A Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil.Introduction.The following treatise was composed by Cicero a little before the publication ofhis Tusculan Disputations. It consists of a series of Dialogues, in which the opinions of the different schools of Greek philosophy, especially the Epicureans,Stoics, and Peripatetics, on the Supreme Good, as the proper object or end (finis) of our thoughts and actions, are investigated and compared. It is usually reckoned one of the most highly finished and valuable of his philosophical works;though from the abstruse nature of some of the topics dwelt upon, and the subtlety of some of the arguments adduced, it is unquestionably the most difficult.He gives an account himself of the work and of his design and plan in the following terms. (Epist. ad Att. xiii. 19.) What I have lately written is in the mannerof Aristotle, where the conversation is so managed that he himself has the principal part. I have finished the five books De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, so asto give the Epicurean doctrine [pg 094] to Lucius Torquatus, the Stoic to MarcusCato, and the Peripatetic to Marcus Cato. For I considered that their being dead would preclude all jealousy. He does not, however, maintain the unity of sceneor character throughout the five books. In the first book he relates a discussion which is represented as having taken place in his villa near Cum, in the presence of Caius Valerius Triarius, between himself and Lucius Manlius Torquatus, whois spoken of as being just about to enter his office as prtor, a circumstance which fixes the date of this imaginary discussion to b.c. 50, a time agreeing withthe allusion (B. ii. 18,) to the great power of Pompey. In the first book he attacks the doctrines of the Epicurean school, and Torquatus defends them, alleging that they had been generally misunderstood; and in the second book Cicero enumerates the chief arguments with which the Stoics assailed them.In the third book the scene is laid in the library of Lucullus, where Cicero hadaccidentally met Cato; and from conversing on the books by which they were surrounded they proceeded to discuss the difference between the ethics of the Stoics, and those of the Old Academy and the Peripatetics; Cicero insisting that the disagreement was merely verbal and not real, and that Zeno was wrong in leaving Plato and Aristotle and establishing a new school; but Cato asserts, on the otherhand, that the difference is a real one, and that the views held by the Stoicsof the Supreme Good are of a much loftier and purer character than those which had been previously entertained. In the fourth book Cicero gives us the argumentswith which the philosophers of the New Academy assailed the Stoics. And this conversation is supposed to have been held two years before that in the first book: for at the beginning of Book IV. there is a reference to the law for limitingthe length of the speeches of counsel passed in the second consulship of Pompey,b.c. 55, as being only just passed.In the fifth book we are carried back to b.c. 79, and the scene is laid at Athens, where Cicero was at that time under Antiochus and Demetrius. He and his brother Quintus, Lucius Cicero his cousin, Pomponius Atticus, and Marcus Pupius Pisoare represented as meeting in the Academia; and Piso, at the request of his companions, lays open the [pg 095] precepts inculcated by Aristotle and his school on the subject of the Summum Bonum; after which Cicero states the objections of the Stoics to the Peripatetic system, and Piso replies. While giving the opinionsof these above-named sects with great fairness and impartiality Cicero abstainsthroughout from pronouncing any judgment of his own.First Book Of The Treatise On The Chief Good And Evil.I. I was not ignorant, Brutus, when I was endeavouring to add to Latin literature the same things which philosophers of the most sublime genius and the most profound and accurate learning had previously handled in the Greek language, that my labours would be found fault with on various grounds. For some, and those too,far from unlearned men, are disinclined to philosophy altogether; some, on theother hand, do not blame a moderate degree of attention being given to it, but do not approve of so much study and labour being devoted to it. There will be others again, learned in Greek literature and despising Latin compositions, who will say that they would rather spend their time in reading Greek; and, lastly, I suspect that there will be some people who will insist upon it that I ought to apply myself to other studies, and will urge that, although this style of writingmay be an elegant accomplishment, it is still beneath my character and dignity.And to all these objections I think I ought to make a brief reply; although, indeed, I have already given a sufficient answer to the enemies of philosophy in that book in which philosophy is defended and extolled by me after having been attacked and disparaged by Hortensius.13 And as both you and others whom I considered competent judges approved highly of that book, I have undertaken a larger work, fearing to appear able only to excite the desires of men, but incapable of retaining their attention. But those who, though they have a very good opinion ofphilosophy, still think it should be followed in a moderate degree only, requirea temperance which is very difficult in a thing which, when once it has the reins given it, cannot be checked or repressed; so that I almost think those men more reasonable who altogether forbid us to apply ourselves to philosophy at all,than they who fix a limit to things which are in their [pg 096] nature boundless, and who require mediocrity in a thing which is excellent exactly in proportionto its intensity.For, if it be possible that men should arrive at wisdom, then it must not only be acquired by us, but even enjoyed. Or if this be difficult, still there is no limit to the way in which one is to seek for truth except one has found it; and it is base to be wearied in seeking a thing, when what we do seek for is the mosthonourable thing possible. In truth, if we are amused when we are writing, whois so envious as to wish to deny us that pleasure? If it is a labour to us, whowill fix a limit to another person's industry? For as the Chremes14 of Terence does not speak from a disregard of what is due to men when he does not wish his new neighbourTo dig, or plough, or any toil endure:for he is not in this dissuading him from industry, but only from such labour asis beneath a gentleman; so, on the other hand those men are over scrupulous whoare offended by my devoting myself to a labour which is far from irksome to myself.II. It is more difficult to satisfy those men who allege that they despise Latinwritings. But, first of all, I may express my wonder at their not being pleasedwith their native language in matters of the highest importance, when they arefond enough of reading fables in Latin, translated word for word from the Greek.For what man is such an enemy (as I may almost call it) to the Roman name, as to despise or reject the Medea of Ennius, or the Antiope of Pacuvius? and to express a dislike of Latin literature, while at the same time he speaks of being pleased with the plays of Euripides? What, says such an one, shall I rather read the Synephebi of Ccilius,15 or the Andria of Terence, than either of these plays in the original of Menander? But I disagree with men of these opinions so entirely, that though [pg 097] Sophocles has composed an Electra in the most admirable manner possible, still I think the indifferent translation of it by Atilius16 worth reading too, though Licinius calls him an iron writer; with much truth in my opinion; still he is a writer whom it is worth while to read. For to be wholly unacquainted with our own poets is a proof either of the laziest indolence, or else of a very superfluous fastidiousness.My own opinion is, that no one is sufficiently learned who is not well versed inthe works written in our own language. Shall we not be as willing to readWould that the pine, the pride of Pelion's brow,as the same idea when expressed in Greek? And is there any objection to having the discussions which have been set out by Plato, on the subject of living well and happily, arrayed in a Latin dress? And if we do not limit ourselves to the office of translators, but maintain those arguments which have been advanced by people with whom we argue, and add to them the exposition of our own sentiments, and clothe the whole in our own language, why then should people prefer the writings of the Greeks to those things which are written by us in an elegant style, without being translated from the works of Greek philosophers? For if they say that these matters have been discussed by those foreign writers, then there surelyis no necessity for their reading such a number of those Greeks as they do. Forwhat article of Stoic doctrine has been passed over by Chrysippus? And yet we read also Diogenes,17 Antipater,18 Mnesarchus,19 Pantius,20 and many others, and [pg 098] especially the works of my own personal friend Posidonius.21 What shallwe say of Theophrastus? Is it but a moderate pleasure which he imparts to us while he is handling the topics which had been previously dilated on by Aristotle?What shall we say of the Epicureans? Do they pass over the subjects on which Epicurus himself and other ancient writers have previously written, and forbear todeliver their sentiments respecting them? But if Greek authors are read by the Greeks, though discussing the same subjects over and over again, because they deal with them in different manners, why should not the writings of Roman authors be also read by our own countrymen?III. Although if I were to translate Plato or Aristotle in as bold a manner as our poets have translated the Greek plays, then, I suppose, I should not deservewell at the hands of my fellow-countrymen, for having brought those divine geniuses within their reach. However, that is not what I have hitherto done, though Ido not consider myself interdicted from doing so. Some particular passages, ifI think it desirable, I shall translate, especially from those authors whom I have just named, when there is an opportunity of doing so with propriety; just asEnnius often translates passages from Homer, and Afranius22 from Menander. Nor will I, like Lucilius, make any objection to everybody reading my writings. I should be glad to have that Persius23 for one of my readers; and still more to haveScipio and Rutilius; [pg 099] men whose criticism he professed to fear, sayingthat he wrote for the people of Tarentum, and Consentia, and Sicily. That was all very witty of him, and in his usual style; but still, people at that time werenot so learned as to give him cause to labour much before he could encounter their judgment, and his writings are of a lightish