Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development

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Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development - Introduction to Training Program- Koichi MIYOSHI: Professor (Dr.), Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University [email protected] Yumiko OKABE: Bureau Chief, Institute for Community Design

Transcript of Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development

Page 1: Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development

Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development- Introduction to Training Program-

Koichi MIYOSHI: Professor (Dr.), Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies,Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University [email protected] OKABE: Bureau Chief,Institute for Community Design

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Facilitators Koichi MIYOSHI (APU-GSA) Yumiko OKABE (Institute for Community

Design)

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APU Officers (Research Office) Seigo TAKEBAYASHI: Deputy Director Ryoko MASUNAGA: Program Officer

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Self Introduction Koichi MIYOSHI Dr.

Current Position Professor, Graduate School of Asia pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan

Asia Pacific University

Past Position Managing Director, Office Of Evaluation Visiting Professors: Graduate School of Tokyo University, Graduate

School of Chuo University etc. Deputy Managing Director, Planning Department Chief Representative of JICA USA Office

Specialties Community Capacity and Rural Development Evaluation and Planning International Cooperation Policy

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Self Introduction Yumiko OKABE

Current Position Bureau chief, Institute for Community Design JICA Project Researcher, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Local Economic Development Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency,

Nicaragua (INIFOM) JICA Follow-up Project Investigation Team (Bhutan, MoEA)

Past Position Participatory Evaluation Expert (Thailand) Rural development & Environment Expert (Paraguay) Research Assistant, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University JICA Follow-up Project Investigation Team (Colombia, Guatemala, El Salvador,

Nicaragua) Development Instructor, Development Aid for People to People (Malawi)

Specialties Community Capacity and Rural Development Evaluation and Planning Participatory Evaluation International Cooperation Policy

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List of Training Program Course (Country/Region), (As of FY 2014)

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Course Name FY Year Country/Region Number of Participants

1 Training Course in Seminar for Municipal Mayors of Clustered LGUS: One Village One Product Movement 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Country: Philippines 38

2 The Country focused Training Program on the "One Village One Product" Movement in Tunisia 2006, 2007 Country: Tunisia 18

3 Training Course in Region Development Promotion for ASEAN Countries - One Village One Product 2007, 2008, 2009 Region: ASEAN 31

4 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries + Malawi 2008, 2009, 2010 Region: Africa 47

5 Training Course in Enforcement of Region Administrative Function for Local Industrial Promotion 2008, 2009, 2010 Country: Chile 28

6 Training Course in Seminar on One Village, One Product Movement in Savannakhet and Saravanh 2008, 2009 Country: Laos 8

7 Training Course in ANDEAN Region One Village One Product Promotion 2009, 2010, 2011 Region: Andean 45

8 Training Course in Development and Promotion of Region Industries Utilizing Local Resources for INDOCHINA and PACIFIC Regions 2009 Region:

Indochina & Pacific 13

9 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries (A) & (B) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Region: Africa 125

10 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for ASIAN Countries – One Village One Product 2010, 2011, 2012 Region: Asian 49

11 Training Course in Promotion of Local Industries for GUATEMALA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Guatemala 46

12 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in COLOMBIA 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014 Country: Colombia 65

13 Training Course in NEPAL One Village One Product Promotion 2011 Country: Nepal 15

14 Enhancement of Capacity for Promotion of One Village One Product Program in Uganda 2012 Country: Uganda 14

15 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for Central & South America – One Village One Product (A)&(E) 2012, 2013, 2014 Country: Central and South

America 84

16 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in Kenya 2012 Country: Kenya 15

17 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for East Europe and Central Asia– One Village One Product 2013, 2014 Country: Eastern Europa and

Central Asia 18

18 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for Asia and Pacific Regions ( C ) 2013, 2014 Country: Asia and Pacific

Regions 25

19 Thailand Training Course: Marketing Techniques and OTOP Enhancement for Producers, Farming Households and Agricultural Products 2013 Country: Thailand 17

20 Paraguay Training Course: Community Capacity and Rural Development: Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition for Environmental Issues 2014 Paraguay 4

