~~~~~UR~ C!1'f 13 01'q) 1 'fT 2005 9:. 17-24

ciilll4C54I'!pn etT UCf)f!Uq: ~ ~ ~ lfitt~l ~ ~ q '3~I~'1 -q ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ m , crRill ~, fc@R ~ ~ lJ; lJ; ~

~ ~ fc!1:rrrr, ~ j)qflAj~1 ~()WIch1 ~ (~crm ~ ~tlR~, ~ (~.Jr.) 176 061

mU~T : 4i8RlISII'j l@T, ~, ~, ~ q)-m \fm \3Pl ~ ~ IR ~ ~ ~ 0l;::~H[tX!\<1 ~ if ~ q'I'<1k4Ch

~ if ~ «IT ~ ~ I 418RlISII'j l@T ~ "&m qGJm ct ~ ChT tr 1tf ~ ~ ChT ~ ~ ChTIf ~ I 418RlISII'j0lT ct ~ B" q)-fr Cfll1\i'IR ~ ~ 11m l@T ~ ~ if ~ ~ ~ if ~ ~ I ~~m- CfllRt \3lR ~cRi''ll4''1 Jliq; ~ (~.

m.tT. efT.) &TIT q'f8RlISII'j0lT ct ~ ChT cwr ~0lT ChT 1:% ~ ~ ®ChT lfITI ~ I ~ ~ BR4<ft fc!ftl<TI (~, ~.~. t.~., JlR.~.l1; . , JlR.~.tft.l1;. , ~R[11CS('11R:'1 \fm lffittm Fcrmur fc!ftl<TI) ~ '*r ~ fc!ftl<TI (tft.m.JlR., 4'f<.1~ICflLiiH mur,

~ JlR.'ff.l1;. ~) &TIT ~m B" ~ ~ I ~ ~ IR 4i8Rltll'jJlT <fit -msm if ~ ~ (~) IR f.:r$rcrr, ClHlAR1Ch

cr ~ ~, U'Cl W 11m m-um ~ ct ~ B" <fit \JlT ~ ~ I ~ ~ 4i8Rltll'j lJftrcf q)-m ChT \mfCh BertH, {I fl14f.iCh ~, ~ 11m f.iyctI41<1 ~ ~ ctitChT B" ~ ~ ~ fctm \JlT Wl)(1T ~ 11m \3"";ffi Wr ~ ~ q)-fr (f<m- fcm \JlT ~ ~ I-mm- 'IR if q)-m ct ~ ~ ~ if ~ ct fW1; Rltl l'j~CK11frm ct ~ IR qc;r fum \JlT -m ~ \ll"fct 0l"ctdtX!\4

~~~if ~~<fit~ifwtl

!HdlcHI

~ ~ ~ ~ t, ARcfi ~ wr 1f mtR \3lTCRUT (fm ~ wr 1f 0ffi."C0.lJ;. <:IT m.~.lJ;. ~

t ~ ~ gTi W[Ri B\iftq ~\3IT 1f qr{ umft t I

~ \N- ~~~Tf iR cfi Cf)RUT ~ ~8'lCfs!:I+~~~Tf ~ m ~;Jff ~ tlq'rm cnT ~ ~ ~ ~~-~~ ~\3IT cfi ~ ~ q'~T ({iT cpffCh{UI ~\3IT cfi \3ncnR

~ \3lfI1TCT cfi 0ITtm ~ fcRrr ~ t I wN~ B1: 1959 1f ~ en{ ~ (PVY) ~ \381 15 • ~\3IT ({iT ~. ~ YlaRlRtl (Potyviridae) cfi 1Tl1 B ~ 'Tm ~ ~ CTlf ~ ICTV (~~~ crnit 0lH '2:crul'1l4"1 \3l1q)

~) ~ W YlaRlRit1 (Potyviridae) ~ cnT ~ q'~iT, q'fif (Poty), ~ (Bymo) 0fR ~ (Rymo) 1f ~ fcRrr 'Tm ~ ~ 0lfuftRr ~ (Ipomo) 0fR ~ (Madura) ~\3IT cnT ~ ~ fifTll8!ct fcRrr 'Tm t I

q'faRlRtl cnT fu~nmr:r ~ chllfRTill 198 ~\3IT cfi ~ 1f ~ 180 ~\3IT cfi fifTllR1ct iR ~ ICTV ~ ID'(f :st m I q'fif ~ q'rm 1f \3Rq) ~ cfi m ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ "4"lliIR41'1f ~ (Mosaic), ~ (Mottle),

gRlilg)Tictl (Chlorosis) 0fR qat fcr!:M (Colour breaking)

qrtIT cfi lTDT, wrr, qwff ~ (R't ~ -cnm ~ t I ~

~ ~ 1frm cfi wr, ~ 0fR (8 chl ~ (malforma­

tion), B1R m (stunting), qwff ({iT JRl11lr fTrBT q ~~

(necrosis) cfi ~ \3"(1{C,141 t I 41ilRlRtl ~ 1f ~\3IT ({iT ~ ~ q'~T 1f ~ (Mastigomycotina), ~

ct~T 1f ~ (Acarina), ~ ct~T 1f (Aphididae) 0fR ~ ct~T 1f (white flies) ~ ~ t ~ q'fif ct~T cfi ~\3IT ({iT ~ (lllqlt'>Ch ~ cfi 0lfuftRr quf ~

(leaf miner), ~~~ (red spider mite), ~-~ (rust fungus), ~, qwr q "ffi ~ 00 'Tm t I q'fif ~

~-~ q ~ \3ncnR cfi mer ~ ~ Clffi1 II B 15 nm

(fm ~ 650 B 900 nm (fCh chl mill t I B1: 1980 cfi l1Uf

1f ClTilRltSll'1 cfi \3lTCRUf 1f mm ~ chl ~ B \J1HChI~ "9TC(f :st m I W \J1 HChI ~ cfi ~ 41a Rl tSll '1 chl cnt: mm ~ f.'lhi 8!fulct tfRUlT cfi ~ %:

l:R~ m m~ (N-terminal) (Central) (C-terminal)

41aRl tSll '1 chl cnt: mm chl ~ ~ 'lWff 1f ~ chl1J{ t : 1. "C0 ~ (N-terminal); 2. l1Uf ~ (Central-terminal); 3. m ~ (C-terminal)