character, showing indeed, a high degree of good breeding, but only a moderate quantity of learning. But whom can I fear to have read my works when I ventured to address a book to you, who are not inferior to the Greeks themselves in philosophical knowledge? Although I have this excuse for what I am doing, that I have been challenged by you, in thatto me most acceptable book which you sent me On Virtue.But I imagine that some people have become accustomed to feel a repugnance to Latin writing because they have fallen in with some unpolished and inelegant treatises translated from bad Greek into worse Latin. And with those men I agree, provided they will not think it worth while to read the Greek books written on thesame subject. But who would object to read works on important subjects expressedin well-selected diction, with dignity and elegance; unless, indeed, he wishesto be taken absolutely for a Greek, as Albucius was saluted at Athens by Scvola,when he was prtor? And this topic has been handled by that same Lucilius with great elegance and abundant wit; where he represents Scvola as sayingYou have preferr'd, Albucius, to be call'dA Greek much rather than a Roman citizenOr Sabine, countryman of Pontius,Tritannius, and the brave centurionsAnd standard-bearers of immortal fame.So now at Athens, I, the prtor, thusSalute you as you wish, whene'er I see you,With Greek address, nobl Titus,Y litos, nd tt ndnts . nobl Titus. Fom this dyTh g t Albuius ws my n my.But su ly Svol ws ight. How v , I n n v suffii ntly xp ss my wond wh n this ognt disdin of v ything ntionl os mong us. This is notxtly th pl fo l tuing on th subj t; but my own f lings , nd I hv onstntly ug d th m, tht th Ltin lngug is not only not d fii nt, sos to d s v to b g n lly [pg 100] dispg d; but tht it is v n mo opious thn th G k. Fo wh n hv ith w ous lv s, o wh n hs ny good oto o nobl po t, t l st ft th ws ny on fo him to imitt , found hims lf t loss fo ny ihn ss o onm nt of dition with whih to s t off his s ntim nts?IV. And I mys lf (s I do not think tht I n b us d of hving, in my fo nsi x tions, nd lbous, nd dng s, d s t d th post in whih I ws sttion d by th Romn p opl ,) m bound, fosooth, to x t mys lf s muh s I n to nd my f llow-ountym n mo l n d by my lbous nd studi s nd dilig n , nd not so muh to ont nd with thos m n who p f ding G k woks, povid d tht th y lly do d th m, nd do not only p t nd to do so; nd to fll in lso with th wish s of thos m n who d sious ith to vil th mslv s of both lngug s, o who, s long s th y hv good woks in th i own, donot v y muh bout simil on s in fo ign tongu . But thos m n who would th tht I would wit on oth topis should b sonbl , b us I hv l dy ompos d so mny woks tht no on of my ountym n hs v publishd mo , nd p hps I shll wit v n mo if my lif is polong d so s to llow m to do so. And y t, who v ustoms hims lf to d with th s things whih I m now witing on th subj t of philosophy, will om to th onlusion tht no woks b tt woth ding thn th s . Fo wht is th in lifwhih d s v s to b inv stigt d so dilig ntly s v y subj t whih b longs to philosophy, nd sp illy tht whih is disuss d in this t tis , nm ly, wht is th nd, th obj t, th stndd to whih ll th id s of living w ll nd ting ightly to b f d? Wht it is tht ntu follows s th hif of ll d sibl things? wht sh voids s th pinipl of ll vils?And s on this subj t th is g t diff n of opinion mong th most l nd m n, who n think it inonsist nt with tht dignity whih v y on llows to b long to m , to xmin wht is in v y sitution in lif th b st nd tu st good? Shll th hi f m n of th ity, Publius Svol nd Mus Mnilius guwh th th offsping of f ml slv ought to b onsid d th gin of thmst of th slv ; nd shll Mus Butus xp ss his diss nt fom th i opinion, (nd this is kind of disussion giving g t oom [pg 101] fo th disply of ut n ss, nd on too tht is of impotn s gds th itiz ns,) nddo w d, nd shll w ontinu to d, with pl su th i witings on thissubj t, nd th oth s of th sm sot, nd t th sm tim n gl t th s subj ts, whih mb th whol of humn lif ? Th my, p hps, b mo mon yff t d by disussions on tht l gl point, but b yond ll qu stion, this of ous is th mo impotnt subj t: tht, how v , is point whih th d s my b l ft to d id upon. But w now think tht this whol qu stion bout th nds of good nd vil is, I my lmost sy, thooughly xplin d in this t tis ,in whih w hvnd vou d to s t foth s f s w ould, not only wht ouown opinion ws, but lso v ything whih hs b n dvn d by h s pt shool of philosophy.V. To b gin, how v , with tht whih isdotin of Epiuus, whih is w ll knownit is lid down by us in suh wy thtv n by th dh nts of tht s t th msing th tuth; not of onviting som dvsi st, wto most pit nnotlv s. Fosy.will fist of ll tk thopl ; nd you shll s thtb xplin d mo ut lyw d sious of s tinBut th opinion of Epiuus bout pl su ws fom ly d f nd d with g t p ision by Luius Toqutus, mn omplish d in v y kind of l ning; nd I mys lf pli d to him, whil Cius Tiius, most l n d nd wothy young mn,ws p s nt t th disussion. Fo s it hpp n d tht both of th m hd om tomy vill n Cum to py m visit, fist of ll w onv s d littl bout lit tu , to whih th y w both of th m g tly d vot d; nd ft whil Toqutus sidSin w hv found you in som d gt l isu , I should lik muhto h fom you why it is tht you, I will not sy ht ou mst Epiuuss most m n do who diff fom him in opinionbut still why you disgwith him whomI onsid s th only mn who hs dis n d th l tuth, nd who I think hsd liv d th minds of m n fom th g t st os, nd hs hnd d down v yp pt whih n hv ny influ n on mking m n liv w ll nd hppily. But Iimgin tht you, lik my fi nd Tiius h , lik him th l ss b us h n gl t d th onm nts of dition in whih Plto, nd Aistotl , nd Th ophstusindulg d. Fo I n hdly b p sud d to [pg 102] b li v tht th opinions whih h nt tin d do not pp to you to b o t. Snow, sid I, how fyou mistk n, Toqutus. I m not off nd d with th lngug of tht philosoph ; fo h xp ss s his m ning op nly nd sp ks in plin lngug , so thtI n und stnd him. Not, how v , tht I should obj t to loqu n in philosoph , if h w to think fit to mploy it; though if h w not poss ss d ofit I should not qui it. But I m not so w ll stisfi d with his mtt , ndtht too on mny topis. But th s mny diff nt opinions s th m n; nd th fo w my b in o ous lv s. Wht is it, sid h , in whih you disstisfi d with him? Fo I onsid you ndid judg ; povid d only tht you ut ly quint d with wht h hs lly sid. Unl ss, sid I,you think tht Phdus o Z no hv spok n fls ly (nd I hv h d th m both l tu , though th y gv m high opinion of nothing but th i own dilig n ,) ll th dotin s of Epiuus quit suffii ntly known to m . And I hv p t dly, in ompny with my fi nd Attius, tt nd d th l tu s of thos m n whom I hv nm d; s h hd g t dmition fo both of th m, nd n sp il ff tion v n fo Phdus. And v y dy w us d to tlk ov wht w h d, no wv ny disput b tw n us s to wh th I und stood th sop of ths th i gum nts; but only wh th I ppov d of th m.VI. Wht is it, th n, sid h , whih you do not ppov of in th m, fo I m v y nxious to h ? In th fist pl , sid I, h is utt ly wong in ntul philosophy, whih is his pinipl bost. H only mk s som dditions to th dotin of D moitus, lt ing v y littl , nd tht in suh wy tht h s ms to m to mk thos points wos whih h nd vous to o t. H b li v s thttoms, s h lls th m, tht is to sy bodi s whih by son of th i solidity indivisibl , bon bout in n int minbl vuum, d stitut of ny high st, o low st, o middl , o futh st, o n st boundy, in suh mnn tht by th i onous th y oh tog th ; by whih oh sion v ything whih xists nd whih is s n is fom d. And h thinks tht motion of toms shouldb und stood n v to hv hd b ginning, but to hv subsist d fom ll t nity.But in thos mtt s in whih Epiuus follows D moitus, h is usully not v y wong. Although th mny [pg 103] ss tions of h with whih I disg, nd sp illy with thistht s in th ntu of things th two pointswhih must b inqui d into,on , wht th mt il out of whih v ything is md, is; th oth , wht th pow is whih mk s v ything,th y disuss d only thmt il, nd omitt d ll onsid tion of th ffii nt pow nd us . Howv , tht is fult ommon to both of th m; but th s blund s whih I m goingto m ntion Epiuus's own.Fo h thinks tht thos indivisibl nd solid bodi s bon downwds by thi own w ight in stight lin ; nd tht this is th ntul motion of ll bodi s. Aft this ss tion, tht sh wd mn,s it ou d to him, tht if v ything w bon downwds in stight lin , s I hv just sid, it would b quit impossibl fo on tom v to touh noth ,on this ount h intodu d noth pu ly imginy id , nd sid tht th toms div g d littl fom thstight lin , whih is th most impossibl thing in th wold. And h ss t dtht it is in this wy tht ll thosmb s, nd onjuntions, nd unions ofth toms with on noth took pl , by whih th wold ws md , nd ll thpts of th wold, nd ll tht is in th wold. And not only is ll this id p f tly hildish, but it fils in ff ting its obj t. Fo this v y div gn is inv nt d in most piious mnn , (fo h sys tht h tom div gs without ny us ,) though nothing n b mo dis ditbl to ntul philosoph thn to sy tht nything tk s pl without us ; nd lso, withoutny son, h d piv s toms of tht motion whih is ntul to v y body ofny w ight (s h hims lf lys it down) whih go s downwds fom th upp gions; nd t th sm tim h do s not obtin thnd fo th sk of whih h inv nt d ll th s th oi s.Fo if v y tom div g s qully, still non will v m t with on noth so s to oh ; but if som div g , nd oth s bon stight down by th intul inlintion, in th fist pl this will b distibuting povin s sit w mong th toms, nd dividing th m so tht som bon down stight,nd oth s obliqu ly; nd in th n xt pl , this tubul nt onous of toms,whih is blund of D moitus lso, will n v b bl to podu this b utifully onm nt d wold whih w sound us. Ev n this, [pg 104] too, is inonsist nt with th pinipl s of ntul philosophy, to b li v tht th is suh thing s minimum; thing whih h ind d n v would hv fni d, if hhd b n willing to l n g om ty fom his fi nd Polynus,24 inst d of s kingto p sud him to giv it up hims lf.Th sun pp s to D moitus to b of vst siz , s h is mn of l ning ndof pofound knowl dg of g om ty. Epiuus p hps thinks tht it is two ft oss, fo h thinks it of just tht siz whih it pp s to b , o p hps littl lg o smll . So wht h hng s h spoils; wht h pts om snti ly fom D moitus,th toms, th vuum, th pp n s, whih th y ll , oh inros of hih i is oing no ony h s , bu so h hink; n h infini n ss, hih h y , is boow d fom D moitus; nd lso th inum bl wolds whih podu d nd p ish v y dy. And lthough I nnotpossibly gmys lf with ll thos fni s, still I should not lik to s D moitus, who is pis d by v y on ls , blm d by this mn who hs follow d him lon .VII. And s fo th s ond pt of philosophy, whih b longs to inv stigting nd disussing, nd whih is ll d , thee yu maste as t seems t me s why unamed and defenceess. He abshes defntns; he ays dwn n ues f dvsn and pattn; he ves n methd f dawn cncusns estabshn pncpes; he des nt pnt ut hw captus bjectns may be efuted, ambuus tems expaned. He paces a u judments f thns n u senses; and fthey ae nce ed t appve f anythn fase as