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TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

KHOA CHBIN

Ti liu hc tp

CSTHIT KNH MY THC PHM

Bien soan: ThS. Nguyen Van Thanh

Nha Trang, nam 2011


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MC LC

Ni dung Trang

Phn mu 1

CHNG 1 GII THIEU CHUNG VE THIET KE NHA MAY 2

1.1. Nhiem vu va Phan loai thiet ke 2

1.1.1. Nhiem vu thiet ke 2

1.1.2. Phan loai thiet ke 3

1.2. Cac giai oan thiet ke, noi dung va hnh thc cua thiet ke. 6

1.2.1. Cac giai oan thiet ke va noi dung cua ban thiet ke 6

1.2.2.Yeu cau ve hnh thc cua ban thiet ke 9

1.2.3. Mot so quy nh chu yeu 101.3. Nang suat va c cau cua Nha may 13

1.3.1. C cau cua Nha may (thanh phan cua Nha may) 13

1.3.2. Nang suat Nha may thc pham 14

1.4. Mot so chu y trong thiet ke 15

CHNG 2 LAP LUAN KINH TE KY THUAT 18

2.1. Vung nguyen lieu 18

2.2 Th trng tieu thu san pham: 202.3. ac iem thien nhien cua v tr xay dng 21

2.4. Kha nang hp tac trong vung 23

2.5. Cac dch vu tien ch (ien, nc, hi nc, nhien lieu) 24

2.5.1. Nguon cung cap ien 24

2.5.2.Nguon cung cap nc 24

2.5.3.Cung cap hi nc va nhien lieu 25

2.6. Cung cap nc va thoat nc 262.6.1. Cung cap nc 26

2.6.2. Thoat nc va x ly nc thai 27

2.7. Giao thong van chuyen 28

2.8. Kha nang cung cap nhan lc 29

2.9. Chon a iem xay dng nha may 29


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2.10. S bo hach toan kinh te 30

CHNG 3 PHNG HNG TIEN HANH NOI DUNG THIET KE KYTHUAT

32

3.1. Chon s o hay quy trnh cong nghe 32

3.1.1. C s e chon 323.1.2. Yeu cau cua quy trnh cong nghe 33

3.1.3. Cach dien at quy trnh cong nghe 34

3.2. Tnh san pham 35

3.2.1. S o nhap nguyen lieu 35

3.2.2. Bieu o san xuat 36

3.2.3. Chng trnh san xuat 38

3.2.4. Tnh tieu chuan chi ph nguyen lieu 393.2.5. Lap bang nhu cau nguyen vat lieu 42

3.2.6. Lap bang so lng ban thanh pham qua tng cong oan. 42

3.3. Bieu o qua trnh ky thuat 43

3.4. Xac nh cac ch tieu ky thuat khac 48

CHNG 4 THIT K, BTR MY MC THIT B, DNG CCHBIN TRONG NHA MAY THC PHM

51

4.1. Chon va tnh toan may moc thiet b, dung cu che bien. 51

4.1.1. C s chon 51

4.1.2. Nguyen tac chon may moc thiet b, dung cu 51

4.1.3. Tnh so lng thiet b yeu cau 56

4.2. c i m thit k, ch to i vi mt s thitb, dng c ch bin thc phm

56

4.3. Bo tr, xep at thiet b vao phan xng san xuat 59

4.3.1. Xep at thiet b vao day chuyen san xuat 59

4.3.2. Nguyen tac bo tr may moc thiet b trong day chuyen cong nghe 60

4.4. S o bo tr Phan xng 66

4.4.1. Ve s o mat bang va cac mat cat 66

4.4.2. Ket cau nha xng va kch thc e tren ban ve 67

CHNG 5 BNH O (MAT BANG) NHA MAY 70


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5.1.Gii thieu chung 70

5.1.1. Cac ban ve mat bang 70

5.1.2. Nguyen tac bo tr mat bang 71

5.2. Cac cong trnh chu yeu trong Nha may 73

5.3. Nhng bien phap thiet ke mat bang nha may. 74

5.3.1. Bien phap phan chia khu at theo phng dien chc nang 74

5.3.2. Bien phap hp khoi nang cao mat o xay dng: 76

CHNG 6 THIET KE MOT SO CONG TRNH CUA NHA MAY 79

6.1. Phan xng san xuat chnh 79

6.2. Kho tang 80

6.2.1. Kho cha nguyen lieu 80

6.2.2. Kho bao quan thanh pham 81

6.2.3. Kho nguyen vat lieu phu 83

6.2.4. Kho bao b 83

6.3. To chc giao thong ben trong Nha may 84

6.4. Phong kiem nghiem (phong kiem tra chat lng san pham KCS) 87

6.5. Nha hanh chnh 88

6.6. Cac Phan xng va cong trnh phu 896.6.1. Phan xng sa cha c kh va ien. 89

6.6.2. Phan xng lo hi 90

6.6.3. Tram bien ap 90

6.6.4. Nha sinh hoat, ve sinh 91

6.6.5. Cap thoat nc 94

CHNG 7 S O BO TR NG ONG TRONG PHAN XNG 100

7.1. Nguyen tac chung 1007.2. ng ong dan hi 101

7.3. ng dan nc ngng 102

7.4.

ng ong dan san pham 104

CHNG 8 HNG DAN MOT SO TNH TOAN TRONG THIET KENHA MAY THC PHAM

105


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8.1. Tnh hi 105

8.1.1. Bieu o tieu thu hi 105

8.1.2. Chon noi hi 109

8.1.3. Tnh nhien lieu 110

8.2. Tnh ien 1108.2.1. ien ong lc 112

8.2.2. ien thap sang 113

8.2.3. Chon may bien ap 116

8.2.4. Tnh ien nang tieu thu cua toan Nha may 116

8.3. Tnh bang tai 117

8.3.1. Bang tai bang 117

8.3.2. Bang cao nghieng 118

8.3.3. Vt tai 119

8.3.4. Gau tai 120

8.3.5. Noi tai 120

8.3.6. Thang may 121

8.4. Tnh kinh te 122

8.4.1. Tnh lao ong va tien lng 123

8.4.2. Von au t 124

8.4.3. Tnh gia thanh san pham 127

8.4.4. Lai hang nam cua x nghiep va thi gian thu hoi von 128


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PHN MU

Tai lieu hoc tap C s thiet ke Nha may thc pham c bien soan nham

phuc vu cho viec hoc tap, nghien cu cua Sinh vien chuyen nganh cong nghe che

bien Thuy san va cong nghe Thc pham tai Trng ai hoc Nha Trang.

Noi dung cua hoc phan nay gom co hai phan:

- Phan ly thuyet (02 vht): hng dan cho sinh vien nam c nhng kien thc

c ban nhat ve qua trnh thiet ke Nha may thc pham. Tuy nhien, oi tng

hoc tap thuoc khoi nganh ky thuat nen mon hoc tap trung vao cac noi dung

thiet ke ve cong nghe, ky thuat che bien; thiet ke, to chc Nha may ap ng

yeu cau cong nghe cua hoat ong san xuat, am bao van e ve sinh theo tieuchuan HACCP.

- Phan o an mon hoc (01 vht): hng dan cho sinh vien bc au thc hien

c nhng noi dung chu yeu ve thiet ke Nha may Thc pham. Khi lam o an

tot nghiep se bo sung them nhng noi dung khac va tnh toan chnh xac e ban

thiet ke hoan chnh.

Trc khi nghien cu hoc phan nay, yeu cauSinh vien phai c trang b trc

kien thc ve cong nghe san xuat mot so san pham thc pham; cac qua trnh cong

nghe trong san xuat Thc pham; an toan lao ong; ve sinh Thc pham va ve sinh Nha

may;

Do khoi lng kien thc mon hoc tng oi ln, bao gom nhieu lnh vc. V vay,

trong qua trnh bien soan se khong tranh khoi thiet sot. Rat mong nhan c y kien

ong gop cua ong nghiep va Sinh vien.


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CHNG 1GII THIEU CHUNG VE THIET KE NHA MAY

1.1. Nhiem vu va Phan loai thiet ke

1.1.1. Nhiem vu thiet ke

Bat ky mot ban thiet ke nao cung phai co nhiem vu thiet ke. No la xuat phat

iem, la c s e khi tien hanh thiet ke phai bam sat.

Xac nh nhiem vu thiet ke da tren ket qua cua viec ieu tra nghien cu ky

cang ve moi mat nh nguon nguyen lieu san xuat, ve xay dng, ve kinh te, ky thuat.

Nhiem vu thiet ke xuat phat t:

+ Yeu cau thc te (tai a phng): nguyen lieu nhieu nhng cha s dung

het, gay lang ph nen can co phng an s dung.+ Yeu cau phat trien kinh te Nganh.

+ Ke hoach phat trien kinh te cua Nha nc.

Trong nhiem vu thiet ke phai e ra cac noi dung sau:

1-Ly do hoac c s e thiet ke: chu yeu lien he vi cac van e sau:

+ Nguon nguyen lieu doi dao.

+

Tiem nang tieu thu san pham cua Nha may san xuat ra.+

Anh hng en cac van e kinh te Chnh tr xa hoi?

2-a iem xay dng Nha may.

3-Nang suat thiet ke nha may va cac loai san pham ma Nha may san xuat ra.

Nang suat cua Nha may thng da tren lng san pham (hoac lng nguyen

lieu) ma Nha may san xuat ra (hoac tieu thu) trong mot thi gian. Tuy nhien oi khi

nang suat cua nha may cung c the hien bang so von au t xay dng hoac doanh

thu hang nam.

oi vi Nha may co nhieu day chuyen san xuat, ta phai e ra nang suat cua

tng day chuyen va nang xuat tong cong toan bo cac day chuyen trong Nha may.

oi vi Nha may san xuat ra nhieu san pham, ta e ra nang suat tong cong va

nang suat cua mot so mat hang chnh.


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4- Cac nguon cung cap va kha nang cung cap chu yeu: bao gom nguyen lieu

chnh, nguyen lieu phu;ien, nc; nhien lieu; hi; nguyen vat lieu phu; cac nguon

cung cap nhan cong,

5-Noi dung thiet ke: Th du: thiet ke mat bang phan xng; thiet ke day chuyen

san xuat; thiet ke cac he thong cap , thoat nc, ien; thiet ke noi hi;

6- Thi gian va tien o hoan thanh cong trnh, thi gian a cong trnh vao s

dung.

7-D kien tong so von au t, c tnh gia thanh san pham.

8- Uc tnh thi gian hoan von

Yeu cau chung:

+

Cac noi dung tren phai ay u, ro rang va ngan gon.+ Cac tai lieu khao sat, ieu tra ban au phai that chnh xac nham khong gay

ieu bat li cho hoat ong san xuat sau nay.

+

oi vi cac Nha may thc pham, a iem xay dng Nha may la van e ac

biet quan trongdo tnh chat cua nguyen lieu thng rat chong h hong. Cho nen no

thng at nhng ni co vung nguyen lieu rong ln va nhieu, giao thong thuan tien.

Th du:

Cac Nha may che bien hai san thng at cac vung ven bien.

Cac Nha may tht nen xay dng vung ong bang la ni dien ra nhieu hoat ong

trong trot, chan nuoi. Mac khac ve giao thong rat thuan tien.

Nha may hoa qua nen at nhng ni co nhieu cay an qua co san lng ln va

tap trung nhieu nh: Chuoi Phu Tho; Da Long An, Vnh Phuc; Nhan Hng Yen; Vai

Thanh Ha, Hai Dng;

1.1.2. Phan loai thiet keoi vi cac Nha may thc pham, thng co 3 loai thiet ke sau ay:

a. Thiet ke m rong va sa cha

+ M them phan xng.

+ M rong e trang b lai thiet b hoac thay oi cong nghe san xuat.


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Da tren c s mot Nha may a co san, yeu cau phai to chc, bo tr lai cho hp

ly hoac m rong e san xuat them mat hang nham tang san lng; trang b cac may

moc thiet b hoac cong nghe nham nang cao chat lng san pham.

- Trc khi thiet ke phai tien hanh thu thap so lieu tai cho.

- Trong qua trnh thiet ke phai ket hp chat che vi cac cong trnh san co x

nghiep, co gang tan dung lai nhng g co the tan dung c va e sap xep bo cuc cho

hp ly, an khp vi nhau. Can ac biet quan tam en tnh ong bo cua day chuyen.

- Thng can ve 2 ban ve mat bang: mat bang Nha may cu va mat bang Nha

may mi.

Do yeu cau san xuat, viec m rong them phan xng san xuat, sa cha trang

b may moc thiet b mi nham c gii hoa, t ong hoa san xuat la rat can thiet.Trong qua trnh tien hanh thng xay ra nhng van e phc tap va kho khan hn so

vi xay dng mi. Do do can tap trung giai quyet nhng van e sau ay:

-

Mau thuan ve moi trng b o nhiem bi oc hai san xuat gay nen anh hng en

sc khoe ngi lao ong va cong ong dan c.