18

~ C!lr .:mr:r<r f'l'rGr <ft;r i1riT 7ft;1tcn qrr!JCJI$ai (Bean yellow mosaic pOlyvirus)

(Flower breaking) ~ 7ft;1tcn qrr!JCJJ$ai (Hippeslrum mosaic potyvims)

~ ffrfcr<rr rfT;ftq; qrr!JCJI$ai (Iris severe mosaic pOlyvirus)

~ ~ ~ qrr!JCJJ$ai (Rembrandllulip breaking pOlyvims)

~ ~ ~ q}r!iCJJ$ai (Tulip band breaking poryvims)

C?f.:rrl rfT;ftq; qrr!JCJJ$ai (Turnip mosaic pOly virus)

W r:wr q'frffl qrr!lCJJ$ai (Plum pox potyvims)

(Mottling) qTfI7[T f?7rp:(fc qrr!JCJl$ai (Papaya ringspol potyvirus)

crrcritrR rfT;ftq; qrr!JCJJ$ai (Walermelon mosaic pOlyvirus)

~ i1riT 7ft;1tcn qrr!JCJI$ai (Zucchini yellow mosaic pOlyvirus)

qwff C!lr ~ iRr (Distortion of fruits)

<ft;r Cfi'fTr;r 7ft;1tcn qrr!JCJI$ai (Bean common mosaic pOlyvirus)

<ft;r i1riT 7ft;1tcn qrr!JCJI$ai (Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus)

rft ifts r#f 7ft;1tcn qrZ7CJJ$ai (Pea seed borne mosaic potyvirus)

?fIzlr<ft;r 7ft;1tcn qrr!JCJJ$ai (Soyabean mosaic potyvirus)

Q,1 (fm m ~ ~ ~ ct ~ \3'ct{~lq"l 11RT

\JfTill t ~ 1l'CIT ~ it 215 « 227 0T4'Rr ~ ~ fcr!SlT~fm ~ ~ it 'lWT AA %' I ql2:lF2Ji~I~ it qI\JjlQCl (+), ~ \3ffi.Q,1.l:!;. m-r t \i1T \31fCRUT ~ « ffm ~ t $ ~ 2000 >fCl)f{ ~ ~ qvfr \ifTffi ~ I ql2:lf2lISlI~ c8 cn'R ~ COT \31fl1TY" fTl Y R1 f@(i fclft:rm &m ~ M ~ ~ t : 1. ~.-gy.~. ~ (SDS PAGE) ; 2. ~ $ \ifR ~ (sequencing)

41t1FcNI?J -« mffif tftm ~ 13414*t41 ~ ~ (Metabolic exchange cycle) if ~

cfrtif it ql2:lf2l61I~t ct ~ « J\cHlBllOlfTlCf) (fm

"""\3qTTrlqr=:q-rt't-q"l ~ ~ it ~ ~ « 0Rcn frIT ~ ~ Will t I ~ ~ (fm ~ ~ cfrt)- ct \3qlq:qql ~

~ (metabolic exchange cycle) ~ WRT c8 \ifTffi t (iT

'i I ~ ~ \J1 'i, Cf) I qTZ;1 ~$C:, ftt;ffi;r, '"1\fCRTt Cf) 01~ $ % ~ ~ ~ (fm ~ it ~ 00 Tf(ft tl ~ ~ W~m~~, ~CItr1 ~, ClllS(i'I~;Jf'i, ~, ~, ~ (fm CffiT ~ l1RT it .qr 0R!T 00 1J<IT t I ql2:lf2lISlI~® COT

~ cfrt)- ~ W~m~~ fufu cnT ~ CfiT(iT t $ cnrtr-~ it cn4T ~ « 1:fur, ~ m ~ WI ~ met ~I 0Rcn ~ &m -m-~ m ~ t fcF ~ ~ cfrtif it ~CItr1 ~ ~ % m \ifTffi t ~ Cl IlS(lltt1~ 'i

~ it cn4T m \ifTffi t I ~ ~ cfrtif it N4H ~ l1RT it ~ 00 1J<IT t, ~ Rr1 tSl1R1 'i ~ l1RT it cn4T « «fIR (stunting) ~ ~ Will t ~ ~~ ~ l1RT it ~, ;;frotrr (senescence) ct ~ \3'ct{~lql t I ~® COT ~ cfrt)- it ~ (fm CffiT ~ l1RT it cn4T CO{ ~ t ~ fcrfursG ~ ~ l1RT it ~ « Jtcr-{IB IIOl fTlCf)

(fm \3qlq:qq", ~ ~ cnT ~~ m lRT~ >fCl)f{ « cfrt)- cnT ~co{~ ~ 1

~~ifm (1) ql2:lf2lISlI~ ~ (fm tSlIlIClI··D ~ ~ ~ it cn4T ~~ct ~~cnT ~~~I (fffiUIT 1)

(2) ql2:lf2lISlI~® &m ~ it ~ "ClTill ~ (quantity

loss)

\3ffii ~ : ~ ~ ~ « \3ffii it 10-100%

(Bokx & Huttinga 1981) $ ~ it 39« 75% ~ cn4T CO{ ~ t (Latorre et at., 1984) I -cfT;:R: ~ ~ (Peanut stripe virus) ~ it 20% ~ Cfll1 CO{ ~

~ I ~ \Rc8 ~ ~ fcrfursG >fCl)f{ ct cnfq "% it ~ \ifTffi t (Demski et at., 1984) I ~ ~ ~ cnT ~ Mit \31TT<:[T 1J<IT ~ ~ it 6-79 % ~ cn4T cfRc $ ~ &m ~ Tf(ft (Wongkaew, 1990) I ~ Cfi11:R ~ ~ (Bean common mosaic virus) ~ ~ ct