f t wee tue, then he thns that thee s an end t a u pwe f dstnushn between tuth and fasehd.But n the thd pat, whch eates t fe and mannes, wth espect t estabshn the end f u actns, he uttes nt ne sne eneus nbe sentment. He ays dwn abve a thes the pncpe, that natue has but tw thnsas bjects f adptn and avesn, namey, peasue and pan: [p 105] and heefes a u pusuts, and a u deses t avd anythn, t ne f thesetw heads. And athuh ths s the dctne f Astppus, and s mantaned n a bette manne and wth me feedm by the Cyenacs, st I thn t a pncpe f such a nd that nthn can appea me unwthy f a man. F, n mypnn, natue has pduced and fmed us f eate and hhe pupses. Its pssbe, ndeed, that I may be mstaen; but my pnn s decded that thatTquatus, wh fst acqued that name, dd nt tea the chan fm ff hs enemy f the pupse f pcun any cpea peasue t hmsef; and that hedd nt, n hs thd cnsushp, fht wth the Latns at the ft f Munt Vesuvus f the sae f any pesna peasue. And when he caused hs sn t be executed, he appeas t have even depved hmsef f many peasues, by thus pefen the cams f hs dnty and cmmand t natue hesef and the dctatesf fathey affectn. What need I say me? Tae Ttus Tquatus, hm I mean wh was cnsu wth Cnus Octavus; when he behaved wth such sevety twads thatsn whm he had awed Decmus Sanus t adpt as hs wn, as t cmmand hm,when the ambassads f the Macednans accused hm f havn taen bbes n hs pvnce whe he was pt, t pead hs cause befe hs tbuna: and, whenhe had head the cause n bth sdes, t pnunce that he had nt n hs cmmand behaved afte the fashn f hs fefathes, and t fbd hm eve t appean hs sht aan; des he seem t yu t have ven a thuht t hs wn peasue?Hweve, t say nthn f the danes, and abus, and even f the pan whchevey vtuus man wny encuntes n behaf f hs cunty, f hs famy, t such a deee that he nt ny des nt see f, but even dseads apeasues, and pefes even t endue any pan whateve athe than t fsaeany pat f hs duty; et us cme t thse thns whch shw ths equay, but whch appea f ess mptance. What peasue d yu, O Tquatus, what peasuedes ths Taus deve fm teatue, and hsty, and the nwede f events, and the eadn f pets, and hs wndefu ecectn f such numbes f veses? And d nt say t me, Why a these thns ae a peasue t me. S, t, wee thse nbe actns t the Tquat. [p 106] Epcuus neve assets ths n ths manne; n wud yu, O Taus, n any man wh had any wsdm, wh had eve mbbed thse pncpes. And as t the questn whch s ften ased, why thee ae s many Epcueansthee ae sevea easns; but ths s the ne whch s mst seductve t the muttude, namey, that pepe mane that what he assets s that thse thns whch ae ht and hnuabe d f themseves pduce jy, that s, peasue. Thse exceent men d nt peceve that thewhe system s vetuned f that s the case. F f t wee nce anted, even athuh thee wee n efeence whateve t the bdy, that these thns weenatuay and ntnscay peasant; then vtue and nwede wud be ntnscay desabe. And ths s the ast thn whch he wud chse t admt.These pncpes, then, f Epcuus, I say, I d nt appve f. As f the mattes, I wsh ethe that he hmsef had been a eate maste f eann, (fhe s, as yu yusef cannt hep seen, nt suffcenty accmpshed n thse banches f nwede whch men pssess wh ae accunted eaned,) at aevents that he had nt deteed thes fm the study f teatue: athuh Isee that yu yusef have nt been at a deteed fm such pusuts by hm.VIII. And when I had sad ths, me f the pupse f exctn hm than f spean mysef, Taus, smn enty, sad,Yu, ndeed, have amst entey expeed Epcuus fm the numbe f phsphes. F what have yu eft hm except the assetn that, whateve hs anuae mht he, yu undestd what he meant? He has n natua phsphy sad nthn but what s bwed fm thes,and even then nthn whch yu appved f. If he has ted t amend anythnhe has made t wse. He had n s whateve n dsputn. When he ad dwn the ue that peasue was the chef d, n the fst pace he was vey sht-shted n man such an assetn; and secndy, even ths vey dctne was abwed ne; f Astppus had sad the same thn befe, and bette t. Yuadded, at ast, that he was as desttute f eann.It s qute mpssbe, O Taus, I eped, f a pesn nt t state what hedsappves f n the they f a man wth whm he dsaees. F what cud hnde me fm ben an Epcuean f I appved f what Epcuus says? especay[p 107] when t wud be an amusement t ean hs dctnes. Wheefe, a mans nt t be bamed f epvn thse wh dffe fm ne anthe; but ev spean, cntumey, -tempe, cntentn, and petnacus vence n dsputn, eneay appea t me qute unwthy f phsphy.I qute aee wth yu, sad Tquatus; f ne cannt dspute at a wthut fndn faut wth yu antanst; but n the the hand yu cannt dspute ppey f yu d s wth -tempe wth petnacty. But, f yu have n bjectn, I have an answe t mae t these assetns f yus. D yu suppse, sadI, that I shud have sad what I have sad f I dd nt dese t hea what yu had t say t? Wud yu e then, says he, that I shud thuh the whe they f Epcuus, that we shud mt u pesent nquy t peasue by tsef; whch s what the whe f the pesent dspute eates t? We w d,sad I, whcheve yu pease. That then, sad he, sha be my pesent cuse. Iw expan ne matte ny, ben the mst mptant ne. At anthe tme I w dscuss the questn f natua phsphy; and I w pve t yu the they f the dveence f the atms, and f the mantude f the sun, and that Demctus cmmtted many es whch wee fund faut wth and cected by Epcuus. At pesent, I w cnfne mysef t peasue; nt that I am sayn anythn new, but st I w adduce auments whch I fee sue that even yu yusef w appve f. Undubtedy, sad I, I w nt be bstnate; and I w wny aee wth yu f yu w ny pve yu assetns t my satsfactn.I w pve them, sad he, pvded ny that yu ae as mpata as yu pfess yusef: but I wud athe empy a cnnected dscuse than eep n asn ben ased questns. As yu pease, sad I.On ths he bean t spea;IX. Fst f a then, sad he, I w pceed n the manne whch s sanctnedby the funde f ths sch: I w ay dwn what that s whch s the subject f u nquy, and what ts chaacte s: nt that I mane that yu d ntnw, but n de that my dscuse may pceed n a systematc and dey manne. We ae nqun, then, what s the end,what s the exteme pnt f d, whch, n the pnn f a phsphes, uht t be such that eveythn [p 108] can be efeed t t, but that t tsef can be efeed t nthn. Ths Epcuus paces n peasue, whch he aues s the chef d, and that pan sthe chef ev; and he pceeds t pve hs assetn thus. He says that eveyanma the mment that t s bn sees f peasue, and ejces n t as thechef d; and ejects pan as the chef ev, and wads t ff fm tsef asfa as t can; and that t acts n ths manne, wthut havn been cupted byanythn, unde the pmptns f natue hesef, wh fms ths uncupt andupht judment. Theefe, he affms that thee s n need f aument fdscussn as t why peasue s t be suht f, and pan t be avded. Thshe thns a matte f sense, just as much as that fe s ht, snw whte, hneysweet; nne f whch ppstns he thns eque t be cnfmed by abusy suht easns, but that t s suffcent meey t state them. F that thee s a dffeence between auments and cncusns aved at by atcnatn, and dnay bsevatns and statements:by the fst, secet and bscue pncpes ae expaned; by the secnd, mattes whch ae pan and easy ae buhtt decsn. F snce, f yu tae away sense fm a man, thee s nthn eft t hm, t fws f necessty that what s cntay t natue, what aees wth t, must be eft t natue hesef t decde. Nw what des she peceve, what des she detemne n as he ude t see t avd anythn, exceptpeasue and pan? But thee ae sme f u sch wh see t cay ut thsdctne wth me acuteness, and wh w nt aw that t s suffcent thatt shud be decded by sense what s d and what s bad, but wh asset thatthese pnts can be ascetaned by nteect and easn as, and that peasues t be suht f n ts wn accunt, and that pan as s t be avded fthe same easn.Theefe, they say that ths ntn s mpanted n u mnds natuay and nstnctvey, as t wee; s that we fee that the ne s t be suht f, and the the t be avded. Othes, hweve, (and ths s my wn pnn t,) assetthat, as many easns ae aeed by many phsphes why peasue uht nt t be ecned amn ds, n pan amn evs, we uht nt t ey t much n the dness f u cause, but that we shud use auments, and dscuss [p 109] the pnt wth pecsn, and aue, by the hep f caefuy cected easns, abut peasue and abut pan.X. But that yu may cme t an accuate peceptn f the suce whence a thse nated f thse pepe wh attac peasue and ext pan, I w unfd the whe matte; and I w ay befe yu the vey statements whch have been made by that dscvee f the tuth, and achtect, as t wee, f a happyfe. F n ne ethe despses, hates, avds peasue tsef meey because t s peasue, but because eat pans vetae thse men wh d nt undestand hw t pusue peasue n a easnabe manne. N s thee any ne wh ves, pusues, wshes t acque pan because t s pan, but because smetmes such ccasns ase that a man attans t sme eat peasue thuh abu and pan. F, t descend t tfes, wh f us eve undetaes any abusexetn f bdy except n de t an sme advantae by s dn? and wh sthee wh cud fay bame a man wh shud wsh t be n that state f peasue whch n annyance can nteupt, ne wh shuns that pan by whch n subsequent peasue s pcued? But we d accuse thse men, and thn them entey wthy f the eatest hated, wh, ben made effemnate and cupted by theauements f pesent peasue, ae s bnded by passn that they d nt fesee what pans and annyances they w heeafte be subject t; and wh ae equay uty wth thse wh, thuh weaness f mnd, that s t say, fm eaeness t avd abu and pan, deset the duty.And the dstnctn between these thns s quc and easy. F at a tme when we ae fee, when the ptn f chce s n u wn pwe, and when thee s nthn t pevent u ben abe t d whateve we chse, then evey peasue maybe enjyed, and evey pan epeed. But n patcua ccasns t w ftenhappen, wn ethe t the batns f duty the necesstes f busness,that peasues must be decned and annyances must nt be shed. Theefe the wse man hds t ths pncpe f chce n thse mattes, that he ejects sme peasues, s as, by the ejectn, t btan thes whch ae eate, andencuntes sme pans, s as by that means t escape thes whch ae me fmdabe.