN NG NAIC PANAHON NG ESPANYOL

Ang mga ika‐16 at ika‐17 siglo, sa kasaysayan ng Naic ay sumasalamin sa kung papaano nagpasalin‐salin ang pagmamay‐ari at kasakupang lupa sa Naic. Narito ang mga talang ipinamigay sa mga kilalang Manilenyo ang mga lupang sumasaklaw sa Naic; paglilipat‐ari sa lupa; pagpapamana sa mga anak ng isang Heneral Esguerra ng lupang napasakamay; pagbebenta ng lupang namana; at pagkapunta ng lupa sa mga Heswita. Pumapaloob din sa panahong ito ang paghiwalay ng Maragondon sa bayang matris na Silang, at pagiging ganap na bayan ng unang nasabing lugar. Habang baryo na ang Naic ng Maragondon, at ginawa nang asyenda noong 1693, ganap namang itinatag ang isang komunidad sa bahagi ng Muzon bilang sityo noong 1758. Ang Naic sa pagpapatuloy ng ika‐18 siglo ay naukol sa paglawak ng lupang saklaw at pagdami ng bahayan. Kaya naman, sa hindi na napigil pang paglaki ng populasyon, napagpasyahan nang gawing bayan ang Naic noong 1791. Dahilan naman sa kalapitan ng komunidad sa Muzon sa Poblasyon ng Maragondon, napagkaisahang ilipat ang komunidad sa Muzon sa mas malayong bahagi ng Naic. Taong 1798, manu‐manong inilipat ang mga bahay, hayop at iba pang kagamitan sa “Imus ng Awa.” Ginapas ang madawag na paglilipatan, itinaboy ang mababangis na hayop, gumawa ng mga daan, at itinatag ang bagong komunidad: ito, magpasahanggang ngayon, ang Poblasyon at kabayanan ng Naic. Habang panahon ng Espanya ang tinatalakay na yugto, maisasama rin sa talang ito ang tulisanismo bilang pangunahing kalaban ng pamahalaang kolonyal. Bilang pagtugon, gaya ng minsang isinagawa sa Naic, konsentrasyon o rekonsentrasyon ang ginawang kasagutan ng pamahalaan sa suliranin. Panahon ng panunungkulan ni Juan Villaflor bilang Gobernadorcillo, nagpalabas ang Pamahalaang Probinsyal ng kautusan upang magkaroon ng konsentrasyon sa Naic. Ang mga bahay noon na nasa mga baryo ay inilipat lahat sa kabayanan. Tumagal ang pagtitipong ito nang isang taon. Sa panahon ng konsentrasyon, ang mga magsasaka ng asyendang Naic ay makaaalis lamang sa bayan


AANNGG KKAATTIIPPUUNNAANN

Isang bahagi ng pinta Carlos "Botong" Francisco na

nagpapakita ng saduguan ng mga kasapi ng Katipunan

Ang KKK

Ang Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) o

Katipunan, ay isang lihim na samahan na itinatag noong 1892 upang itaguyod ang kaisipang

maka‐bayan at rebolusyonaryo sa mga Pilipino. Layunin ng samahan na sugpuin ang patuloy

na pagmamalabis at di makataong pamumuno ng mga Espanyol sa Pilipinas tungo sa

pagkakamit ng kasarinlan ng bansa.


KAWASAKI SYMDROME

Kawasaki disease, also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, causes inflammationof blood vessels throughout the body. What causes Kawasaki disease is not clear. Someresearchers believe it is an infection, others an autoimmune disorder stimulated by an infectionor exposure to an environmental toxin. Most cases of Kawasaki disease (80 percent) occur inchildren younger than four years old, but occasionally it may occur in very young infants oradolescents. Children of Asian ethnicity are at higher risk for developing the disease.

The inflammation caused by the disease can lead to coronary aneurysm and heart attack,making Kawasaki disease the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children indeveloped countries. Up to 25 percent of children with untreated disease will develop heartproblems. Fortunately, only 5‐10 percent of children with Kawasaki disease who are treatedbefore the tenth day of illness will develop heart disease.


KINAGISNANG BALON (ni Andres Cristobal Cruz)

Sinasabing walang lampin sa purok ng Tibag na hindi nilabhan sa tubig na sinasalok sa malalim,malaki't matandang balon. Sinasabing walang nagluto ng pagkain at naghugas ng kinainan sa Tibag na hindi gumamit ngtubig sa balong iyon. Sinasabing walang naligo sa Tibag na hindi nagbuhos ng malinis at malamig na tubig na siyangbiyaya ng matandang balong tisa. Anupa't masasabing walang isinilang at inilibing na taga‐Tibag na hindi uminom o binindisyunanng tubig na galing sa kanilang balon. Kung iisipin, masasabi rin na ang buhay at kamatayan ng mga taga‐Tibag ay nasa balong iyon. Mahalaga nga ang balon, ngunit ang bagay na ito'y hindi nila pinag‐uukulang masyado ngpansin. Sa kanila, ang balon ay bahagi ng kanilang buhay at kapaligiran, bahagi na ng kanilang


KINDS OF ORCHIDS

Many people are surprised to find that orchids grow in all the continents exceptAntarctica. They can be found from the Arctic to the Equator, from here towest contents. The family of Orchids contains more species than any other family of plants;some estimates are now close to 35,000 genera. Yet, interestingly enoughthere are essentially two types of orchids or types of growth patterns,monopodial and sympodial. Most orchids fall into one or the other category andnone of them appear to be a mix of the two. While orchids are readilyhybridized between many different genera of orchids, apparently they are nocrosses that “cross” this line of this type of orchid. Essentially there are two different types of orchids and they are calledmonopodial and sympodial. Knowing whether the orchid you have ismonopodial or sympodial is important because this information will help youknow how to grow it properly re-bloom it successfully and also gives you cluesas to how to propagate the plant.