19

fu;r \-~ ~ ~ ~ \i'rif if ~~

fu;r 2-~ ~ \i'rif cf; Ij'r.:t q-{

"&lH WI fu;r 3- q]-.m.\3lR. WU ~ cf; r:iTM

crrmr y q;r ~ fu;r

~ -q 35-98% eFT CJ1lfT CR t=rr ~ (Schwartz and Galvez,

1980) I

~ c@l:R ~ ~ GRT ~1<11~~1'i -q 44-99%

(Tu, 1989), ~ (Frenchbean) -q 30-60% (Witcoxon,

1982), ~ (Broadbean) 40%, ~ (Mungbean)-q

75% I3fR ~ (Lentil) -q 93% (Cook, 1988) ~-q

CJ1lfT ~ "% I ~ ~, <F1 -q 3-50% (Summers,

1943), ~ (Clover) -q 10-30% (Witcoxon, 1982) I3fR ~t.fcl) l1cRfiT (Resistant variety of Maize) -q ~. -q

5% CJ1lfT CFiT ~ Fctm 1]7:fT (Toler, 1985) I

~m rtt \iITT.f rtt ~ m~TAT -q q'faRiISII~0IT eFT ~ cfl fBQ: ~~.

eFT fcrfum m -q crrrm ~ ~ I g~ ~ ~ \JiT FcB q'faRltS1I~0IT ct miH \3WRUT ~ ~ l?tfT ~ I ~ ~ \m{~{~. (~RL·l'IWlmfChCh ~McRJ'i ~1~~ffi4"1), mm-~H fum"ur fcrfum, ~ (~ ffiq:s ~RL·i)~&J1I<~·c ~), \3ffi.JTI{.~. ~ ~RL11~1<~rc ~), \3ffi.JTI{.~.~. Ms ~RL11Rhcrc< ~) I3fR ~RL11iS(fj1R:11 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ \l'MWI~ fcrfum ~ \JiT FcB ~0IT cfl ~Ch ~ cfl "TIT ~ \3m.TTftf t ~ ~.m.\3ffi. (%'1)1~~\J1 ~ ~~R), ~1('j1Cf1(fn ~ (src-~ ~) I3fR ffi<\J\§h \3ffi.q;r.~.

~ ~ ~ I \3Rcn ~iTt:r cMT GRT ~ ~ m ~ ~ FcB rfttir ~ Y (Potato virus Y) q1aRlISII~ ~ (fW ~ ~, 01TC\, ~ (fW ~ m(1/~m ~ "ChT ~ qmrr ~

(m 1 q 2) I tfrW ~ y ~nlftm 0ffii cfl ~m -q ~, ttf'IR trY, €>R~IQ1+11 q 0i(fCf)Wf m "ChT f4mrr ~ I3fR \3lfuq:) fi'~~Uld! cfl cnJ1UT ~ir lIT .qy \Jf8 ~ I 0ffii eFT ~ -q 10-100% crcn cfl ~ -q ~ 00 -rrm ~ (De Bokx &

Huttinga, 1981) I3fR tfrW ~ Y (Potato virus Y) CFiT

~ ~ ~ &m 00 1]7:fT ~ I m~TAT -q tfrW ~ Y B ~ 0ffii eFT ~0IT cfl fil~d)01l\TG -q

~ ml \3TTChR cfl~, ~ $if"ChT ~ ~1~ilffi4l GRT 00 1]7:fT ~ (Edwardson et at., 1984) I ~ ~

~ fum ~ GRT .qy tfrW ~ Y eFT ~ "ChT

JTI{.~.m.iT. cfl 3)lSl1R1$1 H fcrlwT eFT m~TAT -q ~ .

1]7:fT I ~ fum -q ~ m~ en{ ~ eFT ~ eFT ~ ~ I3fR ~ R'i" -q tT ~ f.'rc!m;rr \J1TcIT ~ I tfrW ~ y eFT ~ eFT ~ cfl fBQ: ~ mm-m (~, cficlctlJ I ;f.

2349, ~~.~.) eFT ~ C'\t 'T<ft JfR ~ ~ '(TJ/);flJf/

cfl ~m "ChT 'iChI<k'lCh ~ (negative control) ~ m Fctm 1]7:fT I ~ 1W:rr -q tfrW ~ Y eFT ~ (1q 11RT 'T<ft \Jjq 'iChI<k~Ch ~ CFiT \3lCJ~IS\OlfCh (absorbance)

0ffii cfl ~m cfl ~ B $r ~ q)lf qmy 1]7:fT I3fR ~ ~CJ~lS\olfCh '11~~~c ~ GRT lim 1]7:fT I ~CA"ICh ~ 0lTt

nft1 ~ ~.m.\3ffi. &m .qy tfrW ~ y cfl ~ eFT ~ JTI{.~.m.iT., ql~'13)< eFT 3)lSl1R1$1H m~TAT -q eFT -rrm (ffi 3) I ~ cfl ~i"rftKr 800 bp m.q;r.~. (\fcfm"B'. AJ864716) c8" ~ j~'1 fCJ I d (sequencing) fcl?m 1]7:fT (fW

~ ~ cfl wr:r ~ \3lj~~fCJld fi'l\J1lddl 95-98%

mcr~l(f cw:TT 'T<ft (~~R "B'&:IT AJ390303, AF255660,

X97895, M22470) (m 4) I

qlt1i4 tu'!j3U rtt ~ q'faRiISII~ cfl ~ B ~ ~m, 'fWfT, ~,

=>CJ H"TTIfY-rPRlr=-Ch I3fR ~ ~ cfl ~ q ~ -q CJ1lfT m ~ ~, ~ ~ \J1Rf ~ (fW ~ \3itt ~ -q .qy ~ m ~ ~ I ~m "ChT \3Wl"Rt B RI lSI I ~~ ~ Fctm ~ WfldT

20

AJ390303 TTTGGTGCAT TGAAAATGGA ACCTCGCCAA ACATCAACGG AGTTTGGGTT AF255660 TTTGGTGCAT TGAAAATGGA ACCTCGCCAA ACATCAACGG AGTTTGGGTT X97895 TTTGGTGCAT TGAAAATGGA ACCTCGCCAA ACATCAACGG AGTTTGGGTT M22470 TTTGGTGCAT TGAAAATGGA ACCTCGCCAA ACATCAACGG AGTTTGGGTT AJ864716 .. TGGTGCAT TGAAAATGGA ACCTCGCCAA ACATCAACGG AGTTTGGGTT Consensus ttTGGTGCAT TGAAAATGGA ACCTCGCCAA ACATCAACGG AGTTTGGGTT