[p 110]Nw, as these ae my sentments, what easn can I have f fean that I may nt be abe t accmmdate u Tquat t themmen whse exampes yu just nw quted fm memy, wth a nd and fendy feen twads us? Hweve, yu havent bbed me by pasn my ancests, n made me ess pmpt n epyn t yu. But I shud e t nw fm yu hw yu ntepet the actns? D yu thn that they attaced the enemy wth such feens, that they wee s sevee t the chden and t the wn bd as t have n thuht f the wn advantae, f what mht be usefu t themseves? But even wd beasts d nt d that, and d nt ush abut and cause cnfusn n such a way that we cannt undestand what s the bject f the mtns. And d yu thn that such ustus men pefmed such eat actns wthut a easn? What the easn was Iw examne pesenty; n the meantme I w ay dwn ths ue,If thee was any easn whch nstated them t d thse thns whch ae undubtedy spendd expts, then vtue by hesef was nt the se cause f the cnduct. Oneman te a chan fm ff hs enemy, and at the same tme he defended hmsef fm ben san; but he encunteed eat dane. Yes, but t was befe the eyesf the whe amy. What dd he et by that? Gy, and the affectn f hs cuntymen, whch ae the suest buwas t enabe a man t pass hs fe wthutfea. He put hs sn t death by the hand f the executne. If he dd s wthut any easn, then I shud be sy t be descended fm s nhuman and mecess a man. But f hs bject was t estabsh mtay dscpne and bedencet cmmand, at the pce f hs wn anush, and at a tme f a mst fmdabewa t estan hs amy by the fea f punshment, then he was pvdn f the safety f hs few-ctzens, whch he was we awae embaced hs wn. And ths pncpe s ne f extensve appcatn. F the vey pnt espectn whch yu whe sch, and yusef mst especay, wh ae such a dent nvestat f ancent nstances, ae n the habt f vauntn yusef and usn hh-fwn anuae, namey, the mentn f bave and ustus men, and the extn f the actns, as pceedn nt fm any ead t advantae, but fm pue pncpes f hnu and a ve f y, s entey upset, when nce that [p 111] ue n the chce f thns s estabshed whch I mentned justnw,namey, that peasues ae passed ve f the sae f btann the eate peasues, that pans ae encunteed wth a vew t escape eate pans.XI. But, hweve, f the pesent we have sad enuh abut the ustus andus actns f ceebated men; f thee w be, heeafte, a vey apppate pace f dscussn the tendency f a the vtues t pcue peasue.But, at pesent, I w expan what peasue tsef s, and what ts chaactes; s as t d away wth a the mstaes f nant pepe, and n de thatt may be ceay undestd hw dnfed, and tempeate, and vtuus that system s, whch s ften accunted vuptuus, effemnate, and decate. F we ae nt at pesent pusun that peasue ane whch mves natue tsef by a cetan sweetness, and whch s peceved by the senses wth a cetan peasuabefeen; but we cnsde that the eatest f a peasues whch s fet whena pan s emved. F snce, when we ae fee fm pan, we ejce n that vey feedm tsef, and n the absence f a annyance,but eveythn whch s acause f u ejcn s peasue, just as eveythn that ves us ffence span,accdny, the absence f a pan s hty denmnated peasue. F,as when hune and thst ae dven away by meat and dn, the vey emva fthe annyance bns wth t the attanment f peasue, s, n evey case, theemva f pan pduces the successn f peasue. And theefe Epcuus wud nt admt that thee was any ntemedate state between peasue and pan; f he nssted that that vey state whch seems t sme pepe the ntemedate ne, when a man s fee fm evey st f pan, s nt ny peasue, but the hhest st f peasue. F wheve fees hw he s affected must nevtaby beethe n a state f peasue n a state f pan. But Epcuus thns that the hhest peasue cnssts n an absence f a pans; s that peasue may aftewads be vaed, and may be f dffeent nds, but cannt be nceased ampfed.And even at Athens, as I have head my fathe say, when he was jestn n a d-humued and facetus way upn the Stcs, thee s a statue n the Ceamcusf Chysppus, sttn dwn wth hs hand stetched ut; and ths atttude [p 112] f the hand ntmates that he s amusn hmsef wth ths bef questn, Des yu hand, whe n that cndtn n whch t s at pesent, want anythn?Nthn at a. But f peasue wee a d, wud t want t? I suppse s. Peasue, then, s nt a d. And my fathe used t say that even a statue wud ntsay ths f t cud spea. F the cncusn was dawn as aanst the Stcs wth suffcent acuteness, but t dd nt cncen Epcuus. F f that wee theny peasue whch tced the senses, as t wee, f I may say s, and whch vefwed and penetated them wth a cetan aeeabe feen, then even a handcud nt be cntent wth feedm fm pan wthut sme peasn mtn f peasue. But f the hhest peasue s, as Epcuus assets, t be fee fm pan, then, O Chysppus, the fst admssn was cecty made t yu, that the hand, when t was n that cndtn, was n want f nthn; but the secnd admssn was nt equay cect, that f peasue wee a d t wud wsh f t.F t wud nt wsh f t f ths easn, nasmuch as whateve s fee fmpan s n peasue.XII. But that peasue s the bunday f a d thns may be easy seen fm ths cnsdeatn. Let us mane a pesn enjyn peasues eat, numeus, and pepetua, bth f mnd and bdy, wth n pan ethe nteuptn hm atpesent mpendn ve hm; what cndtn can we ca supe t me desabe than ths? F t s nevtabe that thee must be n a man wh s n ths cndtn a fmness f mnd whch feas nethe death n pan, because death s vd f a sensatn; and pan, f t s f n duatn, s a tfe, whe f sevee t s usuay f bef duatn; s that ts bevty s a cnsatn f t s vent, and ts tfn natue f t s endun. And when thees added t these ccumstances that such a man has n fea f the dety f theds, and des nt suffe past peasues t be entey st, but dehts hmsef wth the cntnued ecectn f them, what can be added t ths whch wbe any mpvement t t?Imane, n the the hand, any ne wn ut wth the eatest pans f mnd andbdy whch can pssby befa a man, wthut any hpe ben hed ut t hm that they w heeafte be hte, when, besdes, he has n peasue whateve [p113] ethe pesent expected; what can be spen f maned me mseabe than ths? But f a fe entey fed wth pans s abve a thns t beavded, then cetany that s the eatest f evs t ve n pan. And ant ths sentment s the the, that t s the mst exteme d t ve wth peasue. F u mnd has n the pnt whee t can stp as at a bunday; anda feas and dstesses ae efeabe t pan: n s thee anythn whatevebesdes, whch f ts wn ntnsc natue can mae us anxus eve us. Meve, the bennns f desn and avdn, and ndeed atethe f eveythn whch we d, tae the se ethe n peasue pan. And as ths s thecase, t s pan that eveythn whch s ht and audabe has efeence t ths ne bject f vn wth peasue. And snce that s the hhest, exteme, eatest d, whch the Gees ca , b us i is r f rr o nohings f, bu v ryhing is r f rr o i, mus onf ss h h high s goo is o iv gr by.XIII. An hos ho his in viru on , n, b ing ugh by h s nour of nm , o no un rsn h nur r quir s, i b iv r from hgr s bun r imginb if h y i is n o Eiurus. For un ss hosx n n b uifu viru s hih your shoo ks bou rou sur ,ho ou hink h m ih r ris orhy or sirb ? For s s m h ski of hysiins no for h sk of h r is f, bu from our sir for gooh h,n s h ski of h io, ho hs h kno g ho o nvig vss , is ris ih r f r n o is uiiy, n no o his biiy,so isom, hih shou b onsi r h r of iving, ou no b sough f r ifi ff nohing; bu r s n i is sough f r b us i is, s i r, h ffii n us of sur , hih is giim obj of sir n quisiion. An no you un rsn h sur I m n, so h h I sy myno b brough ino oium from my using n unour or. For s h hi f nnoyn s o humn if ro from ignorn of h hings r goo n h b, n s by r son of h misk m n r of n riv of h gr s sur s, n orur by h mos bi r gri f of min, hv n o x ris isom, hih, by r moving groun ss rms n vin sir s, n by bnishing hrshn ss of rron ous [g 114] oinions, off rs h rs f o us s h sur sgui o sur . For i is isom on hih x s sorro from our mins, n r v ns our shu ring ih f r: sh is h insrur ss ho nb s us oiv in rnquiiy, by xinguishing in us v h m n of sir . For sirs r insib , n ruin no ony inivius bu nir fmii s, n of n ov rurn h ho s . From sir s ris hr , iss nsions, qurr s, s iions, rs. Nor is i ony ou of oors h h s ssions v n h ms v s, noris i ony gins oh rs h h y run ih bin vio n ; bu h y r of nshu u, s i r , in h min, n hro h ino onfusion ih h ir isgr m ns.s iAn h ons qu n of his is, o mk if horoughy r h ; so h h is mn is h ony on ho, hving u y vniy n rror, n r mov ifrom him, n iv on n ihin h bounri s of nur , ihou m nhoy n ihou f r. For h iv rsion n b ih r mor us fu or mor for humn if hn h hih Eiurus moy ? For h i i on h h r r hr kins of sir s; h firs, suh s r nur n n ssry; hs on, suh s r nur bu no n ssry; h hir, suh s r n ihr nur nor n ssry. An h s r suh, h hos hih r n ssryr sisfi ihou muh roub or x ns : v n hos hih r nur nno n ssry, o no r quir gr , b us nur is f mk s h rihs, hih r suffii n o on n i, sy of quisiion n of imi quniy: bu s for vin sir s, i is imossib o fin ny imi o, or ny morion in h m.XI. Bu if s h h ho if of mn is hron ino isor r by rror n ignorn ; n h isom is h ony hing hih n r i v us from h sy of h ssions n h f r of ng r, n hih n h us o b r h injuri s of forun is f ih mo rion, n hih shos us h ys hih o rnquiiy n ; h r son is h r h shou h si osy h isom is o b sough for h sk of sur , n h foy is o bvoi on oun of is nnoyn s? An on h sm rini sh sy h v n m rn is no o b sough for is on sk , bu b us i brings o h min, n sooh s n rnquiiz s h m by h I my kinof [g 115] onor. For m rn is h hih rns us o foo r son in siring or voiing nyhing. Nor is i suffii n o i h ough o b on , n h ough no; bu mus h r o h hs b n i . Bu mny mn, b us h y r nf b n subu h mom n sur om s in sigh, n so r unb o k n h r o h rminion h y hv form , giv h ms v s u o b boun hn n foo by h ir uss, n o no for sh i h n o h m; n in h y, on oun of som sur hih is rivi n unn ssry, n hih migh b rour in som oh r mnn r, n hih h y ou is ns ih ihou nnoyn , inur rrib is s s, n injuri s, n isgr , n r of n v n invov in h ni s of h g ribuns of h ir ounry.Bu h s m n ho ish o njoy sur in suh y h no gri f sh v rov rk h m in ons qu n , n ho r in h ir jugm n so s n v r o b ovrom by sur s o o h h y f ough no o b on ; h s m n, I sy, obin h gr s sur by ssing sur by. Th y of n v n nur in, in or r o voi noun ring gr r in h r f r by h ir shunning i r s n. From hih onsi rion i is r iv h in m rn is no ob voi for is on sk ; n h m rn is o b sough for, no b us i vois sur s, bu b us i ins o gr r on s.X. Th sm rini i b foun o ho goo ih r s o ourg . For h ishrg of bours n h nurn of in r n ih r of h m inrinsiy ming; nor is i n , nor iig n , nor hfun ss, nor inusry hih is so muh xo , nor v n ourg is f: bu uiv h s hbis in or r h my iv ihou r n f r, n my b b , s fr s is inour o r, o r s our mins n boi s from nnoyn . For s h ho oniion of rnqui if is hron ino onfusion by h f r of h, n s iis mis rb hing o yi o in n o b r i ih humb n imb imin; n s on oun of h kn ss of min mny m n hv ruin h ir rns, mny m n h ir fri ns, som h ir ounry, n v ry mny in hv ury unon h ms v s; so vigorous n ofy min is fr from r n in, sin i sis s h, hih ony s hos ho noun r i in [g 116] h sm oniion s h in hih h y r b for h y r born; n i isso r r for in h i r o s h h v ry gr s r rmin by h, n h sigh ins hv mny in rvs of r s, n h n msr mo r on s, so s o b r h m if h y r o rb , n if no, n r ih qunimiy ou of if , jus s ou of h r , h n i no ong r s s us. By hih onsi rions i is un rsoo h ori n i nss r no bm , n h ourg n i n r no ris , for h ir onsk s; bu h h on in of onu is r j s h r n of in, nh oh r sir s h uhor of sur .XI. Jusi r mins o b m nion , h I my no omi ny viru h v r; bu n ry h sm hings my b si r s ing h. For, s I hv r y shon h isom, m rn , n foriu r onn ih sur in suh y h h y nno ossiby b s r or ivi from i, so so musonsi r h i is h s ih jusi . Whih no ony n v r injur s ny on ;bu on h onrry ys nourish s som hing hih rnquiiz s h min, ry by is on o r n nur , n ry by h ho s h nohing i b ning of hos hings hih nur no rv my firy riv .Sin rshn ss n us n i n ss ys orur h min, ys mk i nxious, n r of urbu n hr r, so oo, h r v r injusi s s in ny mn's min, i is urbu n from h m r f of is xis n n r s n h r ; n if i forms ny n, hough i x u s i v r so s r y, sii n v r b i v s h h hs b n on i b on for v r. For g n ry, h n ik m n o nyhing, firs of susiion ov rk s h ir ions; h n h ommon onv rsion n r or of m n; h n h ros uor n h jug ; n mny v n, s s h s h n you r onsu, hv giv n informiongins h ms v s. Bu if ny m n r o h ms v s o b suffii ny f n roun n ro from h onsiousn ss of m n, si h y r h knog of h Gos, n hink h hos v ry nxi i s by hih h ir mins r n u nigh n