Dr. William Kao Taipei, Taiwan

Clean Energy 2016:

Current Trends and

Recent Developments

Modern Engineering Technology Symposium

第26屆近代工程技術討論會

Agenda 議程

• CT Trends 2016

• Solar Energy

• Wind Energy

• Marine Energy

• Energy Storage

• Power Grid

• Conclusion, Recommendations 結論 建議

Clean Technology Eco-System 生態系統

Clean Tech 2016: Trends 趨勢

• The global population is forecast to soar to more than 9.7

billion people by 2050, creating huge demand for the

world’s finite resources and increasing our reliance on

alternative, sustainable “Clean Technology” 清潔技術 for

the environment and future generations.

• “Clean Technology” is “ a diverse range of products,

services, and processes that harness renewable materials and

energy sources, dramatically reduce the use of natural

resources, and cut or eliminate emissions and wastes.”

1. Green Building Technology

• Buildings currently consume around 40 per cent of global energy

and emit 30 per cent of global carbon dioxide with heating,

cooling and lighting accounting for up to 60 per cent of a

building's energy consumption.

• Leadership in Environmental Design (LEED) , Zero Net Energy

(ZNE) 零淨能量 buildings, Built it Green (BIG).

• Efficient insulation materials 絕緣材料 and coatings of glass

can decrease heat loss or cooling needs by up to 75 per cent,

according to a Markets and Markets report on global trends and

forecasts in the thermal insulation market.

• Driven by energy-efficient building節能建築 technology to

keep operating costs low; light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 發光二極體 are more efficient and longer lasting than traditional light

bulbs.

LED lighting is expanding fast into commercial and residential

buildings, but also into industrial and public-lighting systems

thanks to lower life-cycle costs.

• Water recycling and conservation. 回收利用,養護

2. Green Transport / Mobility

• Transport accounted for 14 per cent of the world's greenhouse gas

emissions, with most transport around the globe using fossil fuels as

their source of energy.

• This level of consumption is linked to major pollution污染 and

health problems. Developing efficient mass-transportation systems

with less environmental impact is a priority for the transport sector

and governments; and suppliers of intelligent transport systems

(ITS) 智慧運輸系統 are poised to benefit. Connected cars.

• The automotive and aviation industries are also working to

improve fuel efficiency 燃料效率.

• Major trends in car manufacturing include shrinking engine size

while maintaining performance, the adoption of various

composite materials to reduce weight and the development of

electric vehicles.

• Big changes in transportation industry: Uber, driverless cars 無人駕駛汽車 (automation) , car sharing 共用 instead of car purchasing

(ownership 擁有權).

Auto Industry in for Big Change Robotic

Human

Individual Shared

私用 共用

3. Renewable Energy and Smart Grid • Wind and solar-power generation are

becoming increasingly cost competitive relative to traditional power generation.

• Modernizing the electric grid to create a ‘smart grid’ 智能電網 is essential for integrating smaller and decentralized sources 分散式的能源資源 of renewable energy.

• AMI 先進的儀錶基礎設施, DR需求回應

• Development and installation of Microgrids 微電網.

• Address Grid security issues電網安全.

4. Water Treatment 水處理

• By 2030, demand for water is expected to be 40 per cent higher

than it is today, and more than 50 per cent higher in most rapidly

developing countries, according to a recent McKinsey & Co

Report.

• However, the “ Charting Our Water Future report ”also found the

future 'water gap' can be closed, with careful management of

resources and the potential adoption of water saving techniques

and technologies. The preservation節約用水, efficient use and

treatment of water are consequently key areas of focus for the

clean tech sector.

• Supply of water is not the only problem. Water pollution is one

of the main concerns. New technologies to filter contaminants and

to provide safe and clean water therefore offer attractive growth

opportunities in both developed and emerging markets.

• High-end water technology systems associated with filtration 水過濾, desalination and water testing may offer attractive

investment opportunities within the water market.

5. Use of Big Data Analytics in power

industry 大資料分析在電力行業上應用

• Use of more sophisticated analytics software is giving

companies deeper insight to understand the variable nature of

wind, solar, and hydro energy. It's also empowering for people.

• For example, SolarCity's new app, MySolarCity, offers energy

monitoring, social media, networking, and real-time energy

measurements.