8901 8950 AJ390303 ATGATGGATG GAGATGAACA AGTCGAATAC CCACTGAAAC CAATCGTTGA AF255660 ATGATGGATG GAGATGAACA AGTCGAATAC CCACTGAAAC CAATCGTTGA X97895 ATGATGGATG GAAATGAACA AGTCGAATAC CCACTGAAAC CAATCGTTGA M22470 ATGATGGATG GAGATGAACA AGTCGAATAC CCACTAAAAC CAATCGTTGA AJ864716 ATGATGGATG GAGATGAACA AGTCGAATAC CCACTAAAAC CAATCGTTGA Consensus ATGATGGATG GAGATGAACA AGTCGAATAC CCACTaAAAC CAATCGTTGA

8951 9000 AJ390303 GAATGCAAAA CCAACACTTA GGCAAATCAT GGCACATTTC TCAGATGTTG AF255660 GAATGCAAAA CCAACACTTA GGCAAATCAT GGCACATTTC TCAGATGTTG X97895 GAATGCAAAA CCAACACTTA GGCAAATCAT GGCACATTTC TCAGATGTTG M22470 GAATGCAAAA CCAACACTTA GGCAAATCAT GGCACATTTC TCAGATGTTG AJ864716 GAATGCAAAA CCAACACTTA GGCAAATCAT GGCACATTTC TCAGATGTTG Consensus GAATGCAAAA CCAACACTTA GGCAAATCAT GGCACATTTC TCAGATGTTG

fuor 4-~ (Multalin) 1furr1:1 ~ \3ffii <fir ~ q:;-f.T cm1" f/T"W" cnmr y cfir <{jcMl lllC:I ~S m~ (AJ864716) cfir \3RT rl7tir cnmr Y ~ cfir ~

(AJ39030?, AF255660, X97895, M22470) ~ ~

t 1 Om ~ ~ N IQ 1 ~J}l «1 m -en: ~ mcrtnf.:r<n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~® Chl. 1N!R ~ ~ 1TIir 1

0fR JMS Stylet- Oil (R) ~ ~ 1 ~ fi'R, ~~T (Squash) ~ CllTCTf -en: ~® c8 -mnmrr cfi ~ ~ if ~ ~ Chl ~ fctm T)<:fT om ~ ~ ~ ~ m 1

~ c8 -mnmrr cfi ~ fTnrN~~1 ~ Chl fu$ChICl qw:rr

~ ~ ~ w ~ om ~ cfi Ruffur fr:rrT ~ if ~ cwt ~ ~lIClIt\Ch c8 ~ if Cfi1ft ~ \JfT

wmfr t m ~ C(TllrkCh -Utr Chl ~ fctm \JfT W@T t 1

~ ~ ~ c8 \3ffi 01fucn ~ ~ ~ ~ \ftB "M c8 q'ffficlR c8 ~ cFr ~® cfi f;r$rur cfi ~ ~ if ~ \JfTill t I {\J1{I~(T1 if fl:rqT cFr Potato virus Y

(Pv Y) cfi ~ B ~ cfi ~ \ftB "M c8 q'ffficlR ~ cFr m if ~ T)<:fT 1 ~ ~ ~09J~f.1[j~ ~ q'ffficlR c8 ~ cnT 'GT W ~ cfi ~ ~ if ~ \JfTill t, ~ ~® c8 ~ if Cfi1ft ~ \JfT "Bcfi 1

~ if Potato virus Y (Pv Y) cfi ~ B fl:rqT om mI~T W ~ ImT f;r$rur if ~ ~ c8 1T<fT 1

qillfcltil 1?J3if ctT ~ cfi ~ l;II~RlCfl ~ lR m ~ cmft fctm

iI~IClI6Cfl

~ (Aphid) : cffaNIQI'1® cfi ~ if ~ {1'IClIt\Ch

~ ~ ~ tr ~ ~ B ~m ~ cfi TSO 'IWT -en: ~ ~ om ~ Ch1WTI cFr 'GT ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ cmur wrr if 'GT ~ i31T ~ t 1 $ -mnmrr cfi ~ ~~Chl<{ (ZfTfco) ~ cFr 3 g/m2 cfi mwr B wi'rT CfMT.1 ~, ~ m lJ>Uslfi0ilI'"l Chl 2 mLIL 'lRt c8 G:r B fu$ChICl qw:rr

~ 1 ~ c8 -mnmrr cfi ~ f.HINlfl (ClHl;101R1Ch, ~, CflGl~Ch) ~ Chl fu$ChICl CfMT ~ 1 ~ m \31fucn ~ ~ ~ if ~ \JfTill t ~ CLlIQIRCh ~ B ClHl;101R1Ch ~ cfi ~ Sunspray6E (R), Sunspray7E (R)

~R <Fr iftCr;r qrc!lq/$ai (Carnation vein mottle potyvirus)

ib/{fI~ "f1fc (?) q)'<!Iq/$ai (Chrysanthemum spot (?) poty virus)

Qi"@iJR4I ~ qrc!lq/$ai (Alstroemeria mosaic potyvirus)

~ '§f'fClT ~ qrc!lq/$ai (Irisfulva mosaic potyvirus)

~ ~ rXfq; qrc!lcn$ai (Iris mild mosaic potyvirus)

~ Rrfcmr ~ q)'c!Iq/$ai (Iris severe mosaic potyvirus)

f(:rc# iftCr;r qrc!lq/$ai (Lily mottle potyvirus)

~ ~ ~ ~ (Nerine yellow stripe virus)

~ y (?) qrc!lq/$ai (Nerine Y ( ?) potyvirus )

~ <[us MWr ~ (Tulip band breaking virus)

~ ~ ~ qrc!lq/$ai (Tulip chlorotic blotch potyvirus)

Qi"@iJR<n @qi (?) q)'c!Iq/$ai (Alstroemeria streak (?) potyvirus)

~ ~ qrc!lq/$<tl (Freesia mosaic potyvirus)

~ ~ ~ qrc!lq/$ai (Gloriosa stripe mosaic potyvirus)

irftrfrr;s iftCr;r qrc!lq/$ai (Marigold mottle mosaic potyvirus)

;:rmftmr iTr# ~ q)'c!Iq/$ai (Narcissus yellow stripe potyvirus)

cmrf.rn, 1954 (Kassanis, 1954)

~ qq' JRT 1994 (Bertaccini et al., 1994)