21 Bhutan Training, Capacity Building for Development of Entrepreneurs in Rural Communities 2014 Bhutan 15

57 courses 72 countries 720

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Concept of Training Program

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Inception Report(Project, Program or Policy)

Revision and Modification

Interim Report(Project, Program or Policy)

1. Community Capacity Development and Policy Structure Model- Concept of Community Capacity Development- Concept of Planning and Evaluation- Concept of Systematic Value Addition for Rural Entrepreneurs/Development Promoter

• Decentralized Hands-On Program Exhibition (D-HOPE) Policy Approach Model

• Community-based Collective Activities2. Study Tours3. Case Studies: Group Discussions4. Action Plan: Group Discussions

Final Report(Project, Program and Policy)

ImplementationProject, Program and Policy

Concept + Practice

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Viewpoints of Rural development Regional disparity=Big Issue

Goal setting by rural people ⇒ Viewpoints of urban area/criteria from urban viewpoints

Rural development based on urban criteria for development Differences between rural development and rural people’s desire and

sentiment Competition with urban area Imbalances situation of resources between urban and rural Decrease of rural area initiative for development

Rural lives and rural development ⇒ Necessity of reconstruction of development by rural people

Development of community capacity Development of collective activities

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Criteria for Rural Development

Criteria for Rural development = Way of Lives required by rural people Value, Vison and Norm of rural community

Expansion of possibility for affluent rural development Construction of concrete rural development for rural people

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Reconstruction and Implementation for Rural Development

Reconstruction and implementation of development from the rural people’s viewpoints

Evaluation and planning from the rural people’s viewpoints Participation of rural people in evaluation and planning

Recognition of framework of evaluation and planning Subject of evaluation and planning: community policy structure Question for evaluation and planning: change of society and

possibility of collective activities Evaluation and planning methodology: participation and emphasis

on the rural people’s viewpoints

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Our Intentions To discuss an alternative development approach focusing

on community capacity and collective activities that benefits rural communities.

To conceptualize the rural development approach for practical usages; not to theorize the rural development phenomena

To clarify the practical, operational concepts to examine, discuss, and analyse the real life operation. The real life is not simple to interpret by simple theories

for causalities. We can choose various options for development.

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Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model

Outcomes of Community(Change of

Society)

Functions

Strategic Components

Decentralization

Historical Condition and Context

Intermediate Outcomes

(Change of Target Group)

Outputs Activities Inputs

Community

ImplementationOutcomes

Characteristics of Community Capacity

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Community Policy Structure

Community Capacity

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Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model

Decentralization

Historical Condition and Context

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Outcomes of Community(Change of

Society)

FunctionsEvaluationPlanning Implementation

Strategic ComponentsHuman Resources: ChampionsLeadership: Community LeadersOrganizations for Collective activitiesNetwork: Relational Capital

Intermediate Outcomes(Change of

Target Groups)

Outputs Inputs

CommunityImplementation

Outcomes

Characteristics of Community CapacitySense of CommunityCommitmentsAbility to Set and Achieve ObjectivesAbility to Recognize and Access to Resources

Community Capacity

EconomicFormal/InformalCollective/Individual

SocialFormal/InformalCollective/Individual

EnvironmentalFormal/InformalCollective/Individual

Political

Formal/InformalCollective/Individual

Activities

Community Policy Structure

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Systematic Value Addition

Higher Value Added and Better Well-being Policy Structure

(Collective Activities) +

Community Capacity

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Level of Community

International Community

Regional Community

Country Community

Provincial Community

District/Municipality Community

Village Community

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Defining CommunityThe community is a social aggregation constructed

by people in the specific territorial area, usually confirmed

by administrative boundaries, in which the members (organizations, groups,

and individuals) recognize themselves and each other as belonging to the same community. including private, non-governmental and

governmental organizations Specific Area + Common Life

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Community Capacity

The ability of a community to produce outcomes in society which organizations and individuals produce as the result of their collective activities by utilizing available resources to them (human resources, physical, social and organizational resources)

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Strategic Components of Community Capacity

