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Chapter 1Chapter 1Chemistry: An IntroductionChemistry: An Introduction

CHY 105: Fundamentals of CHY 105: Fundamentals of ChemistryChemistry

Chapter OutlineChapter Outline Chemistry definedChemistry defined

Examples of chemistry in everyday lifeExamples of chemistry in everyday life Chemistry in contextChemistry in context

The natural sciencesThe natural sciences Branches of chemistryBranches of chemistry Chemistry in historyChemistry in history Methods of scienceMethods of science

Basic vs. applied scienceBasic vs. applied science Public vs. private fundingPublic vs. private funding

ChemistryChemistry

Chemistry – study of the matter (materials) Chemistry – study of the matter (materials) of the universe and the changes that this of the universe and the changes that this matter undergoesmatter undergoes Matter – anything that has mass and occupies Matter – anything that has mass and occupies

spacespace• Examples of matter and “non-matter”Examples of matter and “non-matter”

ChemistryChemistry

What chemists study about the matter:What chemists study about the matter: CompositionComposition StructureStructure PropertiesProperties

• Related to composition and structureRelated to composition and structure Chemical changes the matter will undergoChemical changes the matter will undergo Relationship between the matter and:Relationship between the matter and:

• The environmentThe environment• Human health Human health

Chemistry and Everyday LifeChemistry and Everyday Life

Better (?) living through chemistryBetter (?) living through chemistry Wrinkle-free cottonWrinkle-free cotton

• Dr. Ruth BeneritoDr. Ruth Benerito CFCs and the ozone layerCFCs and the ozone layer Lead paintLead paint

Chemistry in ContextChemistry in Context

Chemistry in ContextChemistry in Context Physical SciencesPhysical Sciences Biological SciencesBiological Sciences

Branches of ChemistryBranches of Chemistry

InorganicInorganic Study of matter this is primarily of mineral Study of matter this is primarily of mineral

(non-living origin)(non-living origin) OrganicOrganic

Study of carbon containing compoundsStudy of carbon containing compounds• Once believed that all carbon containing Once believed that all carbon containing

compounds were of living origincompounds were of living origin


Analytical Analytical Study of matter to determine the identity and Study of matter to determine the identity and

quantity of its componentsquantity of its components• Forensic chemistry is a sub-branchForensic chemistry is a sub-branch

PhysicalPhysical Study of the structure of matter and the Study of the structure of matter and the

influence of energy on matterinfluence of energy on matter• Materials chemistry is a sub-branchMaterials chemistry is a sub-branch

Kevlar Inventor Joins Women's Kevlar Inventor Joins Women's Hall of FameHall of Fame

Chemical WeekChemical Week, October 8, 2003 — Retired DuPont , October 8, 2003 — Retired DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek, whose research led to the scientist Stephanie Kwolek, whose research led to the discovery of Kevlar aramid fiber, was inducted into the discovery of Kevlar aramid fiber, was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, NY, National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, NY, on October 4. Kwolek joined DuPont in 1946 as on October 4. Kwolek joined DuPont in 1946 as laboratory chemist in Buffalo, NY and spent 40 years laboratory chemist in Buffalo, NY and spent 40 years with the company, mostly at its experimental station at with the company, mostly at its experimental station at Wilmington, DE. DuPont says nearly 3,000 law Wilmington, DE. DuPont says nearly 3,000 law enforcement officers have survived potentially fatal or enforcement officers have survived potentially fatal or disabling injuries because they were wearing body disabling injuries because they were wearing body armor made from aramid fiber. All U.S. combat soldiers armor made from aramid fiber. All U.S. combat soldiers have worn Kevlar helmets since the 1991 Gulf War, it have worn Kevlar helmets since the 1991 Gulf War, it says.says.


Environmental ChemistryEnvironmental Chemistry Study of pollutants to identify their sources, to Study of pollutants to identify their sources, to

determine the quantities present , and to determine the quantities present , and to discover ways to address the issues discover ways to address the issues associated with them associated with them

Often considered a branch of _____________Often considered a branch of _____________


BiochemistryBiochemistry Study of reactions that take place in living Study of reactions that take place in living

organismsorganisms• Links the biological and physical sciencesLinks the biological and physical sciences• Branch of science most important to the medical Branch of science most important to the medical

sciencessciences

History of ChemistryHistory of Chemistry

MetalsMetals Gold, copper (3000 BCE), bronze (copper/tin Gold, copper (3000 BCE), bronze (copper/tin

alloy, 2000 BCE), iron (1500 BCE)alloy, 2000 BCE), iron (1500 BCE)


Chemical ArtsChemical Arts Pottery Pottery CeramicsCeramics DyesDyes Embalming techniquesEmbalming techniques PerfumesPerfumes Brewing of alcoholic beveragesBrewing of alcoholic beverages