y, r infi uon h m by h immor Gos for h skof unishm n. An ho is i ossib h ik ions n v r hv s muhinfu n ors viing [g 117] h nnoyn s of if , s h y mus hvors inr sing h m from h onsiousn ss of our ions, n so from h unishm ns infi by h s n h hr of h iiz ns? An y , insom o , h r is no mo rion in h ir ssion for mon y n for honour n for ommn, or in h ir uss n gr in ss n oh r sir s, hih quisiions, ho v r ik y m , o no iminish, bu rh r infm , so h i s ms ough rh r o r srin suh m n hn o hink h n hh m b r. Th r for soun isom invi s s nsib m n o jusi , quiy, n goo fih. An unjus ions r no vng ous v n o h mn ho hs no biii s or r sour s; insmuh s h nno siy o h h n vours oo, nor obin his obj s if h o s su in his n vours. An h gifs of forun n of g nius r b r sui o ib riy; n hos ho rishis viru gin h ms v s gooi, n ff ion, hih is h mos o rfuof hings o nb mn o iv ih rnquiiy; s iy h n h hsbsou y no moiv for oing rong.For hos sir s hih ro from nur r siy sisfi ihou ny injusi ; bu hos hih r vin ough no o b omi ih. For h y sirnohing hih is r y sirb ; n h r is mor isvng in h m r f of injusi hn h r is vng in h is quir by h injusi . Thr for rson ou no b righ ho shou ronounv n jusi inrinsiy sirb for is on sk ; bu b us i brings h gr s moun of h is gr b . For o b ov n o b r o oh rs is gr b b us imk s if sf r, n sur mor bunn. Th r for hink ishon sy shou b voi , no ony on oun of hos isvng s hih b f h ik, bu v n muh mor b us i n v r rmis h mn in hos min i bi s o br h fr y, n n v r s him r s.Bu if h ris of hos i ni viru s in hih h isours of oh rhiosoh rs so s iy xus, nno fin ny n un ss i b ir ors sur , n if sur b h ony hing hih s n ur s us ois f by is on nur ; h n i nno b oubfu h h is h high s n gr s of goos, n h o iv hiy is nohing sih sur .x o iv[g 118]XII. An I i no xin in f ors h hings hih r ins rby onn ih his sur n soi oinion.Th r is no misk ih r s o h ns h ms v s of goo n vi, h is o sy, ih r s o sur n in; bu m n rr in h s oins h n hy o no kno h h y r us by. Bu mi h h sur s n ins of h min r us by h sur s n ins of h boy. Th r for I grn h you r sying jus no, h if ny hiosoh rs of our shoo hink iff r ny (n I s h mny m n o so, bu h y r ignorn o ) h y mus b onvi of rror. Bu hough sur of min brings us joy, n inus s us gri f, i is si ru h h of h s f ings origin s in hboy, n is r f rr o h boy; n i o s no foo on h oun h boh h sur s n ins of h min r no muh mor imorn hn hos of h boy. For ih h boy r unb o f nyhing hih is no uy xis n n r s n; bu ih our min f hings s n hings o om. For hough h n r suff ring boiy in, rquy in in in ourmins, si v ry gr iion my b m o h if b i v h nyn ss n boun ss vi is im ning ov r us. An my rnsf r his ss rion o sur , so h h i b gr r if hv no suh f r.This no is nir y vi n, h h v ry gr s sur or nnoyn of hmin onribu s mor o mking if hy or mis rb hn ih r of h s fings n o if i is in h boy for n qu ngh of im . Bu o no gr h, if sur b k n y, gri f foos imm i y, un ss by hni h ns h in hs su n k n h of sur ; bu, on hoh r hn, ffirm h m n o r joi g ing ri of in v n if no sur hih n ff h s ns s su s. An from his i my b un rsooho gr sur i is no o b in in. Bu s r rous by hos goohings hih r in x ion of, so r joi hos hih r o . Bu fooish m n r orur by h r o ion of s vis; is m n r igh by h m mory of s goo hings, hih r hus r n by h grb r o ion. Bu h r is f ing imn in us by hih [g 119] bury v rsiy s i r in r u obivion, bu ih sur n igh on h r o ion of goo forun . Bu h n ih g r n niv mins on h is s, h ons qu n is, h m nhoy nsu s, if hs hs b n unros rous; bu joy, if i hs b n forun .XIII. Oh h s ni, n mnif s, n sim , n in y of iving ! For s riny nohing ou b b r for mn hn o b fr from in n nnoyn , n o njoy h gr s sur s of boh min n boy, o you no s ho nohing is omi hih n i if , so s o nb m n morsiy o rriv h hi f goo hih is h ir obj ! Eiurus ri s ouh vry mn hom you ronoun o b oo vo o sur h mn nno iv grby, un ss h iv s honourby, jusy, n is y; n h, if h iv s isy, honourby, n jusy, i is imossib h h shou no iv gr by.For iy in s iion nno b hy, nor n hous in hih h ms rs rqurr ing. So h min hih isgr s n qurr s ih is f, nno s ny orion of r n unr srin sur . An mn ho is ys giving in o ursuis n ns hih r inonsis n ih n onrry o on noh r, n n v r kno ny qui or rnquiiy.Bu if h sur of if is hin r by h grv r is s s of h boy, homuh mor mus i b so by hos of h min? Bu h is s s of h min r boun ss n vin sir s of rih s, or gory, or ominion, or v n of usfu sur s. B si s h s h r r m nhoy, nnoyn , sorro, hih un sroy ih nxi y h mins of hos m n ho o no un rsn h h min ough no o gri v bou nyhing hih is unonn ih som r s n orfuur in of boy. Nor is h r ny foo ho o s no suff r un r som on of h s is s s. Th r for h r is no foo ho is no mis rb . B si s h shings h r is h, hih is ys hnging ov r us s his rok is ov r Tnus; n su rsiion, f ing hih r v ns ny on ho is imbu ih i from v r njoying rnquiiy. B si s, suh m n s h y o no r o h irs goo forun , o no njoy h is r s n, bu o nohing bu x his o om ; n s h nno b rin, h y r h ms v s ou ih gri fn r h nsion, n r orm n mos s iy h n h y fin ou, f r iis oo [g 120] , h h y hv vo h ms v s o h ursui of mon y, or uhoriy, or o r, or gory, o no uros . For h y hv quir no sur s, by h ho of njoying hih i s h h y r infm o un rkso mny gr bours. Th r r oh rs, of i n nrro mins, ih r ys siring of v ryhing, or s mon n, nvious, i- m r , hurish, umnious, n moros ; oh rs vo o mory sur s, oh rs un, oh rs uious, non, in m r , or i , n v r oninuing in h sm oinion; on hih oun h r is n v r ny in rruion o h nnoyn s o hih h ir if is xos .Th r for , h r is no foo ho is hy, n no is mn ho is no. An uhis muh mor foriby n ruy hn h Sois: for h y ss r h h r is no goo h v r, bu som imginry sho hih h y , a ame showy rather ta substatial; ad they isist upo it, that virtue relyig o this priciple of hoour stads i eed of o pleasure, ad is cotet with its ow resources asadequate to secure a happy life.XIX. However, these assertios may be to a certai extet made ot oly withoutour objectig to them, but eve with our cocurrece ad agreemet. For i thisway the wise ma is represeted by Epicurus as always happy. He has limited desires; he disregards death; he has a true opiio cocerig the immortal Gods without ay fear; he does ot hesitate, if it is better for him, to depart from life. Beig prepared i this maer, ad armed with these priciples, he is alwaysi the ejoymet of pleasure; or is there ay period whe he does ot feel morepleasure tha pai. For he remembers the past with gratitude, ad he ejoys thepreset so as to otice how importat ad how delightful the joys which it supplies are; or does he deped o future good, but he waits for that ad ejoys the preset; ad is as far removed as possible from those vices which I have eumerated; ad whe he compares the life of fools to his ow he feels great pleasure. Ad pai, if ay does attack him, has ever such power that the wise ma has ot more to rejoice at tha to be grieved at.But Epicurus does admirably i sayig that fortue has but little power over thewise ma, ad that the greatest ad most importat evets of such a ma's lifeare maaged [pg 121] by his ow wisdom ad prudece; ad that greater pleasure caot be derived from a eterity of life tha such a ma ejoys from this lifewhich we see to be limited.But i your dialectics he thought that there was o power which could cotributeeither to eable me to live better, or argue more coveietly. To atural philosophy he attributed a great deal of importace. For by the oe sciece it is oly the meaig of words ad the character of a speech, ad the way i which argumets follow from or are icosistet with oe aother, that ca be see; but if the ature of all thigs is kow, we are by that kowledge relieved from superstitio, released from the fear of death, exempted from beig perplexed by ourigorace of thigs, from which igorace horrible fears ofte arise. Lastly, weshall be improved i our morals whe we have leart what ature requires. Moreover, if we have a accurate kowledge of thigs, preservig that rule which hasfalle from heave as it were for the kowledge of all thigs, by which all ourjudgmets of thigs are to be regulated, we shall ever abado our opiios because of beig overcome by ay oe's eloquece.For uless the ature of thigs is thoroughly kow, we shall have o meas by which we ca defed the judgmets formed by our seses. Moreover, whatever we discer by our itellect, all arises from the seses. Ad if our seses are all correct, as the theory of Epicurus affirms, the somethig may be discered ad uderstood accurately; but as to those me who dey the power of the seses, ad say that othig ca be kow by them, those very me, if the seses are discarded, will be uable to explai that very poit which they are arguig about. Besides, if all kowledge ad sciece is put out of the questio, the there is a edalso of all settled priciples of livig ad of doig aythig.Thus, by meas of atural philosophy, courage is desired to withstad the fear of death, ad costacy to put aside the claims egedered by superstitio; ad by removig igorace of all secret thigs, traquillity of mid is produced; adby explaiig the ature of desires ad their differet kids, we get moderatio: ad (as I just ow explaied) by meas of this rule of kowledge, ad of thejudgmet which is established ad corrected by it, the power of distiguishig truth from falsehood is put ito ma's hads.[pg 122]XX. There remais a topic ecessary above all others to this discussio, that offriedship, amely: which you, if pleasure is the chief good, affirm to have oexistece at all. Cocerig which Epicurus speaks thus: "That of all the thigs which wisdom has collected to eable ma to live happily, othig is more importat, more ifluetial, or more delightful tha friedship." Nor did he prove this assertio by words oly, but still more by his life, ad coduct, ad actios. Ad how importat a thig it is, the fables of the aciets abudatly itimate, i which, may ad varied as they are, ad traced back to the remotest atiquity, scarcely three pairs of frieds are foud, eve if you begi as far back as Theseus, ad come dow to Orestes. But i oe sigle house, ad that a small oe, what great crowds of frieds did Epicurus collect, ad how strog was the bod of affectio that held them together! Ad this is the case eve ow amog theEpicureas. However, let us retur to our subject: it is ot ecessary for us to be discussig me.I see, the, that the philosophers of our school have treated the questio of friedship i three ways. Some, as they deied that those pleasures which cocered our frieds were to be sought with as much eageress for their ow sake, as wedisplay i seekig our ow, (by pressig which topic some people thik that thestability of friedship is edagered,) maitai that doctrie resolutely, ad,as I thik, easily explai it. For, as i the case of the virtues which I havealready metioed, so too they dey that friedship ca ever be separated from pleasure. For, as a life which is solitary ad destitute of frieds is full of treachery ad alarm, reaso itself wars us to form friedships. Ad whe such areformed, the our mids are stregtheed, ad caot be draw away from the hopeof attaiig pleasure. Ad as hatred, evy, ad cotempt are all opposed to pleasures, so friedships are ot oly the most faithful favourers, but also are the efficiet causes of pleasures to oe's frieds as well as to oeself; ad meot oly ejoy those pleasures at the momet, but are also roused by hopes of subsequet ad future time. Ad as we caot possibly maitai a lastig ad cotiued happiess of life without friedship, or maitai friedship itself ulesswe love our frieds ad ourselves equally, therefore this very effect is produced i friedship, ad friedship is combied with pleasure.