Human resources Who is the best in -----? Leadership Individual Leadership →   Community Leadership Organizations Support Collective Activities Networks in or related to the community  Know Who > Know How

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Evaluation, Planning and Policy Structure

Evaluation

Planning

Existing Policy Structure

Revised Future Policy Structure

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Framework of Evaluation and Planning Subject of Evaluation and Planning

Policy Structure/Objective Tree Policy/Program/Project PDM (Project Design Matrix)/PTM (Program Theory Matrix)/Logical

Framework Evaluation and Planning Questions

Measuring Performance: Normative Questions Examining Implementing Process : Process Questions Clarifying Cause-Effect Relationship: Impact Questions (5 Criteria of DAC/OECD)

Methodology/Method/Approach Economics, Sociology, Business Management etc. Quantitative, Qualitative analysis (Self, Internal, External Evaluation) Traditional, Participatory

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Policy Structure/Logic Model/Program Theory

End OutcomeIntermediate Outcome Outputs Activities Input

Outcomes Implementation(Administrative Activities)

Results

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Outcome and Output

Result : Ends

Indirect ControlOutcome

Output Implementation : Means

Direct Control

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Objective Tree: Policy Structure

Breakdown of Policy Higher Result

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

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Program Theory Matrix (PTM)Policy(End

Outcome)

Program(Intermediate

Outcome)

Project

(Output) (Activity) (Input)

PolicyChange of Society-Indictors

Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators

Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators

A-1 A-1

A-2 A-2 A-1

Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators

B-1 B-1 B-1

B-2 B-2 B-2

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Recognition of Policy, Program and Project in Policy Structure

PolicyEnd

Outcome

ProgramIntermediate

Outcome

ProjectOutput Activity Input

EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1

OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2

IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1

OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1

Policy Program

Project

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Feature of evaluation and planning

E & P

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

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Feature of evaluation and planning

E & P

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PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

Program

Intermediate Outcome

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

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PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

Evaluation

Continuous Modification of Policy Structure

Planning

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

Evaluation PlanningImplementation

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Localization of Policy Structure

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National Province A District A

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20 Million 500,000 30,000Localization Localization

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Policy Structure in Decentralization

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Central Regional District

20 Million 500,000 30,000

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Decentralization Decentralization

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Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome

Intermediate Outcome

Output Activities Input

Change of Society

Whose Society

Target GroupBeneficiaries A

National Network:e.g. National Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local:

Maintenance e.g.Central:Local:

Target GroupBeneficiaries B

Regional Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local :

Maintenance e.g.Central:Local

Target GroupBeneficiaries C

Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road

ConstructionMaintenance

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Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome

Intermediate Outcome

Output Activities Input

Change of Society

Whose Society

Target GroupBeneficiaries C

Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road

Construction

Maintenance

Target GroupBeneficiaries B

Regional Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local :

Maintenance e.g.Central:Local

Target GroupBeneficiaries A

National Network:e.g. National Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local:

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Three Type of Questions in Evaluation and Planning

Descriptive Questions:Current situationExamining implementation process

Normative Questions:Comparison with target

valuesPerformance measurement

Cause-Effect Questions:Measurement of effect by implementation

Impact evaluation

Implementation Failure Degree of Achievement

Design Failure

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Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria

Policy(End Outcome)

Program(Intermediate Outcome)

Project

(Output) (Activity) (Input)

EOC IOC1 A-1 A-1 A-1

A-2 A-2 A-1

ICO2 B-1 B-1 B-1

B-2 B-2 B-2

Relevance

Impact

Sustainability

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Measuring Performance

Examining implementing process

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Recognition of Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria

Policy(End Outcome)

Program(Intermediate Outcome)

Project

(Output) (Activity) (Input)

EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1

OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2

IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1

OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1

Relevance

Impact

Sustainability

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Measuring Performance

Examining implementing process

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PolicyProgram

Project

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Project approach vs. Program-based approach

Policy(End Outcome)

Program(Intermediate Outcome)

Project (Output) (Activity) (Input)