R om~, 1975 (Brunt and Phillips, 1975)

~, 1957 (Travis, 1957)

ctR~, 1958 (Van Slogteren, 1958)

~,.I928 (Atanasoff,1928)

~ qq' JRT , 1982 (Alper et al., 1982)

R qq' JR[, 1970 (Brunt et aI., 1970)

R , 1976 (Brunt, 1976)

~, 1928 (Cayley, 1928)

JftG, 1985 (Mowat, 1985)

ctf1T qq' JR[, 1992 (Wong et al., 1992)

~ qq' JR[, 1954 (Vankoot et aI. , 1954)

21

~ om~, 1974 (Koenig and Lesemenn,1974)

~ qq' JR[, 1981 (Naqvi et aI., 1981)

~, 1939 (Haasis, 1939)

;:rmftmr etc: ?ft"JR irc# (?) qrc!lq/$ai (Narcissus late season yellow (?) potyvirus)

;:rmftmr ~~J.r (?) qrc!lq/$ai (Narcissus degeneration (?) potyvirusk)

~ ~ ( ?) q)'c!Iq/$ai (Nasturtium mosaic ( ?) potyvirus)

R , I977

R , I970

~ 1950, (Jensen, 1950)

~ qrc!lC//$ai (Nerine potyvirus)

~ ~ ( ?) q)'c!IC//$ai (Sunjlowermosaic(?)potyvirus)

~ ~ qrc!lq/$ai (Vanilla mosaic potyvirus)

• ~ ~ (Vanilla necrosis potyvirus)

~ ~ qrc!lq/$ai (Primula mosaic potyvirus)

~ cfl ~ ~~-~~ ~ cfl ~ ~ (fm

{?lctJ~"I~lT {1*1I<:11"i cor m m ~\3IT eN tr&IT -q COlfI ~-q~ %" 1

lf1Jf ~ (Leaf miner) : #(rrft 7fJIftcn qrtlcl7$<'H (Celery

mosaic potyvirus), rrrwrr ft'7P1r2 qrtlCJ/$<'H (Pappaya

ringspot potyvirus) \3fR CJ/2?4f'1'i 7fJIftcn 2 qrtlCJ/$W (Wa­

termelon mosaic 2 potyvirus) CflT ~ quf ~

(Liriomyza sativae) ~ m-r %" (Zitter and Isai, 1977)

quf ~ eN ~@1 cfl ~ ~ (Metacid) 2 mLIL

cor fu$ChICl CO\1T ~, ~ 0lRlRCfd m (Rogar)

1 mLIL cor m fu$ChICl ~ %" 1

~ (Mite) : q:)ffi -q rfr iftgqT;f 7fJIftcn qrt/CJ/$<'H (Pea

seed borne mosaic potyvirus) cor ~ ~ ~ ~ (Red spider mite) . &:m 1:f'I1IT 1J1TI (Khetarpal, 1989),

R qq' JR[, 1970 (Brunt et aI., 1970)

~ om ffq~, 1967 (Arnott and Smith, 1967)

fcffi;R qq' JR[, 1986 (Wisler et al., 1986)

~ om 1fR, 1988 (Pearson and Pone, 1988)

~ om~, 1976 (Lisa and Lovisolo, 1976)

51~ch'lCf)1~ (Dicofol) 2 mLIL (fm ~ (melathion)

2 mLIL cor fu$ChICl ~ i3WKf cnB ~ ~ eN tr&IT -qCOlfl~~~%"1

~ (Fungus): iF;r ~ 7fJIftcn qrt/CJ/$<'H (Maize dwarf

mosaic potyvirus) cor ~ & ~ (Puccinia sorghi)

~ ~ ~ -q 00 <mY \3fR ~ ~ cfl q)UjT eN ~ q)"r ~~Cfs!:1'i 111~iH<hl41 ~ ~ fc8:rr 1'fm

(Von Wechmar & Jaffer, 1993). ~ eN ~@1 cfl ~ ~RlR1., (bavistin) 1 mg/L (fm 411~cel(l11'i (fytolan)

2mgIL cor ~ CO\1T ~ 1

"Uq W (Barrier crops) : Utr W ~\3IT q)"r m ~ m ~ I ~ -q Papaya ring spot potyvirus cfl ~ q)"r ~ cnB cfl fuq; Utr ~ (lfc(COf) q)"r m cfl ~ (seedling) cfJ 0lffi-qffi ~ <mY I Utr ~ 1:f{

22

f/t;r q;'fTf;f ~ rtftl4/$ai (Bean common mosaic potyvirus)

$~ ~ qrtl4/$ai (Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus)

rft ~ qrtl4/$ai (Pea mosaic potyvirus)

~ Y q'ft/41$ai (Potato Y potyvirus)

f/t;r cmr ~ qrtl4/$ai (Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus)

mrorr ~ qTtl4/$ai (Sorghum mosaic potyvirus)

ifmT<ff;r ~ qrtJ4/$ai (Soyabean mosaic potyvirus)

~ A qrtl4/$ai (Potato A potyvirus)

~ ~ pffc qrtl4/$ai (Groundnut eyespot potyvirus)

1Rr ~ ~ rtftJ4/$ai (Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus)

~ V ~(Potato V virus)

<ftc ~ qrtl4/$ai (Beet mosaic potyvirus)

mro-~ qrtl4/$ai (Celery mosaic potyvirus)

~ cmr iFf qrt/4/$ai (Clover yellow vein potyvirus)

~ ~ qrtl4l$ai (Cardamom mosaic potyvirus)

~ ~ qrtl4/$ai (Artichoke latent potyvirus)

~ I ~ (Asparagus I potyvirus)

t:[1RRRr <#r1i 6 qrtl4l$ai (Amaranthus lea/mottle potyvirus)

~ ~ q7'tJ4/$ai (Lettuce mosaic potyvirus)

iifIq; cmr ~ q'ft/4/$ai (Leek yellow stripe potyvirus)

Jitf.r<R cmr ~ qrtl4l$<f1 (Onion yellow dwarfpotyvirus)

l[1T r:{ifl'c f8fcI<rr 6 qrtl4/$ai (Egg plant severe mottle potyvirus)

s/(WilR4I f[MTCT ftTr 6 qrtl4/$ai (Dioscorea alata ring mottle potyvirus)