KWAKIUTL TRIBE


THE LITHOSPHERE

The tectonic plates of the Earth's lithosphere.

The lithosphere (from the Greek for "rocky" sphere) is the solid, outermost shell of a rocky planet. In the case of the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the upper layer of the mantle that is joined to the crust. The lithosphere contains a rich variety of minerals. In addition, it continually interacts with the atmosphere andhydrosphere.

The Earth's lithosphere provides us with the "terra firma" on which we live. To sustain our lives, we need access to air, water, soil, and sunlight, and we need the ecosystems created by plants and animals. The lithosphere gives us access to all of these simultaneously. While dwelling on the lithosphere, we are surrounded by air, receive the Sun's heat and light, and have access to freshwater and various minerals that we use for our domestic, agricultural, and industrial activities.

Plate tectonics

In forming the lithosphere, the Earth's crust and upper mantle are attached to each other, but they differ in chemical composition. The boundary that marks this change in chemical composition is known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity (or the Moho discontinuity).

Thus the distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is not its composition but its flow properties. It floats on the asthenosphere, which is the heat‐softened layer of the mantle below the lithosphere. The lithosphere is fragmented into relatively strong pieces called tectonic plates, which move independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric plates over the asthenosphere is described as plate tectonics.


AGYU (Epikong Manobo)

(Monobo)

Ang pinanggagalingan ng kabuhayan ng mga Ilianon ay pangongolekta ng sera. Ipinapalit nilaang sera sa mga Moro, sa kanilang mga pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng palay, asin atasukal. Nagkaroon ng di pagkakaunawaan si Agyu at ang datu ng mga Moro dahil sapagkakautang nila ng isang daang tambak ng sera. Upang maiwasan ang madugong labanan, siAgyu at ang kaniyang pamilya ay umalis sa Ayuman at pumunta ng Ilian. Ngunit hindi hahayaanng mga Moro na mamuhay sila ng payapa. Sinundan nila ang mga ito upang patayin siya at angkanyang pamilya. Lumaban si Agyu at ang kanyang pamilya ng buong tapang at lumabas napanalo sa laban sa mga Moro. Pagkatapos ng tagumpay ay naisip ni Agyu na lisanin ang Ilian atpumunta ng Bundok ng Pinamatun. Doon ay nagtayo sila ng mga bahay sa paanan ng bundok. Isang araw ay pumunta si Agyu sa bundok ng Sandawa upang manghuli ng baboy ramo. Umuwisiya na dala ang kanyang huli habang ang kanyang kapatid na lalaki na si Lono at mga kapatid nababaing sina Yambungan at Ikwagan ay nakahanap ng pulot pukyutan. Hinati nila ang baboyramo at pulot pukyutan sa kanila at sa kanilang mga alipin. Bakit ayaw mong kumuha ng karne at pulot para sa iyo, at sa iyong asawa sa Ayuman, Banlak?tanong ni citeAgyu/cite sa kanyang kapatid na lalaki. Ang asawa ni Banlak na si Mungan aynaiwan sa Ayuman sapagkat nagkaroon ito ng ketong.


Mga Pangkat Etniko ng Pilipino

Ang mga yamang tao ng bansang Pilipinas ay ang kanyang mamamayan. Pilipino ang tawag sa kanila. Ngunit iba't iba ang pangkat na kanilang kinabibilangan. Iba't iba rin ang tawag sa kanila. Ang mga Ita ay isa sa mga ninuno. Tinatawag din silang Negrito, Ayta o Baluga. Karaniwang nainirahan sila sa Luzon. Ito ay sa mga bundok ng Zambales, Quezon, Laguna at Cagayan. May naninirahan din sa mga bundok ng Panay at Negros.

Tulad ng mga Ita, ang mga Ifugao at Kalinga ay sa Luzon din naninirahan. Matatagpuan sila sa Mountain Province. Ang mga Ifugao ang nagtayo ng tanyag na hagdan-hagdang palayan dalawang libong taon na ang nakakaraan.

Ang isa pang pangkat ng Pilipino sa Luzon ay ang mga Ilokano. Karaniwang nakatira sila sa bandang hilaga ng Luzon. Ngunit may mga Ilokano rin sa ibang bahagi ng Visayas at Mindanao. Naninirahan sila sa nga lugar na ito upang maghanapbuhay, mangalakal, o mag-asawa. Matitipid at masisipag sila. Matatagpuan naman sa kalagitnaan at katimugan ng Luzon ang mga Tagalog. Sila ang pangalawa sa pinakamalaking pangkat ng Kristiano sa Pilipinas.

Kilala rin ang mga Mangyan sa Luzon. Matatagpuan sila sa pulo ng Mindoro. Karamihan sa kanila ay may panlabas na anyo at paraan ng pamumuhay na payak at tulad pa rin ng ating mga ninuno. Iba-iba rin ang pangkat ng Pilipino sa mha pulo ng Visayas. Isa na rito ang mga Cebuano na may pinakamalaking pangkat na nasabing rehiyon. Kilala sila sa katutubong awit na "Matud Nila" at sayaw na Rosas Pandan.

Taga-Visayas din ang mga Ilonggo. Kilala naman sila sa katutubong awit na Dandansoy at sayaw na Cariñosa.

Mga Waray naman ang pangkat ng Pilipino sa Mindanao. ang ilan sa mga ito ay ang mga Badjao, Maranao, Tausug, Tiboli, at Manobo.

Nakatira sa baybay-dagat ang mga Badjao. Matatagpuan sila mula Zamboanga hanggang Sulu. Pangingisda ang pangunahing hanap-buhay nila.

Ang pangkat ng mga Tiboli ay naninirahan sa Cotabato. Pagsasaka ang pangunahing ikina-bubuhay nila.