Greek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCEGreek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCE First to speculate about the nature of matterFirst to speculate about the nature of matter Proposed that all matter is composed of 4 Proposed that all matter is composed of 4

elementselements• Air, earth, fire, waterAir, earth, fire, water

Aristotle added a 5Aristotle added a 5thth element element• Ether – to glowEther – to glow


Greek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCEGreek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCE Democritus proposed an alternate explanation Democritus proposed an alternate explanation

of the matter of the universeof the matter of the universe• All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles

called atomuscalled atomus ““theory not well supported by Aristotletheory not well supported by Aristotle Therefore, Democritus’ “theory” was not widely Therefore, Democritus’ “theory” was not widely

accepted at the timeaccepted at the time


Alchemy - Two pursuitsAlchemy - Two pursuits1.1. Search for a means to convert “base” metals Search for a means to convert “base” metals

into goldinto gold2.2. Search for the elixir of lifeSearch for the elixir of life

• Substance that would lead to immortalitySubstance that would lead to immortality


Advances from AlchemyAdvances from Alchemy Many new substances where identifiedMany new substances where identified

• Plaster of Paris, nitric acid….Plaster of Paris, nitric acid…. New lab techniques and equipment New lab techniques and equipment

developeddeveloped New medicines identifiedNew medicines identified


Modern Chemistry, ~1600 onModern Chemistry, ~1600 on First to use scientific methodFirst to use scientific method Methodical approach to problem solvingMethodical approach to problem solving Based on hypothesis testingBased on hypothesis testing

Modern Chemistry, ~1600 onModern Chemistry, ~1600 on

Boyle (1600’s)Boyle (1600’s)• Studied the affect of pressure on the volume of Studied the affect of pressure on the volume of

gasesgases Priestly (1700’s)Priestly (1700’s)

• Among other things, first to discover and study the Among other things, first to discover and study the properties of oxygenproperties of oxygen

Came to US to avoid religious persecutionCame to US to avoid religious persecution Some give Schele in Sweden credit for discovering Some give Schele in Sweden credit for discovering

oxygenoxygen

Modern ChemistryModern Chemistry

Lavoisier (mid/late 1700’s)Lavoisier (mid/late 1700’s)• Called the father of modern chemistryCalled the father of modern chemistry• Proposed the law of conservation of matter – Proposed the law of conservation of matter –

matter can neither be created nor destoyedmatter can neither be created nor destoyed

Modern ChemistryModern Chemistry

John Dalton (1800’s)John Dalton (1800’s)• Proposed atomic theoryProposed atomic theory

Marie and Pierre Curie (1890 -1900’s)Marie and Pierre Curie (1890 -1900’s)• First to study radioactivityFirst to study radioactivity• Identified several new radioactive elementsIdentified several new radioactive elements

Polonium and radiumPolonium and radium

Neils Bohr (1900)Neils Bohr (1900)• Proposed theory of atomic structureProposed theory of atomic structure

The Curies Niels BohrThe Curies Niels Bohr

Scientific MethodScientific Method Make observationsMake observations

Observations must be recordable and Observations must be recordable and repeatablerepeatable

Observations may be:Observations may be:• QuantitativeQuantitative

oror• QualitativeQualitative

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Develop hypotheses to explain the Develop hypotheses to explain the observationsobservations Hypothesis – tentative explanation of the Hypothesis – tentative explanation of the

observationsobservations


Perform ExperimentsPerform Experiments Make predictions based on the hypothesisMake predictions based on the hypothesis

• If the hypothesis is true……what else will be trueIf the hypothesis is true……what else will be true• Test accuracy of the predictionTest accuracy of the prediction

Repeat for all hypothesesRepeat for all hypotheses

Experiments often lead to new observations Experiments often lead to new observations and more hypotheses to testand more hypotheses to test


Analyze results and share findings and Analyze results and share findings and conclusionsconclusions Publish results in journalsPublish results in journals Present findings at conferences…..Present findings at conferences…..

Public versus Private ResearchPublic versus Private Research

Natural Laws and TheoriesNatural Laws and Theories

From scientific research come theories From scientific research come theories and lawsand laws Theory Theory (also called a model) - (also called a model) - explanationexplanation of of

observed behavior based on significant dataobserved behavior based on significant data

Natural Law - Natural Law - statementstatement/summary of observed /summary of observed behaviorbehavior• Law of conservation of matterLaw of conservation of matter

Types of Scientific ResearchTypes of Scientific Research

Basic researchBasic research scientific research for the sake of knowledge, scientific research for the sake of knowledge,

no immediate application in mind. no immediate application in mind. Applied researchApplied research

scientific research with the short-term goal of scientific research with the short-term goal of solving a specific problemsolving a specific problem• begin the research with an application in mind. begin the research with an application in mind.

Chapter 1 QuestionsChapter 1 Questions

#9 and #13 on page 13#9 and #13 on page 13

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