ThS inh Ngc Loani Hc Nng Lm TP HCMThng 12/2008

CHNG TRNH MN HCChng 1 : Glucid Chng 2 : LipidChng 3 : Protein Chng 4 : EnzymChng 5 : VitamineChng 6 : Nucleic acidChng 7 :HORMONChng 8: Trao i cht v trao i nng lngTiu chun nh gi: kim tra gia hk: 20%, thi cui kha 80%

Ti liu hc tp Bi ging Ha sinh i cng . inh ngc Loan (2009).Gio trnh sinh ha hc. Nguyn Phc Nhun & ctv (2003). Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP HCMHa sinh hc i cng. Trn Kim Quy- Trn l Quang -Tn Hong (2003) Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP HCM

Gii thiu chung v mn hcHa sinh hay sinh ha l mn khoa hc nghin cu n nhng cu trc v qu trnh chuyn ha ca sinh cht din ra trong c th sinh vt. y l mt b mn giao thoa gia ho hc v sinh hc,Lnh vc nghin cu ca ngnh sinh ha c mt s phn trng vi b mn t bo hc, sinh hc phn t hay di truyn hc.

Gii thiu chung v mn hcHa sinh hc c chia 2 th loi: ha sinh tnh v ha sinh ng.Ha sinh tnh nghin cu v cu to, tnh cht thnh phn ca cc hp cht sinh hc nh glucid, protid, lipid, vitamin, enzym, nucleic acid,Ha sinh ng bn v s chuyn ha cng nh chc nng ca cc hp cht sinh hc.

Gii thiu chung v mn hcSinh ha l mt mn hc c bn trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc nh y dc, nng lm ng, cng ngh sinh hc, cng ngh ha hc, cng ngh thc phm

CHNG 1GLUCID

1.I CNG V GLUCIDGlucid l cht hu c ph bin ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt.

thc vt t l glucid kh cao (80% - 90% trng lng kh) ng vt t l ny thp hn hn khng qu 2%

Trong c th thc vt glucid tn ti dng d tr (tinh bt) hoc m nng (cellulose).

1. I CNG V GLUCID thc vt glucid c tng hp t CO2, nc v nng lng ca nh sng mt tri (hin tng quang hp). ngi v ng vt khng c kh nng quang hp nn phi s dng ngun glucid t thc vt.Cc nguyn t cu to nn glucid l C, H, O .Cng thc cu to chung ca glucid l CmH2nOn glucid cn c gi l hydrat carbon

2.VAI TR CA GLUCID-Vai tr chnh ca Glucid l cung cp nng lng cho c thKhi nhu cu nng lng tng cao, m d tr Glucid ca c th v t khu phn n khng , c th s to glucid t cht bo. Kh nng tch tr glucid c hn nn lng tha glucid s chuyn thnh lipid v tch tr m m.

2.VAI TR CA GLUCID

Chuyn ho glucid lin quan cht ch n chuyn ho cht m v cht bo: - Cung cp glucid theo nhu cu s lm gim phn hy protein n mc ti thiu. - Khi lao ng nng, nu khng nng lng t glucid s lm tng phn hy cht m.

3.NGUN GC GLUCIDCht bt ng c trong rt nhiu cc loi thc phm, ch yu l t ng cc, go, la m, c, qu cc loi v sa...

4.NHU CU GLUCID Nhu cu Glucid ph thuc vo tiu hao nng lng: -Ngi lao ng th lc nhiu, nhu cu cao v ngc li. - Ngi ng tui v ngi gi nhu cu thp hn. -Nhu cu v Glucid ti thiu khng di 60% tng s nng lng khu phn v phi cn i vi Protein v Lipid. Vit nam hin khuyn ngh khu phn n c Protein-Lipit-Glucid l 14-20-66%.

