Comparative analysis of the Inland Sea of Japan and the ... · sp. ESD=38 μm. Polyp’s main food:...
Transcript of Comparative analysis of the Inland Sea of Japan and the ... · sp. ESD=38 μm. Polyp’s main food:...
Comparative analysis of the Inland Sea of Japan and the Northern Adriatic Sea: Can
changes in anthropogenic pressure disclose jellyfish outbreaks?
Shin-ichi Uye1, Alenka Malej2
and Tjasa Kogovsek21Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan2Marine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Slovenia
Inland Sea of Japan
ᠡ
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Northern Adriatic Sea
Comparison: the Inland Sea of Japan (ISJ)
vs the Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS)
ISJ NASArea (km2) 23,202 19,000Average depth (m) 38.0 34.0Volume (km3) 881.5 635Annual river flow
volume (km3/yr) 50,000 90,000
Rain catchment area (km2) 47,895 118,000Water residence time (months) 15 2~3Annual temperature range (oC) 10~28 10~26Median
chlorophyll a biomass (mg/m2) 2 2
Annual primary production (g C/m2/yr) 285 90
Population (million) 30 25
Polls of
1,152 fishermen with ≥20 years of experience: “Did Aurelia aurita medusae increase?”
Respondents:35%: “No”,
65%: “Yes, particularly
after the 1990s”
0
20
40
60
80
100
<1982 1983-1987 1988-1992 1993-1997 1998-2002
Res
pond
ents
(%)
Increase of Aurelia aurita medusae
in
the Inland Sea of Japan
NoYes
Increase of Aurelia aurita medusae
in
the Northern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2000 2005 2010199519901985
Based on monthly
monitoring of relative
abundanceA
nnua
l rel
ativ
e ab
unda
nce
(∑(le
veln
o. x
mon
ths)
)Level 0: absent, Level 1:
present but few,
Level 2:
several, Level 3: many (bloom)
Effect of temperature and food supply on polyp reproduction rate
Food supply
TemperatureDuration: 35 days
Eutrophication
War
mingBud
(from Han and Uye, 2010)
Water temperature change
Inland Sea of Japan
Northern Adriatic Sea
2
2-2
-2
-1
-1
1
1
0
0Tem
pera
ture
ano
mal
ies
(o C)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Eutrophication or oligotrophication
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1970 1980 1990 20001975 1985 1995 2005
Ann
ual r
ed-ti
des
Red-tidesRed-tides with fish
mortality
(from Setouchi net)
Inland Sea of Japan
Northern Adriatic SeaIn the 1970s and 80s, eutrophication was considerable (e.g.
frequent red tides, high chlorophyll concentrations and proliferation of benthic algae
such as Ulva).
In late 1980s and 90s, measures (e.g. sewage treatment, ban of P in detergents, modified practice of agriculture) were
taken
to result
in oligotrophication
1973: Enactment of the
Special Law
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 500 1000 1500
Ciliate biomass (μgC/L)
Feed
ing
rate
(μgC
/ind/
h)
FavellaStrombidinium
MyrionectaCurve fit
Favella spp.ESD=55 μm, 46 μm
Myrionecta rubra ESD=21
μm
Strombidium sp. ESD=38 μm
Polyp’s main food: Microzooplankton
Food supply (µg C/L)
Inge
stio
n ra
te (
µg C
/ind/
h)
Microzooplankton may increase in local areas:Local eutrophication Change in nutrient (N, P, Si) compositionDominance of microbial food chain
(fromT. Kamiyama)
Polyp’s habitat: Undersurface of artificial structures
6 m
48 m
Installed on 9 April, 2010
0
5
10
15
20
J J A S O N D J F M A M2010 2011
Polyp density (polyps cm-2)
Strobilation (% of polyps)
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23 million ephyrae released
EphyraePolyps
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Estuary
Artificial
Natural
Half-Natural
In 1978, total length of artificial coastline:
2,925 km (43.6%) In 1996, total length of artificial coastline: 3,533 km (48.9%)
In 1996
Marine
constructions: Artificial coastline
Polyp colonies in Port of Koper, Slovenia
Dock pillarsPotential number of ephyrae
released from the polyp population in Port of Koper:
50 billion ephyrae
Oysters
Strobilated polyps
Ship dock
N
S
W E
0 8040 km
Marine
constructions:
Offshore oil/gas platforms
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http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/9399938.jpg
2000~1990~991980~891970~791960~69
Cumulative
no.6
196094137
0
10
20
30
40
5019
5119
5319
5519
5719
5919
6119
6319
6519
6719
6919
7119
7319
7519
7719
7919
8119
8319
8519
8719
8919
9119
9319
9519
9719
9920
0120
0320
0520
0720
09
Fish catch in the Inland Sea of JapanA
nnua
l lan
ding
(104
tons
)
Fish catch in the Northern Adriatic SeaIn Slovenia
In Chioggia, Italy
Ann
ual l
andi
ng (t
ons)
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Fish-dominated ecosystem
Ecosystem
change in the Inland Sea of Japan
0
10
20
30
40
50
Fish
cat
ch (x
104
tons
)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Fish-dominated
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Jellyfish-dominated ecosystem
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Jellyfish-dominated
WarmingMarineconstruction
Overfishing
Eutrophication?
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Fish-dominated ecosystem
Ecosystem
change in the Northern Adriatic Sea
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
10
20
5
Fish
cat
ch (x
103
tons
)
15
25
1950
Fish-dominated
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Jellyfish-dominated ecosystem
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Jellyfish-dominated
Warming?Eutrophication?
Marineconstruction
Overfishing
Acknowledgements
This study was conducted under Japan- Slovenia bilateral project on jellyfish bloom.
Funding also from:1) Slovenian Research Agency (P1-0237)2) EU FP7 project PERSEUS (No. 287600)3) Japan Society for Promotion of Science4) Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Research Council, Japan (project name: STOPJELLY)