• It brings people closer to their energy —. Comparing these

numbers to neighbors can also create more competition and in

result, more action.

• Use of data to optimize time of use.

• Energy management systems能源管理系統: HEMS, BEMS.

6. New Energy Storage Applications

• Intermittency 間歇性 issue of renewables. Up until now, the biggest hurdle for renewable energy has been storage and transmission.

• But finally, the technology for batteries has caught up with the technology for panels, and businesses can focus more on integrating renewable systems and storage technology.

• Batteries not only for vehicles, EVs.

• Use of residential, commercial, neighborhood 住宅、 商業、 社區 energy storage.

• 2016 will be a big year for energy storage paired with renewables. The chemistry of the batteries continues to improve, driving down upfront capital expenditure,

• Vast improvements in software that can control the performance of the storage system.

Solar

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Strengthening Solar Cell Performance

with Graphene 石墨烯

• Significant research is done towards

utilizing graphene’s unique

characteristics for use in solar cells. As

solar cells require materials that are

conductive and allow light to get

through, it’s highly possible that

graphene's superb conductivity and

transparency 電導率和透明度 might

help create the next generation of more

efficient, durable and low-cost

photovoltaics. • A possible use for graphene is

replacing ITO in solar cells. The

conductive Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is

used with a non-conductive glass layer

as the transparent electrodes in most

organic solar panels, but the material is

rare, expensive and brittle.

Researchers from MIT are working

towards developing a new solar cell,

made from graphene and

molybdenum disulfide MoS2, which

will be thin, light and efficient — up

to a 1,000 times more than silicon

panels.

.

Perovskites for “tandem” solar cells

疊層太陽能電池

• Scientists at MIT and Stanford, hoping to

achieve high efficiency without high

costs, looked into creating tandem solar

cells using perovskites. Perovskites are

inexpensive and easily produced in labs.

• In the new tandem solar cells, a layer of

methylammonium-lead(II)-iodide

perovskite is stacked on top of

crystalline silicon. The device also

incorporates layers of other materials on

top of and between the perovskite and

silicon to assist with the flow of electric

charge. The perovskite 鈣鈦礦型 absorbs higher-energy visible photons

高能量的光子, while the silicon

absorbs lower-energy infrared photons

低能量紅外光子.

The scientists suggest that if they could

improve each component of the tandem

solar cell to match the highest-quality

devices available today, they could

achieve an efficiency of 29 - 35

percent.

Morocco Noor1 CSP Solar Power Plant In The Sahara

公用事業規模, 聚光太陽能發電

The Noor I power plant is located near the town of Ouarzazate, on the edge of the

Sahara. It's capable of generating up to 160 MW of power and covers thousands of acres of

desert, making the first stage alone one of the world's biggest solar thermal power plants.

"The system at Ouarzazate uses 12-meter-tall [39-foot-tall] parabolic mirrors 拋物形鏡子 to

focus energy onto a fluid-filled pipeline.

The plant will be able to store solar energy in the form of heated molten salt, allowing for

production of electricity into the night. Phase 1 comes with a full-load molten salt storage

capacity of 3 hours.

Wind

16

Wind Power

• Globally, the price of wind energy has dropped 80% in the last two decades. Over that time, total growth of installed wind energy capacity jumped more than 60-fold, to almost 400 gigawatts (GW), or 4 percent, of the world total.

• For the past two years, wind has been the #1 source of new electric power capacity installed in the U.S. During the first three quarters of 2015, wind added 41% of all U.S. newly installed energy – beating out both natural gas and solar.

• Wind power currently supports 70,000 US jobs – 4,000 of those created by Vestas. Total U.S. jobs in the sector are projected to increase to 375,000, as we work to raise wind's share of U.S. energy to 20 percent by 2030.

• Wind energy is now a key contributor to power grids in the U.S. and globally. It has attracted major companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google, IKEA, Microsoft and Walmart as investors.

'Wind trees' 風樹 could replace controversial giant

turbines in race for sustainable energy

Topping out at some 36 feet tall, each Wind Tree

features 72 silently spinning vertical axis micro-

turbines designed to resemble leaves. These

turbines have a 3,100-watt capacity.

According to NewWind, the main aim is to

capture more gentle winds in urban environments

— as low as two meters per second — which they

claim can make each turbine operational for more

than 280 days each year.