[pg 123]For we rejoice i the joy of our frieds as much as we doequally grieved at their sorrows. Wherefore the wise mafried as he does towards himself, ad whatever labour heview to his ow pleasure, he will ecouter also for theied. Ad all that has bee said of the virtues as to thei our ow, ad we arewill feel towards hiswould ecouter with asake of that of his frway i which they areivariably combied with pleasure, should also be said of friedship. For admirably does Epicurus say, i almost these exact words: The same sciece has stregtheed the mid so that it should ot fear ay eteral or log lastig evil, iasmuch as i this very period of huma life, it has clearly see that the surest bulwark agaist evil is that of friedship.There are, however, some Epicureas who are rather itimidated by the reproachesof your school, but still me of sufficiet acuteess, ad they are afraid lest, if we thik that friedship is oly to be sought after with a view to our owpleasure, all friedships should, as it were, appear to be crippled. Therefore they admit that the first meetigs, ad uios, ad desires to establish itimacy, do arise from a desire of pleasure; but, they say, that whe progressive habithas egedered familiarity, the such great affectio is ripeed, that friedsare loved by oe aother for their ow sake, eve without ay idea of advatageitermiglig with such love. I truth, if we are i the habit of feelig affectio for places, ad temples, ad cities, ad gymasia, ad the Campus Martius, ad for dogs, ad horses, ad sports, i cosequece of our habit of exercisig ourselves, ad hutig, ad so o, how much more easily ad reasoably may such afeelig be produced i us by our itimacy with me!But some people say that there is a sort of agreemet etered ito by wise me ot to love their frieds less tha themselves; which we both imagie to be possible, ad ideed see to be ofte the case; ad it is evidet that othig ca befoud havig ay ifluece o livig agreeably, which is better suited to it tha such a uio. From all which cosideratios it may be iferred, ot oly thatthe priciple of friedship is ot hidered by our placig the chief good i pleasure, but that without such a priciple it is quite impossible that ay friedship should be established.XXI. Wherefore, if the thigs which I have bee sayig [pg 124] are clearer adplaier tha the su itself; if all that I have said is derived from the foutai of ature; if the whole of my discourse forces asset to itself by its accordace with the seses, that is to say, with the most icorruptible ad hoest of all witesses; if ifat childre, ad eve brute beasts, declare almost i words, uder the teachig ad guidace of ature, that othig is prosperous but pleasure, othig hateful but paia matter as to which their decisio is either erroeous or corruptought we ot to feel the greatest gratitude to that ma who, havig heard this voice of ature, as I may call it, has embraced it with such firmess ad steadiess, that he has led all sesible me ito the path of a peaceful, traquil, ad happy life? Ad as for his appearig to you to be a ma of butlittle learig, the reaso of that is, that he thought o learig deservig ofthe ame except such as assisted i the attaimet of a happy life. Was he a ma to waste his time i readig poets, as Triarius ad I do at your istigatio?me i whose works there is o solid utility, but oly a childish sort of amusemet; or to devote himself, like Plato, to music, geometry, arithmetic, ad astroomy? studies which, startig from erroeous priciples, caot possibly be true; ad which, if they were true, would costitute othig to our livig more agreeably, that is to say, better. Should he, the, pursue such occupatios as those, ad abado the task of layig dow priciples of livig, laborious, but, at the same time, useful as they are?Epicurus, the, was ot destitute of learig; but those persos are igorat who thik that those studies which it is discreditable for boys ot to have leart, are to be cotiued till old age.Ad whe he had spoke thus,I have ow, said he, explaied my opiios, ad havedoe so with the desig of learig your judgmet of them. But the opportuity of doig so, as I wished, has ever bee offered me before to-day.[pg 125]Secod Book Of The Treatise O The Chief Good Ad Evil.I. O this, whe both of them fixed their eyes o me, ad showed that they wereready to liste to me:I the first place, said I, I itreat you ot to facy thatI, like a professed philosopher, am goig to explai to you the doctries of some particular school; a course which I have ever much approved of whe adoptedby philosophers themselves. For whe did Socrates, who may fairly be called theparet of philosophy, ever do aythig of the sort? That custom was patroized by those who at that time were called Sophists, of which umber Georgias of Leotium was the first who vetured i a assembly to demad a questio,that is to say, to desire ay oe i the compay to say what he wished to hear discussed. It was a bold proceedig; I should call it a impudet oe, if this fashio had otsubsequetly bee borrowed by our ow philosophers. But we see that he whom I have just metioed, ad all the other Sophists, (as may be gathered from Plato,)were all tured ito ridicule by Socrates; for he, by questioig ad iterrogatig them, was i the habit of elicitig the opiios of those with whom he was arguig, ad the, if he thought it ecessary, of replyig to the aswers which they had give him. Ad as that custom had ot bee preserved by those who came after him, Arcesilaus re-itroduced it, ad established the custom, that those who wished to become his pupils were ot to ask him questios, but themselves to state their opiios; ad the, whe they had stated them, he replied to what they had advaced; but those who came to him for istructio defeded their ow opiios as well as they could.But with all the rest of the philosophers the ma who asks the questio says omore; ad this practice prevails i the Academy to this day. For whe he who wishes to receive istructio has spoke thus, Pleasure appears to me to be the [pg126] chief good, they argue agaist this propositio i a uiterrupted discourse; so that it may be easily uderstood that they who say that they etertai such ad such a opiio, do ot of ecessity really etertai it, but wish to hearthe argumets which may be brought agaist it. We follow a more coveiet method, for ot oly has Torquatus explaied what his opiios are, but also why heetertais them: but I myself thik, although I was exceedigly delighted with his uiterrupted discourse, that still, whe you stop at each poit that arises,ad come to a uderstadig what each party grats, ad what he deies, you draw the coclusio you desire from what is admitted with more coveiece, ad come to a ed of the discussio more readily. For whe a discourse is bore o uiterruptedly, like a torret, although it hurries alog i its course may thigs of every kid, you still ca take hold of othig, ad put your had o othig, ad ca fid o meas of restraiig that rapid discourse.II. But every discourse which is cocered i the ivestigatio of ay matter, ad which proceeds o ay system ad priciple, ought first to establish the rule(as is doe i lawsuits, where oe proceeds accordig to set formulas), i order that it may be agreed betwee the parties to the discussio, what the subjectof the discussio really is. This rule was approved by Epicurus, as it was laiddow by Plato i his Phdrus, ad he cosidered that it ought to be adopted i everycotroversy. But he did ot perceive what was the ecessary cosequece of it,for he asserts that the subject ought ot to be defied; but if this be ot doe, it is sometimes impossible that the disputats should agree what the matter isthat is the subject of discussio, as i this very case which we are discussigow, for we are iquirig ito the Ed of Good. How ca we kow what the character of this is, if, whe we have used the expressio the Ed of Good, we do otcompare with oe aother our ideas of what is meat by the Ed, ad of what theGood itself is?Ad this layig ope of thigs coveredwhat each thig is, is the defiitioeig aware of it; for you defied thise Ed, or the extremity, or the limit,up, as it were, whe it is oce explaiedof it; which you sometimes used without bvery thig, whether it is to be called thto be that to which everythig which wasdoe rightly was referred, ad which was itself [pg 127] ever referred to aythig. So far was very well said; ad, perhaps, if it had bee ecessary, you would also have defied the Good itself, ad told us what that was; makig it to bethat which is desirable by ature, or that which is profitable, or that which isuseful, or that which is pleasat: ad ow, sice you have o geeral objectios to givig defiitios, ad do it whe you please, if it is ot too much trouble, I should be glad if you would defie what is pleasure, for that is what all this discussio relates to.As if, said he, there were ay oe who is igorat what pleasure is, or who is i eed of ay defiitio to eable him to uderstad it better.I should say, I replied, that I myself am such a ma, if I did ot seem to myself to have a thorough acquaitace with, ad a accurate idea ad otio of, pleasure firmly implated i my mid. But, at preset, I say that Epicurus himself does ot kow, ad that he is greatly i error o this subject; ad that he who metios the subject so ofte ought to explai carefully what the meaig of thewords he uses is, but that he sometimes does ot uderstad what the meaig ofthis word pleasure is, that is to say, what the idea is which is cotaied uderthis word.III. The he laughed, ad said,This is a capital idea, ideed, that he who says that pleasure is the ed of all thigs which are to be desired, the very extremepoit ad limit of Good, should be igorat of what it is, ad of what is its character. But, I replied, either Epicurus is igorat of what pleasure is, or else all the rest of the world are. How so? said he.Because all me feel that this is pleasure which moves the seses whe they receive it, ad which has a certai agreeableess pervadig it throughout. What the, said he, is Epicurus igorat of that kid of pleasure? Not always, I replied;for sometimes he is eve too well acquaited with it, iasmuch as he declares that he is uable eve to uderstad where it is, or what ay good is, except that which is ejoyed by the istrumetality of meat or drik, or the pleasure of the ears, or sesual ejoymet: is ot this what he says? As if, said he, I wereashamed of these thigs, or as if I were uable to explai