- Mau thuan ve ky thuat, may moc, cong nghe san xuat can tr nang suat lao ong;

anh hng en chat lng san pham; nguy c gay tai nan lao ong trong qua trnh

san xuat.

- Mau thuan ve khong gian kien truc ben trong gay tr ngai qua trnh san xuat nh

van hanh may moc thiet b van chuyen cung nh van e i lai cua con ngi.

- Mau thuan ve tnh tham my gia kien truc ben trong va ben ngoai nha may, khong

am bao van minh o th.

e giai quyet nhng van e tren, trc khi tien hanh thiet ke can phai anh gia

tnh trang moi trng xung quanh theo nhng tieu chuan sau: Ve cong nghe:

- Kiem tra lai quy trnh cong nghe, xem xet ky cang cac van e can sa cha, cai

tien hoac m rong sao cho hp ly, am bao tnh ong bo tren ca day chuyen sau khi

a sa oi.


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- To chc lam sach bau khong kh nham am bao sc khoe va am bao ieu kien

lam viec cua cong nhan.

- Han che chat thai ra moi trng, tap trung loai bo chat ban oc hai trong nc

thai, kh thai. Tnh toan lai phu hp vi tieu chuan thai oc ra moi trng, ong thi

co bien phap kiem tra, ngan nga thng xuyen. Tot nhat la thu oc tai cho.

Ve giai phap quy hoach:

- Bo tr cac cong trnh sao cho khong gay anh hng en cac cong trnh cu, va

am bao van e giao thong van chuyen hp ly.

- Chu y en van e cach ly gia Nha may va khu dan c.

- Bo tr hp ly nguon toa bui, toa oc ra moi trng.

Ve mat tham my: tao nen canh quan sach ep, van minh o th.

b. Thiet ke mi

Xay dng Nha may t khau ban au en khau thanh pham sau cung.

Xay dng mot Nha may mi tai mot a iem hay mot a phng cu the nhat

nh, co nhng ac iem va yeu cau rieng biet.

Nha may mi nay c xay dng tren mot a iem a nh san vi ieu kien

phai s dung het nguon nguyen lieu a phng.

Thiet ke mi cho mot a iem cu the can phai chu y cac van e sau:

+

Vung nguyen lieu: cac loai nguyen lieu, tnh mua vu, so lng, chat lng,

kha nang cung cap,

+ ieu kien thien nhien trong vung (nhiet o, o am khong kh, lng ma

trung bnh hang nam, hng va toc o gio, bc xa mat tri, )

+ ac iem cua mat bang xay dng: loai at (at cat, at o bazan, at tht,

), a hnh (oi, nui, ong bang, ), mc nc ngam, e co phng an cai tao, sanlap mat bang. Thong thng chi ph cai tao mat bang chiem 1520% chi ph xay dng

Nha may.

+

Cac nguon cung cap nang lng, ien nc, nhan cong,

+

Giao thong trong vung: ng bo, ng thuy, ng sat,


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+

Cac van e khac co lien quan.

c. Thiet ke mau

Ban thiet ke da tren nhng ieu kien gia thiet chung nhat. No co the ap dung

cho bat ky mot a phng nao hoac mot a iem nao trong mot a phng. Khi xay

dng phai xem xet them bt cho phu hp.

Thiet ke mau co the s dung nhieu lan v khi thiet ke no khong da tren v tr

cu the nao.

Trong ba loai thiet ke tren, thiet ke mau la kinh te nhat, thng la thiet ke e

trao oi hoac mua ban, vien tr.

Chu y:

-

Viec thiet ke la cong viec phc tap nen can phai nghien cu that t m va oihoi co s cong tac cua nhieu can bo chuyen mon khac nhau. Phai co ngi chu tr co

trnh o chuyen mon cao, am hieu nhieu lnh vc, biet sap xep phan cong cong viec

hp ly.

- Trong qua trnh thiet ke, co the co nhng cong viec tien hanh song song nhau,

hoac lien tuc nhau. Do o ngi chu tr phai biet sap xep e cong viec at c muc

tieu, ung tien o.

1.2. Cac giai oan thiet ke, noi dung va hnh thc cua thiet ke.

1.2.1. Cac giai oan thiet ke va noi dung cua ban thiet ke:

Trong thc te, thiet ke phai tien hanh hai giai oan:

o

Giai oan 1: ieu tra nghien cu, tm hieu, thu thap t lieu ay u va xac

minh ro rang nhiem vu thiet ke.

o Giai oan 2: Sau khi nhiem vu thiet ke a c chnh thc duyet y mi

tien hanh thiet ke ky thuat.

Trong giai oan th hai nay cung tien hanh theo ba bc:

+ Thiet ke s bo.

+ Thiet ke ky thuat chnh thc sau khi thiet ke s bo c duyet.

+ Thiet ke thi cong.


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1. Thiet ke s bo: La cu the hoa, tnh toan chnh xac cac nhiem vu a neu trong

nhiem vu thiet ke , neu ro va cu the cac kha nang va ieu kien hp ly cua cac Nha

may a c chon la.

- Thiet ke cong nghe bao gom phan nguyen lieu, quy trnh cong nghe, thiet b may

moc.

- Xac nh cac nguon cung cap nguyen lieu, nhien lieu, ien, nc, ng xa ha tang

c s.

- Xac nh dien tch, nh ro giai phap cac ket cau cua cong trnh san xuat, thiet ke

mat bang Nha may.

- Tnh khoi lng xay lap, xac nh vong au t, xac nh kha nang ieu kien thi

cong, thi gian thi cong, thi gian hoan thanh lan lt a tng cong trnh vao hoatong.

Tai lieu thiet ke s bo gom hai phan:

a. Thuyet minh thiet ke:

- Phan tong quat: xac nh nhiem vu thiet ke, lap luan chng kinh te ky thuat,

trnh bay cac phng an c la chon va toi u cua phng an; bo tr s o mat bang

tong the va giao thong ng bo.

- Phan cong nghe:

Trnh bay cac loai nguyen lieu chnh, phu, cac phu gia, chat lng cua nguyen

phu lieu; Phng phap thu mua (trc tiep, gian tiep thong qua cac au Nau);

Phng phap s che; Phng phap bao quan nguyen lieu Nha may.

Trnh bay la chon phng an thiet ke quy trnh cong nghe hp ly, mo ta quy

trnh, tnh toan can bang nguyen vat lieu, tnh san pham, thiet ke nhng bo

phan trung gian. Neu cac phng phap kiem tra nguyen lieu, san pham va kiem tra qua trnh

san xuat.

Neu len mc o c gii hoa, t ong hoa cua cong nghe, so sanh vi cong nghe

san co trong va ngoai nc.


13/1388

Thuyet minh tnh toan phan ien, hi, nc va nhng tnh toan khac neu co yeu

cau.

- Phan xay dng: Lap cac ban tong hp dien tch kch thc tng hang muc cong

trnh xay dng theo yeu cau cong nghe san xuat, trnh bay cac giai phap bo tr mat

bang cho Nha may.

- Phan an toan ve sinh: bien phap an toan may moc thiet b; an toan ve con ngi;

cac giai phap ve sinh cong nghiep, phng an hut bui, chong am, khoi oc hai,

- Phan kinh te: Trnh bay to chc nhan s cho Nha may, Von au t nha xng at

ai, chi ph ien nc va nhan cong. Sau o tnh gia thanh san pham, anh gia hieu

qua kinh te, thi gian thu hoi von.

b. Cac ban ve: Ban o khu vc, a iem xay dng Nha may; Ban ve mat cat, achnh cong trnh; Ban ve cac qua trnh cong nghe; Ban ve mat bang Nha may; Ban ve

bo tr may moc thiet b trong phan xng, ve mat cat bang, mat cat doc; Ban ve he

thong ng ong; Ban ve s o hut bui, thong gio; Ban ve s o he thong cap thoat

nc.

oi vi sinh vien khi thiet ke can cac loai ban ve: Ban ve mat bang Nha may

(bao gom mat bang tong the, mat bang phan xng san xuat); Ban ve mat cat cac

phan xng san xuat (bo tr thiet b); Ban ve cac qua trnh cong nghe; Ban ve s o

he thong cap, thoat nc va x ly nc thai.

2. Thiet ke ky thuat: c tien hanh sau khi thiet ke s bo a c phe duyet.

Nhiem vu: Lan lt i sau vao nghien cu phan tch chnh xac cac noi dung co

trong thiet ke s bo, trong o:

+ Phai kiem tra hoac bo sung phan cong nghe; phan tch ay u, chi tiet cac

khau, cac phng an la chon tren quy trnh cong nghe;+ Tnh toan mat bang nha xng;

+ Tnh toan chnh xac lng hi, ien, nc cung cap cho Nha may;

+ Tnh toan lai he thong cap thoat nc, thong gio;

+ Xac nh kch thc chnh xac cac kho cha nguyen lieu, san pham;


14/1389

+ Xac nh lai he thong giao thong van chuyen cua Nha may;

+ Tnh toan, kiem tra lai cac he thong am bao an toan lao ong.

3. Thiet ke thi cong: Bat au sau khi thiet ke s bo c phe duyet hoac sau khi thiet

ke ky thuat a c phe duyet.

Noi dung: Lap chnh xac cac ban ve cua mat bang Nha may, kch thc he

thong ng ong dan, he thong ien, he thong cap thoat nc, ; Thiet lap cac ban

ve chi tiet cac bo phan khac co ay u kch thc, chat lieu cua cac ket cau; Trong

ban ve phai ay u cac quy cach lam viec, trnh t thi cong, cac bien phap am bao

an toan trong thi cong.

Bieu o phan phoi thi gian va noi dung thiet ke

Th t thi gian thiet ke (tuan)stt Noi dung thiet ke 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 151 Thong nhat noi dung

ke hoachx

2 Tm hieu, phan tcht lieu

x x x

3 Chon a iem xaydng

x x

4 Thong qua s bo x5 Thiet ke cong nghe x x x x x x x x

6 Thiet ke mat bangphan xng x x x x x7 Thiet ke mat bang

Nha mayx x

8 Thiet ke phan ien x x x9 Thiet ke cap thoat

ncx x x x

10 Ve cac ban ve vaduyet

x x x x x

11 D kien to chcnhan lc

x x

12 Cac tnh toan vekinh te

x x x

13 Hoan chnh, bo sungban ve

x x x

14 anh may chnhthc ban thuyetminh

x x x

15 Nghiem thu thiet ke x


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1.2.2.Yeu cau ve hnh thc cua ban thiet ke

- Tat ca cac ban ve phai ro rang, nghiem tuc e khong gay tr ngai cho viec s

dung ve sau.

-

Cac ky hieu trong ban ve phai tuyet oi tuan theo nhng quy chuan hoac

nhng quy nh chung.

-

Phan thuyet minh phai ngan gon, chnh xac va ro rang, co gang minh hoa tom

tat nhng g co the bang o th hay bang cach lap bieu bang.

-

Ban thiet ke phai co chng, muc va anh so ro rang e tien viec theo doi.

- So lng va th t cac ban ve phai ghi ro rang phan thuyet minh.

1.2.3. Mot so quy nh chu yeu

a/ Kho giayKho giay phai tuan theo quy nh TCVN 2-74 (Kho giay la kch thc cua t

giay sau khi xen).

Ky hieu kho giay 44 24 22 12 11Ky hieu t giay A0 A1 A2 A3 A4

Kch thc cac canhcua kho giay (mm)

1189x841 594x841 594x420 297x420 297x210

b/ Khung ban ve:

5-10mm

Khung xen bo Khung ban ve

Khung ten

Moi ban ve eu phai co khung, o la mot hnh ch nhat ve bang net lien am.

Khung ban ve cach mep kho giay 5mm (oi vi cac kho 11, 21, 22) va 10mm (oi vi

kho 24,44)

Neu can ong cac ban ve thanh tap th pha trai khung ban ve cach mep kho

giay 2530mm.


16/13811

Trng hp phai ve cac s o ln, cho phep tang mot chieu giay len gap 2 lan;

2,5 lan v.v trong khi gi nguyen mot chieu khac.

c/ Khung ten: Moi ban ve eu phai co khung ten, o la mot hnh ch nhat ve

bang net lieu am va luon luon at pha di goc phai, sat vi khung ban ve.

Noi dung cua khung ten do tng c quan thiet ke quy nh.Th du:

Trng HB KTPHCM

Khoa:Bo mon:

O AN TOT NGH IEPTHIET KE NHA MAY O NG LANH THUY SAN NANG SUAT 35 TAN

NGUY EN LIEU/NGAY(Ten e tai)

Ten sinh vien

Thay hng dan

(Ky ten)

Chu nhiem BM

(ten)

Ty le:

So ban ve:

Ngay hoanthanh:

Ngay bao ve:

MAT BANG TONG THE NHA MAY(Ten ban ve)

30 30 20 70 30

16

21

8

8

8

d/ Ty le: Ty le cua mot hnh bieu dien la ty so gia kch thc o tren ban ve va kch

thc tng ng o tren vat that.