Although still at an early stage of

development, the company already has

plans for a high-profile prototype

installation, which is priced at €29,500

(US$36,500), in the Place de la Concorde

in Paris this spring in an effort to raise

awareness of renewable energy in the city.

WhalePower (wind turbine blade shape)

Biomimicry 仿生學

• The company, Whale Power, has redesigned the typically smooth blades on a

turbine, adding a series of ridges, based on tubercles, the bumps on humpback

whale fins 鯨魚鰭.

• The company says this new blade design could increase annual electrical

production for existing wind farms by 20 percent. Humpback whales tilt their fins

at steep angles to achieve better lift in the water.

• Whale Power's tubercle-like structures on the turbine blades allow the blades to

have steeper angles, thereby minimizing stalling and drag. During low wind, blades

with steeper angles can theoretically generate significantly more power.

Wind Farm siting design inspired by school of fish

Biomimicry 仿生學

• Conventional wind farms are designed to minimize the turbulence caused by interactions

between turbines. So, you space them out as far as possible.

• Caltech professor John Dabiri thought of a solution while researching how fish form schools

to minimize drag as they move about. Fish in large schools form precise, repeating patterns that

allow them to move most efficiently.

• Dabiri’s team looked at an arrangement that’s been identified as optimal for fish, and found

out through computer models, that vertical wind turbines 垂直風力渦輪機 arranged exactly in

the same kind of pattern that fish form, one gets significant benefits in the performance of a

wind farm.

21

Wave Energy 波浪能源 Technologies

Pelamis Wave Power (UK, sea snake) Azura Wave Energy (Hawaii)

Wave Carpet (Berkeley) Carnegie Wave Energy (Australia)

Tidal Energy

潮汐能源

Atlantis Resources

Open Hydro Tidal

Marine Current Turbines

Wave Energy Project Begins Exporting Power to

Gibraltar’s Power Grid 直布羅陀海峽

• Wave energy developer Eco Wave

Power on June 1 said that its

Gibraltarian project officially

began exporting power to

Gibraltar’s power grid.

• According to Eco Wave, the plant’s

floaters move up and down with

the movement of the waves to

create pressure, which drives a

hydro motor and a generator. The

company is building the project in

two phases. The first phase

includes a 100-kW power station,

and the second phase will expand

the facility to 5 MW.

Tel Aviv based firm which harnesses energy from ocean

waves receives permission to establish first plant in China

• Eco Wave’s subsidiary, Suzhou Eco Wave Technology, will operate in the city of Changshu, in the jurisdiction of Suzhou, in the Jiangsu province.

• Construction of the 100-kilowatt, grid-connected power plant on Zoushan Island in the eastern Zhejiang province is expected to be complete by the end of 2015, the company said.

• Operating on- and near-shore, Eco Wave’s technology employs “floaters” called “Power Wing” that are able to survive during hostile storm environments, the company said.

• Moreover, the “Power Wing” production cost is very cost-efficient for a 1MW sea wave power station:

The Power Wing

OTEC Plant 海洋熱能轉換

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is an energy generation technology that uses cold deep ocean

water (DOW) and warm surface water to drive a heat engine which turns a turbine generator to produce

electricity. Taiwan is situated in one of the most favorable geographic locations in the world for OTEC

development. Off the east coast of Taiwan, temperature difference of surface and deep ocean water is greater

than 200C for the entire year, more than sufficient for OTEC operation.

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Li-ion batteries taking over energy storage market 鋰離子電池

• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have

become the dominant technology in

grid energy storage, capturing a 90

percent share of systems proposed in

2014.

•“Driven by renewable-connected

systems and demand management,

grid-scale energy storage is taking

off, with 450-MW and 730-MWh of

systems installed in 2014”

• Other systems: Compressed air,

molten salt, pumped hydro,

flywheels,etc.

鎂離子電池

鋰硫電池

鉛酸蓄電池

鎳-鎘

鎳金屬

Improve density 能量密度 300Whkg-1 by 2-3x

鋰離子電池

Beyond Li-ion 超越鋰離子

鋰氧電池

Better Batteries through Nanotechnology 納米技術

• Prof. Yi Cui from Stanford and his battery company Amprius are trying to make lithium ion batteries smaller, lighter and more powerful. He is using nanotechnology to control battery chemistry.