~ wmr ~ qrtl4/$ai (Cowpea rugose mosaic potyvirus)

frrf;ft *trr 6 qrtl4/$ai (Chilli veinal mottel potyvirus)

~ 6 qrtl4/$ai (Peanut mottle potyvirus)

Rite ~ #& (?) qrtl4/$ai (Sweet Potato latent (?) potyvirus )

rt7c ~ qrtl4/$ai (Carrot mosaic potyvirus)

q;mqr cmr pffc qrtl4/$ai (Cassava yellow spot potyvirus)

EJ([!T $1:ffi:7r qrtJ4/$ai (Datura shoes/ring potyvirus)

'!FFfT cmr ~ qrtl4/$ai (Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus)

c'rircT rnws 6 (?) q7'tJ4/$ai (Tomato mild mottle (?) potyvirus)

cif.rrr ~ qrtl4/$ai (Turnip mosaic po/yvirus)

~ ~ ~ qrtl4/$ai (Wild potato mosaic potyvirus)

i;(r.;r Jitf.r<R cmr ~ (?) qrtJ-~ (Welsh onion yellow stripe (?) potyvirus)

'q(.14eJlH ~ qrtl4/$ai (Guineagrass mosaic potyvirus)

,Jfj'lH"l!l1H ~ qrtl4/$ai (Johnsongrass mosaic potyvirus)

r:ffq;cfrs ~ qi~ (Pokeweed mosaic potyvirus)

rr$(.f ~ ~ qrtl4l$ai (Passion/ruit woodliness potyvirus)

r:rrrT4T ftTr pffc qrtl4/$ai (Papaya ring spot potyvirus)

~ rttrm q7'tJ4/$ai (Plum pox potyvirus)

~(.f !§C ~6 (?) qrtl41$ai (Passion/ruit Shrilankan mottle (?) potyvirus)

ifrr;r iFf ~ ~ qrtl4/$ai (Melon vein-banding mosaic potyvirus)

fRRT ~ ~ qrtl4/$ai (Banana bract mosaic potyvirus)

rmff.rrr ~ qrt/41$ai (Parsnip mosaicpotyvirus)

~ ~ qrtl4/$ai (Tobacco wild potyvirus)

l!irr ~ qrtl4/$ai (Yam mosaic potyvirus)

~ ~~. 1917 (Stewart and Reddick, 1917)

~. 1919 (Brandes, 1919)

~ ~ ;;:iRr. 1925 (Doolittle and Jones, 1925)

~, 1931 (Smith, 1931)

~ ~;;:iRr. 1925 (Doolittle and Jones, 1925)

~ l{CI' JRT, 1989 (Shukla et aL, 1989)

~ ~~. 1921 (Gardener and Kendrick, 1921)

~ ~ 4<fi. 1932 (Murphy and Mekkay, 1932)

~ ~ ~. 1978 (Dubem and Dollet, 1978)

~ ~.1963 (Janson and Ellett, 1963)

fiI;q1f ~ ~ftJlT. 1984 (Fribourg and Nakashima, 1984)

~ ~ ~. 1956 (Schneider and Mundry, 1956)

W!fB ~ ~ 1938 (Severin and Freitag, 1958)

~ ~~. 1965 (Hollings and Nariani, 1965)

~ l{CI' JRT, 1986 (Gonslaves et al., 1986)

~ l{CI' JRT, 1959 (Costa et al., 1959)

t-r. 1960 (Hein, 1960)

~ ~ ~. 1976 (Lovisolo and Lisa, 1976)

~. 1921 (Jagger, 1921)

WIT. 1937 (Bremer, 1937)

• l{CI' JRT, 1929 (Melhus et al., 1929)

~ l{CI' JRT, 1988 (Ladipo et al., 1988)

IlTd ~ ~ 1983 (Porth and Nienhaus, 1983)

tr~ l{CI' JRT, 1980 (Santhos et al. , 1980)

3frr l{CI' JRT, 1979 (Ong et aL, 1979)

~, 1965 (Kuhn, 1965)

~ l{CI' JRT, 1979 (Liaso e/ al., 1979)

coTs. 1965 (Chod, 1965)

~ ~~. 1980 (Paguio and Kitajima, 1980)

fTrtt ~ ~. 1971 (Giri and Agarwal, 1971)

~ l{CI' JRT, 1981 (Lisa et aI., 1981)

q'fcfiT l{CI' JRT, 1994 (Walkey et aL, 1994)

q'fcfit l{CI' JRT, 1945 (Walker et al., 1945)

\il'Rr ~~. 1989 (Jones and Fribourg, 1989)

~ ~~, 1992 (Dijk and Sutarya, 1992)

MT l{CI' JRT, 1979 (Lamy et aL, 1979)

~ l{CI' tlfur, 1968 (Taylor and Pares, 1969)

~. 1902 (Woods, 1902)

~ ~ roo 1973 (Taylor and Greber, 1973)

~ 1949 (Jensen, 1949)

~. 1932 (Atanasoff, 1932)

~ ~ ~. 1992 (Dassanayake and Hicks, 1992)

s\3TtlJ:. l{CI' JRT, 1993 (Huang el al., 1993)

~ ~~. 1994 (Bateson and Dale, 1994)

~. 1972 (Muran!, 1972)

<ro!ft ~ cfJmf.'rn. 1959 (Badami and Kassanis, 1959)

~ ~ q)8qjG. 1977 (Thouvenel and Fauquet, 1977)

~ ~~1T <1*1 IIOH"li cor fu$Chlq Cfi\ ~ \iWl ill ~ ~ IclI5l I ?!I] ITcfi ~ i3fir i3lftrco ~ ~ % I

~ ~ (Resistant subsp.) : ~'* cor f.rt;rur ~ Chf61 % ~ ~ ~ cTim ~ 1cl15l1?!<~<1 ~ ~ mfu ~ \iff wmft %1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ Cl1T

W \3l1C[~<lCO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ -gr, ~ qTm ~ fmcm: cTi ~ ~Ck1IIOH Rfq) ~ <51cn em- ~ ~ ~ \3l1C[~~ % I

~ffifT 'ij"!fM ~ qltlRtql'!Pit"tt ~ ~ ctt ~ ~m cTi ~'* ~ fm)m-q q f.icmur cTi ~ 1cl15l1?!~