Tuy theo o ln va mc o phc tap cua vat the ma ngi ta chon:

Ty le nguyen hnh: 1:1

Ty le phong to: 2:1 ; 5:1 ; 10:1 va ky hieu la M2:1 v.v

Ty le thu nho: 1:2 ; 1:2,5 ; 1: 5 ; 1:10 ; 1:20 ; 1:25; 1:50 ;

1:100 ; 1:500 ; 1:1000 v.v va ky hieu la M1:2 v.v

e/ Ghi kch thc: TCVN 5705-1993: ng dong, ng kch thc, con so kch

thc.

f/ Cac ky hieu ch dung khi ghi kch thc:Chieu dai L, l ng knh D, d

Chieu rong B, b Ban knh R, r

Chieu cao, sau H, h The tch V

Chieu day Goc , , ,


17/13812

g/ Cac ng ong dan ky hieu nh sau

San pham thc pham: dung mau en

Nc lanh: dung mau xanh la cay

Hi nc: dung mau hong

Khong kh: dung mau xanh da tri

Kh ot: dung mau tm, vang

Chan khong: dung mau xam ti

Dau: dung mau gu

Axt: dung mau xanh o liu

Kiem: dung mau gu sang

h/ Mat cat cac vat lieu ky hieu nh sau: TCVN 7-1993

i/ Ky hieu khac:

-

Ca chnh:

Ca 2 canh Ca 2 canh Ca 1 canh

Vat lieu trong suot

Go doc th

Li

Vat lieu em va cach nhiet

Gach ac biet

(chu la, axit)

Be tong thng

Be tong cot sat

at o them

at t nhien nen chat

Kim loai

Tam go mong

Gach thng

Go ngang tho


18/13813

-

Ca so:

- Cong ra vao Nha may (cong chnh)

1.3. Nang suat va c cau cua Nha may

1.3.1. C cau cua Nha may (thanh phan cua Nha may)

Tuy theo qui mo cua Nha may ma xac nh thanh phan cua no.

+

oi vi cac Nha may trung bnh hoac ln, trong thanh phan co u cac Phan

xng chnh va Phan xng phu.

+ oi vi cac Nha may co nang suat nho th mot so cac cong trnh va Phan

xng phu co the khong can.

Th du Phan xng lam bao b, Phan xng noi hi, tram x ly nc thai v.v.

Tuy nhien con tuy theo v tr xay dng Nha may va kha nang hp tac trong vung

e thiet ke xay dng cac cong trnh phu.

Th du:Nha may canh b song hay b bien phai triet e li dung van chuyen

ng thuy va phai xay dng cau tau, can truc, Thanh phan cua Nha may con do tnh chat cua no quyet nh:

+

Nha may o hop phai co Phan xng lanh e bao quan rau, ca, tht, phai co

Phan xng hop sat, phai co phong Phan tch vi trung.

+ Nha may ong lanh phai co kho bao quan ong nguyen lieu va kho lanh e

bao quan thanh pham.

+ Nha may bot ngu coc phai co Phan xng say va trang b ve hut bui phai c

quan tam triet e v.v

Tom lai: Tuy theo quy mo san xuat cua Nha may ma xac nh cac thanh phan

cua Nha may o. Trong ieu kien chung nhat, mot Nha may thc pham thng co cac

oi tng sau:

o Phan xng san xuat chnh


19/13814

o Phan xng san xuat phu.

o Cac Phan xng ho tr.

+Phan xng san xuat chnh la Phan xng san xuat ra san pham chu yeu cua

Nha may.

+ Phan xng ho tr (xng lanh, hop sat, noi hi, c ien, ) giup cho Phan

xng chnh hoat ong c, tuy rat quan trong nhng khong trc tiep lam ra san

pham.

+Phan xng san xuat phula cac Phan xng san xuat ra mot so san pham th

yeu co tnh chat lam tang them mat hang cho x nghiep hoac co tnh chat tan dung

phe lieu. Thng co nang suat thap .

Th du: Phan xng bot ca, keo vay ca, dau gan ca Nha may ca hop; Phanxng say chuoi Nha may o hop rau qua la cac Phan xng san xuat phu.

1.3.2. Nang suat Nha may thc pham

Nang suat Nha may thc phamla so san pham nhieu nhat Nha may san xuat

ra trong mot thi gian nhat nh, thong thng trong mot ca hay mot nam.

oi vi tng loai san pham viec xac nh nang suat chung thng da vao

nang suat cua nhng thiet b chnh tren day chuyen san xuat.

Th du: Loai san pham co ac co ng ong hop theo nang suat cua he

thong thiet b co ac hoac noi nau.

Thc pham ong hop theo nang suat cua may ghep m hoac noi thanh trung.

Nc qua theo nang suat may ep; .

Chu y: Nang suat cua tng thiet b eu do Nha may che tao ra thiet b nh san.

Nhieu khi con co the thay oi tuy theo kinh nghiem cua nhng c s a s dung.

T nang suat ca cua tng san pham, ta co the tnh ra nang suat nam cua toan

Nha may, bang cach nhan nang suat ca cua tng san pham vi so ca san xuat mot nam

c tnh toan da tren thi vu nhap nguyen lieu vao Nha may.

oi vi tng loai san pham, n v e o nang suat co khac nhau:


20/13815

Th du thc pham long nh nc qua, ru, bia tnh bang lt, loai khac nh

ng, che, ca phe tnh bang tan; thuoc la tnh bang bao v.v

oi vi o hop th phc tap hn v loai san pham trong mot Nha may rat khac

nhau va the tch bao b (hop) cung rat khac nhau nen e thong nhat ngi ta a chon

n v o la 1000 hop tieu chuan (goi tat la 1 tup).

Trong khi tien hanh thiet ke Nha may, tuy theo tng loai san pham Nha may

san xuat ra chung ta chon bao b cho phu hp. Ve nguyen tac khi chon bao b can can

c vao:

o Ban chat cua thc pham (tht, ca, rau qua); trang thai (long, ac, ran), hnh

dang cua thc pham (tron, vuong)

o Tnh chat hoa hoc cua thc pham.

o Tnh chat hoa hoc cua bao b.

o Kha nang gia cong che tao bao b.

o

An toan khi van chuyen.

o An toan chay no.

o Hp phap.

o Gia thanh re.

1.4. Mot so chu y trong thiet ke

a. Bo tr day chuyen san xuat

Viec bo tr hp ly day chuyen san xuat co anh rat ln trong qua trnh lam viec

sau nay cho nen tuy theo quy trnh cong nghe ma bo tr cho hp ly .

-

oi vi cac Nha may thc pham trong day chuyen san xuat cua no thng ch

co cac bang chuyen e Phan loai, lam sach, cho thc pham vao bao b va cac muc

ch van chuyen khac. Ngoai cac thiet b ln nh ran, chan, co ac, con eu la nhng

thiet b nho. Cho nen thong thng ngi ta bo tr theo s o hang ngang.

S o dan ngang cho phep ta s dung nha mot tang nh vay xay dng se n

gian hn, va de dang bao am ve sinh. Se tiet kiem c nhng vat lieu xay dng at

tien.


21/13816

S o theo dan ngang con cho phep ta nang dan nang suat cua Phan xng len,

s dung tng bc nang suat cua Phan xng va m rong Phan xng de dang.

Trong mot so Nha may thc pham khac lai nen bo tr s o day chuyen san

xuat theo chieu ng tc la lam nha nhieu tang, thong thng do yeu cau cong nghe

san xuat.

Th du nh Nha may xay xat ngu coc, Nha may ru, Nha may san xuat tng ca

chua,

b. Tiet kiem trong xay dng

Can tranh nhng xay dng tha lam ton vat lieu xay dng, ong thi gay lang

ph, ton kem trong viec s dung va bao quan ve sau.

Can chu y may iem sau:-

Giam dien tch xay dng en mc toi thieu. Nen bo bt nhng cong trnh phu

khong can thiet lam. Lanh tho Nha may nen xay dng co gii han khong nen tran

lan;. kch thc ng sa, khoang cach gia cac nha, ty le vn bo khong khong nen

qua nhieu.

-Co gang phoi hp nhng ngoi nha nho lai thanh mot ngoi nha ln. Khi o va

tiet kiem vat lieu xay dng va lai tien li trong san xuat, giam lang ph trong khau

van chuyen.

Th du phong bao quan lanh, Phan xng che bien, kho thanh pham neu quy mo

qua nho nen bo tr chung trong mot ngoi nha.

Dien tch va the tch ngoi nha can c s dung triet e: trong nhng trng

hp nay can bo tr lai thiet b tren mat bang cho hp ly e rut ngan chieu dai ngoi

nha, hoac ch lam nha cao len nhng v tr at thiet b cao (xem hnh ve).

Khong can thiet co nhng cong trnh kien truc vi nghe thuat cau ky nh cac

nha hat, rap xi ne, v.v. ong thi tranh s dung nhng vat lieu at tien neu khong

can thiet lam.

Chu y ap dung nhng kien truc re tien nhng chat lng am bao, xay dng

nhanh chong.


22/13817

c. Can chu y en kha nang m rongcua Nha may sau nay: Phai e nhng khoang

tha va nhng khu at d tr phu hp vi hng hoac v tr ma Nha may sau nay co

the phat trien ra ma khong gay nhng ieu bat hp ly cho hoat ong san xuat. Dien

tch d tr khoang 25-30%

d. So lng may moc thiet b trong Nha may ch nen va u, khong nen d tr qua

nhieu gay lang ph (nhng thiet b quan trong co the mua d tru them 01 may).

e. Co gangtrong pham vi co the can ap dung nhng cai tien mi, nhng bien phap ky

thuat nham giam bt lang ph trong san xuat mang lai hieu qua cao, giam sc lao

ong chan tay nhng ni vat va nang nhoc, oc hai.

f. Phai am baoan toan lao ong cho cong nhan.


23/13818

CHNG 2

LAP LUAN KINH TE KY THUAT

Yeu cau:

-

Xac nh c vai tro va y ngha cua Nha may thiet ke oi s phat trien chungcua nen kinh te quoc dan.

- Phai xac nh qui mo cua Nha may, xac nh c cac mat hang ma Nha may se

san xuat ra va kha nang tieu thu san pham.

- Phai ch ra nhng ieu kien, hoac cac c s xung quanh ma Nha may co the

quan he hp tac san xuat lau dai.

- Phai xac nh so von au t va thi gian hoan thanh cong trnh; thi gian a

Nha may vao hoat ong, thi gian thu hoi von,

- La chon hp ly a iem xay dng.

Chung ta lan lt xet en tng van e sau ay:

2.1. Vung nguyen lieu

Vung nguyen lieu co the la mot a phng, mot nong trng, ma tai o co

nhieu loai nguyen lieu can khao sat ieu tra.

Moi Nha may thc pham eu co vung nguyen lieu nhat nh. No c at nhng a phng co nhieu nguyen lieu chnh hoac ngay cac cong trng co nhieu

nguyen lieu o.

Vung nguyen lieu gan Nha mayse giam chi ph chuyen ch, van chuyen mau

ve Nha may, am bao chat lng nguyen lieu cao, t h hong tren doc ng. Thong

thng khong nen qua ban knh 20 30km. Neu giao thong thuan tien co the len ti

100km hoac hn (dung cac phng tien van chuyen chuyen dung).

Do tnh chat cua nguyen lieu thng mang tnh mua vunen can phai neu ro thi

vu thu hoach cua tng loai, chat lng va so lng nguyen lieu, kha nang cung ng

cho Nha may,


24/13819

Trong qua trnh ieu tra khao sat can chu y tat ca cac loai nguyen lieu trong

khu vc xung quanh Nha may va ke ca cac ni ben ngoai, xac nh nguyen lieu chnh,

nguyen lieu phu, nguyen lieu thay the.

Ngoai vung nguyen lieu thuy san t nhien, hien nay nguon nguyen lieu nhan

tao ang phat trien manh co kha nang cung cap lng ln nguyen lieu cho san xuat.

Tuy nhien oi vi nguon nguyen lieu nay can phai chu y nhieu nhat en d lng

khang sinh tren nguyen lieu do s dung trong qua trnh nuoi (khang sinh cung co the

co nguon goc t viec bao quan nguyen lieu)

* Anh hng cua vung nguyen lieu en hoat ong san xuat cua Nha may thc

pham:

- Anh hng en chat lng san pham;

-

Anh hng en loai san pham;

-

Anh hng en nang suat cua Nha may.

Th du:Gao Nang Thm Ch ao (Long An) co chat lng tot hn gao Nang

Thm c trong nhng ni khac.

Hoac Nhan Long Hng Yen thch hp cho san pham o hop nc ng (v

qua to, cui day) con cac ni khac thch hp lam say kho (cui mong).