Pangkat Etniko sa Luzon

Aeta

Matatagpuan ang pangkat ng mga aeta sa halos lahat ng dako ng kapuluan. May iba’t iba silang pangalan sa iba’t ibang lugar. Higit silang marami sa Luzon. Aeta o Ayta ang tawag sa kanila sa hilagang Luzon. Ibuked naman ang tawag sa mga aetang nakatira nang malayo sa mga kapatagan. Sa Kofun, Diango, Paranan at Assao sa Cagayan, Ugsig at


THE MUSCLES

Classifications

Muscles can be classified in the following ways:

• Skeletal muscle - this muscle is called striated or stripey muscle, because itlooks striped under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary muscle.

• Cardiac muscle - situated in the walls of the heart. It is striated andinvoluntary.

• Smooth muscle - found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels and thedigestive, reproductive and urinary systems. Does not have the stripes found inskeletal muscle. This type of muscle is important in veins as it pushes bloodback towards the heart. It is non-striated and involuntary.

Muscle comprises 40-50% of a person's total body weight.

Characteristics

• Excitability - the ability of the muscle to react to stimulus eg reacting when youtouch something hot.

• Contractility - the ability to become shorter and thicker. • Extensibility - the ability to become longer and thinner. • Elasticity - the ability to return to its original shape after extending or

contracting.

Functions

• Motion • Maintaining posture • Producing heat (approx 85% of body heat)

Note: Superficial muscle lies closer to the surface, can be seen when contracted andcauses movement. Muscles that lie below the superficial muscles are called deepmuscles.

Types of muscle contractions

When a muscle is stimulated, the fibres tighten. The muscle can either shorten(concentric), stay the same length (isometric) or lengthen (eccentric).

• Concentric - muscle shortens but tension remains the same, eg contractingbiceps causes flexion at elbow.


TARA TENA By: Sam Concepcion Hmmn.. oohh.. hey... yeah.. Tena halinat sabayan Bagong uso ay simulan Oh!dapat lang kabataan Oras mo nang makialam Refrain: o kakabakabakabakabataan Mga katropa tayo na Wag ng umurong sulong pa Buong loob sumama na Chorus: Tara tena, tara simulan mo na Tena bagong pag‐asa Tara tena, o kabataan ang galing naman Simulan pagbabago sa bayan Tara tena, tara wag kakabakaba Tena, oo may laban ka Galingan, sipagan, paghusayan, panawagan, kabataan Tara tena. Maaasahan ka dito Mahusay ang ideya mo Pakita mong marunong ka Bayan sayo'y umaasa Repeat ref. Repeat chorus. Bridge: Tayo na tara na Gamitin ang talino mo sa tunay na pagbabago Tara na tayo na Tawag sa diyos isama ka makakamtan malapit na Tayo na tara na Tara na tayo na Oh tara tena sumama malapit na Makakamtan pagbabago sa bayan na…… Repeat chorus (4x)


NEW SCIENCE DISCOVERIES Meteorite Holds Clues to Organic Chemistry of Early Earth Carbonaceous chondrites are a type of organic-rich meteorite that contain samples of the materials that took part in the creation of our planets nearly 4.6 billion years ago, including materials that were likely formed before our Solar System was created and may have been crucial to the formation of life on Earth. The complex suite of organic materials found in carbonaceous chondrites can vary substantially from meteorite to meteorite.

A specimen of the Tagish Lake Meteorite about 10 cm in its

longest dimension. (Credit: Michael Holly, Creative Services, University of

Alberta)

Temperature Tracking Device for Packages May Have Climate Metrology Applications

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) researchers are working to reduce the uncertainty associated with climate-change measurements using a mobile temperature-sensing technology made for tracking delicate or perishable, high-value packages in transit. Developed by international shipper FedEx and tested with help from NIST, the device connects to cell phone networks to provide users with near real-time information on the package's precise location, temperature, humidity, pressure, acceleration, elevation and exposure to light.

Developed by international shipper FedEx and tested with help from NIST, the Senseaware device connects to cell

phone networks to provide users with near real-time information on a package’s precise location, temperature,

humidity, pressure, acceleration, elevation and exposure to light. NIST researchers plan to deploy the technology as part

of a pilot project to monitor and improve climate measurements. (Credit: Strouse/NIST)


ONE‐DAY MENU

BREAKFAST

Apple

Fried Rice

Bacon

Milk


PAALAM SA PAGKABATA(KUWENTO/CEBUANO)

Salin ni Nazareno D. Bas sa “Panamilit sa Kabantanon” ni Santiago Pepito

Wala akong nakikitang pagbabago. Tulad nang nagdaang mga madaling‐araw: ang ginaw, katahimikan, dilim‐ iyon din ang bumubuo ng daigdig ng aking kamalayan. Maraming bagay angdapat mailarawan. Ngunit alam kong iisa lamang ang kahulugan ng mga iyon. Alam ko. Sa kabilang silid, sa kuwarto nina Nanay at Tatay, naririnig ko ang pigil na paghikbi. Umiiyak nanaman si Nanay. Ang sunud‐sunod na paghikbi ay tila pandagdag sa kalungkutan ng daigdig.Napabuntong‐hininga ako. Umiiling‐iling. Hanggang ngayon hindi ko pa nakikita ang tunay nadahilan ng damdaming iyon na matagal nang umalipin sa kanya. Walang malinaw sa aking isipan. Mula sa aking pagkamulat ang pagkainip ay kakambal ng akingbuhay. Sa aking pag‐iisa di ko maiwasan ang pangarap na magkaroon ng batang kapatid na nag‐aangkin ng mabangong hininga at taglay ang ngiti ng isang anghel. Ngunit ang damdamin ko’ytila tigang na lupang pinagkaitan ng ulan. Maliwanag na ang silangan nang ako’y bumangon. May bago na namang umaga. Ngunit angtanawin sa bahay ay walang pagbabago. Tulad ng dati, nakikita ko si Nanay na nakaupo at nag‐iisip sa may hagdanan. Nakatitig siya sa sampayan ng lambat ni Tatay. At madalas ang kanyangpagbubuntong‐hininga. Matagal ko nang nakikita ang sampay na lambat. Ngunit hindi ko nakikitang ito’y ginagamit niTatay. Noon ay walang halaga ito sa akin. Nagsimula ang pagpansin ko sa lambat noong ito’yitinapon ni Nanay mga dalawang taon na ang nakakaraan. Galit na galit si Tatay sa ginawa niNanay. Pinagbuhatan ni Tatay ng kamay si Nanay. Pagkatapos ipinabalik kay Nanay ang lambat sa sampayan.