i what sese these thigs are said. I do ot doubt, I replied, that you ca do so easily; or is there ay reaso why you eed be ashamed of arguig with a wise [pg 128] ma, who is the oly ma, as far as I kow, who has ever vetured to profess himself a wise ma. For they do ot thik that Metrodorus himself professed this, but oly that, whe he was called wise by Epicurus, he was uwillig to reject such a expressio of his goodwill. But the Seve had this ame give to them, ot by themselves, but by the uiversal suffrage of all atios. However, i this place, I will assume that Epicurus, by these expressios, certaily meat to itimate the same kid of pleasure that the rest do; for all me call that pleasig motio bywhich the seses are redered cheerful, n Gee, and vuptas n Latn.What s t, then, that yu as? I w te yu, sad I, and that f the sae f eann athe than f fndn faut wth ethe yu Epcuus. I t, sadhe, shud be me desus t ean f yu, f yu can mpat anythn wth eann, than t fnd faut wth yu.We, then, sad I, yu ae awae f what Henymus25 f Rhdes says s the chef d, t whch he thns that eveythn uht t be efeed? I nw, sad he, that he thns that the eat end s feedm fm pan. We, what ae hs sentments espectn peasue? He affms, he eped, that t s nt t be suht f ts wn sae; f he thns that ejcn s ne thn, and ben fee fm pan anthe. And ndeed, cntnued he, he s n ths pnt eaty mstaen,f, as I pved a tte whe a, the end f nceasn peasue s the emva f a pan. I w examne, sad I, pesenty, what the meann f the expessn, feedm fm pan, s; but uness yu ae vey bstnate, yu must admtthat peasue s a pefecty dstnct thn fm mee feedm fm pan. Yu w, hweve, sad he, fnd that I am bstnate n ths; f nthn can be meea than the dentty between the tw. Is thee, nw, sad I, any peasue fetby a thsty man n dnn? Wh can deny t? sad he. Is t, ased I, the same peasue that he fees afte hs thst s extnushed? It s, eped he, anthe nd f peasue; f the state f extnushed thst has n t a cetanstabty f peasue, but the peasue f extnushn t s peasue n mtn. Why, then, sad I, d yu ca thns s une ne anthe by the same name? D nt [p 129] yu ecect, he ejned, what I sad just nw,that when apan s banshed, peasue s vaed, nt extnushed? I ecect, sad I; butyu spe n admabe Latn, ndeed, but yet nt vey nteby; f vaetas s a Latn wd, and ppey appcabe t a dffeence f cu, but t sapped metaphcay t many dffeences: we appy the adjectve, vaas, tpems, atns, mannes, and chanes f ftune; t s ccasnay pedcatedas f peasue, when t s deved fm many thns une ne anthe, whchcause peasues whch ae smay une. Nw, f that s the vaety yu mean, I shud undestand yu, as, n fact, I d undestand yu, wthut yu sayns: but st, I d nt see ceay what that vaety s, because yu say, thatwhen we ae fee fm pan we ae then n the enjyment f the eatest peasue; but when we ae eatn thse thns whch cause a peasn mtn t the senses, then thee s a peasue n the emtn whch causes a vaety n the peasue; but st, that that peasue whch ases fm the feedm fm pan s ntnceased;and why yu ca that peasue I d nt nw.IV. Is t pssbe, sad he, f anythn t be me dehtfu than feedm fm pan? We, sad I, but ant that nthn s pefeabe t that, (f that snt the pnt whch I am nqun abut at pesent,) des t fw n that accunt, that peasue s dentca wth what I may ca panessness? Undubtedyt s dentca wth t, sad he; and that panessness s the eatest f peasues whch n the can pssby exceed. Why, then, sad I, d yu hestate, afte yu have defned the chef d n ths manne, t uphd, and defend, and mantan the ppstn, that the whe f peasue cnssts n feedm fm pan? F what necessty f yu ntducn peasue amn the cunc f the vtues, any me than f bnn n a cutezan t an assemby f matns? The vey name f peasue s dus, nfamus, and a just bject f suspcn: theefe, yu ae a n the cnstant habt f sayn that we d nt undestand whatEpcuus means when he speas f peasue. And wheneve such an assetn s made t me,and I hea t advanced petty ften,athuh I am usuay a vey peacefuaue, st I d n such ccasns et a tte any. Am I t be td that Id nt nw what that s whch the Gees [p 130] ca , and the Latns vuptas? Whch anuae s t, then, that I d nt undestand? Then, t, hw cmes t abut that I d nt undestand, thuh evey ne ese des, wh chses t ca hmsef an Epcuean? when the dscpes f yu sch aue mst exceenty, thatthee s n need whateve f a man, wh wshes t becme a phsphe, t beacquanted wth teatue. Theefe, just as u ancests te Cncnnatus away fm hs puh t mae hm Dctat, n e manne yu cect fm amn the Gees a thse men, wh may n tuth be espectabe men enuh, but wh aecetany nt ve-eaned.D they then undestand what Epcuus means, and d I nt undestand t? Hweve, that yu may nw that I d undestand, fst f a I te yu that vuptass the same thn that he cas . And, ndeed, we ften have t see f a Latn wdequvaent t, and exacty equpent t a Gee ne; but hee we had nthnt see f: f n wd can be fund whch w me exacty expess n Latn what des n Gee, than vuptas. Nw evey man n the wd wh undestands Latn,cmpehends unde ths wd tw thns,jy n the mnd, and an aeeabe emtnf peasantness n the bdy. F when the man n Tabea26 cas an excessve peasue f the mnd jy, (tta,) he says much the same as the the chaacte nCcus's pay, wh says that he s jyfu wth evey st f jy.Hweve, thee s ths dffeence, that peasue s as spen f as affectnthe mnd; whch s wn, as the Stcs thn, wh defne t thus: An eatn fthe mnd wthut easn, when the mnd has an dea that t s enjyn sme eat d. But the wds tta (adness), and audum (jy), d nt ppey appyt the bdy. But the wd vuptas (peasue) s apped t the bdy by the usae f a pepe wh spea Latn, wheneve that peasantness s fet whch mvesany ne f the senses. Nw tansfe ths peasantness, f yu pease, t the mnd; f the veb juv (t pease) s apped bth t bdy and mnd, and the wdjucundus s deved fm t; pvded yu undestand that between the man wh says,I am tanspted wth adness nwThat I am scace mysef....[p 131]and hm wh says,Nw then at enth my mnd's n fe, ...ne f whm s besde hmsef wth jy, and the the s ben tmented wth anush, thee s ths ntemedate pesn, whse anuae s,Athuh ths u acquantance s s new,wh fees nethe adness n anush. And, n the same manne, between the manwh s n the enjyment f the peasues f the bdy, whch he has been wshnf, and hm wh s ben tmented wth exteme anush, thee s a thd man,wh s fee ae fm peasue and fm pan.V. D I nt, then, seem t yu suffcenty t undestand the meann f wds, must I at ths tme f fe be tauht hw t spea Gee, and even Latn? Andyet I wud have yu cnsde, whethe f I, wh, as I thn, undestand Geevey fay, d st nt undestand what Epcuus means, t t may nt be wnt sme faut f hs f spean s as nt t be ntebe. And ths smetmes happens n tw ways, wthut any bame; ethe f yu d s n pupse, as Heactus dd, wh t the suname f ,27 b us h sok ih oo muh obsuriy nur hiosohy; or h n h obsuriy of h subj is f, no of h ngug , r v ns h is si from b ing ry un rsoo, s is h s in hTimus of Po. Bu Eiurus, s I imgin , is boh iing, if i is in his or, o s k in igiby, n is so s king, no of n obsur subj ikh nur hiosoh rs, nor of on ning on r is ru s, s h mh miins r , bu h is isussing in n sim m r, hih is subj of ommon onv rsion mong h ommon o . Ahough you o no ny h un rsn h usu m ning of h or vous, bu ony h h m ns by i:from hih i foos, no h o no un rsn h is h m ning of h or, bu h h foos his on fshion, n n g s our usu on ; for ifh m ns h sm hing h Hi ronymus o s, ho hinks h h hi f goo iso iv ihou ny nnoyn , hy o s h r f r using h rm sur rh r hn fr om from in, s Hi ronymus o s, ho is qui r of h for of hors hih h moys? Bu, if h hinks h h ough o , h surhih onsiss in [g 132] moion, (for his is h isinion h rs, h his gr b sur is sur in moion, bu h sur of him ho is frfrom in is s of sur ,) h n hy o s h r o im h is imossib , nm y, o mk ny on ho knos hims fh is o sy, ho hs ny ro r omr h nsion of his on nur n s nsionshink fr om from in, n sur , h sm hing?This, O Torquus, is oing vio n o on 's s ns s; i is r sing ou of ourmins h un rsning of ors ih hih r imbu ; for ho n voi sing h h s hr s s xis in h nur of hings: firs, h s of bing in sur ; s ony, h of b ing in in; hiry, h of b ing in suh oniion s r his mom n, n you oo, I imgin , h is o sy,n ih r in sur nor in in; in suh sur , I m n, s mn ho is bnqu , or in suh in s mn ho is b ing orur . Wh! o you no s vs muiu of m n ho r n ih r r joiing nor suff ring, bu in n in rmi s b n h s o oniions? No, in , si h ; I sy h mn ho r fr from in r in sur , n in h gr s sur oo. Do you, h n, sy h h mn ho, no b ing hirsy hims f, ming s som in fornoh r, n h hirsy mn ho rinks i h n mix , r boh njoying h sm sur ?I. Th n, si h , ru , if you s , o your qu sions; n, in , Isi h b ginning h I ou rh r hv non of h m, for I h rovin r of h s ious i is. Wou you rh r, h n, si I, h shou rgu rh oriy hn i iy? As if, si h , oninuous isours b ong so y o orors, n no o hiosoh rs so! I i you,si I, h Z no h Soi si; h si, s Ariso h si b for him, h s king s ivi ino o kins, n h rh ori r s mb h o nm, i is h os fis, b us orors usuy sok in rh r iffus , n i iins in som h omr ss sy . I i omy, h n, ihyour sir s, n i s k, if I n, in n orori sy , bu si ihh orory of h hiosoh rs, n no h hih us in h forum; hih is for im s, h n i is s king so s o sui h muiu , o submi o v ry orinry sy . Bu hi Eiurus, O Torquus, is [g 133] xr ssinghis on m for i is, n r hih by is f onins h ho si n boh of r iving h h r subj is in v ry qu sion, n so of juging h h hr r of h hing is, by is sys m n m ho of onuing hrgum n, h go s on oo fs, s i s ms o m , n o s no isinguish ih ny ski h iff r n oins hih h is in n uon roving, s in his v ry insn hih r jus no s king of.P sur is ronoun o b h hi f goo. W mus h n o n h qu sion, Wh is sur ? for oh ris , h hing hih r s king for nno b xin . Bu, if h h xin i, h ou no h si ; for ih r h ou minin h sm finiion of sur hih Arisius i, nm y, h i ish f ing by hih h s ns s r gr by n sny mov , hih v n , if h y ou s k, ou sur ; or s , if h hos rh r o s k in his on sy , hn ikA h Gr ks from high My n,A Min rv's Ai youh,n h r s of h Gr ks ho r sok n of in h s nss, h n h ou his fr om from in on by h nm of sur , n ou sis h finiion of Arisius; or, if h hough boh finiions goo, s in f h os, h ou ombin fr om from in ih sur , n ou moy h oxr m s in his on finiion: for mny, n h y, oo, gr hiosoh rs, hvombin h s xr mii s of goos, s, for insn , Ariso , ho uni inhis i h ri of viru ih h ros riy of n nir if . Ciho28 sur o h is honourb . Dioorus, in his finiion, o h sm honourb n ss, fr om from in. Eiurus ou hv on so oo, if hh ombin h oinion hih s h by Hi ronymus, ih h ni n h oryof Arisius. For hos o m n isgr ih on noh r, n on his ounh y moy s r finiions; n, hi h y boh ri h mos b uifuGr k, si, n ih r o s Arisius, ho s sur h hi f goo, v rs k of fr om from in s sur ; nor o s Hi ronymus, ho ys i on h fr om from in is h hi f goo, v r us h or sur [g 134] for h in ssn ss, insmuh s h n v r v n r kons sur mong h hings hih r sirb .II. Th y r so o isin hings, h you my no hink h h iff r n onsiss ony in ors n nm s. On is o b ihou in, h oh r o bih sur . Bu your shoo no ony m o mk on nm for h s o hings hih r so x ingy unik , (for I ou no min h so muh,) buyou n vour so o mk on hing ou of h o, hih is u ry imossib. Bu