Hoac oi vi nguon nguyen lieu ca cm anh bat tai vung bien ao Phu Quoc-

Kien Giang la nguon nguyen lieu tao nen san pham nc mam Phu Quoc noi tieng.

Con nhng ni khac lai thch hp cho san pham ca cm kho.

V vay da vao vung nguyen lieu e quyet nh cac san pham chnh, san pham

phu cua Nha may.

Tom lai, vung nguyen lieu la d lieu quan trong bac nhat e quyet nh xay

dng Nha may. No quyet nh en toan bo hoat ong san xuat cua nha may. Cho nencan phai:

- Khao sat ieu tra ky cang cac nguon nguyen lieu.

- Phai co ke hoach thu mua nguyen lieu: trc tiep, gian tiep, bao tieu san

pham cho ngi dan,


25/13820

-

Phai co ke hoach bao quan, d tr thch hp oi vi tng loai nguyen lieu.

-

Tm bien phap keo dai mua vu cua cac loai nguyen lieu, a khoa hoc ky

thuat nuoi en ngi chan nuoi vi mong muon tao ra nguyen lieu co chat

lng cao nhat.

* YEU CAU OI VI NGUYEN LIEU THUY SAN: TCVN 4378-1996

- Nguyen lieu Thuy san phai c khai thac trong vung nc khong b o nhiem

cac chat oc hai.

- Phai am bao c cac yeu cau ky thuat a quy nh trong cac TCVN 2646-

78 oi vi ca, TCVN 3726-89 oi vi tom, TCVN 5652-1992 oi vi mc.

- Qua trnh tiep nhan va van chuyen nguyen lieu thuy san phai tien hanh

nhanh, lien tuc. Thao tac boc d, van chuyen phai nhe nhang nham tranh lam dap nat.Ngay sau khi tiep nhan, nguyen lieu phai c bao quan nhiet o t 00C en 40C.

2.2 Th trng tieu thu san pham:

ay la van e quyet nh en s phat trien cua Nha may. Cho nen can chu y:

- Th trng tieu thu san pham chnh: tai a phng, trong nc, nc ngoai.

- ieu tra tham do ve tnh tieu thu san pham: so lng tieu thu, kha nang canh tranh

vi cac san pham cung loai tren th trng.

- Can quan tam en phong tuc, tap quan cua ngi tieu dung sao cho san pham tung

ra th trng th c th trng chap nhan.

Lu y:

- Cc th trng phi c nghin cu v mi th trng u khc nhau v c hnh

thnh bi nhng lc lng khc nhau (kinh t, chnh tr, vn ho v x hi).

- Khng thkhi qut ho hay lm tt bng cch dng thng tin tmt thtrng ny

ra nh

ng quyt

nh cho thtr

ng khc.- Khi cc thtrng thay i v thm ch c nhng thay i trong cng mt thtrng,

thng tin phi c cp nht khi cc tnh hung thay i.

- Thng tin thtrng cn cho vic xc nh quy m sn xut, dng sn phm, cng ngh

cn phi c, dng bao gi,


26/13821

2.3. ac iem thien nhien cua v tr xay dng

V tr xay dng Nha may la van e rat quan trong, la mau chot cua viec san

xuat lau dai, trong ieu kien co the th vung nguyen lieu cang gan vi Nha may cang

tot.

ac iem cua mat bang xay dng co tnh chat quyet nh en ket cau cua cac

cong trnh xay dng:

V du:mc nc ngam anh hng en chieu sau mong cot, mong tng; loai

at anh hng ket cau nen nha; v tr anh hng en hng nha; lng ma, hng va

toc o gio anh hng en cac v keo nha.

ieu kien thien nhien anh hng en v tr va mot so loai cong trnh xay dng,

ngoai ra con anh hng ca en qua trnh san xuat (chat lng san pham, ve sinh Nhamay, ieu kien lam viec cua con ngi).

Phai het sc chu y hng gio e bo tr mat bang cho thch hp: nhng bo phan

bui, khoi va co nhieu hi oc nen bo tr sau cac nha san xuat chnh, nha theo chieu

gio thoi.

Cac so lieu ve kh hau thien nhien trong vung nh nhiet o, o am, lng ma,

bc xa mat tri, hng gio va toc o gio, mc trieu va song bien, mc nc song, ho

mua ma phai ieu tra ky cang cac gia tr ln nhat, nho nhat va trung bnh va phai

la ket qua cua nhieu nam. Khi thiet ke, tnh toan tuy theo tng cong trnh cu the ma

ngi ta chon cac gia tr max, min, average.

Th du: Khi khao sat ve nhiet o, lng ma, o am, e xac nh v tr xay

dng Nha may th ieu tra lay cac gia tr trung bnh (average). Nhng khi thiet ke kho

lanh th cac thong so nay phai lay ca 3 gia tr max, min, average.

Cac yeu to kh hau anh hng en xay dng: (mien Bac)

Nhan to e xuat phng an khac phuc

Bc xa mat tri

- Tranh anh nang trc tiep vao nha.- Nha nen quay ve hng N; N-N.

-

Thiet ke cac tam che chan thch hp.- Mat au hoi nha nen m ca va phai.-

Tan dung thong gio, chieu sang t nhien.


27/13822

Nhiet o

- Kien truc thong hi thoang gio tot.- Ket cau bao che thong thoang hng N; N-N.

-

Chong gio ret nha hng -B; T-B- M hai tang ca so, mua ong ong tang di.-

Ket cau mai tranh nt mai do nhiet o thay oi.

Ma

-

To chc thoat nc ma tren mai tot.- To chc thoat nc mat tot.

- Cau tao chong tham, chong dot.-

Thiet ke cac tam che ma hat hp ly.

o am khong kh

-

To chc thong gio tot e ha o am.- Ket cau bao che thoang, thong gio xuyen phong.- Chon vat lieu xay dng chu c am, chu xam thc.-

Chong hien tng ong am tren san, tng.

Gio va bao

-

Ket cau chu lc phai vng chac, chu gio bao.- Ket cau bao che nhe, thoang h.

- Chon hng nha hp ly.-

Chong bay cac tam lp cua mai doc.- Ket cau li thep che knh v gay tai nan.-

Cac bo phan nong, bui, oc hai bo tr cuoi hng giochu ao.

* e xac nh hng gio, ngi ta s dung hoa gio:

Hoa gio la bieu o the hien tan suat gio cua a phng trong mot thi gian nao

o. Da vao hoa gio e:-

Bo tr khu cong nghiep va khu dan c cho hp ly.

-

Bo tr mat bang Nha may theo yeu cau ve sinh cong nghiep.

-

Chon hng nha cho tng cong trnh theo yeu cau cong nghe.

-

Bo tr cac bo phan trong mat bang: nh van phong Phan xng, phong th

nghiem, nen at hng gio chu ao.

Th du: ac tnh kh hau tai Ha Noi:

Mua ong Mua he

- Gio nhe - Gio ln

- Bc xa mat tri ln - Bc xa mat tri ln

- Nhiet o trung bnh 140C - Nhiet o trung bnh 250C.

- Gio ong Bac lanh - Gio ong Nam mat


28/13823

2.4. Kha nang hp tac trong vung

Muc ch:

- Cung nhau xay dng ha tang c s (ng xa, cau cong,), cap thoat

nc, x ly nc.

- Co the tieu thu san pham cho nhau.

- X ly phe lieu cho nhau

Th du: Nha may o hop tieu thu cac loai bao b sat tay, bao b thuy tinh, bao b

cactong cho cac Nha may san xuat ra cac bao b o; hoac Nha may giay s dung ba

ma cua nha may ng lam nguyen lieu san xuat;

Viec hp tac gia Nha may thiet ke vi cac x nghiep va c s khac ve phng

dien ky thuat va cac mat kinh te khac se co tac dung giam bt thi gian xay dng,

von au t va do o gia thanh san pham se ha i nhieu.

Khi thiet ke phai khao sat trong vung co nhng nha may, nhng cong trnh

cong cong hay khong? Nhng g a co th khong can thiet phai thiet ke ma phai co

gang hp tac quan he, nhng g cha co th u tien thiet ke trc.

Hng tot nhat

Hng dung c

Hng han che

Hng xau

B

N

T

B

T

N


29/13824

2.5. Cac dch vu tien ch (ien, nc, hi nc, nhien lieu)

C hai gi trcn tnh:

Tiu thcth: biu thstiu thdch vtrung bnh ng vi mt cng sut sn

xut cth.

Tiu thtt nh: vo thi im m ton bNM v tt ccc thit bvn hnh htcng sut hoc khi mt thit bc thc a vo lm vic trong NM tiu th

nhiu hn mc bnh thng.

2.5.2.Nguon cung cap ien

* Trong Nha may, ien dung vao cac muc ch sau ay:

Dung cho san xuat: chay may, thap sang.

Dung trong sinh hoat.

Dung vao cac viec khac nh: thap sang khuon vien xung quanh, cac cong trnh

phu,

* Nguon cung cap ien: co ba nguon chu yeu sau:

Mang li ien quoc gia: theo ng day 500 KV, ha xuong cac tnh con

khoang 30KV, ha xuong cac vung con khoang 6-10KV. Tai ay ta thiet ke

tram bien ap e tiep tuc ha ap con khoang 0,23-0,4 KV (tng ng ien 2 pha

la 220V va ien 3 pha la 380V). ien li a phng.

ien d phong: may phat ien.

Tuy theo ieu kien cu the ma ta thiet ke nguon cung cap ien hp ly. Tuy

nhien, do yeu cau cua viec dung ien rat quan trong trong san xuat cua nha may th

trong ieu kien cho phep, Nha may can trang b them nguon ien d phong.

2.5.3.Nguon cung cap nc: Nc i vi NM thc phm l mt vn c bit

quan trng. Nc l u vo rt cn thit cho mi hot ng sn xut, v khnng

cung cp nc c thnh hng n vic xc nh vtr xy dng NM. Nc dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau:

Dng trong qu trnh sn xut: Cho trc tip vo trong thc phm, dng ra

nguyn liu, ra bao b, chn nguyn liu, dng cho ni hi, lm lnh,

Dng trong sinh hot: tm git, n ung,


30/13825

Dng trong vsinh: Vsinh my mc thit b, vsinh phn xng sn xut.

Dng trong cc mc ch khc: ti cy, phng chy,

Ty theo mc ch sdng m cht lng nc yu cu cng khc nhau.

+ Nc sinh hot : chthca Hi ng Chu u 98/83 EC ngy 3/11/1998.

+ Nc n ung: theo Quyt nh 1329/BYT/Q (thay cho quyt nh 505/BYT) (d

lng Clorin tdo 0,2-0,5 mg/l).

Ngun cung cp nc:

Nc bmt: sng h, ao, m, nc bin sch,

Nc Thnh ph(nc my).

Nc ging: thng thng khoan su 100 200m.

2.5.3.Cung cap hi nc va nhien lieu

a/ Cung cap hi nc cho Nha may* Trong cac Nha may thc pham hi nc c dung vao rat nhieu muc ch khac

nhau.

Dung trong qua trnh san xuat: chan, hap, chng cat, co ac, say, ran, thanh

trung, ra hop,

Dung trong ve sinh: Nha xng, may moc thiet b,

Dung trong sinh hoat: tam giat, say kho ao quan,

Dung vao cac muc ch khac.

Thong thng ap lc hi yeu cau la 3atm. Mot so trng hp (ran, noi co ac

h) yeu cau cao hn t 6 - 12 atm.

Thc te thng dung hi bao hoa mang lai hieu qua ln nhat v he so truyen

nhiet ln.

* Nguon cung cap hi nc:

Thiet ke chon noi hi da tren nhu cau tong lng hi s dung trong mot

thi gian vao thi ky nhieu nhat.

Co the hp tac vi cac Nha may xung quanh co noi hi.

e xac nh nhu cau ve hi, co the da tren tieu chuan dung hi cho moi n v

san pham vacong them vao 25% cho cac nhu cau khac.


31/13826

b/ Cung cap nhien lieu

Sau khi chon noi hi can tien hanh chon nhien lieu cho no. Nhien lieu dung

phai xuat phat t yeu cau s dung nhien lieu cua noi hi

Cac nguon nhien lieu co the la:

Than a.

Dau nang: FO, DO, dau madut

Xang may bay

Xang oto

Gia cang re

Dau Diezen

Dau nang

* u iem cua dau:

-

An toan khi s dung.

-

t oc hai hn so vi than.

- Thao tac de dang.

- Hieu qua ot chay hoan toan cao hn than.

* u iem cua than

- Gia thanh re.

- Nguon nhien lieu san co.

2.6. Cung cap nc va thoat nc

2.6.1. Cung cap ncNc oi vi Nha may thc pham la mot van e ac biet quan trong.

Nc dung vao nhieu muc ch khac nhau:

Dung trong qua trnh san xuat: Cho trc tiep vao trong thc pham, dung ra

nguyen lieu, ra bao b, chan nguyen lieu, dung cho noi hi,


32/13827

Dung trong sinh hoat: tam giat, an uong,

Dung trong ve sinh: Ve sinh may moc thiet b, ve sinh phan xng san xuat.