MGA PATAKARANG PANGKABUHAYAN NG MGA ESPANYOL SA PILIPINAS

Ang pananakop ng mga Espanyol ay nagdulot ng pagbabago sa buhay ng mga Pilipino.Marami silang ipinatupad na mga patakaran sa kolonya. Dahil gusto ng mga Espanyol namapakinabangan ang likas na yaman at yamang tao ng Pilipinas, nagpatupad sila ng mgapatakarang pangkabuhayan. Ang mga patakarang ito ay nagpayaman sa mga Espanyol ngunitnaging dahilan ng paghihirap ng mga Pilipino.

Buwis o Tributo

Ang buwis ay salaping sinisingil para magamit sa pagpapatakbo ng pamahalaan. Ito ay dapatgamitin para sa pagpapanatili ng kaligtasan ng bansa at sa pagpapatayo ng mga paaralan, hospitalat iba pang imprastruktura gaya ng mga tulay at daan. Dati ay 8 reales (katumbas ng piso ngayon)ang buwis na kailangan bayaran sa loob ng isang taon.

Ang patakarang ito ay hindi na bago sa mga Pilipino dahil ginagawa na nila ito noon sa mgadatu ng barangay. Gayunpaman, ito ay naging instrumento ng pang‐aapi ng mga Espanyol sa mgaPilipino.

Maganda ang layunin ng mga Espanyol sa paniningil ng buwis pero nagpagalit at nagpahiraplamang sa ating mga ninuno ang pang‐aabuso ng mga nangongolekta ng buwis dahil madalas aysobra silang maningil at ang buwis na dapat ay magamit para sa mga mamamayan ay napupuntalamang sa bulsa ng mga sakim na opisyal ng pamahalaan.

Bandala

Sapilitang binibili ng mga Espanyol ang mga produkto ng mga magsasaka. Sistemangbandala ang tawag dito. Ang mga produkto ay binibili ng pamahalaan sa murang halaga. Madalasay hindi pa nababayaran.

Sistemang Kasama

Sa sistemang kasama, ang may‐ari ng lupain ay kadalasang Espanyol. Tinatawag siyanghaciendero. Ang lupang sakahan lamang ang kontribusyon ng haciendero. Ang kasama omagsasakang magtatanim sa lupain ang gagastos para sa kagamitan, hayop at pataba sa pagsasaka.Madalas, pagdating ng anihan, mas maliit ang kita ng kasama kahit na siya ang naghirap sapagsasaka.

Polo o Sapilitang Paggawa

Isa pang patakarang ipinatupad ng mga Espanyol ay ang polo o sapilitang paggawa. Sapatakarang ito, pilit na pinagtatrabaho ang mga lalaking 16 hanggang 60 taong gulang. Polista ngtawag sa mga lalaking nagtatrabaho para sa pamahalaan. Kailangan nilang magsilbi sa pamahalaansa pamamagitan ng pagtatayo ng mga tulay, simbahan, at paggawa ng mga malalaking barko saloob ng 40 araw.

Makaliligtas lamang sa polo ang isang Pilipino kung kaya niyang magbayad ng falla. Ang fallaang multa kapalit ng kanyang hindi paglilingkod. Pero dahil sa kahirapan ay konti lamang angnakakapagbayad ng falla.

Maraming mga polista ang nahiwalay sa kanilang mga pamilya dahil sa pagtatrabaho samalalayong lugar. Napabayaan din ng mga lalaki ang pagsasaka dahil kasabay ng Polo ang panahonng pagtatanim at anihan.


PASTRY AND BREAD

PASTRY Pastry is the name given to various kinds of baked products made from ingredients such asflour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and/or eggs. Small tarts and other sweetbaked products are called "pastries." Pastry may also refer to the dough from which such baked products are made. Pastry dough isrolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. Common pastry dishes include pies,tarts, quiches and pasties.

BREAD Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additionalingredients, such as butter or salt to improve the taste. Bread is the staple food in Europe, European‐derived cultures such as the Americas, and theMiddle East and North Africa, as opposed to East Asia whose staple is rice.

DIFFERENCE OF PASTRY AND BREAD Pastry is differentiated from bread by having a higher fat content, which contributes to a flakyor crumbly texture. A good pastry is light and airy and fatty, but firm enough to support theweight of the filling. When making a shortcrust pastry, care must be taken to blend the fat andflour thoroughly before adding any liquid. This ensures that the flour granules are adequatelycoated with fat and less likely to develop gluten. On the other hand, overmixing results in longgluten strands that toughen the pastry. In other types of pastry, such as Danish pastry andcroissants, the characteristic flaky texture is achieved by repeatedly rolling out a dough similarto that for yeast bread, spreading it with butter, and folding it to produce many thin layers offolds. Another difference is the raising agent. A pastry (patisserie) is a small cake or tart, usually madewith baking powder. Bread (viennoiserie) such as croissants or pains au chocolat is raised withyeast.