4.PHN LOI GLUCIDa) Theo tnh cht: -Glucid tinh ch: y l cc glucid c tinh ch v loi b ti a cc cht th km theo. T l cc glucid tinh ch trong thc phm cng cao, thc phm cng d tiu ha v nhanh chng c s dng cung cp nng lng cho c th. Glucid tinh ch cao c trong sn phm ng, bnh ko...

5.PHN LOI GLUCID -Glucid bo v:Thuc nhm ny l cc glucid thc vt di dng tinh bt c km theo lng cellulo khng t hn 0.4%, v d nh khoai ty, ng cc nguyn ht.Nhm Glucid ny chm tiu v rt t c s dng to m. S dng Glucid nhm ny trnh c cc hu qu nh bo ph, tng cholesterol trong mu, x va ng mch...

5.PHN LOI GLUCID b) Theo cu trc ha hc: -ng n (Monosaccharid): ng c 6 carbon ph bin nh ng Glucose, ng Fructose, Galactose... -ng kp (Disaccharid): ph bin nh sucro, lacto, manto... -ng a(Polysaccharid): tinh bt, glycogen v cellulose...

5.1 MONOSACCHARID nh ngha: - Dan xuat aldehyd hay ceton cua ru a Phan loaiPhn loi theo nhm nh chc: aldose, cetosePhn loi theo s nguyn t Carbon

Cac dang cau tao monosaccharidCau tao dang thangDang D ; dang LChat hu trien (+)Chat ta trien (-)

Cau tao dang vongLien ket Hemiacetal tao dang vongDang vong pyran

Dang vong furan

Dang Dang Cac dang cau tao monosaccharid

Tnh chat monosaccharidTac dung chat oxyd hoa

Tnh chat monosaccharidTac dung chat khTo chc ester

Tnh chat monosaccharidTao thanh Glycosid

Cac monosaccharid pho bienCac triose (ng 3)

Cac tetrose (ng 4)

ng pentose (ng 5)

hexose

FructoseFructose nguyn ng t fructus l tri cy v -ose l ng. V th fructose c gi l ng qu. Nhng trong tri cy khng nhng ch cha ng fructose, m cn c mt s sinh t, khong cht, cht x v ng khc na, nht l glucose vi t l khc nhau, c hai u l ng hp thu nhanh.

FructoseC ch chuyn ch fructose l c ch chuyn vn tch cc (active transport) Fructose i vo t bo thnh rut v ra khi t bo vo mu u phi nh nhng protein chuyn chng fructose c th t vo cc t bo to ra nng lng m khng cn insulin nh glucose.

FructoseFructose thng dng lm cht iu v (to v ngt) gi l HFCS (high fructose corn syrup) HFCS hay xi-r ng bp c lng fructose cao (thng cha 55% fructose v 45% glucose).

FructoseHFCS l cht to v ngt c a chung trong lnh vc thc phm u im Gi r C th phi trn d dng vo cc thc ung nh nc ngt v chai hay ng lon, gi chung l nc ngt hay thc ung khng c cn (soft drink)

Fructose Chuyn ha ca fructose trong qu trnh bin dng.fructose, glucose v sucrose (ng ma) c th bin thnh triglycerid, mt dng cht bo d tr ca c th.Tuy nhin, mt khi bt u tin trnh to cht bo do fructose, th kh lm chm li tin trnh ny ( Elizabeth Parks v thnh vin i hc Texas)

S tng cht bo khi dng fructose

5.2 OLIGOSACCHARIDDisaccharic khMaltose: Glucose + Glucose (1,4 glucosido glycosid)

Disaccharic khCellobiose (1,4 glucosido glucosid)

Disaccharic kh Lactose (1, 4 galactosido glucosid)

Disaccharid khong kh : Saccharose glucose + fructose saccharoseLin kt glycosid 1-2Tnh cht : khng c tnh kh

Tn gi ca Saccharose Sucroza cn c gi vi nhiu tn nh: ng knh (ng c tinh khit cao),ng n, ng ct, ng trngng nu (ng c ln tp cht mu)ng ma (ng trong thn cy ma)ng phn (ng dng kt tinh)ng c ci (ng trong c ci ng)ng tht nt (ng trong cy tht nt)