Dung trong cac muc ch khac: ti cay, phong chay,

Tuy theo muc ch s dung ma chat lng nc yeu cau cung khac nhau. Cho

nen cac bien phap x ly cung khac nhau.

Th du: Nc dung trong thc pham phai co chat lng at tieu chuan cua Bo Y

Te; Nc dung cho noi hi la nc mem; Nc dung ve sinh Nha may th khong yeu

cau cao lam.

Nguon cung cap nc:

Nc be mat: song ho, ao, am,

Nc Thanh pho. Nc gieng: thong thng khoan o sau 100 200m.

Tuy nhien, thong thng cac Nha may s dung nc thanh pho cho tat ca cac

muc ch s dung, nhng khi o co can bien phap s dung hp ly e tranh lang ph.

Do nhu cau s dung nc trong Nha may Thc pham rat cao, lng nc thai ra

trong qua trnh san xuat cung rat ln, gay anh hng xau en moi trng. Cho nen

hien nay at ra van e o la: San xuat sach hn trong Nha may. Theo chng trnh

nay can giam lng nc s dung, giam s dung ien. Cho nen lam the nao e co

bien phap giam thieu en mc thap nhat viec s dung nc va kinh te hn na la co

the tuan hoan tai s dung nguon nc.

Tnh lng nc can dung cho toan bo x nghiep vao thi iem nhieu nhat cong

them 20% tieu hao cho cac yeu cau khac.

2.6.2. Thoat nc va x ly nc thai

i oi vi cap nc, viec thoat nc ra moi trng cung rat quan trong. Ncthai ra t san xuat, t sinh hoat, t ve sinh, t nc ma, Lng nc nay ty le

thuan vi nhu cau s dung.


33/13828

ac iem cua nc thai trong cac nha may che bien co rat nhieu chat hu c la

moi trng than li cho vi sinh vat phat trien nhanh chong, nen viec thoat nc se gay

mat ve sinh, anh hng en chat lng san pham va gay o nhiem moi trng.

Tuy theo nhu cau s dung nc cho cac muc ch khac nhau, th tnh chat cua

nc thai ra cung khac nhau. Cho nen ta phai xac nh phng an x ly cho phu hp

vi tng loai.

Th du: Nc ra may moc thiet b th thng co nhiem dau may, cho nen ta

phai tach dau ra khoi nc bang cach dung be tuyen noi (do dau nhe hn nc se noi

len be mat); hoac nc sinh hoat ve sinh th thiet ke ho t hoai; nc thai san xuat

phai co he thong x ly rieng; oi vi nc ma th khong can phai x ly ma co the

thai trc tiep ra moi trng.2.7. Giao thong van chuyen

Nhu cau ve giao thong:

Van chuyen cac loai nguyen vat lieu t ni cung cap ve Nha may, van

chuyen phe lieu ra khoi Nha may.

a san pham t Nha may en ni tieu thu.

ieu kien i lai cua can bo cong nhan vien toan Nha may.

Van e to chc giao thong trong Nha may co y ngha rat ln trong hoat ong

san xuat cua Nha may, anh hng en chat lng nguyen lieu cung nh chat lng

san pham, no am bao cho viec luan chuyen hang hoa nhanh chong tao ieu kien

thuc ay cac hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh.

Ve phng tien giao thong:

ng thuy: ay la ng van chuyen tot nhat, van chuyen khoi lng

hang hoa ln, re tien nhat, am bao c chat lng nguyen lieu.

ng oto: Chi ph ton kem, van chuyen thng xay ra chan ong gay dap

v, xay sat cau truc nguyen lieu lam anh hng en chat lng nguyen

lieu.

ng sat: Dung e van chuyen lng ln hang hoa, chi ph ton kem.


34/13829

ng hanh khong: Chi ph rat cao.

Khi thiet ke giao thong can phai chu y:

Can c vao ieu kien hien co khu vc xay dng Nha may: Th du nh

mien Tay la vung song nc nen li dung giao thong ng thuy; mien

Trung neu gan bien th giao thong ng thuy, neu xa bien th chu yeu la

ng oto.

Da vao chi ph van chuyen.

Da vao nang suat van chuyen.

Da vao mc o anh hng en moi trng: tieng on, khoi bui,

2.8. Kha nang cung cap nhan lc

Can phai thuyet minh nguon nhan lc lay au? So lng bao nhieu? trnh ohoc van, trnh o chuyen mon, yeu cau ve sc khoe, o tuoi,

Cong nhan lam viec trong Nha may chu yeu lay tai a phng xay dng x

nghiep, nh the se giam phan xay dng khu nha cong nhan.

Khi tnh toan so lng cong nhan yeu cau:

Da vao so lng san pham tren mot ngay cong.

Da vao nang suat tren tng cong oan ket hp vi chng trnh san xuat

cua Nha may.

2.9. Chon a iem xay dng nha may

1. Y ngha: Xac nh a iem xay dng Nha may la mot trong nhng nhiem vu

quan trong nhat. No anh hng rat ln en viec xay dng, san xuat kinh doanh cua

Nha may. Ngoai ra no con tac ong trc tiep en moi trng song cua o th va khu

dan c lan can; Nham bao am viec san xuat c lien tuc, am bao yeu to au vao

va au ra.

2. Nguyen tac chon a iem xay dng Nha may:

Nha may phai gan vung nguyen lieu san xuat (am bao tnh on nh, nhieu

e cho Nha may hoat ong lien tuc);


35/13830

Nha may phai gan mang li giao thong e qua trnh cung cap va lu thong

hang hoa c luan chuyen thuan li, nhanh chong.

Gan ni cung cap ien, nc, nhien lieu.

Nha may phai gan ni co nguon nhan lc cao.

Kh hau, a chat, a hnh thuan li: thong thng Nha may xay dng tren

lp at pha cat, at set, bazan. at chu lc phai ln hn 105N/m2 hoac 1

Kg/cm2, thng la s dung 2 2,5.105N/m2; mach nc ngam phai nam sau

e ket cau a chat on nh, khong b anh hng.

Chon mat bang Nha may phu hp a hnh, co khu at d tr cho viec phat

trien Nha may trong tng lai.

Han che xay dng Nha may gan ng bien gii, hoac trong khu vc qui

hoach cua Nha nc va Thanh Pho (tot nhat la trong cac Khu cong nghiep,

Khu che xuat, hoac vung ngoai thanh).

Phai am bao yeu cau ve sinh cong nghiep, canh quan moi trng.

Ngi ta chia mc o oc hai thanh 5 cap:

Cap I Cap II Cap III Cap IV Cap Vac iem ochai Anh hng rat

xau en khu lancan bi bui,chat thai, tiengon va hoa hoan

Co tac ong

xau

Co tac ong

xau mco trungbnh

Co tac ong

xau nhngkhong angke

Khong co

tac ong xauen khu vclan can

Khoang cachen khu dan c

> 1000 m > 500 m > 300 m > 100 m > 50 m

Cong nghiepthc pham

Cac trai giasuc nuoikhoang1000 con

hoac cac lomo

Cac Nhamay sanxuat nghoac cac trai

gia suc di1000 con

Cac Nhamay sanxuat ruhoa qua,

thuoc la, caphe

Nha maybia, o hop,banh keo

Cong nghiephoa chat

Nha may sanxuat Nit, phanam, san xuatthuy ngan, ch

Nha mayche bien khthien nhien,t nhan tao.

Nha maycao su tonghp, chatdeo.

Nha maygiay, cacchat hu c.

Nha maysan xuatchat deo,cac kh nen.


36/13831

Tom lai: e la chon hp ly a iem xay dng Nha may can can c vao cac

nguyen tac tren. Tuy nhien trong thc te rat kho khan khi chon a iem thoa man het

cac yeu cau tren. Do o oi hoi phai nghien cu, can nhac chon phng an toi u.

2.10. S bo hach toan kinh te

- Tnh von au t: xay dng, may moc thiet b

-

Tnh chi ph nhan cong, chi ph san xuat, chi ph quan ly san

xuat,

-

Tnh gia thanh san pham.

-

Tnh thi gian thu hoi von.

-

v.v.

-----------o0o-----------


37/13832

Chng 3

PHNG HNG TIEN HANH NOI DUNG THIET KE KY THUAT

Chung ta co the bat au phan nay sau khi a co nhng lap luan chac chan va ro

rang trong phan kinh te ky thuat va c duyet la mang tnh kha thi.

Trong khi tien hanh phan nay chung ta trc tien e cap en s o nhap

nguyen lieu. Da tren s o nhap nguyen lieu tc la kha nang cung cap nguyen lieu

trong tng thi gian e lap ra bieu o san xuat, lap s o ky thuat san xuat, tnh can

bang nguyen vat lieu, chon va tnh toan thiet b nhu cau.

3.1. Chon s o hay quy trnh cong nghe

3.1.1. C s e chon:

e am bao chat lng cua viec chon s o quy trnh cong nghe can da vao

cac can c sau:

Qua cac giao trnh, oc va nghien cu ky quy trnh san xuat chung cua loai san

pham thiet ke. Phan tch y ngha, muc ch cua tng khau mot tren day chuyen.

Can lien he vi cac san pham khac co i qua nhng qua trnh tng t.

Th du: San xuat tng ca chua:

+ Khong chan: Kho boc vo; vi sinh vat phat trien de gay h hong, mau cua sanpham xau; kho cha nhuyen.

+ Co chan: boc vo de dang; tieu diet enzyme; han che, tieu diet c mot so vi

sinh vat khong chu nhiet; gi mau ep; lam mem cau truc tao ieu kien thuan

li cho cong oan cha nhuyen sau nay.

Tham khao cung van e o trong cac sach giao khoa, cac tap ch xuat ban

trong va ngoai nc, ke ca cac van e co lien quan va cac san pham tng t.

Nghien cu va phan tch sau sac nhng u, khuyet iem s o cong nghe cua

cac loai mat hang ang san xuat trong thc te cua ta.

Tnh hnh cung cap nguyen vat lieu cho san xuat.

Tnh hnh tieu thu san pham trong nc va the gii.

Tren c s o chon s o cong nghe thch hp nhat, tot nhat e thiet ke.


38/13833

Thong thng cung mot loai san pham nhng chung ta co the san xuat theo

nhieu quy trnh khac nhau hoac quy trnh chung giong nhau nhng che o moi cong

oan khac nhau. Cai o la do s la chon trong khi thiet ke da tren ky thuat tien

tien, tren kinh nghiem cua nhieu c s san xuat khac nhau.

Th du: Quy trnh san xuat Tom chua

Quy trnh Hue: Tai cong oan muoi tom dung muoi song hoac muoi tinh, tron

eu vi tom va cm nep gia nhuyen, cho them toi, rieng.

Quy trnh ong Hi: tai cong oan muoi tom dung muoi rang hoac muoi tinh,

thnh gao te, ng, toi, gng, rieng, ru.

Nhan xet: - C chat len men lactic khac nhau

- Mau sac san pham khac nhau: tom chua ong Hi co mau sam hn3.1.2. Yeu cau cua quy trnh cong nghe:

S o quy trnh cong nghe phai cung cap ay u cac thong tin can thiet cho qua trnh

san xuat. S o quy trnh cong nghe phai c lap bang van ban, c phe duyet va

phai am bao:

Nguyen lieu

X ly

Phun ru 400

Muoi tom

Gai nen

Tom chn

Thanh pham

Phe lieu

Ru 400

????


39/13834

Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat ra san pham co chat lng cao, kha nang tieu thu

ln.

Gia thanh san pham ha.

t hao ton, lang ph nguyen vat lieu, nang lng va nhan cong.

Bao gom tat ca cac cong oan cua qua trnh san xuat (ke ca cac cong oan x

ly cac thanh phan khac ngoai thanh phan nguyen lieu chnh).

ung vi cac cong oan trong thc te.

Co ay u cac thong so ky thuat va thao tac tai moi bc.

Co ban thuyet minh chi tiet cac bc cua qua trnh san xuat.

Quy trnh phu hp vi ieu kien san xuat trong nc. Co gang c gii hoa, t

ong hoa trong ieu kien cho phep. am bao an toan lao ong va ve sinh thc pham.

3.1.3. Cach dien at quy trnh cong nghe

- Quy trnh san xuat viet thanh dang cac qua trnh lien tuc vi nhau. Hng i

cua quy trnh bieu dien theo dau mui ten .

-

Tren s o o phai bieu dien cac v tr tham gia cua cac nguyen vat lieu chnh,

phu, bao b va phe lieu tach ra. ac biet quan trong la oi vi mot so mat hang

trong thanh phan co nhieu cau t, giai oan au cho tng cau t i rieng sau

o nhap vao quy trnh.