PIE Pie is a type of pastry. A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing thatcovers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Pies are defined by their crusts. A filled pie (also single‐crust or bottom‐crust), has pastry liningthe baking dish, and the filling is placed on top of the pastry, but left open. A top‐crust pie,which may also be called a cobbler, has the filling in the bottom of the dish and the fillingcovered with a pastry or other covering before baking. A two‐crust pie has the filling completelyenclosed in the pastry shell. Flaky pastry is a typical kind of pastry used for pie crusts, but manythings can be used, including baking powder biscuits, mashed potatoes, and crumbs. Pies can be a variety of sizes, ranging from bite‐size to ones designed for multiple servings.


FARM PESTS CONTROL 1. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding.

a. Insect barriers

b. Covering of bags in individual

fruits – this is to protect fruits from bugs


PHYSIOCRAT Member of a school of economics, founded in 18th‐century France, that held that government should not interfere with the operation of natural economic laws. Generallyregarded as the first scientific school of economics, the physiocratic school (the name refers to the “rule of nature”) was founded by François Quesnay, who demonstrated the economic relation between a workshop and a farm and asserted that the farm alone added to anation's wealth. Land and agriculture were therefore believed to be the source of all wealth. The physiocratsenvisaged a society in which written law would be in harmony with natural law. They pictured a predominantly agricultural society, attacking mercantilism for its emphasis on manufacturing and foreign trade and its mass of economic regulations. Quesnay's disciplesincluded Victor Riqueti, count de Mirabeau, and Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (1739–1817). The school was in decline by 1768, and after the dismissal of a sympatheticcomptroller general in 1776 the leading physiocrats were exiled. Though many of theirtheories, notably their theory of wealth, were later demolished, their introduction ofscientific method to economics had a permanent effect on the discipline. CLASSICIST

An advocate or follower of classicism. One versed in the classics; a classical scholar. An adherent of classicism. An advocate of the study of ancient Greek and Latin.

classicism, an attitude to literature that is guided by admiration of the qualities of formalbalance, proportion, decorum, and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature (‘the classics’) in preference to the irregularities of later vernacularliteratures, and especially (since about 1800) to the artistic liberties proclaimed byRomanticism. A classic is a work of the highest class, and has also been taken to mean awork suitable for study in school classes. During and since the Renaissance, these overlapping meanings came to be applied to (and to be virtually synonymous with) thewritings of major Greek and Roman authors from Homer to Juvenal, which were regarded asunsurpassed models of excellence. The adjective classical, usually applied to this body of writings, has since been extended to outstandingly creative periods of other literatures: the17th century may be regarded as the classical age of French literature, and the 19th centurythe classical period of the Western novel, while the finest fiction of the United States in themid‐19th century from Cooper to Twain was referred to by D. H. Lawrence as ClassicAmerican Literature (despite the opposition between ‘classical’ and ‘romantic’ views of art,a romantic work can now still be a classic). A classical style or approach to literarycomposition is usually one that imitates Greek or Roman models in subject‐matter (e.g.Greek legends) or in form (by the adoption of genres like tragedy, epic, ode, or verse satire), or both. As a literary doctrine, classicism holds that the writer must be governed by rules,models, or conventions, rather than by wayward inspiration: in its most strictly codified


PICKING THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION

By Napoleon G. Rama

The primary purpose of a school is to provide efficiently good education to the student. Thus, when it comes to choosing a medium of instruction, the first question is what medium educates the student better and faster.

Of course, there are some who will not accept these fundamental premises. One reason is that seemingly they cannot tell the difference between how to teach and what to teach.

In determining the medium of instruction, we must look for the language that would provide our students the best education and the greatest opportunity of enhancing that education after graduation and enable them to learn faster. School is mostly preparation for further education to cope with life after school.

When we talk about medium of instruction, we talk about method of teaching. Hence, it’s a matter of what language of instruction would equip the students with a better, more valuable education, more effectively.

It’s our contention here that mastering English, the net product of English as our medium of instruction, makes the Filipino students better educated. We need not go far. We need not even use the argument that English is the language of the world. We would just point out that almost all libraries in the country are filled with English books. The encyclopedias have yet to be translated to Philippine languages. The classics here are in English or Spanish.


SOLAR SYSTEM

Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way. The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space. The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north pole, the planets orbit in a counter‐clockwise direction. The planets orbit the Sun in or near the same plane, called the ecliptic. Pluto is a special case in that its orbit is the most highly inclined (18 degrees) and the most highly elliptical of all the planets. Because of this, for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than is Neptune. The axis of rotation for most of the planets is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their sides.

Earth Venus

Mercury

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Dwarf Planet

Universe

Asteroids

Sun

Ecliptic

Pluto


PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE IN THE PHILIPPINE


Probability Problem: A spinner has 4 equal sectors colored yellow, blue, green

and red. What are the chances of landing on blue after spinning the spinner? What are the chances of landing on red?

Solution: The chances of landing on blue are 1 in 4, or one fourth. The chances of landing on red are 1 in 4, or one fourth. This problem asked us to find some probabilities involving a spinner. Let's look at some definitions and examples from the problem above.

Definition Example

An experiment is a situation involving chance or probability that leads to results called outcomes.

In the problem above, the experiment is spinning the spinner.

An outcome is the result of a single trial of an experiment.

The possible outcomes are landing on yellow, blue, green or red.

An event is one or more outcomes of an experiment.

One event of this experiment is landing on blue.

Probability is the measure of how likely an event is.

The probability of landing on blue is one fourth.

In order to measure probabilities, mathematicians have devised the following formula for finding the probability of an event.

Probability Of An Event

P(A) = The Number Of Ways Event A Can Occur The total number Of Possible Outcomes

The probability of event A is the number of ways event A can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes. Let's take a look at a slight modification of the problem from the top of the page.