~m cTi ~ ~ -q ~'* cor ~ ~<ICh<OI, 1cl15l1?!~ ~q ~ WOill t \iiT ~ -q qTm cTi ~ cTi ~ cnm i3ffif ~ I \3?cjq) "ijeftH, <1*114~Ch ~, ~ (fm ~Y<114"14

~ ~ <:IT m fctffi 'IlflT ~ ~'* cTi ~<ICh<OI cTi ~ ~ -q ~ ~ ~ I W lJCfiT{ ~ 1cl15l1~ ~ <:IT iRcTi 'IlflT ~ ~ "ijeftH ~ ;rt 1cl15l1~CR1 ~ ~ ~ \iff wml ~ I

~ ~ : tfBR m -q qTm cTi ~ i3fir ~ -q ~ cTi ~ 1cl15l1~CR1 ~m cTi ~ q-t ~ ~ \iff m t cnFct ~m ~ ~ -q ~t:IIT CRCfi lOll %:4Ch ~ -q ~ ~ \iff wfi I ~ "ijeftH fcrfu -q 1cl15l1~!l\{J<1 ~

cTi ~ c8 ~ ~~~lf ~ ~ ~ ~ChI~Ch< fcr~ <mI4~Ch l1lUPl -q 5RTf ~ \JfRlT % I wf>r~, m cTi ~ ~$1I~Cf) '4fur ~ ~ 1960 -q W ~ cor ~ ~ cTi <frm c8 1cl15l1?flCR1 coR cTi ~ *1q)~<1I~cfCh fctm m I <1$Y<H1

~~~~iflf{fcn~~tfilfT~qg ~ ~ 4C><;q~uf ~m cor Clllql{)Ch<OI ~ if 1::flm t (fm ~ cqr fcr~q cTi ~ ~~T ~ ~ if ~ ~ I W fcrfu -q 1cl15l1?!!J«'1 ~m cor ~ (0.2-0.5 nm) c8 ~ ~~~lf ~ ~ ~ ~ChI~Ch< fcr~w <mI4~Ch llTt.Ifl1 -q 5RTf Rm \JfRlT t I mrRt ~ ~ \3W5R cTi fWT ~, ~ ~~ 'liWrt m *1~8i<1 m, cor ~ ~ m ~ ~fUT tT ~ ~ WOill t 1 ~ .~ \3l1C[~<lCO ~ fcn ~ ~ fc) 1511 ?!j)CR1 -gr 1 ~ tT R1T cTi \N\Rr cR ~ 'IlflT ~ ~\3lT ~ q)J(f~fu;rcn- ~ \if.H-~ cTi q)R"OT ~ ~, fcnoT <:IT ~ cor fcrcnm if \JfRlT % (fm ~ -q ~ m ~ ~ lfm ~ ~ ~ mrRt ~ qTm -q ~ ~ ~ >ruT{ ~ ~ t ~ Cl1lqlRCh ~ cor w,lJCfiT{ cor ~ ~~~%~~~~mmfcm1:lR~

23

wml~~~~~crI5IT~mwgifwml~l~ ~ i3lftrco 4 $<;q ~uf % fcn qTm cTi fcrcnm ~ ~ -q ~ i3fir {1*114~Ch RlFch~1 c8 ~ ~ fcrfu cTi m~ ~ ~ fcll5ll~ "tAT ~ fcnm \iff wfi 1 ~ -q ~ CFIT ~ ~ %f ~, iRcTi "iiffi -q ~y8t ful <1 q)R"OT

~~\iff~~:

1. fcr441<1Cf}l -q ~ cor ;r W ~ ~ ~ -q ~~if~%1

2. ~ m -q ~GI~lR1Ch ~ ~ 0R q)R"OT if WOill

t ~ ~ cor 1R'RT ~ \JfRlT t 1

3. ~ m -q ~ cTi ~ l1T?IT -q ~ m ~ ~'* ~ zrr.:R f>hm -q ~m ~ if ~ %1

4. ~ mf)4lJT ~ cTi ~ ~'* -q ~ ~ffi ~ cor m: fcrcnm WI

~tlfH~<fr<:r~%fcn~~~~m 1cl15l1~~ qTm cor fcrcnm ~ ~ % 1 0Rf: ~ ~ tT ~ cor ~;r CRCfi \31WT-\31WT q<AR1~"li cor ~ q)8T

fc)15I1 ?flCR11frm cTi ~ 0W.rcn ~ ~ 11frm c8 fc)tSll ?flCR1

~~~1fWfirrr~qTmc8~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fcnm \JfRlT %, ~ ~ ~ ~~mrrr -q ~ \iff ~ mat t 1 i3fir W lJCfiT{ ~m 0R ~'* ~ ~ ~ if 1lT(fT t 1 ~. ~ fcrfu ~ q'f~fc)I5II~,* cor ~tif)I*1'i ~ if 1::flm t ~ fcn OO~R -q OO~R ~ ~ q'f~ql~<*1 (Stone, 1968); tc1Tc cfIW -q q1~fc)I5II?!®cor ~ (Christopheretal., 2003), ctct0~R41 -q ctCt@~R41 ~ q1~cll~{*1 (Alessandro, 2002), ~ -q ~ ~ q1~ql~<*1 (Bech & Husted, 1996) (fm

~ -q ~ ~ q'f~ql~<*1 (Hwang & Hong, 1998)

cor ~ tif) m 'i fcnm \iff ¥T % 1

<ltil14f.:14'1 ~ : ~ ~ !>IICQR1i:h q ~ mwR, \iiT ~cTi~c8~~<:IT~~~~~, m \iff~~(fm~ 1cl15l1~~ ~~mcTi~~ lfm t 1 ~ {)~IIclR'i (ql~<I\Jl"I~) q 5-gl{$I~t<lct~I<B\{J~ (g)· .~.iT.) 1 ~ mwR <:IT ill ~ ucrtH l1lUPl -q 5RTf f?;Q: ~ ~, qTm q-t ~ ~ ~ ~ <:IT 1cl15l1?!!J\{J<1 ~m -q \3Rf:fi ~ ~ ~ I

~ ~ : ~ ~ cTi ~ ~: fc)15I1?!!l\{J<1 ~m c8 ~ dTCm)11 (36'380°C) q-t ~ ~ ~ "4t'RT (fCh 00