- S o khong phai bieu dien bang hnh dang thiet b moi cong oan hoac cac

c cau trung gian nh mang hng, bang tai, bm v.v bi v chung ch c la

chon cu the sau khi a co s o ky thuat san xuat.

Viec lap s o ky thuat san xuat dang cac thiet b ac trng cho cac cong

oan thng nen lam ket hp trong s o bo tr thiet b trong Phan xng, neukhong yeu cau rieng.

-

Cac thong so ky thuat cho mot so cong oan san xuat co the c ghi ngay tai

cong oan o (nhiet o, thi gian, pH, )

-

Sau khi hoan chnh quy trnh, tien hanh thuyet minh quy trnh, can chu y:


40/13835

+

Muc ch cua tng cong oan tren quy trnh.

+

Thao tac ky thuat.

+

Cac ky thuat can am bao tai moi cong oan (neu co).

3.2. Tnh san pham:

Yeu cau: Xac nh c cac loai nguyen lieu ma Nha may co the s dung; Kha

nang thu mua cac loai nguyen lieu cua Nha may theo tng thi gian; Cac loai va so

lng tng mat hang se san xuat ra hang nam, hang thang trong Nha may; Tnh toan

c lng nguyen vat lieu e san xuat; Cuoi cung con phai xac nh c so lng

nguyen vat lieu i vao tng cong oan mot tren day chuyen san xuat trong mot gi.

T o cho phep ta xac nh c so lng cong nhan va may moc thiet b yeu cau

tren cong oan o.3.2.1. S o nhap nguyen lieu: Can c nhng ket qua at c trong qua trnh ieu

tra, khao sat ky cang ve vung nguyen lieu: cac loai nguyen lieu, thi vu, kha nang

cung cap nguyen lieu cho Nha may trong tng thi gian ta lap s o nay. S o nhap

nguyen lieu the hien cac loai nguyen lieu va mat o cua chung tng thi gian (nam).

Tren s o phai ghi ro ngay thang va thi gian thu thap cua tng loai nguyen lieu chu

yeu. Cac nguyen lieu khac se c bo sung vao nhng thi gian trong. Ngoai nguon

nguyen lieu t nhien can phai ket hp vi nguon nguyen lieu nhan tao. Nham tao ra

s chu ong ve nguon nguyen lieu.

S o thi vu mot so nguyen lieu Mien bac nc ta nh sau (chnh vu)

Nhan xet:qua s o nay ta chu y may iem sau:

+

T nguyen lieu cung cap cho Nha may th Nha may se san xuat san pham

tng ng vi nguyen lieu o.

+ Nguyen lieu co tnh mua vu, khong phan bo eu trong nam, cho nen phai co

ke hoach d tr, bao quan e ieu hoa san xuat.

+ Bo sung nhng nguyen lieu khac vao thi gian nguyen lieu chnh trai vu nham

am bao san xuat lien tuc.

+ Chung ta phai tm bien phap keo dai thi gian nhap tng loai nguyen lieu.


41/13836

Thang

Nguyen lieu1 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Bap cai15

Ca chua20

Su hao

Da chuot15

Cam

Quyt

Chuoi

DaVai

10

Nhan15

Chanh

Ca thu

3.2.2. Bieu o san xuatChung ta phai can c vao:

-Lng nguyen lieu nhap ve Nha may ket hp vi kha nang tieu thu san pham.

-Yeu cau cong nghe.

Bieu o phai neu ro so ca san xuat trong mot ngay tng thi gian, so ca va so

ngay san xuat trong 1 thang va trong mot nam.

Bieu o san xuat c lap rieng cho tng day chuyen san xuat mot. Trong khi

lap bieu o san xuat can chu y phan bo thi gian lam viec trong ca nam.

Ve ca san xuat: trong mot ngay lam viec chia 3 ca

ca 1: T 06h en 14h

ca 2: T 14h en 22h

ca 3: T 22h en 06h sang hom sau


42/13837

Thong thng ch san xuat 1 ca (lam theo cong nhat)

e at hieu qua kinh te cao nhat, co u nguyen lieu san xuat th bo tr 2 ca.

Nhng trng hp ac biet nh nhng nguyen lieu de h hong nh tom, ca,

tht nguyen lieu ve don dap qua nhieu trong mot thi gian ngan (ca chua, da chn

ro) hoac day chuyen can san xuat lien tuc nh nau ng, chng cat ru, say thc

pham v.vth can san xuat 3 ca.

Muon e cho day chuyen san xuat c lien tuc va eu, ta can nghien cu da

vao san xuat tren day chuyen cac loai nguyen lieu co thi vu khac nhau nhng yeu

cau thiet b nh nhau.

V du: tren mot day chuyen co the a vao san xuat cac loai: ca chua dam dam

vao thang 1 va 2; da chuot dam dam thang 3, 4 va 5; tiep theo o la san xuat cacloai nc ng; gan cuoi nam co the san xuat tht.

Trong nhng trng hp ac biet, khi chuyen t san xuat mat hang nay sang

mat hang khac han th can tam ngng san xuat e thao lap may, ve sinh, thay oi day

chuyen.

Trng hp tren mot day chuyen san xuat hai loai nguyen lieu ve cung trong

mot ngay th hai loai nguyen lieu se bo tr san xuat vao cac ca khac nhau nham tranh

s lay nhiem, lan lon hang hoa.

Trong mot nam nen e ra mot thi gian (t na thang en mot thang) vao

nhng dp khong co hoac co t nguyen lieu e sa cha bao dng may moc thiet b

va tu bo lai nha xng.

Bieu o san xuat theo ca

Thang

Ca

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

1

2

3 15Nghsacha


43/13838

Qua bieu o nay ta thay Phan xng se ngng san xuat vao thang 9 e sa cha.

Cac thang 1, na thang 2, thang 5, 6, 7 va thang 8 moi ngay san xuat 3 ca. Cac

thang khac moi ngay san xuat 2 ca.

T bang nay ta lap ra bang bieu o san xuat cu the nh sau:

So ngay lam viecSo ca

Ten san pham 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ca nam

Ca chua damdam

26/52

24/63

50/115

Da chuot damdam

24/48

26/52

25/25

75/125

Vai nc ng 25/25

10/20

35/45

Da nc ng 20/32

27/66

26/39

73/137

Nhan nc ng 15/15

26/39

41/54

Chuoi ncng

26/26

25/25

26/26

26/52

26/26

129/155

Tht hop

Nghsacha

26/26

27/54

80/119

Tong congKhi lap bang bieu o san xuat cu the can chu y tr i nhng ngay ngh le va

ngh hang tuan theo Bo Luat Lao ong.

Neu Phan xng co nhieu day chuyen san xuat ta cung lam tng t nh tren

cho cac day chuyen khac.

3.2.3. Chng trnh san xuat

Trong chng trnh san xuat chung ta se e ra so lng san pham ma Nha may

san xuat ra trong tng thang va ca nam cho tng loai san pham.

Chng trnh san xuat thanh lap da tren nang suat do nhiem vu thiet ke e ra ket

hp vi bieu o san xuat cu the. So lieu c bieu dien bang n v san pham.

Neu trong nhiem vu thiet ke, nang suat tnh bang so nguyen lieu th phai da

tren tieu chuan chi ph nguyen vat lieu cho mat hang cu the e tnh ra san pham.

Trong thang


44/138


45/13840

a. Tnh lng nguyen lieu chi ph e san xuat ra mot n v san pham neu hao ph

nguyen lieu trong qua trnh san xuat tnh bang % so vi nguyen lieu au:

T1 : Lng nguyen lieu chi ph e san xuat ra san pham (kg).

S : Lng thanh pham (kg)

x : Tong so nguyen lieu b hao ph trong qua trnh san xuat, tnh bang %

nguyen lieu au.

Th du: mat hang Tom vo bo au:

2Kg nguyen lieu tom 1 Kg tom vo bo aux = 50% S = 1Kg T1= 2Kg

b.

Tnh lng nguyen lieu chi ph e san xuat ra san pham nhng hao ph tng cong

oan tnh bang au vao cong oan o.

x1: % hao ph tnh theo nguyen lieu au.

x2: % hao ph tnh theo ban thanh pham cua cong oan 1xn: % hao ph tnh theo ban thanh pham cua cong oan (n-1)

T2 : Lng nguyen lieu chi ph e san xuat ra san pham (kg).

S : Lng thanh pham cong oan cuoi cung (kg)

x1, x2, xn : % hao ph nguyen vat lieu cac cong oan 1, 2, va n so vi

luc nguyen lieu a vao cong oan o.

c. Tnh lng nguyen lieu chi ph e pha cac dung dch trong san xuat

(ng, muoi,): Trong san xuat mot so loai o hop hoac san xuat cac th khac can

S. 100T1 = (kg)

100 - x

S. 100n

T2 = (kg)(100 x1) (100 x2) (100 xn)

Nguyen lieu San pham1 2 3 4 5


46/138


47/13842

m1, m2, , mn: % chat kho ban au cua cac cau t tng ng.

M : % chat kho trong thanh pham

- Bc 2: Tnh trong lng cac cau t ban thanh pham can e san xuat mot

n v thanh phan tnh bang kg.

- Bc 3: Tnh tieu chuan chi ph nguyen lieu cua tng cau t cho mot n v

thanh pham tnh bang kg

x1, x2, xn : % hao ph cua tng cau t trong qua trnh san xuat.

3.2.5. Lap bang nhu cau nguyen vat lieu

Muc ch:

-

D tru ve nguyen vat lieu cho san xuat.

-

Yeu cau ve so lng kho tang, xe co van chuyen va lao ong.

Chung ta phai da vao chi ph nguyen vat lieu cho 1 n v san pham, da vao

nang suat gi va so ca lam viec trong ca nam e tnh ra so nguyen vat lieu nhu cau

trong tng gi, tng ca va ca nam.

Th du lap bang nh sau: san xuat 2 loai o hop la vai nc ng va tht ln hap

Chi ph nguyen lieuTen san pham

o hop

N/suatca (1000hop TC)

Nguyen lieuT

(kg/1000hop)

Gi(kg)

Ca(kg )

Vu(tan)

Vai qua 500 625 5000 225Vai nc ng 10ng 40 50 400 18Tht ln 440 550 4400 524M 20 25 200 24Muoi 3 3,75 30 3,6

Tht ln hap 10

Hanh 5 6,25 50 6

S1. 100100 x1

T1 = (kg) S2. 100100 x2

; T2 =

(kg) v.v

g1. 400G

S1 = (kg) g2. 400G

; S2 =

(kg) v.v


48/13843

3.2.6. Lap bang so lng ban thanh pham qua tng cong oan.

e tnh lng thiet b yeu cau cho tng qua trnh, nhan lc cho tng cong oan

ta phai biet c lng nguyen lieu i vao tng cong oan o, thng tnh theo 1 gi.

Th du lap bang nguyen lieu va ban thanh pham qua cac cong oan trong san xuat

loai o hop da chuot dam giam nh sau:

Qua trnh nguyen lieu i qua Da chuot Ca rot Hanh, toi Can taya vao bao quan (nhap kho) 2229 412 63,60 69,40

Hao ph (%) 3 1,5 1,5 1,5Hao ph (kg) 66,90 6,2 0,9 1,0a vao ngam, ra, cao, thai 2162,1 405,8 62,7 68,40

Hao ph (%) 5 10,50 17 25Hao ph (kg) 108,1 42,60 10,50 17,1a vao xep hop 2054 363,20 52,20 51,30

Hao ph (%) 1 1 1 1Hao ph (kg) 20,54 3,62 0,52 0,51Xep trong hop 2033,46 359,60 51,70 50,80

T ket qua cuoi cung trong bang nay chung ta co the tm c so hop san xuat

ra trong 1 gi va oi chieu vi nhiem vu thiet ke.

3.3. Bieu o qua trnh ky thuat

Bieu o qua trnh ky thuat neu len thi gian bat au va ket thuc lam viec tren

moi cong oan trong pham vi mot ca hay mot chu ky lam viec

Qua bieu o:

Chung ta biet c gi bat au hay ket thuc lam viec cua cong nhan va may

moc thiet b tren moi cong doan o.

Co the xac nh c so lng may moc thiet b, nhu cau ve ien, nc, hi,

lanh cho tng thi iem cu the cua mot ca hay mot chu ky lam viec.

Co the biet c thi gian t luc nguyen lieu vao cho ti luc thanh pham cuoicung i ra e co bien phap am bao chat lng san pham.

Tren c s o, so sanh vi thc te san xuat e anh gia chat lng van hanh va

hieu qua kinh te.

Thi gian gia hai giai oan lien tuc lau mau phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua tng

cong oan. Co the xac nh thi gian nh sau:


49/13844

1. Thi gian cac cong oan a nh san trong quy trnh: Th du nh thi gian trung

hoa, thi gian nau, ran, chan, say, hap,

Trong cac trng hp nay thi gian gia cac giai oan tnh bang thi gian thc

hien qua trnh a quy nh.