Tiramisu Layer Cake

"Fancy taste without all the work. This cake is wonderful for a get together or just a special occasion at home. Using a box cake mix as a base it's a real time saver!" — bettina

Ingredients: Original recipe makes 1 - 3 layer 9 inch cake Cake:

1 (18.25 ounce) package moist white cake mix 1 teaspoon instant coffee powder 1/4 cup coffee 1 tablespoon coffee flavored liqueur

Filling:

1 (8 ounce) container mascarpone cheese 1/2 cup confectioners' sugar 2 tablespoons coffee flavored liqueur

Frosting:

2 cups heavy cream 1/4 cup confectioners' sugar 2 tablespoons coffee flavored liqueur

Garnish:

2 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder 1 (1 ounce) square semisweet chocolate


Si Rogelio Sicat Sa Estilo ng Pagkatha

Ni Marvin Einstein S. Mejaro Introduksiyon: Paano nga ba nagsisimula ang isang manunulat? Kailan masasabi naging katha na ang isang obra? O dili naman, paano masasabi na kailangan pa itong higpitan o banatin, nang sa gayon, ay mas makayas ng mabuti ang tema, banghay, istruktura, tinig, tono, diyalogo, karakter, at iba’t ibapang sangkap ng isang kuwento? Maraming kuwento kung paanong marami rin namang estilo sa paggawa nito. Ayon nga kay Gabriel Garcia Marquez, sa edad na dalawapu’t tatlo, natutunan na niya ang iba’t ibang paraan (techne) na dapat na malaman sa pagkatha dahil lamang sa pagbabasa ng samu’t saring kuwento. Sa simula, aasa’t sususo ang isang baguhang manunulat sa estilo ng iba. Hindi masama ang bagay na ito. Kaya lamang, darating ang panahon na dapat mahanap na ng isang manunulat ang sariling estilo. Kailangan niyang mabatid ang tono’t himig niya sa pagkatha. Madugo ang prosesong ito. Kung tutuusin, madaling magsulat sa paraan ng iba. Ngunit ito ang tunay na hamon sa lahat ng manunulat: ang takasan ang anino ng kanyang mga impluwensiya at maging orihinal. Ang pagiging orihinal ang siyang magiging tatak niya bilang manunulat. May mga nakatatakas sa hamong ito; kaya lamang, sabi nga ni Rio Alma, mas marami ang nagiging bitag magpakailanman at hindi na nakaaalis sa gubat ng mga impluwensiya. Isa si Rogelio Sicat (1940 – 2002) sa mga pinaka-orihinal na manunulat sa Filipino. Kabilang sa kanyang mga naisulat na nanalo sa Palanca Awards for Literature ang “Impeng Negro” (1962), “Tata Selo” (1963), “Mga Kaluluwang Naghahanap” (1966), “Moses, Moses” (1969), at Saan Papunta ang Paruparo” (1970). Katuwang rin sina Efren Abueg, Edgardo M. Reyes, Rogelio L. Ordoñez, Ave Perez Jacob, at Edgardo Bautista Reyes, sabay-sabay nilang pinasimulan ang isang koleksiyong ng mga maiikling kuwentong pinamagatang “Mga Agos ng Disyerto” (1965). Itinuturing ito ngayon na isa sa mga pangunahing libro na nagpabago sa katha (fiction) sa Filipino. Naging pagsalunga ang koleksiyong ito sa noo’y uniporme at limitadong paraan ng paggawa ng katha na karaniwang matatagpuan sa magasing Liwayway. Bukod dito, nagkaroon rin ng bagong paraan ng pagkatha lalo na sa kuwentong realismo sa Filipino. Iba ang mga paksa na naisulat sa “Mga Agos ng Disyerto” (1965), malayo sa kuwentong mababasa sa Liwayway. Sa katunayan, inayawan ng Liwayway ang kuwento ni Sicat na “Tata Selo” (1963), kung saan siya naging tanyag, at kinailangan pa niyang ilipat ito sa The Quezonian, ang opisyal na pahayagan ng Manila L. Quezon University (MLQU). Kalaunan, nanalo ang “Tata Selo” (1963) ng pangalawang gantimpala sa maikling kuwento noong taong ding iyon sa Palanca, at naisalin na ngayon sa iba’t ibang lengguwahe pati na sa Russo. Magandang itanong ngayon: Sino ang naging pangunahing impluwensiya ni Sicat upang matutunan ang sariling estilo? Ano ang mga ilang paraan niya sa pagsusulat ng katha? At paano nga ba maging orihinal sa paggawa ng katha, maging orihinal na kuwentista?


SCANDINAVIAN DESIGN Scandinavian design emerged in the 1950s in the three Scandinavian countries (Denmark,Norway and Sweden), as well as Finland. It is a design movement characterized by simpledesigns, minimalism, functionality, and low‐cost mass production.

The Lunning Prize, awarded to outstanding Scandinavian designers between 1951 and 1970,was instrumental in both making Scandinavian design a recognized commodity, and in definingthe profile of Scandinavian design. Since 2006, the tradition of a pan‐Nordic design award hasbeen resumed with the Forum AID Award.


ABSTRACT

Electricity comes in many forms, but in reality, electric charge is form through an

interaction of the sub-atomic level of matter. In many substances, including human being

which produces static electricity, electric charges are present with varying degree.

In our current situation, with the depletion of the main source of power energy -- which

is oil from the middle-east, we are experiencing a steady rise of electric bills. And this problem

affects all of us that depend on electricity whose source is from non-renewable energy.

In a situation like this, we should think of a solution of using alternate source of power

from renewable energy source which is both easy to produce and non harmful to the

environment when disposed.

We often consume too much power in our kitchen area, but, don’t you know that the

one of the solutions to our increasing demand for energy can also be found in our kitchens?