Eiurus, ho mis boh hings, ough o us boh xr ssions, n in f h o s ivi h m in r iy, bu si h o s no isinguish b n hm in ors. For hough h in mny s ris s h v ry sur hih by h sm nm , h v nur s o sy h h o s no v n sus h hr is ny goo h v r unonn ih h kin of sur hih Arisiusm ns; n h mk s his s m n in h v ry h r his ho isoursis bou h hi f goo. Bu in noh r book, in hih h u rs oinions of hgr s igh in onis form of ors, n in hih h is si o hv iv r or s of isom, h ri s in hos ors hih you r quin ih, O Torquus. For ho is h r of you ho hs no rn h f Epcuu, y, h fum l mm? b cu h y m f h g gvy gu m hppy lf , uc wh ubl b vy.C , h f , wh h I m lg h mm f h c cly. Ifh hg whch h ffc cu f pl u luuu m w l h m fm ll f f h g, f h, f p, hw h m wh h pp lm h , w hul hv hg f ful wh; m wul h b fll wh pl u fm ll qu , hv yhg pful m lchly, f ll uch hg vl.O h Tu cul hm lf lg . I b g f yu, Tquu, h , ll m , h wh Epcuu y?b cu h pp m , lhugh h w hm lf, ll wh h Tquu m . Bu h w ll pu u, wh g cf c , I , h , h cl w; bu yu p c v wh h m . If, I, h y hg m h , h I v hll u wh h m , bu [pg 135] hwh h y. A f wh h y h lup plly ugh f m uu m b blm f h y w m , h l buly; ju f h w y h pc b fu ful wh f h y cv u, f h y f h g, h, p. A y , wh h bj c f mg y c p h luuu, f uppg y ppl , wh, whl lvg luuuly, wul b pv by h cumm phlph , pv ly h y gu g ll h vc . Sll, wul yu, Epcuu, blm luuu m f h m fc f h lvg uch m puu v y f pl u ; p clly wh , yu y, h ch fpl u f ll b ffm p? Bu y w f m buch m f fm hvg y lgu cupl , h h y wll v u f h c v l; f fm f g h h h y cly p g hpg u f h Hym,29S mh f lf f m qu uffc ,Th v h my b f h h b lw, bgg up h Epcu m y f p, f h y w g u f m c ch : If b , f h u; f l lg m , mu b lgh g . Th hg whch I u , m ly, hw m wh v luuy c pbly hv h pp u .VIII. Wh h h u f yg, I hul hv hg pch h m wh f h y ly bu h pp ? Th h m yg, I hul blm buch m f h y w buch m . I h m wy mgh y, I hul blm v wc m f h y w vuu. Th m fc mly h luuy f lf hg b blm . A, , O Tquu, p h uh, f pl u h ch f g, h qu gh h . F I hul b y pcu my lf, ( yu h hb f g,) m buch vm v h bl b c wy fm bqu , h h y, whl ll uff g fm g , gg h m lv g; m wh, h y y, hv v h lv h u , wh, hvg vu h pmy, uc g c . [pg 136] N f u mg h buch m f h lv pl ly. Yu, hw v , h m p f f l g b vv, m wh, by h mplym f h m lful c b , by c fullycullg h chc puc f fh m , fwl , hu , v ll g M wh w ch w fm fmg c.A Luclu y, m whS , cl h y w wh w,Th ll h flvu ll m uju m h jym f luu uch h, f h y wy, Epcuu y h h w wh h h c b cll g. L h ml hv b uful by up h m; l h clh , h pl , h cl f Ch v u, h bqu g-m lf, ll c p, ll I hul v b uc y h h m v luuy w lvg h w ll hpply. Fm whch fllw, h pl u pl u , bu h pl u h ch f g. N w Llu, wh, wh yug m, w pupl f Dg h Sc, f w f Pu, cll w m b cu h u wh w m pl h , (f fllw h h m wh h c g h mu c ly hv pl u f c m ,) bu b cu h hugh f bu mll mpc .O l, hw h m my b hm lf,By whm yu' w vlu ! Pu f yu,Th w m Llu wul luly hu,A g ll u pcu .A w w ll by Llu, h my b uly cll wm,Yu Publu, Gllu, yu whlpl,Yu m bl m; yu v I ll yu lf hv lly f w ll,Thugh p g ll yu ubc h pw,A v gw hug ug .Th m wh y h wh, h bu mpc pl u hm lf, h h m f w ll wh f v yhg pl u . A y h y h Gllu h m f h wh : f h wul [pg 137] b p g uuly: h ly h h h v f w ll. Wh uch gy v pcpl h guh b w pl u g. A h ul f c , h ll wh f w ll f h y wh, bu h fllw h ll wh f h y wh h f f wll. Llu lwy f w ll. Hw ? Luclu hll ll yuH f w ll ', w ll g wh? Wh w h ch f p f h upp ?Cv f pu m ,W ll, wh l ?wh ch ful m.F h cm bqu wh qul m, u ly f pp g h w f u . Llu h qu gh y h Gllu h v f w ll; h qu gh cll hm m bl ; p clly h v h whlf h h p. A y ffm h h up h wh . Why h h f w ll? B cu f g w ll f g wh pp y, fugly, g ; bu h m w h hb f f g bly, h , lu , pflg , gluu, u mly m . Llu,h , w p f g h flvu f l Gllu' ug , bu m ly g h f h ug wh ff c ; whch h wul hv f h h plc h ch f g pl u .IX. W mu h c pl u , ly fllw wh gh, bu v b bl l b cmgly. C w h cll h h ch f g lf , whch w c pbly b v bqu ?Bu hw h h phlph p f h f pp ,m ul c y, m ul bu c y, h h ul c y? I h f plc , h h m v; f u f w h h m h . Nw h vg, bu b g p c . If hh h h w f pp , ul up fluu , h h ul pp mgh b l ubv w , c y c y, h wul hv b ll gh. A h wh hv l whh p uully y . F vcu v c p g u. Hw v , l u p v h, f h p l gc gug; h[pg 138] p cfu ly. W mu ubm h lg h m gh. I , hw v , ppv , much I c u , phlph p g f h c y f g bu h . I pbl bu h ? I y h h y mu b bh , c by h . F wh m h whm pp 30 w ll, wh c y h h my wh pp y b cll pp v ? If , h wll b vcu, hugh lm ; ul , bu ly m ; h wllb luuu h m m . Nw wh f phlphy h whch bg wh h uc f pvy, bu c wh m gf vc ? Alhugh h v I m lg h h hfc, ly I wh h wul p hm lf b . L hm cll h f lgh wh f u ; l hm p h m f f h bj c, , wh p g f vc , f mp c , f h g vc , bbl c w cpl chg . Hw v , ll h byhm wh g l f f m, f p ; I blm hm,f b cmg g phlph , f uch g pu, f h w g f l ly.Bu ll, fm h fc f h f pp g mbc h pl u , (I m h whch ll cll by h m ,) wh g l f g , h m g ffcul , h, f h cul ly p u c , h hg hm ful h m l ly h h wul f h f pl u . A h , wh h h b pu h bluh, (f h pw f u v y g ,) h fug yg h y c pbly b m h pl u f h m wh ffm p. Bu h ff m fm p cll pl u . I c , y h , bu h m. Bu wh yu y bu h hg b g u ly ff ?I wll f yu my m , I my y um bl h, cuu mbg yu , whm I c ly cvc f wh v I ch . Why h w h y h, [pg 139] f b ff pl ufm p h hgh g, b u f pl u h hgh gf p? B cu pl u whch h cy p, bu h b c f p.X. Bu h h , h g pf h h v y mm wh h y h f pl u b c wy h h ll wh mg hg c b cll g, ( h fllw up h wh h m h h m uch pl u p c pbl by h pl by h , h hg whch c cy ugh fb hm m ,) h , l c why phlph , w h h whch h cll h ch f g v hg whch wh g f w , h h hm lf fm u h w hv wh f pl u ll, f w ffmp. Hw c h m ! If h h l m c c v f f h ubj c, f h h pp g h ug f p g h cmm m g f w, h wul v hv fll uch ffcul . Bu , yu wh h g. Th whch h v cll pl u ll, h l whch l cv pl u , whch w c hg, h m bu . F h cll h m g bl , I my y, w - pl u . A m h p lghly f h m hyu mgh fcy yu w l g Mcu Cuu. A m h l h m hghly h h y h c fm v h lgh f wh l g m whch v h pf f phlph , bu h b f hc . F vc cf lf lgug , bu p l h m . H f ful wh luuy pv b ffm bul fm f . Whl p g h wy h pp b fhgf cpl , h m wh wh b cm buch my b cm phlph f.Nw, my p, h g f h ch f g b ugh h f g f lvg ml. A ml b jc pl u , g; hu p vl. A Epcuu y h c ll c h ubj c f h g h vl cm by h mlwhch y pv . Yu, , hv l w h m p, h yu w [pg 140] w. Hw my h h m! F by f c whch f pl u wll pulg f jug f h ch f g; pl u bly pl u m?c , f h g wll, w l g hw p fm Epcuu. If fm pl u , h c lyu b mp fm vl h lf; whch w g; f fm plu m, whch, hw v , wh yu y, h h wll b pl u c bl v b p v . A h m m h ju-b ml yu p g f b g wh h hgh pl u ; whch h b f by yu c b g p.Hw v , Epcuu v h gum fm f, v fm b , whch h l up m f u w ; y hh y, u h guc f u , ly h pl u f b g ffmp. F h f pl u c c h f h m; h h f f m fm p y mpul by whch c c up h m. Th f H ymu blu h m hg. F h pl u ly c uph m whch h h pw f llug h . Th f Epcuu lwyh cu h pl u wh whg pv h pl u ugh fully; b cu h pl u whch c m bh llu f lf, b ; h by h pl u whch whch h h g bu f m fm p. Hw h c b pp y h u b g wh f pl u , y pu h chf g h ?XI. Bu f b , I c h h y c puc y jugm ll. F lhugh h y pv , ll pbl f h m b wg. Ju c my b b c by hvg b m pup, h my b ully; h u f b pv by vl uc, bu wg ully. N c c y h uc h f pl u , bu ly lv lf p v lf f uhu. F v y ml h mm h b lv lf, v y p f lf, bv ll lv w pcpl p, m ly m by, f w pc lv h p [pg 141] p f ch. F h h m l h by mp f p cl c qu c ; h g lgh p c p fh fc, h b g m c, h hg whch by u gv pcpl g, j c h cy. Nw g qu wh h mg h pmy ul g, pl uh y plc . Bu h h h hg b y pl u , lmb, , m f h m, gy f h by, h lh, pp m b f h g gc . A h h whl qu f g vl u. Nw Pl m l Al hugh h hg whch I m ju w h g f g. A fm h g h p f h Ol Ac my f h P p c Schl, whch l h m y h h g g w lv ccc wh u h y, jy h ch f g hg whch gv by u , wh h ccmpm f vu . Cllph hg vu c p pl u ; Du hg cp f m fm p. A ll h m ch h f h g g m f h hg whch I hv m . Appu hugh w mpl pl u . Th Sc f b g g wh u , whch h y y c ly b lvg vuuly, lvg hubly. A h y p fuh hu lv wh u g f h hg whch hpp ully, l cgh whch ccc wh u , j cg h cy. S h h f, ll f whch clu h y: , h f Appu Epcuu; h c, h f H ymu; h h, h f C : hwhch h y m wh m qulfyg ; h , m ly, f Plm, Cllph, Du: gl , f whch Z h uh, whch whlly f wh b cmg; h y, h y. F Pyh, A, H llu, hv lg c u blv. Th hv b c wh h m lv , m h gwh h b gg; h Appu h f b pl u ; H ymu, f m fm p; C , h jym f wh p u by u h pcpl g.XII. Bu wh Epcuu h gv pl u h hgh [pg 142] , f h m h m pl u h Appu h ugh hv p h m hg h ch f g h h ; f h m h m h H ymu , h wulh hv b gg h f H ymu' pl u , h f Appu.F, wh h y, h c by h h m lv h pl u g h p vl, h h bu m w gh h h h lw llw h m. W h jug f pv c, bu w c c yhg whch l glly cm u h cgc f u bul; , uch c , pup h jug h hb, wh h y puc c , f g, f h qu b lg my juc; f, f h m cm u h juc, h l fm f w wul y h m gv vly h c. Nw, wh h h jug f? Wh h hg w b , f h, f ff; wh h g ll mvg; wh h qu u. Wh c , h , wll puc , hvg f f ll cll h f h wl g f v hum ff, whch pp ly cll wm; hvg, f h, c lf h vu whch p u h m f ll hg, bu whch yu m u b ly h ll hm f pl u ? Th c , hw v , f ll h qul , wll puc f f ll, p cg pl u , h h m f ; ly m f b g plc by lf h f h ch fg, whch wh w lg f, bu m v f b g plc c v wh wh hubl .Th m c wll b p up f m fm p; C l wll b g ; wll y f f h ch f g b ppv f, whch hy cl c wh pl u , f m fm p, whch v fwh hubl . A wll l v w, whch wll c v v g; f wll h ly w h mm, h hg g c p wh hubl , hg vl c p wh gc ful; h v yhg l h f c qu c ll, , ll v , f ly much, h h b ugh f v , bu ly l c j c ; l, wll p f h whch [pg 143] hll p c v b h m chly w wh wh hubl , ch , h m m , wh h pmy g hg f u , wh h p f c f h whl lf ; wll ll h m cl ly, f cm gh u g wh h h cv y b w h m f fc, ly f w.XIII. I w, fllwg h uhy f h m, wll h m h h ; f, f I c, I wll mh h pu , wll g ll h mpl p whch h c f vu , jugm whchugh b u ly mv c fm phlphy. F f ll, I wllc h pcpl f Appu, f ll h Cy c,m wh w f plc h ch f g h pl u whch p clly c h wh w , gg h f m fm p. Th m pc v h, h b f gllpg, f plughg, g f hug, m, l, b f w bj c, Al y, m ly,f u g f cg f h w f ml g. Bu, hh h, lw mvg lgu h p b f , plu ppgg h p c , h y fc l h h v ml wb f h m pup ; h whch hg c pp m m bu; ll h pp Appu, wh c h pl u lyh hgh , bu l h ly , whch ll h f u c ly f h pl u .Yu, hw v , h ff ly; bu h , I hv l y , g gulywg,f h h fgu f h hum by, h mbl gpw f h hum m, m h m w b f h h h mjym f pl u ; mu w l H ymu, wh ch f g h m whch yu m m , , I mgh y, f cll , m ly, f m fm p; f fllw, b cu p vl, h b ffm h vl uffc f lvg w ll. Eu p m c cly, wh h y,Th m wh f l vl, Ejy g g.L u f hppy lf cg, h p llg f vl, bu h cqu f g; l u pcu , by g hg, whh f lg pl u , [pg 144] Appu y, f lg p, H ymu , bu by g m hg, gvg u m hugh. A ll h m hg my b g h ch f g whch C cll uch; whch h , hw v , bugh fw, much f h pup f pvg h p, f ccg h Sc, wh whm h w vc : h g f h uch, h, wh vu , pp l ly hv m uhy, b bl p f c hppy lf m cmpl m , h h h whl f h p cu bu; f h ywh vu pl u , whch h hg whch bv ll h vu h f mll mpc , f m fm p, whch, v f b f m fm vl, v h l h ch f g, m u f whch v y ly cmm m g l, y I u why hy uch ggly c m : f, f h y h bgm hg vu , f f ll h y hg f h l pblvlu ; f w h y hg by , f ug v yhg whch u h ppv f h hgh g, pl u . A ll h hg pp A Pyh blu ly f c qu c ll, h h y h h w l lly ff c wh v b w b g m p f c f h lh, m bl