• A battery with a silicon anode can store ten times as much energy as one made from graphite. His research team later assembled bunches of silicon spheres resembling miniature pomegranates, which boosted the anode’s lithium storage capacity, reduced unwanted side reactions with the electrolyte, and able to retain 97% of the original capacity after 1000 charge and discharge cycles.

• Earlier this year they wrapped silicon particles with carbon sheets made of graphene 石墨烯. Cui is looking beyond silicon, to make anodes out of pure lithium metal, which have the potential to store more energy than silicon and is much lighter.

• Cui’s team is also using the nano inspired approach to look at improving cathode materials, in particular sulfur 硫. They encase sulfur particles inside highly conductive titanium dioxide shells.

• Down the road Cui plans to put both of his key innovations together coupling ‘silicon anodes’ with ‘sulfur cathodes’. 矽陽極和硫陰極

Tesla Plans Battery Storage for Emerging

Residential, Commercial Market 住宅商業市場的電池儲存

• California sees energy storage as a critical tool to better manage the electric grid, integrate a growing amount of solar and wind power, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

• Tesla Motors Inc., best known for making the all-electric Model S sedan, is using its lithium-ion battery technology to position itself as a frontrunner in the emerging energy storage market that supplements and may ultimately threaten the traditional electric grid.

• Tesla already offers residential energy-storage units to select customers through SolarCity Corp.

• Utilities like PG&E Corp. are now required to procure about 1.3 gigawatts 千兆瓦 of energy storage by 2020, enough to supply roughly 1 million homes.

Commercializing Thermal Energy熱能儲存Storage

molten salt 熔鹽

Molten salt storage tanks at the

Solana Generating Station in

Arizona. Credit: Abengoa.

• Because of its economy: storage with

molten salts in a tower CSP plant costs

about a tenth of the cost of battery

storage, at around $30 per kWh,

compared to $250 per kWh for batteries.

• A binary salt consisting of :

60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3.

Compressed Air 壓縮空氣 Storage

Underground and under water

Power Grid

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Superstations

Microgrids

Grid Security

• The Tres Amigas Superstation that aims to unify the nation's three electric power grids is

on track to be operational in 2016.

• The project would tie together the Eastern Interconnection, the Western

Interconnection and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid and

facilitate the transfer of renewable energy among the 3 regions.

•It will be able to move up to 20GW of electricity in any direction.

3 U.S. power grids will be unified by 2016,

Tres Amigas Superstation Tres Amigas Superstation

Tres Amigas Superstation 超級站

It will be able to move up to 20GW of electricity in any direction.

微電網

可以從電網斷開, 分散式的能源

Microgrids in US

S&C, Schneider Electric, complete microgrid

for Oncor • Schneider Electric, the global specialist in energy management and

automation, will build a microgrid system at its Boston One Campus,

located at 800 Federal Street in Andover, Mass. The system will

include a 400 kilowatt PV photovoltaic system built and operated

by REC Solar, a national provider of commercial solar and energy

solutions.

• California Tish tribe installs renewable energy microgrid. The

Gridz microgrid solution is supported by a 100kW photovoltaic solar

system and twenty of JLM’s Zefr wind turbines.

• S&C and Schneider Electric built the microgrid at Oncor’s System

Operating Services Facility (SOSF) near Lancaster, Texas. The

system consists of four interconnected microgrids and utilizes nine

different distributed generation sources, including two solar PV

arrays, a microturbine, two energy storage units and four generators.

智能電網安全

廣域網路、 鄰居區域網路、 家庭區域網

Conclusion, Recommendations

• Follow technology developments in solar and wind, but invest

strategically in marine (wave, tidal, OTEC) energy. Taiwan is an

island country with little fossil fuel resources but with plenty of

marine resources around.

• Invest in energy storage technologies and facilities for the future.

• In the smart grid 智 能 電 網 area, implement microgrid 微 電 網 solutions.

• Plan and solve grid ‘cyber security’ issues.

• Invest in nanotechnology and basic material research, looking for

smaller, stronger, and lighter materials. Materials used for

transmission and distribution. Composite conductors 複合導體, high

temperature superconductors 高溫超導體like Yttrium Barium Copper

Oxide (YBCO) 釔鋇銅氧化物.