Tri & Tetrasaccharide

5.3 POLYSACCHARIDPolysaccharid ng th Tinh bt, glycogen, cellulose. dextran.Polysaccharid d thHemicellulose, pectin, agar

Tinh bot: AmidonTinh bt l mt cacbohirat cao phn t bao gm cc n v D-glucoz ni vi nhau bi lin kt -glucozit. Cng thc phn t gn ng l (C 6H 10O 5)n trong n c gi tr t vi trm n khong mi nghn. Tinh bt c dng ht mu trng to bi hai loi polime l amilose v amilopectin.

Bng 1.1. c im ca mt s h thng tinh bt

NgunKch thc ht, nmHnh dngHm lng amiloza, %Nhit h ho, ( 0C)Ht ng10-30a gic hoc trn2567-75La m5-50Trn2056-80La mch en5-50Trn di46-62i mch5-40Bu dc68-90Yn mch5-12a gic55-85La2-10a gic13-3570-80u 30-50Trn46-5460-71Kiu mch5-15Trn dpChui5-60Trn17Khoai ty1-120Bu dc2356-69Khoai lang5-50Bu dc2052-64Sn5-35TrnDong ring10-130Bu dc38-41

Day thang tan trong ncLien ket: 1, 4 glycosidAmilose + Iod Xanh tm

Amilose: ( D- glucose)n

Amilopectin (-glucose)n

Day thang phan nhanh, tao ho khi un nongLien ket glycosid 14 & 16Cau tao Amilopectin + Iod Tm o

ng dng mi ca tinh btacid polylactic (PLA), mt loi polymer c ngun gc sinh hc v c vai tr then cht trong vic sn xut nha bng cc ngun c th ti to. Nguyn liu sn xut PLA l bt bp hoc bt la m.PLA dng ch bin cc loi bao b phn bn, thc phm, chn da dng mt ln PLA d phn hy v ti to li d dng.

PLA c sn xut thng qua 2 cng on ln men v polymer ha vn phc tp v c tin. Gi y thng qua ngun vi khun E- Coli bin i gen ,nhm nghin cu Hn quc to ra PLA v cc cht ng dng vi n bng cng ngh ln men trc tip. PLA l s la chn thch hp thay cho nha c ngun gc t du m v n c th phn hy ,va it c tnh vi con ngi.

Glycogen L tinh bt ng vt, ch yu hin din trong gan Trng lng phn t: 400.000 - 4.000.000Cu to bi 2.400-24.000 n v glucoseLin kt ho hc chnh:lin kt glycosid 1,4 v lin kt glycosid 1,6C nhiu mch nhnh hn amilopectin

Cellulose (Cellobiose)n Co trong bong vai dang si tinh khiet (95%) Thng lien ket vi: lignin, hemicellulose, pectin Lien ket chnh glycosid 1 4 Tan trong dung dch amoniac cua hydroxy ong

Cu to ca cellulose

Cu to ca lignin

Cu trc ca g ( structure of lignocellulosic biomass)Crystalline cellulose ~ 44%Hemicellulosic polysaccharides ~30%Lignin ~ 26%

Dextran

Hp cht pectin: Acid pectic, Acid pectinicAcid pectic: Polygalacturonic acidAcid pectinic: Polygalacturonic acid c nhm carboxyl b methyl ho

Mo hnh cau truc pectin trong thanh te bao thc vat

Agar

Chitin

Unfortunately, the composition of Pinus radiata, and other forms of lignocellulose makes it challenging to be used in bioethanol industries.. Lignocellulose comes from plant cell walls and is composed mostly of crystalline cellulose, tightly packed into microfibrils, which are partially coated in an interconnecting network of polysaccharides known as hemicelluloses. This tight network of polysaccharides is embedded and linked together by lignin, which in pine, is difficult to break down as it is present in large amounts.