We would like to present through this research a good source of energy that can be

found in our own home. It is the common potato that is usually an ingredient to our many

dishes. If you think that potato is just an ordinary vegetable, then, you are wrong. A small

potato is not just nutritious, but is also packed with an energy enough to generate an electric

charge of 0.2 flowing electricity. So, if a small potato can generate only 0.2 flowing electricity,

how much electricity can a big potato generate? How many potatoes are we going to use just

to power our common appliances like a computer which consumes 2.42 electricity? And these

questions we are hoping to answer.

Our other intention is for this project to help parents alleviate their problems on the

increasing electrical bills, and to encourage others to use renewable energy from natural

resources to lessen their electric consumption.

So, we hope that this investigatory project would be successful.


Types of UV Radiation The stratospheric ozone layer screens out much of the sun’s harmful UV rays. Scientists classify UV radiation into three types or bands—UVA, UVB, and UVC. The ozone layer absorbs some, but not all, of these types of UV radiation:

UVA: Wavelength: 320‐400 nm. Not absorbed by the ozone layer.

UVB: Wavelength: 290‐320 nm. Mostly absorbed by the ozone layer, but some does reach the Earth’s surface.

UVC: Wavelength: 100‐290 nm. Completely absorbed by the ozone layer and atmosphere.

UVA and UVB radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface contributes to the serious health effects listed above; it also contributes to environmental impacts. Levels of UVA radiation are more constant than UVB, reaching the Earth’s surface without variations due to the time of day or year. In addition, UVA radiation is not filtered by glass. UV Levels Depend on a Number of Factors The level of UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface can vary. Each of the following factors can increase your risk of UV radiation overexposure and consequent health effects. Stratospheric Ozone Layer The amount of UV rays the ozone layer absorbs varies depending on the time of year and other natural events. Additionally, the ozone layer is thinner than it used to be due to ozone‐depleting chemicals used in industry and consumer

d t Th h i l b i h d t

Time of Day The sun is highest in the sky around noon. At thistime, the sun’s rays have the least distance totravel through the atmosphere and UVB levels areat their highest. In the early morning and lateafternoon, the sun’s rays pass through theatmosphere at an angle and their intensity isgreatly reduced. Time of Year The sun’s angle varies with the seasons, causingthe intensity of UV rays to change. UV intensitytends to be highest in the summer. Latitude The sun’s rays are strongest at the equator, wherethe sun is most directly overhead and UV raysmust travel the least distance through theatmosphere. Ozone also is naturally thinner in thetropics compared to the mid‐ and high‐latitudes,so there is less ozone to absorb the UV radiationas it passes through the atmosphere. At higherlatitudes, the sun is lower in the sky, so UV raysmust travel a greater distance through ozone‐richportions of the atmosphere and, in turn, exposethose latitudes to less UV radiation. Altitude UV intensity increases with altitude because thereis less atmosphere to absorb the damaging rays.As a result, your chance of damaging your eyesand skin increases at higher altitudes. Weather Conditions Cloud cover reduces UV levels, but notcompletely. Depending on the thickness of thecloud cover, it is possible to burn on a cloudy day,even if it does not feel warm. Reflection Surfaces like snow, sand, pavement, and waterreflect much of the UV radiation that reachesthem. Because of this reflection, UV intensity canbe deceptively high even in shaded areas.


SEA MONSTER MASKS Sea monster masks are inspired by real and imaginary monsters from the deepest darkest depths of the sea and oceans.


APAT NA SEKTOR NG SAMBAYANAN:

1. Bahay Kalakal – pakiki‐pagganap sa gawaing pamproduksiyon at distribusyon ng mga produkto sa merkado. Kailangan din nila ang biling product

2. Ang Sambayanan ‐ Ang tinanggap na kita ng sambahayan ay ginagastos sa

pagkonsumo at pagbabayad sa mga yaring produkto mula sa bahay kalakal. Angkabayaran sa pagkonsumo ng mga yaring produkto ay tatangapin ng bahay kalakalbilang kita.

3. Pamahalaan – Ito ang ikatlong sektor na may tungkuling ginagampanan sa ugnayanng sambahayan at bahay kalakal sa ekonomiya. Ito ay nagtataguyod ng legal at mayseguridad na pakikipag ugnayan ng sambahayan at bahay kalakal bilang konsyumer at supplier ng mga produkto at serbisyo. Nag mula ang pondo nila sa bayad ng mga buwis ng produkto at serbisyo ng bahay kalakal at ng ibat’ ibang ari‐arian ng mamayan. Kasama na din dito ay buwis galing sa pagmamasukan ng mamamayan. Ang pamahalaan din ang nagtataguyod at may tungkulin na maningil ng buwis sa sambahayan at bahay kalakal upang magkaroon ng pondo na gagamitin sa pagbibigay ng serbisyong pampubliko.

4. Sambayan – Ang sentro ng mga sector ay ang sambayanan kung saan sila ang pinagkakalooban ng pampublikong pag serserbisyo ng pamahalaan.

MGA KAHULUGAN: Buwis – ay ang itinakdang kabayaran sa bahay kalakal or pakikipagganap sa pamproduksiyon at distribusyon ng mga produkto o serbisyo. Ito ay masasabing pagtatakda ng halaga (maaaring sa anyong salapi, mga pag-aari, o pagtatrabaho) na ipinapataw ng isang awtoridad sa mga tao o mga ari-arian. Matagal nang ginagamit ang iba’t ibang uri ng pagbubuwis upang tustusan ang mga serbisyo ng pamahalaan, ng mgapampublikong opisyal, at pati ng mga saserdote. Noong sinauna, kabilang sa mgabuwis na ipinapataw ang ikapu, tributo, singil, pangulong buwis o buwis na pantao, at buwis sa mga kalakal na ibinebenta, iniluluwas, inaangkat, at mga panindangidinaraan ng mga mangangalakal sa isang bayan. Impok – ito ay ang pag lalagak ng pera sa banko o pang‐financial na organisasyon bilang pagiimpok. Luwas – Ito ay ang pag kuha ng nakaimpok na pera sa banko o pang‐financial na organisasyon. Angkat – ito ay pagbili ng kalakal o produkto, o ng serbisyo sa dayuhan merkado. Gastos – Ito ay ang paggamit ng pera sa pagbili ng produkto o serbisyo sa merkado. Bangko – Ito ay institusyon o organisasyon para sa paglagat o pagiimpok at pagluwas owithdrawal ng pera o mga instrumento ng salapi. May kaakibat ng interest ang mganaimpok na pera sa banko.


SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTS The spacecraft carried a number of instruments to carry out scientific instruments. Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer:

• it checks the loss rate of volatile gases from the satellites of the spacecraft. It alsostudies the composition and structure of the atmosphere of Jupiter.


SPACECRAFT SPACECRAFT, SATELLITE, SPACESHIP AND PROBES: Spacecraft. The word spacecraft applied to all and every space vehicles that were intended to be put into space. Satellite. Satellites are spacecrafts intended to be placed in Earth orbit. Spaceship. Spaceships applied to piloted spacecrafts. Probes. probes are spacecrafts destined to explore the Solar System.

SPACECRAFT

SATELLITE

SPACESHIP

PROBE


TOTEM POLES

Totem poles are monumental sculptures carved from large trees, mostly Western Red Cedar, bycultures of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. The wordtotem is derived from the Ojibwe word odoodem, "his kinship group".

Being made of cedar, which decays eventually in the rainforest environment of the NorthwestCoast, few examples of poles carved before 1900 exist. Noteworthy examples include those atthe Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria, BC and the Museum of Anthropology at UBC inVancouver, BC, dating as far back as 1880. And, while 18th century accounts of Europeanexplorers along the coast indicate that poles certainly existed prior to 1800, they were smallerand few in number. In all likelihood, the freestanding poles seen by the first European explorerswere preceded by a long history of monumental carving, particularly interior house posts. Eddie


Types of EssayAn essay is a short piece of writing that discusses, describes or analyzes one topic. It can discuss a subject directly or indirectly, seriously or humorously. It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. An essay can be written from any perspective, but essays are most commonly written in the first person (I), or third person (subjects that can be substituted with the he, she, it, or they pronouns).

There are many different kinds of essays. The following are a some of the most common ones:

Descriptive Cause/Effect Argumentative

Definition Narrative Critical

Compare/Contrast Process

Descriptive:

Examples: A descriptive essay could describe . . .

* a tree in my backyard; * a visit to the children's ward of a hospital; * a hot fudge sundae; * what an athlete did in order to make it to the Olympics.

The descriptive essay provides details about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, makes one feel, or sounds. It can also describe what something is, or how something happened. These essays generally use a lot of sensory details. The essay could be a list‐like description that provides point by point details. Or, it could function as a story, keeping the reader interested in the plot and theme of the event described.

Definition:

Examples: A definition essay may try and define . . .

* the meaning of an abstract concept, like love; * the true meaning and importance of honesty; * how the meaning of family goes deeper than just your blood relatives.


TYPICAL FILIPINO DISHES Appetizers

• Lumpia (Filipino eggrolls)

• Tokwa't Baboy (Pork and tofu cubes in salty-sour

sauce)

• Ukoy (Shrimp and sweet potato fritters)

Soups and Stews

• Caldereta (Beef stew)

• Dinuguan (Pork blood stew)

• Kare-Kare (Oxtail and tripe stew)

• Mechado (Beef stew)

• Menudo (Pork liver stew)

• Pochero (Chicken and vegetable stew)

• Tinolang Manok (Ginger chicken soup with papaya)

Noodles

• Pancit Bihon (Rice noodles with meat and vegetables)

• Pancit Canton (Egg noodles with pork and vegetables)

• Pancit Malabon (Noodles with shrimp sauce)


DETERMINING IF THE USE OF CONVEX MIRRORS IN VEHICLES ARE SAFE

zx


WHAT IS PNEUMONIA?

Pneumonia is a serious infection and/or inflammation of your lungs. The air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquid. Oxygen has trouble reaching your blood. If there is too little oxygen in your blood, your body cells can't work properly. Because of this and spreading infection through the body pneumonia can cause death.

Until 1936, pneumonia was the No.1 cause of death in the U.S. Since then, the use of antibiotics brought it under control. In 2004, pneumonia and influenza combined ranked as the eighth leading cause of death.1

Pneumonia affects your lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a section (lobe) of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs.

CAUSES OF PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia is not a single disease. It can have over 30 different causes. There are five main causes of pneumonia:

• Bacteria • Viruses • Mycoplasmas • Other infectious agents, such as fungi - including pneumocystis • Various chemicals

BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA

Bacterial pneumonia can attack anyone from infants through the elderly. Alcoholics, the debilitated, post-operative patients, people with respiratory diseases or viral infections and people who have weakened immune systems are at greater risk.

Pneumonia bacteria are present in some healthy throats. When body defenses are weakened in some way, by illness, old age, malnutrition, general debility or impaired immunity, the bacteria can multiply and cause serious damage. Usually, when a person's resistance is lowered, bacteria work their way into the lungs and inflame the air sacs.

The tissue of part of a lobe of the lung, an entire lobe, or even most of the lung's five lobes becomes completely filled with liquid (this is called "consolidation"). The infection quickly spreads through the bloodstream and the whole body is invaded.

The organism streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. It is one form of pneumonia for which a vaccine is available.

Symptoms: The onset of bacterial pneumonia can vary from gradual to sudden. In the most severe cases, the patient may experience shaking chills, chattering teeth, severe chest pain and a cough that produces rust-colored or greenish mucus

Pneumonia can have over 30 different causes.

Compilation of Assignments in High School (Philippines)

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