PolicyChange of Society-Indictors

Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators

Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators

A-1 A-1

A-2 A-2 A-1

Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators

B-1 B-1 B-1

B-2 B-2 B-2

Shift of Responsibility OutputOutcome

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Planning Approach

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The Focal Problem Method The Objectives Oriented Method

Problem Solving Appreciative Inquiry Introduction of Best Practice Introduction of Social Theory

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Intervention to Policy Structure by Model ProjectEnd Outcome Intermediate

OutcomeOutput Activity Input

EOC- 1 IOC-1 OP-1 A-1 I-1

EOC- 2 IOC- 2 OP-2 A-2 I-2

EOC- 3 IOC- 3 OP- 3 A- 3 I- 3

EOC- 4 IOC- 4 OP- 4 A- 4 I- 4

EOC- 1234 IOC-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234

Expansion

Intervention/Support

Model Project

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D-HOPE Project for Rural Development

Diversify Products and Services to More Market Oriented

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From Big to Small Big facilities        Small facilities Big events        Small events Big activities Small activities

One big Making many smalls as a big aggregation

Open, Inclusive, Participatory and Diversified

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D-HOPE Approach for Rural Development

Direct Sale

Market

Financial Support

Etc.Centralized Exhibition

D-HOPE

Community- improved

livelihood for producers and service providers

- proud of their community.

Direct Sales Facilities Road Side Station (Michi-no Eki)-Hibiki-no Sato-Konohana Garten

Centralized Exhibition- EXPO- OVOP Exhibition- Fair etc..

Micro Finance- Technical Training

etc.

D-HOPE: Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition- Expo Yguazu Pora- Khong Dee Muang

Surin Festival- Tierra Magica

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More Consumer-oriented Approach

-Financial Support(M

icro Finance)-

Technical Training etc.

Com

munity:

-Producers

-Service Providers

Centralized Exhibition

Direct Sales Market

D-HOPE

The Public:C

onsumers

1 2

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Diversification of Project:General Field to Specific Fields

Direct Sales Market

D-HOPE

Centralized Exhibition

Direct Sales Market

D-HOPE

Centralized Exhibition

Direct Sales Market

D-HOPE

Centralized Exhibition

Specialization

Specialization

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Integration of D-HOPE (Decentralized Hands-on Exhibition and CE (Centralized Exhibition)

Identification of Champions

(Strategic Workshop I)

Designing Programs

(Strategic Workshop II)

Preparation of Catalogue and

Promotion (Strategic Workshop III)

Implementation of D-HOPE Event

Participatory Evaluation(Strategic Workshop IV)

Preparation of CE Catalogue, Event Facilities and Promotion

(Strategic Workshop V)

Implementation of CE Event

D-HOPE (Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition)

CE (Centralized Exhibition)

Direct Sales Shop+

Antenna Shop Technical Support

Financial Support(Micro Finance) Other Related Projects

for Rural Development

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Strategic Workshop

Strategic Workshop

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Organizational Framework for Rural Development

Policy-Making Organization Implementation Organization

Individual

Individual

Implementation Organization Individual

Individual

Implementation Organization Individual

Individual

Producer & Service Provider Level

Production & Service Group

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CommunityNetwork

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Policy Structure for Rural Development

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Policy: End Outcome

To improve the lives of producers and service

providers (groups) and build their confidence

- Participation in Centralized/Decentralized

Hands-on Program Exhibition

- Efforts for qualitative and quantitative improvement of

products and services

- Effective utilization of market place for products

and services

- Knowledge Sharing on Development Experiences

Program: Intermediate Outcome

Program: Intermediate Outcome

Project: Output/Activity/Input

Project: Output/Activity/Input

Project: Output/Activity/Input

Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on

Program Exhibition

Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Technical support for potential

products and services

Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Effective Utilization of Market Place

for products and services

Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for knowledge sharing system on

development experiences

Program: Intermediate Outcome

Program: Intermediate Outcome- Implementation of

Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on Program Exhibition

- Technical support for potential products and services

- Market place creation and management for products and

services- Creation of knowledge sharing

system on development experiences

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D-HOPE Approach (D-HOPE Program Implementation)

