Clostridium perfringens The agent of - Gangrene - Food poisoning Bacteria features: GPB, Capsulate,...
Transcript of Clostridium perfringens The agent of - Gangrene - Food poisoning Bacteria features: GPB, Capsulate,...
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Clostridium perfringensClostridium perfringens
The agent of The agent of - Gangrene - Food poisoning
Bacteria features:GPB, Capsulate, non-motile. Spores: bulgingRapidly growing (doubling time ~ 8min) specially
on soil.
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Colonies:Colonies:On blood agar: β-haemolytic, flat, spreading, rough,
translucent colonies with irregular margins.
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Determinants of pathogenicity
• 12 exotoxins and an enterotoxin• The major exotoxins: alpha toxin, beta toxin, epsilon-toxin and Theta-toxin.
• Types of the organism (A through E) can be differentiated according to the toxin repertoire.
• Alpha toxin (Lecithinase) is the primary toxin and common to all types of C. perfringens but mostly by type A.
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Determinants of pathogenicity
Lecithinase (or phospholipase) degrades Lecithin in cell membrane into PhosphorylcholinePhosphorylcholine and DiglycerideDiglyceride.
• Hyaluronidase produced by C. perfringens breaks down the intraceullar cytoskeleton.
• Collagenase and other proteinases break down muscles and liquiefy.
• Dnase• Enterotoxin
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Nagler reactionNagler reaction• It is done in: A Nagler agar plate,
containing 5-10% egg yolk.• It is used to identify strains produceing
α-toxin (phospholipase).• C. perfringens phospholipase causes
turbidity (characteristic precipitate) around the colonies on egg-yolk medium Inhibited by specific antiserum.
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One-half of the plate is inoculated with antitoxin to act as a control in the identification.
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Heat resistancyHeat resistancy
• Type A strains (causing gas gangrene): produce heat inactivated spores
quickly.
• Food poisoning strains: produce heat resistant spores.
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TransmissionTransmission• A saprophyte, occuring in soil,
H2O, decomposing plant, human and animal feces.• Vegetative cells are members of
normal flora in colon and 5% of female genital systems (vagina).
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GangreneGangrene• Gangrene is necrosis and putrefaction of
tissues. Gas production forms bubbles of gas in muscle (crepitus) and smell in decomposing tissue.
• Gangrene is mostly a mix infection mainly by C. perfringens but also C. septicum, D. sordelli & other proteolitic clusteridums, cocci, gram negative bacilli…. may be found.
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Clinical findingsClinical findings
• Glycogen metabolism: Myonecrosis
Bad smelling exuda, inflamation, very progressive necrosis, fever, hemolysis, Crepitation, hemolytic anemia, severe toxemia, shock.
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Crepitation
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• Gangrene is associated with war war and truma wounds.and truma wounds.• Also after:Also after:- Illegal abortion Illegal abortion (causing GangreneGangrene or
Toxic shock syndrome)Toxic shock syndrome)
- 1-3 days after infant delivery infant delivery (Endometric infection).
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Anaerobic cellulitisAnaerobic cellulitis• This is infection of the dermis and
subcutaneous tissue.
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TreatmentTreatment- Antibiotic trapy: Penicillin- Surgery (Ampotasion): Wounds
should be debrided- H2O2- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) - Antitoxin (polyvalent against
different sub-species.)
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• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a medical treatment in which the patient breathes 100% oxygen while inside a pressurized chamber.
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Hyperbaric oxygenHyperbaric oxygen
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Food poisoningFood poisoning
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Food poisoningFood poisoning• Soil and food. Survives cooking and grows to large
numbers in reheated food, especially meat.
• Enterotoxin is produced when more than 108 vegetative cells is eaten. The cells convert into spores in GI. Enterotoxin is a part of spore coat.
• Clinical findings: Clinical findings: Incubation: 8-16 hours Symptoms: watery diarrhea, cramps, little
vomiting. Resolves in one or two days.
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Treatment and preventionTreatment and preventionof food poisoningof food poisoning
• Treatment: Symptomatic – No antimicrobial drugs
• Prevention Cooking well
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Lab diagnosisLab diagnosis• Smear of necrotic tissue and exudate samples:
large positive G+ rods.• Cultured anaerobically I. Blood agarII.Thyoglicolate(identified with fermentation reactions)• Food poisoning: isolation of similar strains in
large numbers from food sources and faeces.
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Clostridium difficileClostridium difficile• GPB • Motile• Long, irregularly (often "drumstick" or
"spindle") shaped cells• Spores: Terminal, bulging• Ubiquitous in nature and especially prevalent
in soil
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TransmissionTransmissionUbiquitous in nature and are especially
prevalent in soil.
Commensal bacterium of the human intestine in 2-5% of the population.
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DiseaseDiseaseClostridium difficile infection (CDI)
• Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (25% of antibiotic-related diarrhea)
• Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
• Nosocomial infection
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Determinants of pathogenicityDeterminants of pathogenicity
• Enterotoxin (toxin A) and Cytotoxin (toxin B) (heat and acid-labile proteins)
Both found in patients’ feces with pseudomembranous colitis.
Attach to the intestinal epithelial cells at the microvilli level and are responsible for the diarrhea and inflammation.
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Pathogenesis of C. difficile:Pathogenesis of C. difficile: Pseudomembranous colitisPseudomembranous colitis
• A severe infection of the colon, often resulting from eradication of the normal gut flora by antibiotics.
• Antibiotic (Clindamycin and Ampicillin) supress drug-sensitive normal flora, allowing C. difficile.
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Pseudomembranous colitisPseudomembranous colitis (PMC) (PMC)
• Acute colitis characterized by the formation of an adherent inflammatory membrane overlying sites of mucosal injury.
• Exudates composed of fibrin, mucin, bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes attach to the mucosal surface.
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Clinical findings
• Diarrhea• Pseudomembranes (yellow-white plaques)
on the colonic mucosa.• Visualised by colonoscopy.
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Lab diagnosisLab diagnosis• Culture and isolation of C. difficile on Blood agarBlood agar
• Identification of toxins by specific antibody using Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the detection of toxins A and B in fecal material.
• Identification of exotoxins by cell cultures: Cytopatic effects (CPEs)
• PCR
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TreatmentTreatment• Withdrew the antibiotics Clindamycin
and Ampicillin.
• Oral metronidazole or vancomycin instead along with fluids.