2. Thi gian lam viec cua cac thiet b khong lien tuc: Nh may xay, may nghien,

may tron, noi thanh trung, thung cha,

Trng hp nay e xac nh thi gian gia cac me, ta dung cong thc sau:

o:

: Thi gian gia cac me (phut)

V : The tch thiet b tnh bang so lng nguyen lieu cho vao o (kg, lit, m3, hop)

q : Nang suat day chuyen san xuat trong 1 phut, tnh theo n v cua V.3. Thi gian lam viec cua cac thiet b lien tuc: nh may ra, lo ran lien tuc, bang tai

phan loai, bang tai x ly,

Trong o:

: Thi gian nguyen lieu i tren bang tai (phut)

L : Chieu dai bang tai (m)

v : Toc o bang tai (m/ giay)

4. Thi gian co ac trong cac thiet b gian oan: c xac nh bang tnh toan

nhiet hoac thi gian a quy nh trc.

Chu y:

Thi gian mot chu ky lam viec:

= chuan b+ thc hien cong oan + gian oan + van chuyen + kiem tra + ve sinh ket thuc + tnhien

t nhien : Theo tng san pham, Th du nh ca p muoi can thi gian cho muoi

tham vao ca.

o Khi liet ke phai ay u.

L60. v

= (phut)

Vq

(phut) =


50/13845

o Tuy theo san xuat ma co mot so thi gian khong co.

o Thi gian chuan b va thi gian ve sinh phai co.

Th du: Lap bieu o ky thuat cho mot qua trnh san xuat loai o hop ca tm

ran nghien nho.

Day chuyen san xuat loai san pham nay i qua cac cong oan:

Nguyen lieu Ra Cat au va Phan loai Thai Ran va e rao

dau Nghien nho Tron vi cac nguyen lieu phu Rot hop

Bai kh ghep m Thanh trung va lam nguoi a vao kho

bao quan.

Gia thuyet nang suat day chuyen la 3000 hop/ gi (3 tup/ gi) san pham ng

trong hop sat so 8 (353ml). Xng bat au lam viec luc 6g00 sang.Ta tnh thi gian cua tng cong oan nh sau:

Ra: Dung may ra quat gio co bang tai dai 6m, toc o 0,15 m/ giay. Do o

thi gian van chuyen nguyen lieu trong may la:

Cat au va Phan loai. Giai oan nay cung tien hanh tren bang tai. Chieu dai

bang tai 8m, toc o chuyen ong 0,1 m/giay. Vay thi gian nguyen lieu i tren bang

tai la:

Thai nho: Thi gian thai coi nh khong ang ke. Tnh khoang 1 phut.

Tong cong thi gian t au en khi thai xong la 5 phut. Vay thai xong luc 6g05.

Ran: Bat au ran 6g05, dung lo ran t ong va lien tuc, bat au ran luc 6g05.

Thi gian ran va e rao dau theo quy nh la 10 phut. Vay ran xong luc 6g15

Nghien mn: Bat au luc 6g15. Thi gian nghien mat 10 phut. Vay nghien xong

luc 6g25 va cung la luc bat au phoi tron.

860x 0,1

= = 1,3 (phut)

660x 0,15

= = 0,66 (phut)


51/13846

Phoi tron: Bat au luc 6g25. May tron lam viec gian oan. Moi lan tron c

168 kg thanh pham. Theo bang tnh lng ban thanh pham qua tng cong oan ta biet

lng nguyen lieu em vao may la 763 kg/ gi.

Vay thi gian moi me tron la:

Thi gian cho nguyen lieu phu vao coi nh la 2 phut. Tong cong thi gian tron mot

me la 15 phut. Vay tron xong luc 6g40.

Rot hop: Bat au rot hop luc 6g55 v nguyen lieu tron xong dung bm chuyen

ti thung cha cua may rot mat 15 phut. Vay bat au rot luc 6g55.

Ghep nap hop: Bat au ghep kin luc 6g55. V may rot va ghep m lien nhau rot

hop va ghep m ngay nen cung coi nh bat au ghep m luc 6g55. Thanh trung va lam nguoi:

The tch noi thanh trung hai gio la 1400 hop so 8.

Vay e lam ay 1 noi phai mat:

Noi thanh trung bat au lam viec luc 7g25

Neu thanh trung theo cong thc:

Thi gian cho cac gio vao noi la 10 phut va lay ra la 10 phut.

Tong cong thi gian mot me thanh trung la 10 + 25 + 50 + 25 + 10 = 120 phut.

Vay thanh trung xong luc 9g25, cung la luc bat au a vao kho bao quan luc 9g25

Da vao cac ket qua tren ta lap bang sau:

25 50 25120

V 1400. 60q 3000

= 28 phut tnh tron 30 phut=

V 168. 60

q 763 = 13 phut=


52/13847

Thi gian bat auTen qua trnh6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Bat au lam viec 6g00 11g00Bat au ra

Bat au cat au,Phan loaiBat au thaiBat au ran 5g05 11g05Bat au nghien 6g15 11g15Bat au tron 6g25 11g25Bat au rot hop 6g55 11g55Bat au ghep m 6g55 11g55Bat au thanh trung 7g25 12g25

Va v.v

enhet ca

Bat au xep kho 9g25

Ngh

tra

14h25

* Sau ay la mot so th du ve quy nh thi gian cho phep trong qua trnh san

xuat vai loai o hop tht va ca cua Nha may Ha Long (dung e tham khao, so sanh)

Ga vt, ngong hap khong qua 2g20. Trong o:

Tan gia xong en khi a len ban mo 30 phut

Nho long, cat, mo, ot long t 20 phut

Mo, ra, chat mieng va ra lai 30 phutRao nc 10 phut

Xep hop en bat au ghep m 20 phut

Bat au ghep m en bat au thanh trung 30 phut

Ln, bo, trau hap khong qua 2g00. Trong o:

Tan gia xong en khi a len ban mo 20 phut

Loc m, gan, xng va cat mieng 40 phutRa va e rao 10 phut

Bat au xep hop en bat au ghep m 20 phut

Bat au ghep m en bat au thanh trung 30 phut


53/138


54/13849

-

Can co bien phap giam nh mc nguyen lieu:

o Ap dung ky thuat tien tien.

o Chon nguyen lieu co chat lng cao a vao che bien.

o

Kiem tra, giam sat trong qua trnh san xuat nham giam hao ph.

Th du: san xuat ng ma:

- Chon loai ma co ham lng ng cao.

- Tm bien phap nang cao hieu suat ep (thiet b ep)

2. nh mc nang suat lao ong

- nh ra nh mc nang suat lao ong nham e cho cong nhan phat huy kha

nang lam viec cua mnh, ong thi cung la ong lc phat trien cua Nha may.

- Trong ieu kien hien nay tay nghe cua cong nhan con thap th viec xac nh

nh mc nang suat lao ong la rat quan trong, cho nen:

o Khao sat tnh hnh lao ong cua cong nhan x nghiep cua ta va cac x

nghiep khac trong mot khoang thi gian nhat nh (cang dai cang tot).

o To chc th nghiem e xac nh nang suat.

o M hoi thi tay nghe.

o

Co che o khen thng, phat hp ly.

-

Khi xay dng nh mc phai lay mc trng bnh kha la mc phai thc hien c

cong vi co gang toi thieu.

- Xay dng nh mc nang suat lao ong co the thc hien tren tng cong oan,

trong 1 thi gian (gi) hoac xay dng nh mc oi vi tng loai mat hang (gi,

ca).

- T nh mc nang suat lao ong, da vao nang suat cua day chuyen san xuat

tnh c so lng cong nhan, may moc thiet b dung cu va cac nhu cau ve nhaan, nha , nha ve sinh, cho cong nhan.

3. nh mc chi ph: ien, nc, hi nc,

- Giam toi thieu lng s dung.


55/13850

-

Thiet lap cac thiet b quang trac tai nhng v tr s dung (va au nguon s

dung), thng xuyen kiem tra va tm bien phap giam nh mc.

4. Xac nh phng phap to chc lao ong

-

Lao ong tap the hay lao ong ca the.

- Lam viec theo ca hay theo cong nhat

Van e to chc lao ong co lien quan en viec bo tr day chuyen san xuat va

chon loai thiet b.

Neu lao ong tap the th nguyen lieu a ti tng cho lam cua cong nhan theo

mot bang tai chung va ban thanh pham cung cho len mot bang tai chung. Do o phai

chon bang tai lam viec.

Nhng neu lao ong ca the (nang suat tnh rieng cho tng ca nhan) th phai botr ban rong va co khay rieng cho tng ngi.

5. Yeu cau ky thuat trong thiet ke xay dng

-

Chon so tang nha da vao:

o Bo tr day chuyen san xuat (hang ngang, chieu ng)

o Yeu cau cong nghe.

- Cau truc va trang thiet b trong cac phong phu thuoc vao cac yeu cau ky thuat,

an toan lao ong va ve sinh thc pham. ac biet chu y en vi kh hau ni cong nhan

lam viec v no la nguyen nhan gay ra cac benh nghe nghiep, giam nang suat lao

ong,

Th du cac phong co hi oc nh phong xong kh CO (san pham xong khoi) can

phai co he thong thong gio tot; Phan xng nhieu bui nh sang hat ngu coc; Phan

xng de chay nh san xuat bot ca bang phng phap trch ly (do dung ngieu hoa chat

trch ly), th phai bo tr sau Phan xng san xuat chnh va cuoi ngon gio.- Nang cao mat o xay dng va mat o s dung dien tch:

o Mat o xay dng:Kxd=

A + B + C

S100 (%)


56/13851

o Mat o s dung:

A : Tong dien tch xay dng nha.

B : Tong dien tch xay dng cong trnh.

C : Tong dien tch xay dng san bai.

D : Tong dien tch ng giao thong va bai xe.

E : Tong dien tch chiem at tren mat bang cua ng ong.

F : Tong dien tch trong cay xanh, san co, vn hoa.

S : Tong dien tch khu at

----------o0o----------

Ksd=A + B + C + D + E + F

S100 (%)


57/13852

CHNG 4

THIT K, BTR MY MC THIT B, DNG CCHBIN

TRONG NH MY THC PHM

4.1. Chon va tnh toan may moc thiet b, dung cu che bien.

4.1.1. C s chon:

-

Yeu cau cong nghe.

-

Chc nang nhiem vu cua tng loai may moc thiet b.

-

Nang suat cua cac cong oan tren day chuyen.

4.1.2. Nguyen tac chon may moc thiet b, dung cu

a.

Yeu cau:

- Phu hp vi cong nghe san xuat.

-

May moc thiet b phai san xuat ra san pham co chat lng cao.

-

Tieu hao lang ph nguyen lieu, nang lng t nhat.

- De lam ve sinh, khong gay tac ong xau ti san pham.

- Thiet b lam viec lien tuc, co kha nang t ong hoa, co kha nang lam viec

hon hp.

- Cau tao n gian re tien.

- S dung, sa cha de dang.

- Kch thc gon nhe, nang suat cao.

-

May o co the san xuat trong nc hay nc ngoai.

Thong thng co rat nhieu loai may khac nhau cung lam mot nhiem vu nen khi

chon phai nghien cu, can nhac ky tng may e chon may tot nhat. Khi chon ta phai

phoi hp tat ca cac yeu cau tren (ve hnh thc, noi dung, chat lng van hanh, )

b.

Chon vat lieu che tao may moc thiet b, dung cu che bien:

Vt liu chto my mc thit brt quan trng do tip xc trc tip vi thc

phm, do c thgy nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm.

Yu cu:

Mi bmt thao tc, thit b, vt dng dng trong cc khu xl thc phm v c

th tip xc vi thc phm phi c lm tvt liu khng lan truyn cc cht


58/13853

mi, v v cc cht c nh hng n cht lng v an ton v sinh cho sn

phm.

Khng thm nc; khng gst; khng bn mn; chu c tc ng cra v

khtrng nhiu ln.

Cc bmt phi nhn v khng br, nt.

Bmt tip xc vi thc phm phi ddng tip cn kim tra v dlm sch.

Mt svt liu:

Thp khng gl vt liu thng dng trong cc thit bchbin thc phm, c

bit lm cc b mt tip xc vi thc phm do c tnh trn nhn, khng thm

nc, dlm sch v khtrng.

Thp khng gnicol-chrom (khong 18% chrom v 8% nickel) loi AISI304 c

dng phbin nht trong cc thit bchbin thc phm. Thp c bn cao hn

nh AISI 316 vi t l nickel cao hn (10%) v molypen (2-3%) c thc

dng nhng chtip xc vi dung dch axit hay mui nng cao.

Cht do, cao su v cao su tng hp a chc nng cng c s dng kh ph

bin lm cc giong, m ni, ng mm, . B mt nhn nn d c ra, kh

trng. Song cng c mt scht do dbrn nt, xy xt v mi mn khin kh

lm vsinh v kh trng. Sau mt thi gian c hin tng lo ho trnn gin.