+Community-based Collective Activities

+Community Capacity

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Characteristics of ExhibitionsCentralized Decentralized

Display

Centralized and Display Oriented Decentralized and Display Oriented

Hands-on

Centralized and Hands-on Oriented Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented

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Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented

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D-HOPE Approach Model

End Outcomes(Change of

Society)

Community Capacity of D-HOPE Community

Strategic Component

Intermediate Outcomes(Change of

Target Group)

D-HOPE related Individual Activities

D-HOPE related Collective Activities

Community

Implementation

Outcomes

D-HOPE

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Community-based Activities & Resources

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Functions

Characteristics of Community Capacity

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D-HOPE : Utilizations of Potential Local Resources and Activities

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Community Activities

Local Resources

Local Resources

D-HOPECollective Activities

(Fund Raising, Promotion etc.,)

Community Activities

Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting

Organization)

D-HOPEIndividual Activities

(Hands-On Programs)

Introduction ofCollective Activities and Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting Organization)

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Catalogue

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Thailand: Khong Dee Muang Surin Festival97 programs (First year)

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Japan: Nagasaki Saruku42 course maps

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Paraguay: Expo Yguazu Porã110 Programs

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Nicaragua: Tierra Mágica153 Programs

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Hands-on Program in Catalogue

information on program date, price, Schedule and etc.

Program title and description of the program

Program provider’s comment

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Website/SNS

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Source: Ishimaru 2010

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Centralized and Display Oriented

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Small Famers, Industries and EntrepreneursHigh Value Added Activities

Collective Production/Processing Activities+

Collective Marketing ActivitiesDirect Sales Facilities

Antenna Shops

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Community-based Collective Activities

End Outcomes(Change of

Society)

Community Capacity of Community  

Intermediate Outcomes(Change of

Target Group)

Small Farmers and IndustriesHigh Value Added

Production, Processing, Marketing Activities

Community

Implementation

Outcomes

Community-based Collective Activities

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(Collective Processing Activities)

(Collective Marketing Activities)

(Collective Production Activities)

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Characteristics of Sales Place for Shipment

Wholesale Direct Sales

DependentTraditional Wholesale Market

Auction PriceLarge Lot

Standardized

Independent

 

Direct Sales FacilitiesFree Pricing

Small LotUnstandardized

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Public Wholesale Market K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

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Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales Shop

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Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities

Only a few famers with a large production capacity can sell their product through the Public Wholesale Market

WholesalerPublic Wholesale Market

RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market

Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious

Any farmers can produce and sell their products through the direct sales shop: Konohana Garten

Self Consumption

Production Cost

Developing Own Market Place

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Direct Sales Shop

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Antenna Shop

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Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops

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Small Farmers/ Small Industries

Agricultural /ProcessedProducts

SafeReliable

Fresh

Traceable

Own DecisionPrice

VolumeStandard

And etcetera

Revenue 75%-90%

Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops

Operation Policy(Collective Activities)

Provision of Market Place

Operation Cost25%-10%

Consumers

SafeReliable

Fresh

Sales100%

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Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales FacilityProcessing Products

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Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities

Only a few famers with large production capacity can sell their product to Processing Industries

Wholesaler Public Wholesale MarketProcessing Industries

RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market

Processing Cost

Production Cost

Any farmer can produce, process and sell their products through the Direct Sales Facility

Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious

Self Consumption

Developing Own Market Places

K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

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Enoki Mushroom Production: Oyama Method

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Agricultural CooperativeMushroom bed production

Only a few farmers with production skills can produce enoki mushroom

No Brand Name Oyama Brand

Any farmer can produce enoki mushroom by utilizing mushroom bed production

Farmers production cost Developing Local Brand

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From Big to Small

Big facilities        Small facilities

Big events        Small events

Big Activities Small Activities

One big

Making many smalls as a big aggregation 792016/01 K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

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Introduction to JICA Training Program in APU (Photos)

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Group Discussion

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Enjoy your stay in Japan!!

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