\JfRlT % I ~: ~ Wl<:f cTi ~ ~ CfT%ll ~ cor ~

24

~ CfllT Cf){ ~ ~I <H q,'T ~ * ~ * ~ BertH * m~ ~ ~ ID<l: ~ coT Rltll'15}ffi Cf){ ~ ~I

Pr"'1dliftll ~ : ~Ydlql4 ~ "G' ~® coT ~ coB * ~ Rltll~~d 1fuIT coT f.1q (1TCl1lR" (I-4°C) q-{

cot ft.:tT tr m' Wfi ~® q,'T WRen CfllT coB * ~ 00 \ifTill ~ \3lR qJ?; "G' ~ ~ ~ Rltll'15}ffi

1fuIT q)f ~ fcl;-m \ifTill ~ I ~® q)f f.f$rur ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cfi ~ tr RltlICj{f%d ~ mq q,'T \Iff Wfi(fr ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ \3lTCT~c:rco ~~~q,'T¥~fch<t~~~~ifl~ ctcr@~R41 * 1fuIT q,'T ~ * ~ "'{Cb1"14{ ~ q,'T trco ~tr~iRt~1

~ifl;j\f.:tq; m <IT ~ m : ?;T~f;rco ZIT q (11l1"I·fl

~ ~. 1fuIT coT ~ %" ~ ~, ~ crm \3f1T­

BertH ~ ~ ~1l11~4 t1 ~ * lTfUfll tr RlCf)~d fcl;-m 1J<IT if I ~ qwff"G' ~ ~ ~ * ~ \3Pr \;fR coT ~ CMcTT Cf){ trmm m RI~ I Cj(t m ~ RlCf)~d fch<t ~ %' crm w fil?m"G' ~ ~ 00 \;fR coT ~ ~ %' I q'f~Rl~ICj® cfi ~ * ~ ~ ~1l11'114t1 ~ tr ~ q{IIl1"Hl ~ ~ fch<t rm- %' ~ rfttcT crrmr y cfi fu% s::iBJj~Cf) cflW (Abou Haider,

2002), VJ!FfT <R# ~ rtrtt \3lR cllC:{~&1'"1 ~ q'f~cll~n.i cfi ~ s::iBJj~Cf) ~~T (Rissler and Mellon, 1993),

[(fT rttRr qrt/Cl/$UI cfi fu% s::i{1Jj~Cf) ~ (Scorza et aI.,

1994), fJlTTlTT ftrrpjfc qrt/Cl/$(ff * fu% s::i{1Jj~Cf) crw:rr (U.S . Patent No.6, 750, 382) \3lR ~ rfttcT rtdt r(fcfrr

qrt/Cl/$(ff * fu% s::if\it~Cf) ~ ~ (Matsuda and

Fukuoka, 2001) ~ %' I \3lR erR" wm "G' f'rIT * ~ * ~ Q{IIl1"H"1 ~ q)f '4T ~ fc8.TI ~ I !l1'"lq,{1'"1

(Human interferon-alpha) coT ~cRl~R:{1 "ill ~ (HCV) * ~ q,'T "fml2Wf cfi ~ ~ fc8.TI ~ vIT fcn ~~T

"G' ~ ~ q,'T ~ crm ~ "l[r# ~ qrt/cl7$(ff

(tlIClI6Cf) ~ * ~ q-{ f.riR ~ ~ I

~, s'f ~ ~ ~, ~~TCf), \3lT{.~.~. iT., """QI&1:::rTT4g)rTT{ crm lB:~ft.~.~. (~;f:~ iT/ 012/ 26/lB.

~.~.~./2002) 'qffif ~, ~ ~, * -3lfIlrtt %' ~ ~ crm d@6C1tH * Cf)&1~«\Q <rf! Wg ~ if WfiT I

~

I. ~ it m, ~ m ®'qj q)?zT ~ 1:1; ~"1~\iil~s ~ i31'T<m f{iI7Z ~ frr:ittr 49, (1965) 557.

2. ~ (1992) ms m~R ~ \31t.r \fr.R: ~~, ft<fIt ®'qj \3lT{ m ~ ®t 1:!;tT 1:1; it qJR 1991, 1ft 96.

3. ~ \3lT ~ 1:!;Cl' ~ 1:!;l1, ®cfG{I{Jl~R ®'qj ~ ~ ~ ~ w¢ft~ 67 (1977) 448-454.

4. $1 ~ (1981), ~ <till ~ ~, m 1:!;l1 ®t/1:!;.1:1;.~ ~R ®'qj ~ ~ ;f 240.

5. W5~;jf, <ffi;jfit1:!;Cl'~ {1fT, ~, ~o;us

~R ~ t~-31'fq) ~ colG ~;;fi;r -31'fq) 1:1; ~ qli)ql~n"l ~ tm>~ ~ q6'lq~i'l<I , ~ JI'tr!i CI/$?)('IMI,

128 (1993) 29-41.

6. ~ 1:1; 1:1;, (1972) ~ ~ -31'fq) qqmr, ~ Q;!fICfuliHct

Q;CR"lqM'co ~~R, ~ ~, 750, 19

7. ~1fT~1:!;Cl'"lfrT~~, 1fT~lJlJlq;~~~, \:JI/~A2Ff f{iI7Z ft~ 60 (1980) 1293.

8. ~ { {, ~ ~ 1:1; 1:!;Cl' ~~ ;jf ~, ~ CI\T11ilR:Ch ~ ~(IfT.m.~.c!T.) 1:1; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ 3/$q)FI!2l/ ~.), \if#r rnr¢ft~ 40, (1994)

133-144.

9. cni m ~ m ~ 1:1; N<R ~CR1't;tr'il -31'fq)~, m ~ cll$?]('f'(.JfJ, 144 (1993) 419-54.

10. ~\3lT\3lT 1:!;Cffi ~ ~ 1:!;l1;;r, cnt m ~ 1:!;Cl' ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ®'qj ~ 3 '-~ mr.r CFWff ~ 1ft lJlJlq; ~-1 ~ 1:1; $ ~ $r <till lJlJlq;~, ~

JI'tr!i CI/4?)('I):.;{), 136 (1994), 381-387.