Cho nn cn phi thng xuyn kim tra v thay thkp thi l cn thit.

Gang, st c dng rng ri trong ch to my, c bit lm khung hay gikhng tip xc trc tip vi thc phm bi chng dbgv rbmt, cc thc

phm nhdbm dnh li chnh l mi trng thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin.

Ch : Khng dng st m km lm thit b v lp m ph

ngoi (c tnh c) s sm b bong i l ra phn st d

b g sau . Tuy nhin, c th dng st m lm gi hay

khay min l khng thc phm tip xc trc tip v ngi

dng hiu r c nhc im ca n. Hp kim nhm chu n-c mn th-ng -c dng lm ni,

cho v cc vt dng t-ng t. Chng c -u im l mm,

nh, c tnh dn nhit tt, tuy nhin s dng nhm vn

cn hn ch do b axt v kim n mn. Nhm l kim loi

hot ng nn th-ng b n mn in ho..


59/13854

Trnh dng glm bmt tip xc trong xng chbin do khnng ht m cao,

l ni tr n ca vi sinh vt, nm mc.

Nu lm thng cha phi dng loi gxhay gdn chu nc qua xl trnh ht

m hay c phmt lp phbn v khng c nhsn du, sn epoxy hoc mt vt

liu khc nhn, dcra.

* Trnh dng cc vt liu khc nhau c th gy g st

do tip xc.

S n mn do in phn xy ra khi hai kim loi -c

tip xc trc tip vi cng mt loi dung dch (v d: nhm

v st, thm ch hai loi thp khng g tip xc vi dung

dch cht ty hoc dung dch kh trng gy ra g st).

c/ Thit kchto

Tt cthit bv vt dng cn c thit k, chto nhm trnh cc mi nguy v

vsinh, cho php dlm sch, dkhtrng.

Dtho lp bng cc dng cthng thng. Mi sa i thit bkhng gy nh

hng n vic lm vsinh v khtrng.

Tip cn c mi ngc ngch ca thit bty sch cc cht bn khi bmt,

ngha l phi c mt khong trng thch hp bn trong thit bngi hoc dng

clm vsinh tip cn c ddng.

Cc mi hn phi mi nhn u. Hn chcc gc ln, nu khng trnh c th bn knh gc ln phi ln hn

6,4mm.

Nn ch to cc khung gi bng thp ng c mt ct trn

v kt cu dng trn d lm sch, chc v nh hn, tit

kim hn. u cc khung phi bt kn trnh vn thc

phm lt vo -c hn kn sut chiu di khung d

lm sch.V du ke cau moi han ung va sai


60/13855


61/13856

d. Co gang nang cao he so s dung may, tranh lang ph cong suat.

Can chu y en nhng may moc thiet b co kha nang lam viec hon hp nham s

dung toi a nang suat.

Tranh chon nhng may moc thiet b cau tao ac biet v gia thanh se rat cao va

hieu qua s dung b han che.

e. Moi khi chon mot thiet phai ghi ay u cac ac tnh ky thuat cua no, bao gom:

-

Ni san xuat va nhan hieu may. Can e la chon may va at mua sau nay.

-

Nang suat thiet b tnh trong n v thi gian: tan/gi, lt/gi hoac cai/gi. Can

chu y co nhieu loai may, nang suat cua no phu thuoc vao tng loai nguyen lieu va

tng che o lam viec khac nhau.

-

Kch thc thiet b: chieu dai, chieu rong, chieu cao cc ai, t o ta se an nh

dien tch va chieu cao Phan xng.

- Cong suat yeu cau, so vong quay va ng knh puli. Cac so lieu nay dung e

tnh va chon ong c ien, e lap s o truyen ong. Neu ong c lap san trong thiet

b th ch can ghi lai cac ac tnh ky thuat cua no.

- Chu y ti v tr ra vao cua thiet b e co phng an xep at, bo tr cac thiet b

lien he cho phu hp.

-

oi vi cac thiet b nhiet can biet be mat truyen nhiet, e tnh nang suat thiet

b va yeu cau ve nang lng.

-

ng knh cac ong dan nguyen lieu, dan hi va nc: dung e lap s o

ng ong sau nay.


62/13857

-

Trong lng thiet b: no can e tnh toan khi di chuyen va at nen mong cho

thch hp.

f. Khong nen d tr qua nhieu may moc thiet b d tr, mot so may moc thiet b

chnh trong san xuat co the d tr them 1 may.


63/13858

4.1.3. Tnh so lng thiet b yeu cau

So lng cac thiet b may moc yeu cau tng cong oan c xac nh theo hai

phng phap sau:

- Neu thiet b lam viec lien tuc:

- Thiet b lam viec khong lien tuc:

Trong o:

n : So may moc va thiet b yeu cau

N : Nang suat gi cua day chuyen tng cong oan.

M : Nang suat gi cua thiet b

V : The tch lam viec cua thiet b, tnh cung n v vi N : Thi gian tong cong cua moi chu ky lam viec cua may tnh bang phut.

Thong thng n tnh ra khong chan nen sau khi tnh toan ngi ta nang ket qua

len ti chan.

4.2. c im thit k, ch to i vi mt s thit

b, dng c ch bin thc phm

1) Thng cha: Thng cha nguyn liu nn lm bng cht

do hay kim loi khng g.

- Khng dng thng cha c b mt b r, g hoc sn si

cha sn phm. Khng dng cha an bng my tre, na.

- Cc thng cha c nh c th xy bng b tng nh-ng

phi ph cht bo v b mt -c chp nhn, mu sng. Ty

mc ch s dng, thng phi c kt cu d thot n-c.

- Thng cha ph liu phi kn n-c, c np kn, lm bng

kim loi hoc cc vt liu -c c quan chc nng chpnhn.

- Thng, bn cha hoc cc thit b t-ng t phi -c ch

to sao cho cc l thot n-c -c t im thp nht.

- Thng ra thc phm cn thit k c th thay n-c d

dng, thot n-c tt v thun li cho vic lm v sinh.

NM

n =

N . 60. V

n =


64/13859

2) Bn:

Cn -c thit k sao cho tt c cc im u c th

tip cn, trnh b b st khi lm v sinh. B ng ca

cng nhn dc theo bn nn lm bng kim loi, -c bo tr

tt, d di chuyn hoc c kt cu d lm v sinh Mt bn

ng gi thc phm cn lm bng vt liu khng g.

3) Cc dng c dng l-i:

Th-ng s dng x l sn phm nhuyn th c v cng

hoc gip xc v l-i kh ra sch, d lm tng nguy c

nhim bn vo thc phm. Nu dng vo mc ch khc nh- lm

khay phi, khay hun khi phi dng loi l-i vn m dy an

bng vt liu khng g. Khng dng dy m trn an l-i.

4) Bm, van v ng dn: Nhng ni lm v sinh bng tay,

bm cn -c thit k c th tho lp nhanh bng cc

dng c v tay ngh thng th-ng. L van phi c khp c

vi cc u ng dn, ng dn phi d tho np d lm v

sinh.


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5) ng c:

- ng c, nht l phn in phi kn n-c hon ton

khng nh h-ng n vic c ra. Bng in v cc thit b

iu khin t-ng t phi -c cch ly khi ni c sn phm.

- Tuyt i trnh du m dnh vo thc phm hay b mt

tip xc vi thc phm, (mun vy khng -c gn ng c

cng hp iu khin trc tip trn cc b mt tr khi ckhay ng du ri)

- Vng bi ca ng c phi -c b tr ni khng c sn

phm, -c bc kn v hot ng theo nguyn tc t bi

trn; nu t ti ni c sn phm th phi c h thng bi

trn bn trong. T-ng t nh- vy, trc truyn ng cng


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phi -c bc kn du m khng ri vo thc phm v ng--

c li thc phm khng ri vo vng bi hoc ng c.

6) Bng ti:

- Cc bng ti phi -c thit k sao cho dng sn phm i

qua -c trn tru v d tip cn b mt ca bng ti khi lm

v sinh. Cc mi ni v ch gp phi nhn, phi c dng n-

-c sch c p sut cao lm sch vn bm trm b mt

bng ti.

- Bng ti dng xon phi khng rn nt, c -ng vin hp

v sinh v d tho ri. Bng ti dng tm phi lm bng thp

khng g, hoc bng cht do khng ht n-c, hoc cao su

ph hp vi thc phm.

- Con ln, trc cun phi lm bng kim loi, cht do hay

cao su ph hp vi tng loi thc phm v -c thit k

lin khi, khng c hc hay cc mi ni h, phi d tho n-

-c lm v sinh. Thanh gt, thanh nh h-ng, bn co

phi lm bng cht do bn hay cao su ph hp. Khng dng

g trong bng ti.

7) Cc thit b khc:

- Cc my phi trn, nh hnh, my ct gt, my ct c

hc, thit b hun khi, sy kh, thit b lm ng, lm

lnh, ng hp phi ph hp vi mc ch v cng sut sn

xut, phi do cc chuyn gia v th lnh ngh c kinh

nghim thit k, ch to.

- Cc my, thit b ch bin phi -c trang b cc ph-

-ng tin gim st thch hp nh-: nhit k, ng h psut,... o v gili cc thng s quan trng ca quy

trnh sn xut.

4.3. Bo tr, xep at thiet b vao phan xng san xuat:

4.3.1. Xep at thiet b vao day chuyen san xuat


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Sau khi tnh toan va chon thiet b, ta tien hanh bo tr cac thiet b o vao Phan

xng san xuat. e cho viec van chuyen c thuan tien, i lai de dang va hp ly cac

giai oan trong san xuat toan Nha may th bo tr thiet b trong Phan xng can phai

ket hp vi bo tr mat bang Nha may.

Thong thng tien hanh theo th t sau ay:1. Lap s o bo tr chung toan Nha may: Muc ch nham d kien s bo, khong can

kch thc, tren o co d kien v tr cac Phan xng va cong trnh. Da theo o e bo

tr cac luong giao thong va ca ra vao cung nh mat tien Nha may.

2. Tien hanh sap xep thiet b trong Phan xng:

- Coi phan xng nh mot t giay; cat nhng manh ba nho ty le 1/100 tng ng

vi kch thc hnh dang cua tng thiet b, n gian nhat la cat theo hnh chieubang cua moi thiet b. Chu y khong bo sot bat c thiet b chnh va phu nao. Sau

o ta sap xep cac manh giay nay theo s bo tr mat bang cua day chuyen san

xuat cho va y, phai can nhac, sang tao, thay oi v tr neu thay cha hp ly.

Khi a sap xep hp ly th at but vao e ve co nh.

-

Can chu y en s lien quan gia cac thiet b e at them bang tai, mang hng,

thung cha, cau thang v.v

Chu y: day chuyen san xuat quyet nh en kch thc phan xng, cho nen khi

at thiet b phai co gang tiet kiem dien tch.

Phng phap tren cho phep ta co the de dang thay oi v tr cac thiet b nhieu

cho theo nhng nhieu hng bo tr khac nhau e cuoi cung at ti mot s o hp ly

nhat.

3.Xac nh s bo kch thc Phan xng:

Sau khi a bo tr hp ly thiet b, ta co the at tng vao xung quanh va cac cara vao, cac tng ngan lam thanh mat bang hoan chnh cua Phan xng.

Chieu dai va chieu rong cua Phan xng tuy theo chieu dai cua day chuyen

san xuat va so lng thiet b quyet nh.


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Kch thc nha can phai chan vi khau o cua bc cot tieu chuan (khau o

cua bc cot = khoang cach t cot nay en cot kia)

4.3.2. Nguyen tac bo tr may moc thiet b trong day chuyen cong nghe trong

Nha may thc phm.

Co the noi viec bo tr thiet b la mot trong nhng giai oan quan trong nhat cua

qua trnh thiet ke. No oi hoi phai co nhieu tch luy thc te va kien thc ly thuyet va

phai co nhieu sang tao.

Bo tr may moc thiet b tuan theo nhng nguyen tac chu yeu sau ay:

1.

Cac may moc thiet b phai at theo th t va lien tuc nhau thanh mot day

chuyen, rut ngan nhat quang ng va thi gian van chuyen.

Ni trut vao cua may sau phai thap hn hay bang cho ra cua may trc. Neumay trc thap hn t th co the ke len be, neu thap hn nhieu th phai bo tr phng

tien van chuyen nh bang tai co ngong hay bang tai nghieng co g chang han.

ong thi phai chu y en cau tao cua thiet b e at cho ung hng.

2. May moc thiet b thng c xep ngang hang nhau, cung nh co the xep may

no chong tren may kia trong nhng trng hp can thiet.

Th du trong day chuyen san xuat ca chua bot thng at may nghien len cao

hn may cha. Lam nh the chung ta va co the tiet kiem dien tch nha xng va

am bao chat lng thanh pham cao.

3. Day chuyen phai

cơ sở thiết kế nhà máy thực phẩm.pdf

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